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Logarithmic, Exponential,
and Other Transcendental Functions
Section 5.1
Section 5.2
Section 5.3
Section 5.4
Section 5.5
Section 5.6
Section 5.7
Section 5.8
Section 5.9
. . . . . . 527
. . . . . . . 539
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
C H A P T E R 5
Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions
Section 5.1
(b)
3
0.2
2
1
4
x
1
8.3
(b)
0.6
1
dt 2.1163
t
(b)
8. f x ln x
1
dt 0.5108
t
Matches (d)
Matches (c)
14. f x ln x
12. f x 2 ln x
16. gx 2 ln x
Domain: x 0
Domain: x > 0
y
Domain: x > 0
y
y
3
2
1
1
x
1
2
2
(b) ln 24 3 ln 2 ln 3 3.1779
3 12 1 2 ln 2 ln 3 0.8283
(c) ln
3
1
(d) ln 72
ln 1 3 ln 2 2 ln 3 4.2765
22. ln xyz ln x ln y ln z
1
24. lna 1 lna 112 2 lna 1
26. ln 3e2 ln 3 2 ln e 2 ln 3
28. ln
1
ln 1 ln e 1
e
493
494
Chapter 5
30. 3 ln x 2 ln y 4 ln z ln x3 ln y 2 ln z4
ln
x 3y 2
z4
34.
x
x
ln 2
x 1x 1
x 1
3
3
x2 1
lnx2 1 lnx 1 lnx 1
ln
ln
2
2 x 1x 1
36.
xx
1
1
2
2
40. lim ln
x 5
x 6
x
x 4
f=g
1
5
1
42. y ln x32
y
3
ln x
2
44. y ln x12
3
2x
y
50.
48.
1
lnx2 4
2
1
dy
x
ln x 1 ln x
dx
x
52. f x ln
dy 1 2x
x
2
dx 2 x2 4
x 4
ln t
t
54. ht
58. y ln
y
fx
56.
t1t ln t 1 ln t
ht
t2
t2
1
1
1
1 2
2
3 x1 x1
3 x2 1 3x2 1
y x ln x
1
4x
4x 2
2x2 1
2x 1
y lnx2 4
1
2x
1
At 1, 0, y 2 .
3
At 1, 0, y 2.
hx
1
ln x
2
x 2x 3 ln 2x lnx 3
1
1
3
x
x 3 xx 3
y lnln x
1
dy 1x
dx ln x x ln x
1
x
1
4 x2
x 4 x2
1
4 x2
ln 5 1.6094
Section 5.1
62.
x2 4 1
2 x2 4
ln
2x2
4
x
y
x2 4
2x2
1
1
ln 2 x2 4 ln x
4
4
x x 4 4x1
2
Note that:
1
1
2 x2 4 2 x2 4
Hence,
2 x2 4 2 x2 4
x2
2 x2 4
x2 4
1
1 2 x2 4
x
1
dy
3
2
dx 2xx 4
x
4
x2
4x
x2 4
x2 4
x2 4
1
x2 4
3
2
x
4x
x3
4xx 4
64. y ln csc x
y
66.
csc x cot x
cot x
csc x
68.
y ln1 sin2 x
y ln sec x tan x
1
ln1 sin2 x
2
ln x
70. gx
t 2 3dt
dy
1 2 sin x cos x sin x cos x
dx
2 1 sin2 x
1 sin2 x
d
ln x2 3
ln x
dx
x
72. (a)
y 4 x2 ln
12 x 1,
0, 4
1
1
dy
2x
dx
12x 1 2
2x
When x 0,
1
x2
dy
1
.
dx
2
1
Tangent line: y 4 x 0
2
1
y x4
2
(b)
74.
lnxy 5x 30
ln x ln y 5x 30
1 1 dy
50
x
y dx
1 dy
1
5
y dx
x
y 5xy
y
dy
5y
dx
x
x
495
496
Chapter 5
y xln x 4x
76.
y x
1x ln x 4 3 ln x
x y xy x x ln x 4x x3 ln x 0
78. y x ln x
Domain: x > 0
y 1
y
1
0 when x 1.
x
(1, 1)
1
6
1
1
> 0
x2
ln x
x
(e, e1)
3
2
3 23
,2e
Domain: x > 0
y
(e
)
6
x1x ln x 1 ln x
0 when x e.
x2
x2
x
82. y x2 ln .
