INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS
SECOND EDITION
SUB Hamburg

A/587142

PEU GHOSH
Assistant Professor
Department of Political Science
Lady Brabourne College
Kolkata

PHI Learning
New Delhi-110001
2012

Contents

Preface
1.

The Discipline of International RelationsMeaning,

Evolution, Nature and Scope

xv
1-18

Introduction
1
Meaning of International Relations
2
Evolution of the Study of IR
4
Nature of International Relations
12
Scope and Subject Matter of IR
14
Exercises
16
References
16
2.

Theories and Approaches to the Study of International

Relations
Introduction
19
The Liberal Approach
20
Criticisms
23
Political Realism
24
E.H. Carr and Realism
26
Morgenthau and Realism
27
Neo-Realism
28
Criticisms
29
Pluralism
31
Criticisms
34
Marxist Approach and the Modern World System Theory
34
Basic Assumptions of Marxian Approach
55
World System Theory
37
Immanuel Wallerstein and His World System Theory
38
Johan Galtung and His Structural Theory of Imperialism
39
The Indian Approach: North Over South
40
Criticisms
41

19-52

VI

Contents

Systems Theory
41
Criticisms
44
Communications Approach
44
Criticisms
45
Decision-Making Theory
45
Criticisms
46
Feminism in International Relations
47
Criticism
49
Exercises
49
References
50
3.

International System and the Role of Actors and

Non-State Actors
Introduction
53
The International System
54
Actors in International System
54
States as Actors
55
Elements of Statehood
56
The People
56
Territory
56
Government
57
Sovereignty
57
National Power
59
Elements of National Power
61
National Interest
65
Crisis of Territorial State
66
Non-State Actors in International Relations
Inter-State Governmental Organizations (IGOs)
Inter-State Non-Governmental Actors
71
Intra-National Actors
73
Increasing Role of Non-State Actors
74

Exercises
References
4.

69
70

76
76

Balance of Power
Introduction
78
Balance of Power
79
Meaning
80
The Prerequisites for Balance of Power
82
Characteristics of Balance of Power System
82
Techniques/Devices and Methods
83
Criticism
86
Relevance of Balance of Power
88
Collective Security
90

Exercises
References

53-77

93
93

78-94

Contents
5.

Foreign PolicyConcepts and Techniques

Introduction
95
Definitions of Foreign Policy
96
Objectives of Foreign Policy
97
Determinants of Foreign Policy
99
External Determinants
102
Techniques of Foreign Policy
103
Diplomacy
103
Foreign Policy and Diplomacy
104
Functions of Diplomacy
105
Traditional and New Diplomacy
108
Features of Traditional Diplomacy
108
Features of New Diplomacy
109
Types of New Diplomacy
111
Diplomacy as a Technique of Foreign Policy
115
Propaganda
117
Techniques of Propaganda
119
Efficacy of Propaganda in Conducting International Relations
Military Power as a Technique of Foreign Policy
123

Exercises
References
6.

95-130

120

128
128

Cold War and Evolution of Post-Cold War World

Introduction
131
Meaning
132
Origin of Cold War
132
Causes of Cold War
133
Phases of Cold War
135
1946-1949
135
1949-1953
136
1953-1959
137
1959-1962
140
Towards Temporary ThawDetente
140
DetenteMeaning
140
Causes of Detente
141
Implications of Detente
144
Certain Uncertainties and End Of Detente
145
End of Detente Beginning of New Cold War
146
Causes of New Cold War
146
End of Cold War: The New Detente
147
End of Cold War
148
International System in the Post-Cold War Era
149

Exercises
References

vii

151
151

131-152

Vlll

7.

Contents

The Third World

Introduction
153
Decolonization and Emergence of the Third World
Causes for Decolonization
155
Concept of the Third World
158
Features of the Third World
160

Exercises
References
8.

