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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EXP. NO
:6
: CE096508
SECTION
: 01
GROUP
: 02
Submitted Date
13 JULY 2015
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE
Objective
Theory
PAGE
3
3-5
Anticipated Result
Apparatus
Procedure
8-9
Discussions
10
Conclusions
10
Critique
10
References
10
Appendix
11
OBJECTIVE
The
objective of the experiment
is
to
determine the center of
pressure on
both submerged and partially
submerged
plane surface. The purpose
of
this
experiment
also
to
to compare the center of pressure between experimental result with the theoretical values.
THEORY
We consider a submerged surface in a stationary fluid. When a fluid is stationary, it has
only normal stress, which is called pressure, but it has no shear stress. Hence, any submerged
surface in a stationary fluid would experience hydrostatic force. Another characteristic of
stationary fluid is that its free surface is always perpendicular to the direction of gravitational
acceleration. The fluid pressure acts normal to the surface of an object and is positive in the
direction into the surface. Integration of the pressure over a submerged surface yields the total
hydrostatic pressure force acting on that surface. Similarly the resultant moment about a suitable
specified point can be obtained by integrating the moments from the pressure over the body
surface. Through total moment of momentum balance, the rotating part of the equipment is
balanced with the load W on the scale.
Kg/
9.81m/
m
=
=
=
=
gA ------------------------ (3)
Hydrostatic force Newton
Depth of the centroid m
Submerged surface area m2
gh
dF = PdA
gh dA
= X sin
dF
F=
=
=
=
=
gX sin dA
--------------------- (4)
= g sin
= XdA
However,
Thus
---------------------- (5)
Therefore
h = X sin
F = g h A
= XdF
4
= gh X dA
But h = X sin
Thus
= g sin X2 dA
dM
Or
M=
=
Since
dA
g X2 sin
g sin
dA
2
dA
------------------------ (6)
= I0
= 2nd moment of area about 0
=
LB3
Thus
M = g sin I0
------------------------- (7)
= Moment of hydrostatic force about 0
= F XP
Thus
M = F XP = g I0 sin
Or
XP =
-------------------------- (8)
XP =
Or
XP = X
+
XP
X
ICG
A
=
=
=
=
-------------------------- (9)
m
m
m4
m2
When there is no water in the tank, W is the counter weight to the quadrant, the beam and
weight anger. A weight m is required to balance the hydrostatic force. M is at a distance
280 mm from 0.
FY = mgL
Y
--------------------------- (10)
APPARATUS
Pre-determined Dimensions:
Width of Quadrant B = 0.075m
Height of Quadrant D = 0.100m
Length of Balance L = 0.275m
Quadrant to Pivot H = 0.200m
PROCEDURE
1. Weight W is adjusted to balance the quadrant, beam and weight hanger when there
is no water in the tank.
2. The tank is filled so that the quadrant is nearly completely submerged. The beam
at the weight hanger end is now tilted upward.
3. Weight (w) of 600g is added until the beam is about to but not tilted downward.
4. The water is drained slowly from the tank and the valve is closed immediately
when the beam is horizontal. Then the water level and the weight m is recorded.
5. 100g is taken off, the beam will again tilted upward and step No. 4 is repeated.
6. Step No. 5 is repeated until all the weights are removed.
7. The % error is between Xpexp and Xptheo is got.
DATA, OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
No.
m
(g)
h1
(mm)
=
(mm)
h2
(mm)
600
177
227
6.25 (
277
500
154
204
6.25 (
400
131
181
6.25 (
300
108
158
200
78
100
56
A
(mm)
(mm)
7500
77.0
230
254
7500
54.0
208
231
7500
31.00
185
6.25 (
208
7500
8.0
163
128
6.25 (
178
7500
-22.0
134
106
6.25 (
156
7500
-44.0
113
) (9.81
So, force can be calculated using the formula:
(h1 + 50) =
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
116.41%
6.
10
DISCUSSION
Based on the results, we can see the comparison between the XP (distance from 0 to
centre of pressure (Cp) ) of experimental and theoretical values. What can be observed is that
the theoretical value is much higher than the experimental value. This may due to error that
occurred during conducting the experiment. Human error might have occured when reading
the height of water level. The percentage error are very high that is from 66 -138%. In this
experiment, only the forces on the plane surface were considered. However, the hydrostatic
forces on the curved surface of the quarter-circle block do happen, but they do not affect the
measurement. This is because no moment is created by forces acting on the curved surface of
the quarter-circle block. The line of action of the forces on the curved surface are
perpendicular to the surface, all lines of action that acted on the curved surface will pass
through the centre or so called the pivot. Thus, no moments are created and hence no effects
on the results.
Buoyancy force is defined as the net pressure force acting on a submerged body, and thus
in this experiment it should not being neglected in the analysis of the experimental data. By
considering the surface buoyancy forces acting normal to the surface, then the buoyancy
force does not appear because the normal forces on the curved surface do not contribute a
moment about the pivot of the device. This result is due to the design of the apparatus. In
other words, the circular arc shape was been chosen because it allows the measurement of
hydrostatic pressure forces without accounting for the buoyancy effect.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the initial objective is met because we are able to conduct the
experiment well. We are also able to calculate the force, ICG values and Xp values by using
the provided formula in the lab manual. The result varies because there are some errors
occurred during conducting the experiment as stated above. Other than that there is no
problem during conducting the experiment.
CRITIQUE
We successfully conduct our experiment by referring the lab manual. The problem is
just that the lab manual has some typos when explaining the formula derivation.
REFERENCES
1. Mechanics of Fluid Laboratory CEWB121, Lab Manual, Experiment 6:
HB012 Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Hydrostatic Pressure Experiment - https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Gi4qBOjVAXk
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