4
y x2
Domain x > 0
x
x
1
2x ln x 1 2 ln
0 when
x
4
4
x
x
1
1 2 ln ln x 4e12
4
4
2
y 1 2 ln
f x x ln x,
84.
x
1
x
2x
3 2 ln
4
x
4
fx 1 ln x,
1
f x ,
x
(4e3/2, 24e3)
(4e1/2, 8e1)
f 1 1
1
x 1 2,
2
P11 0
1
f 1x 12
2
P21 0
P11 1
P2x 1 x 1 x,
P2 x x,
f 1 1
y 0 when x 4e32
Relative minimum: 4e12, 8e1
f 1 0
P21 1
P2 1 1
f
P1
P2
2
4
1
Section 5.1
86. Find x such that ln x 3 x.
88.
f x x ln x 3 0
fx 1
xn1
f xn
4 ln xn
xn
xn
fxn
1 xn
xn
f xn
0.3069
1
x
1
lnx 1 lnx 2 lnx 3
1 dy
1
1
1
1
y dx
2 x1 x2 x3
3
2.2046
2.2079
0.0049
0.0000
497
1
3x2 12x 11
2 x 1x 2x 3
dy 3x2 12x 11
dx
2y
3x2 12x 11
2x 1x 2x 3
xx
y
90.
1
1
92.
dy
dx
x
x2
2
1
2x
1 x4 1
x 1x 2
x 1x 2
1
ln y lnx2 1 lnx2 1
2
1 dy 1 2x
2x
y dx 2 x2 1 x2 1
y
1
1 dy
1
1
1
y dx
x1 x2 x1 x2
dy
2
4
6x2 12
y 2
2
y 2
dx
x 1 x 4
x 1x2 4
x2 1122x
2
x 112x2 1x2 1
x 1x 2
6x2 2
x 1x 2 x 1x 1x 2x 2
2x
2
x 132x2 112
6x2 2
x 12x 22
fx
f x
5.315
, 1000 < x
6.7968 ln x
(d)
50
dt
1
5.3156.7968 ln x2
dx
x
4000
1000
0
5.315
x6.7968 ln x2
498
Chapter 5
100. (a)
350
34.96 3.955
p
p
(c)
30
100
100
0
lim Tp 0
p
102. y 10 ln
(a)
10
100 x2
100 x
20
x10
dy
0
dx
10
0
(b)
dy
x
1
x
10
dx
x
100 x2 10 100 x2
100 x2
10
10
100 x2 10 100 x2
100 x2 10 100 x2
10x 100x x
1
10
x
100 x2
10
x
2
2
x
100 x 10 100 x
x
10
x
10 100 x2
2
x 10 100 x2 10 100 x
x
x
x2
106. False
is a constant.
1
> 0 for x > 0.
x
Section 5.2
2.
6.
d
ln 0
dx
10
1
dx 10
dx 10 ln x C
x
x
1
1
1
dx
3 dx
3x 2
3 3x 2
1
ln 3x 2 C
3
4. u x 5, du dx
1
dx ln x 5 C
x5
8. u 3 x3, du 3x2 dx
x2
1
1
dx
3x2 dx
3 x3
3 3 x3
1
ln 3 x3 C
3
Section 5.2
499
12.
x
9 x2
x3
1
9 x2122x dx 9 x2 C
2
dx
1
xx 2
3x2 6x
dx
dx u x3 3x2 4
2
3
3x 4
3 x 3x2 4
14.