153-162
154

162
162

Non-Aligned Movement
Introduction

163-185

163

NAM: Genesis
164
Major Objectives of NAM
166
Growth of the MovementFrom Bandung to Sharm el-Sheikh
167
Prelude: The Bandung Conference (1955)
168
First NAM Summit, Belgrade (Yugoslavia), 1-6 September 1961
168
Second NAM Summit, Cairo (Egypt), 5-10 October 1964
169
Third NAM Summit, Lusaka (Zambia), 8-10 September 1970
170
Fourth NAM Summit, Algiers (Algeria), 5-9 September 1973
171
Fifth NAM Summit, Colombo (Sri Lanka), 16-19 August 1976
172
Sixth NAM Summit, Havana (Cuba), 3-9 September 1979
174
Seventh NAM Summit, New Delhi (India), 7-12 March 1983
174
Eighth NAM Summit, Harare (Zimbabwe), 1-7 September 1986
175
Ninth NAM Summit, Belgrade (Yugoslavia), 4-7 September 1989
175
Tenth NAM Summit, Jakarta (Indonesia), 1-7 September 1992
175
Eleventh NAM Summit, Cartagena (Colombia), 18-20 October 1995
176
Twelfth NAM Summit, Durban (South Africa), 2-3 September 1998
176
Thirteenth NAM Summit, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia),
20-25 February 2003
777
Fourteenth Ministerial Conference of NAM, Durban
(South Africa) (Mid-Term Review), 17-19 August 2004
177
Fourteenth NAM Summit, Havana (Cuba), 15-16 September 2006
177
Fifteenth NAM Summit, Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt), 11-16 July 2009
178
Structure and Organization
178
Contribution of NAM
181
Relevance of NAM in Contemporary International Relations
182

Exercises
References
9.

184
184

Neo-Colonialism
Introduction
186
Imperialism: An Overview
187
Neo-Colonialism: Concept
191
Difference between Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism
Mechanisms of Neo-Colonialism
193
Political Devices
193

186-204

191

Contents
Foreign Aid
194
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Treaties and Agreements
196
Arms Trade
796
Transfer of Technology
796
Cultural Device
797
Demand for NIEO
197
Fate of NIEO Proposal
200

Exercises
References
10.

IX

195

203
203

Regional Arrangements and their Role in International

Relations
Introduction
205
Regionalism and Integration in International Relations
206
Functionalism
206
Neo-Functionalism
208
Prominent Regional Organizations
211
European Union (EU)
211
The Three Pillars
213
Stages of European Integration
214
The Institutions of European Union
275
African Union (AU)
218
The Organs of the AU
279
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
221
The OPEC Management
222
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
224
Purposes and Goals
224
Organization of American States
225
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
226
Objectives of the Association
227
Principles
228
General Provisions
228
List of SAARC Summits
228
First Summit: 7-8 December 1985
228
Second Summit: Bangalore, 16-17 November 1986
229
Third Summit: Kathmandu, 2-4 November 1987
229
Fourth Summit: Islamabad, 29-31 December 1988
229
Fifth Summit: Male, 21-23 November 1990
250
Sixth Summit: Colombo, 21 December 1991
230
Seventh Summit: Dhaka, 10-11 April 1993
230
Eighth Summit: New Delhi, 2-A May 1995
230
Ninth Summit: Male, 12-14 May 1997
257
Tenth Summit: Colombo, 29-31 July 1998
257
Eleventh Summit: Kathmandu, 4-6 January 2002
257
Twelfth SAARC Summit: Islamabad, 2-6 January 2004
232
Thirteenth Summit: Dhaka, 12-13 November 2005
232

205-242

Contents
Fourteenth Summit: New Delhi, 3-4 April 2007
2J2
Fifteenth Summit: Colombo, 1-3 August 2008
233
. Sixteenth Summit: Thimpu, 28-29 April 2010
233
Evaluation
234
Association of South East Asian Nations
234
Objectives
235
Fundamental Principles
235
Structures and Mechanisms
235
ASEAN Plus Three Meeting
236
Asia-Europe Meeting
236
ASEAN-Russia Summit
237
Achievements
237
Recent Issues and Concerns
240

Exercises
References
11.

