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1 m = 1000 mm
1 hectare=2.47 acres
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 m = 1000 liters
1 km2 = 106 m2
=3.14159265358979323846
or
P(no occurrences of A in any of N time periods) = (1 P)N where P is the probability of any one
event occurring (probability of exceedence)
P(one or more occurrence in N time periods) = 1-(1-P)N
1
1
where P=prob. of exceedence; F=prob. of non-exceedence
=
P 1 F
Residence time = Volume/(inflows)
Return Period T: T =
Ia=0.2S
S =
10
CN
Equations for time of concentration (length L in m, slope S0 is unitless, time units as noted):
Kirpich
Kerby
NRCS
(nL )0.8
Sheet
Flow:
t
(hrs)
=
0
.
0288
0.77
0.467
s
L
Lr
P20.5 S 00.4
t c (min) = 0.019 0.385
t c (min) = 1.44
S0
S
0
L
Overland/Concentrated Flow: t sc =
Kinematic Wave
Vsc
t c (min) =
6.99 nL
i 0.4 S 0
0.6
where i is in mm/h
1.5
129 nL
solved for i: i = 2.5
t c S 0
(P 0.2S )2
P + 0.8S
1000
10
S =
CN
NRCS TR-55 graphical peak flow equation: Qp=quAQF where A is basin area, F is
pond/swamp factor, and qu unit peak flow. For Central/Southern California, assume a Type 1
rain distribution, so qu can be determined from the figure above.
Muskingum method: S1 = K [XI 1 + (1 X )O1 ] = K[weighted flow] O2 = C 0 I 2 + C1 I 1 + C 2 O1
t + 2 X
t 2 X
2(1 X ) t
K
K
K
C2 =
C1 =
C0 =
t
t
t
2(1 X ) +
2(1 X ) +
2(1 X ) +
K
K
K
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2S t
2S
+ Ot = (I t + I t 1 ) + t 1 Ot 1
t
t
2 S t 1
2S
Ot 1 = t 1 + Ot 1 2Ot 1
t
t
Actual velocity Vactual = V/n where V=Darcian velocity, determined from Darcy's law.
n=porosity.
Reservoir Trap Efficiency
Shields Diagram:
x-axis: R*=U*ds/ where ds=mean particle diameter (d50, the diameter for which 50% is finer by
weight) , =kinematic viscosity of water. U*=(o/) where is the density of water. y-axis:
*=o/[(s-)ds] where s=specific weight of the sediment material (for sand: s =2.65) .
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