1
ln x3 3x2 4 C
3
2x2 7x 3
dx
x2
2x 11
19
dx
x2
16.
x3 6x 20
dx
x5
x2 11x 19 ln x 2 C
18.
x3 3x2 4x 9
dx
x2 3
3 x
3x
3 ln 1 x13 C
x2 5x 19
x dx
1
ln ln x C
3
xx 2
dx
x 13
x2 2x 1 1
dx
x 13
x 12
dx
x 13
1
dx
x1
1
dx
x 13
ln x 1
26. u 1 3x, du
1
dx
1 3x
3
2
dx dx u 1 du
23x
3
12
u 1 du
u3
2
3
1
1
du
u
2
u ln u C
3
2
1 3x ln1 3x C
3
2
2
3x ln1 3x C1
3
3
115
dx
x5
x3 5x2
19x 115 ln x 5 C
3
2
1
1 1
dx
x lnx3
3 ln x
24.
1
1
1
dx 3
dx
1 x13
1 x13 3x23
x23
20.
x2 1
lnx2 3 C
2
2
1
dx
3x23
22. u 1 x13, du
x
dx
x2 3
1
dx
x 13
1
C
2x 12
500
Chapter 5
28. u x13 1, du
3 x
x 1
3
dx
1
dx dx 3u 12 du
3x23
u1
3u 12 du
u
u1 2
u 2u 1 du
u
3
3
u2 3u 3
u3
3
3
x
13
3
C
3u2
3u ln u
2
tan 5 d
C
3 ln x13 1
30.
1
du
u
3x23
3x13 x C1
2
1 5 sin 5
d
5 cos 5
32.
sec
1
ln cos 5 C
5
csc2
2 ln sec
36.
x
x
tan C
2
2
t
dt ln cot t C
cot t
x
x 1
dx 2 sec
dx
2
2 2
ln
sec t tan t
C
cos t
38. y
2x
dx
x2 9
40. r
0, 4: 4 ln0 9 C
y lnx2 9 4 ln 9
ln x2 9 C
sec2 t
dt
tan t 1
ln tan t 1 C
C 4 ln 9
(0, 4)
9
8
( , 4)
2
42.
dy ln x
, 1, 2
dx
x
(a)
(b)
y
ln x
ln x2
dx
C
x
2
y1 2 2
1
x
4
1
2
Hence, y
ln 12
C C 2
2
ln x2
2.
2
Section 5.2
44.
1
1
1
dx ln x 2
1 x 2
46. u ln x, du
ln 3 ln 1 ln 3
48.
x1
dx
x1
1 dx
1
dx
x ln x
e2
1 1
dx ln ln x
ln x x
ln 2
2
dx
x1
0 1 2 ln 2
x 2 ln x 1
0.2
50.
1
dx
x
0.2
csc 2 cot 2 2 d
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
cot 2 csc 2
52. ln sin x C ln
ln
0.2
0.1
0.0024
1
C ln csc x C
csc x
56.
1
C ln csc x cot x C
csc x cot x
1 x
2
dx 1 x 6 1 x 4 ln 1 x C1
1 x
4x x 4 ln 1 x C where C C1 5.
58.
60.
tan2 2x
1
dx ln sec 2x tan 2x sin 2x C
sec 2x
2
4
sin2 x cos2 x
dx ln sec x tan x 2 sin x
cos x
4
2
ln
2 1
2 1
4
4
2 1.066
Note: In Exercises 62 and 64, you can use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus or integrate the function.
62. F x
tan t dt
Fx tan x
x2
64. F x
1
dt
t
2x 2
Fx 2
x
x
501
502
Chapter 5
66.
68. A
x4
dx
x
x 4 ln x
2
1
1
4
dx
x
4
1
4 4 ln 4 1
x
1
3 4 ln 4 8.5452
1
2
A3
Matches (a)
9
0
0
70.
10
ln cos0.3x
3
10
10
ln cos1.2 1
ln cos0.3 11.7686
3
3
2x tan0.3x dx x2
16
1
1
42
2
4x 1
dx
x2
1
1
2 dx
x
x
1
x
1
1
ln 2
4
2
1
1
ln 4 1.8863
4
2
2 ln x
2 ln 4
2 ln 2
82. t
84.