241
241

The United Nations and International Relations

Introduction
243
Birth of the UN
244
Purposes and Principles of the UN
245
Membership
248
Organs of the United Nations
248
The General Assembly
248
Composition
249
Sessions
249
Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly
250
Commissions
257
Advisory Commission
257
Working Groups
257
Open-Ended ad hoc Working Groups
252
Councils
252
Governing Councils
252
Panel
252
Functions and Powers
252
Amendment of the Charter
255
Elective Functions
256
Voting in General Assembly
256
Evaluation
257
The Security Council
257
Composition
257
Sessions
258
Voting in the Security Council
258
Subsidiary Bodies of the Security Council
259
Functions and Powers
260
Evaluation
264
The UN Secretariat and The Secretary-General
264
Secretary-General
264

243-294

Contents
Appointment
265
Functions and Powers
265
Secretariat
267
Duties of the Secretariat
268
Evaluation
268
The Economic and Social Council
Composition
277
Voting
277
Functions and Powers
277
Evaluation
273
The Trusteeship Council
274
Composition
275
Functions and Powers
276
Voting
276
Evaluation
276
The International Court of Justice
Membership
277
Composition
277
Jurisdiction
278
Voluntary Jurisdiction
278
Compulsory Jurisdiction
279
Advisory Jurisdiction
279
Evaluation
281

Revision of the UN Charter

281
Reform of the UN
282
United Nations and Peacekeeping

XI

271

277

286

UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

288
List of UN Peacekeeping Operations (1948-2008)
289
Evaluation
292

Exercises
References

293
293

12. Disarmament and Arms Control

295-310

Introduction
295
Meaning and Concept
296
Major Arms Control Agreement Since 1960
299
Disarmament and the United Nations: Strengthening Peace
and Security through Disarmament
307
Problems of Disarmament
309
Exercises
309
References
310
13. Globalization
Introduction
311
Concept of Globalization
Features of Globalization

311-319
312
312

Xll

Contents

Effects of Globalization
313
Globalization and the Sovereignty of the State
Exercises
319
References
319
14.

317
\

Development and International Relations

320-332

Introduction
320
Concept of Development
321
Sustainable Development
326
Principles of Rio Declaration
328
Exercises
332
References
332
15.

Human Rights

333-341

Introduction
333
Evolution
333
The UN and Human Rights
336
The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
Mandate
340
Mission Statement
340 .
Exercises
341
References
341
16.

Terrorism
Introduction
342
Terrorism: A Threat to International Peace and Security
International Terrorism: An Overview
345
State-Sponsored Terrorism
346
Cyber-Terrorism
347
Narco-Terrorism
347
Combating Terrorism
348
Exercises
350
References
350

17.

International Law, International Morality and World

Public Opinion
Introduction
352
International Law
352
Definitions of International Law
354
Sources of International Law
354
Scope of International Law
356
Is International Law a Proper Law?
357
International Morality
360
Role of International Morality
360

339

342-351
342

352-364

Contents
World Public Opinion
Exercises
363
References
364
18.

361

Indian Foreign Policy

xiii

365-395

Introduction
365
Basic Objectives
366
Evolution of India's Foreign Policy: 1947-Present
369
Foreign Policy under Jawahar Lai Nehru: The Formative Years
369
Lai Bahadur Shastri to Indira GandhiThe Consolidation Phase
371
Lai Bahadur Shastri (1965-1966)
577
Indira Gandhi (1966-1977) and (1980-1984)
372
The Janata Party (1977-1979): Good Neighbourly Policy
375
Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989): The Globalization Spree
375
V.P. Singh (December 1989-1990)
377
Narasimha Rao (1991-1996): The Phase of Liberalization
378
I.K. Gujral (1997-1998): The Gujral Doctrine
379
A.B. Vajpayee (1998-2004): The Pokhran Explosion
557
Dr. Manmohan Singh (2004-2009) and (2009-): The Nuclear Deal
382

Exercises
References

394
394

19. Environment and International Relations

396-407

Global Initiatives, Conferences and Summits Relating to Environment

Since 1972
397
Some International Conventions on Environment and Environment
Related Matters
404
Conventions regarding Regulation of Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous
Chemicals
404
Conventions relating to Nuclear Safety
405
Features of Kyoto Protocol, 1997
405
Exercises
407
References
407
Index

409^tl5