10
ln 2
300
250
300
250
St
k
dt k ln t C k ln t C since t > 1.
t
S2 k ln 2 C 200
S4 k ln 4 C 300
Solving this system yields k 100ln 2 and C 100. Thus,
St
100 ln t
ln t
100 100
1 .
ln 2
ln 2
x
dx
6
3
ln2 3 ln1 0
3
ln2 3
4.1504 units of time
dS k
dt
t
sec
10
10
4
ln 200 ln 150
ln
ln 2
ln 2
3
12 6
ln sec 6x tan 6x
1
dT
T 100
10
lnT 100
ln 2
4
2
1
20
2
0
Section 5.3
86. k 1: f1x x 1
k 0.5: f0.5x
k 0.1: f0.1x
x 1
0.5
2 x 1
f1
8
6
1
x 1
10 10
0.1
10
x
0.1
x
88. False
Section 5.3
(b)
10
f
4
3x
3x
34
x
4
4
2
x
3 3 4x
g f x g3 4x
x
4
f x 1 x3
(b)
2
g
2
16
12
16 16 x x
x
8
x2 x
f x
1
, x 0
1x
gx
1x
, 0 < x 1
x
20
20
16
(b)
gx 16 x
1
g f x g
1x
3 x3 x
1 x3
1 x x
2
1
x3
f x 16 x2, x 0
f gx f
f 3
1 1 x x
3 1
3 1 x 1
f gx f
3 1 x 3
g f x g1
3 1 x
gx
8. (a)
3x
4
f gx f
6. (a)
Inverse Functions
f x 3 4x
d
1
ln x
dx
x
4. (a)
0.5
k0
gx
503
10
lim fk x ln x
2. (a)
Inverse Functions
(b)
1
1x
x
1
1x
1x
1
1
x
1x
1
1
x
x
1
12
f
x
1
1x
x
1
504
Chapter 5
16. F x
14. f x 5x 3
One-to-one; has an inverse
y
18. gt
x2
1
t 2 1
y
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
22. hx x 4 x 4
12
6
0
3x
2
3
3x
2 4
fx sin 0 when x 0, , , . . .
2
2
3 3
f is not strictly monotonic on , . Therefore, f does not have an inverse.
28. f x lnx 3, x > 3
fx
f x 3x y
30.
32.
f x x3 1 y
y
3
3 y 1
x
x
y
3
3 x 1
f1x
x
1
> 0 for x > 3.
x3
y
3 x
f x x2 y, 0 x
34.
x y
y x
1
f
x x
1
x
x
3
f 1
5
4
3
2
y
3
2
f
x
f 1
2 3 4 5
f 1
5 4 3
4
5
x
1
Section 5.3
f x x2 4 y, x 2
36.
Inverse Functions
505
5 2x 1 y
f x 3
38.
y5 243
486
x5 243
y
486
x y2 4
x
y x2 4
f 1x x2 4, x 0
f 1x
x5 243
486
f 1
1
x
1
f x x3
5 y
40.
f x
42.
x y5
3
x2
y
x
x
2
y1
y
2
x1
f 1x
2
x1
y x5
3
44.
f 1x
f 1x x5
3
2
f 1
f
3
8
6
4
(4, 0)
f
(2, 2)
4
2
(0, 6)
x
8
x 2
1 1
f x
> 0 on 2,
2
2
f is increasing on 0,
2. Therefore, f is strictly monotonic and has an inverse.
506
54.
Chapter 5
3
y on 0, 10
x2
f x 2
f 1
2x2 3 x2y
x22 y 3
10
0
0
3
y
2x
3
2y
x
f 1x
2 3 x, x < 2
f 1
f
h 1
10
10
10
10
62. f x ax b
yb
a
y
xb
a
f 1x
x4
x3y
x4
xy3
yx
yx3
4 16 x y
f 1
x
fx
16 x, x 16
70. Yes, the area function is increasing and hence one-to-one.
The inverse function gives the radius r corresponding to
the area A.
1 5
1
x 2x3; f 3 243 54 11 a.
27
27
1
5x4 6x2
27
f 111
x x 3, x 0
1
4
72. f x
y
16 y
4 16
xb
,a 0
a
1
1
27
1
f f 111 f3 534 632 17
Section 5.3
Inverse Functions
74.
fx 2 sin 2x
f 11
1
1
1
1
which is undefined.
f f 11 f0 2 sin 0 0
f x x 4, f 8 2 a
76.
fx
f 12
1
2x 4
1
1
1
1
4
f f 12 f8 1
28 4 1
4
(d)
fx 4
(c)
f1 4
f
f
5 4 3 2 1
2
3
4
5
2 3
y
4
1
4
f 11
1
4
f x
4
1 x2
fx
8x
, f1 2
x2 12
x
1
4 x x
2
f 1x
f 1
f
82.
(d)
f 1x
f 1x
3x
, 1, 1
4
f 1x
3
2
x2
4x
x
, f 12
1
2
x 2 lny2 3
12
dy
1
2y
y2 3 dx
dy 16 3 13
dy y2 3
. At 0, 4,
.
dx
4y
dx
16
16
In Exercises 84 and 86, use the following.
f x
18 x 3 and gx
x3
3
f1x
8x 3
and g1x
x
84. g1
f 13 g1 f 13 g10 0
3 4
86. g1
g14 g1g14 g1
3
3
9
4
4
507
508
Chapter 5
x5
2
88. f 1
g1x f 1g1x
f 1
90. g
f x g f x
x 2 5
x5
4
2
x3
2
gx 4
2x 4 5
2x 3
Note: g
f 1
34 53
Example: f 3 f
x3
2
f 1
g1
Hence, g
f 1x
1
, fgx 0
fgx
Not continuous at 2.
100. If f has an inverse and f x1 f x2, then f 1 f x1 f 1 f x2 x1 x2. Therefore, f is one-to-one. If f x is one-toone, then for every value b in the range, there corresponds exactly one value a in the domain. Define gx such that the
domain of g equals the range of f and gb a. By the reflexive property of inverses, g f 1.
102. True; if f has a y-intercept.
104. False
Let f x x or gx 1
x .
1
fgx
gx
fgx0 f gxgx
fgx2
f gx 1
fgx
fgx2
f gx
fgx3
If f is increasing and concave down, then f > 0 and f < 0 which implies that g is increasing and concave up.
Section 5.4
Section 5.4
e2 0.1353. . .
2.
4.
ln 0.1353. . . 2
ln 0.5 0.6931. . .
6. eln 2x 12
2x 12
1
e0.6931. . . 2
x6
10. 6 3ex 8
8. 4ex 83
ex
3ex 14
83
4
ex
83
x ln
3.033
4
x ln
12. 200e4x 15
e4x
14
3
143 1.540
14. ln x2 10
x2 e10
15
3
200 40
x e5 148.4132
3
4x ln
40
x
40
1
ln
0.648
4
3
18. lnx 22 12
16. ln 4x 1
x 22 e12
4x e e
x
x 2 e6
e
0.680
4
x 2 e6 405.429
1
20. y 2 ex
22. y ex2
1
x
24. (a)
(b)
10
10
2
x
1
10
10
2
Horizontal asymptote: y 4
509
510
Chapter 5
28. y
26. y Ceax
C
1 eax
Horizontal asymptote: y 0
lim
x
Matches (d)
lim
C
C
1 eax
x
C
0
1 eax
1
x
lim
x
gx 1 ln x
3 ln x
x3
36. 1 1
er for r > 0.
1 xr
1 1
1
1
1
1
2.71825396
2 6 24 120 720 5040
e 2.718281828
e > 11
1
1
1
1
1 1
2 6 24 120 720 5040
(b) y e2x
y 2e2x
y 2e2x
At 0, 1, y 2.
42.
fx e1x
y ex
44.
y x2ex
dy
x2ex 2xex
dx
dy
2
2xex
dx
xex 2 x
6
gt e3t 6t 3 3 3t2
t e
2
48.
y ln
11 ee
x
50.
ln1 ex ln1 ex
dy
ex
ex
x
dx 1 e
1 ex
52.
y
ex ex
2
dy ex ex
dx
2
2ex
1 e2x
y ln
ex
2
lnex ex ln 2
dy ex ex
dx ex ex
54.
e
y xex ex ex x 1
dy
ex ex x 1 xex
dx
e2x 1
e2x 1
Section 5.4
56. f x e3 ln x
58.
e3
x
fx
y ln ex x
dy
1
dx
62. gx x ex ln x
exy x2 y2 10
60.
x dxdy ye
xy
2x 2y
dy
0
dx
gx
1
ex
ex ln x
x
2x
dy xy
xe 2y yexy 2x
dx
g x
dy
yexy 2x
xy
dx
xe 2y
1
xex ex ex
ex ln x
32
4x
x2
x
ex2x 1
1
ex ln x
x2
4xx
64.
66. f x
ex ex
2
fx
ex ex
> 0
2
fx
ex ex
0 when x 0.
2
(0, 0)
68. gx
gx
g x
1
2
1
2
1
2
ex3 2
2
x 3ex3 2
2
2,
x 2x 4ex3 2
e 0.5
2
( (
(
4,
e 0.5
2
(
6
3, 0.399
1
1
e
, 4,
e
2, 0.242, 4, 0.242
2
2
2
12
12
1
2
3,
Points of inflection: 2,
Relative maximum:
3,
0.8
2e2
(1, e 1)
2
(2, e2)
4
511
512
Chapter 5
( 53 , 96.942)
( 70.798 )
100
5
3.
4
,
3
53 , 96.942
43 , 70.798
2.5
0
e
f c f c x
74. (a)
0.5
c
cx
cx
ec
e
(d) c
cex c x
x
ex 1
cex c x
c
x
ex 1
10x2 x1ex
(c) Ax x
e
e 1
4
0
lim c 1
x 0
lim c 0
x
(2.118, 4.591)
0
0
y ex
3
2
y ex
1
ex
y
0.4263, e0.4263
( 0.4263, e 0.4263 )
x
1
1
x
x
exe 1
1
10x2 x1ex
e
x
e 1
cecx c xec
Section 5.4
513
78. V 15,000e0.6286t , 0 t 10
(a)
(b)
20,000
10
0
0
dV
9429e0.6286t
dt
(c)
When t 1,
dV
5028.84.
dt
When t 5,
dV
406.89.
dt
20,000
10
0
0
80. 1.56e0.22t cos 4.9t 0.25 (3 inches equals one-fourth foot.) Using a graphing
utility or Newtons Method, we have t 7.79 seconds.
10
20,000
10
0
84.
dV3
4774.2e0.1518t
dt
For t 5,
dV3
2235 dollarsyear.
dt
For t 9,
dV3
1218 dollarsyear.
dt
P1
fx
2
x2ex 2
2
ex 2
2
ex 2
x2
1, f0 1
P2
2
P1x 0, P10 0
P2x 1 0x 0
1
x2
x 02 1 , P20 1
2
2
514
Chapter 5
Conjecture: ex 1 x
90.
94.
e1 1 1
1
e
92.
2
xex 2 dx
2
x2ex 2 dx
2
1 e1
1
1
e2x
2e2x
dx
dx ln1 e2x C
1 e2x
2 1 e2x
2
e1
e
2ex 2ex
dx 2 ex ex2ex ex dx
ex ex2
e2x 2ex 1
dx
ex
ex 2 ex dx
ex 2x ex C
108.
lne2x1 dx
2x 1 dx
106.
1
e sec 2x sec 2x tan 2x dx e sec 2x C
2
1
sin x e2x dx cos x e2x C1
2
f0 1
1
1
C1 C1 1
2
2
fx cos x
f x
1 2x
e 1
2
cos x
1 2x
e 1 dx
2
1
sin x e2x x C2
4
f 0
1
1
C2 C2 0
4
4
f x x sin x
1 2x
e
4
2
C
ex ex
110. y
x2 x C
112. fx
2 x32 3x2
2 3
e
dx ex 2 C
3
2
3
ex ex
dx lnex ex C
ex ex
C
104.
x
4x dx e
x2
, du x dx.
2
2
x2
x3
...
2! 3!
x
e1x
1
1 2
2 2
dx e1x 3 dx e1x C
x3
2
x
2
98. Let u
e3x dx e3x
x2
x3
x4
2! 3! 4!
ex ex 2 dx
e2x 2 e2x dx
1
1 2x
e 2x e2x C
2
2
Section 5.4
114. (a)
(b)
y
xe0.2x dx
4
0, 23
dy
2
xe0.2x ,
dx
2
1
0.4
e0.2x 0.4x dx
2
1 0.2x2
2
e
C 2.5e0.2x C
0.4
y 2.5e0.2x 1
2
116.
ex dx ex
b
a
ea eb
118.
1
e2x 2 dx e2x 2x
2
2
0
1
1
e4 4 4.491
2
2
a
4
0
120. (a)
x ex dx, n 12
122.
0.30.3t dt
0
x
e
1
2
e0.3x 1
1
2
e0.3x
1
2
1
2
0.3t
(b)
2xex dx, n 12
0.3x ln
1
ln 2
2
ln 2
2.31 minutes
0.3
425
240
118
71
36
6.052
5.481
4.771
4.263
3.584
ln R
515
450
5
0
(c)
Rt dt
516
Chapter 5
ln
130.
ea
ln ea ln eb a b
eb
ln eab a b
Therefore, ln
ea
ea
ln eab and since y ln x is one-to-one, we have b eab.
eb
e
Section 5.5
2. y
2
1
t8
4. y
At t0 16, y
8. loga
12
168
1
4
2
1
t5
At t0 2, y
1
loga 1 loga a 1
a
10. (a)
25
0.7579
2723 9
log27 9
(b)
12
32 19
2
3
4912 7
(b)
1634 8
log49 7 12
3
log16 8
4
18. y 3x
16. y 2x
14. y 3x1
1
2
1
1
9
1
3
16
16
1
3
1
9
12
8
1
10
6
8
4
6
4
2
2
x
1
1
x
81
3x
1
81
x 4
(b) log6 36 x
6x 36
x2
x
1
Section 5.5
24. (a) log3 x log3x 2 1
log3
xx 2 1
xx 2
x2
log10
31
x3
1
x
x3
101
x
2x 3 0
x 1x 3 0
x 3 10x
x 1 OR x 3
3 9x
26.
x
35x1 86
28.
6x ln 5 ln 8320
x
5x1
ln 8320
0.935
6 ln 5
86
3
x 1ln 5 ln
863
ln
x1
863
ln 5
ln
x1
1 0.10
365
30.
365t
ln 5
3.085
t 3 102.6
0.10
365t ln 1
ln 2
365
1
365
863
2
t
t 3 102.6 401.107
ln 2
6.932
0.10
ln 1
365
x 4 53.22 56.4
x 4 56.4 29,748.593
36. f t 3001.007512t 735.41
Zero: t 10
10
(10, 0)
0
10
20
1
3
( 0.826, 0)
5
(3.826, 0)
517
518
Chapter 5
40. f x 3x
gx log3 x
2
1
1
9
1
3
f x
f
6
1
9
1
3
2
1
x
g x
g
x
46. f t
y x62x
44.
dy
x
2ln 662x 62x
dx
ft
62x
2xln 6 1
62x1 2x ln 6
48. g 52 sin 2
50.
1
g 52 2 cos 2 2 ln 5 52 sin 2
54.
1
3x 2
ln 3 2xx 1
1 lnt 1
2 ln 2
y log10
x2 1
x
dy
2x
1
dx x2 1 ln 10 x ln 10
1
0
x 1 ln 3
1 1
1
ln 3 x
2x 1
32t 2t ln 3 1
t2
log10x2 1 log10 x
1
log3 x 1 log3 2
2
1
1
hx
x ln 3 2
dy
1
1
0
dx
x ln 10 x ln 10
x x 1
2
log3 x
32t
t
58.
1
1
2x
ln 10 x2 1
x
x2 1
1
ln 10 xx2 1
y xx1
ln y x 1ln x
1
1
3
t32
t12 lnt 1
2 ln 2
t1 2
1 dy
1
x 1
ln x
y dx
x
dy
x1
y
ln x
dx
x
x x2 x 1 x ln x
60.
y 1 x1x
ln y
62.
1
ln1 x
x
64.
2
33 52 dx
2
27 25 dx
2 dx
2
2x
lnx 1
1 x1x
1
x
x1
x
5x
C
ln 5
5x dx
1
1
1 dy
1
ln1 x 2
y dx
x 1x
x
dy y
1
lnx 1
dx x x 1
x
0
2
4
Section 5.5
66.
2
3 x 7 3x dx
70. (a)
1
3x2
23 x 7
dx
2
68.
sin x
519
1 sin x
2
C
ln 2
1
2
73x C
2 ln 7
(b)
dy
esin x cos x
dx
y
4
2
sin x
, 2
sin x
cos x dx e
C
, 2: 2 esin C 1 C C 1
x
y esin x 1
10
2
72. logb x
ln x
log10 x
ln b log10 b
y log10 x
(b)
log1010x
10y x
x
f 1
(c)
10x
104
(f) log10
4
x log
x1
10 x1
log10 x2
3n n 2n
34
(b)
34
3
dV
20,000 ln
dt
4
(c)
V (x)
x
20,000
dV
When t 1:
4315.23
dt
16,000
12,000
8,000
When t 4:
4,000
t
2
V2 20,000
10
34 $11,250
2
dV
1820.49
dt
1000
12
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Horizontal asymptote: v 0
As the car ages, it is worth less
each year and depreciates less
each year, but the value of the
car will never reach $0.
520
Chapter 5
A 2500 1
0.06
n
20n
12
365
Continuous
8017.84
8155.09
8226.66
8275.51
8299.47
8300.29
A 2500e0.0620 8300.29
82. P $5000, r 7% 0.07, t 25
0.07
A 5000 1
n
12
365
Continuous
27,137.16
27,924.63
28,340.78
28,627.09
28,768.19
28,773.01
10
20
30
40
50
94,176.45
54,881.16
30,119.42
16,529.89
9071.80
4978.71
25n
A 5000e0.0725
84. 100,000 Pe0.06t P 100,000e0.06t
86. 100,000 P 1
0.07
365
365t
P 100,000 1
0.07
365
365t
10
20
30
40
50
93,240.01
49,661.86
24,663.01
12,248.11
6082.64
3020.75
(a)
A = 100e0.06t
A = 100e
0.05t
(b)
A = 100e0.03t
A 100e0.05t
A20 271.83
400
A20 182.21
(b)
P
or 86%
0.860.25e0.25n
0.215e0.25n
0.25n
1 e
1 e0.25n
P3 0.069
20
0.86
0.86
1 e0.25n
P10 0.016
A 100e0.06t
(c)
A20 332.01
92. (a)
(d)
12,000
pt
19et5 1
0
40
0
pt
10,000
1 19et5
pt
et5
19
10,000
1 19et52 5
38,000et5
1 19et52
t
ln 19
5
t 5 ln 19 14.72
Section 5.5
94. (a) y1 6.0536x 97.5571
521
y2 100.0751 17.8148 ln x
y3 99.45571.0506x
y4 101.2875x0.1471
(b)
150
8
100
y3 seems best.
96. A
3 dx
ln 3
98.
26
23.666
ln 3
101
102
104
106
1 x1x
2.594
2.705
2.718
2.718
30
20
10
x
1
100.
600
630
661.50
694.58
729.30
y Ckt
When t 0, y 600 C 600.
y 600kt
630
661.50
694.58
729.30
1.05,
1.05,
1.05,
1.05
600
630
661.50
694.58
Let k 1.05.
y 6001.05t
102. True.
104. True.
d y
Cex
dxn
y for n 1, 2, 3, . . .
106. True.
f x gxex 0
gx 0 since ex > 0 for all x.
522
Chapter 5
108. y x sin x
ln y ln xsin x sin x ln x
1
y
sin x
cos x ln x
y
x
y xsin x
At
sin x
cos x ln x
x
2 , 2 ,
y
2
sin2
sin2
cos
ln
2
2
2
2
0 1
2
1 x
2
2
Tangent line: y
yx
Section 5.6
2.
dy
4x
dx
y
dy
4y
dx
4.
4 x dx 4x
x2
C
2
y
6.
dy
dx
4y
1
dy
4y
4 y exC1 Cex
9y2 4x32 C
y 4 Cex
y x1 y
xy y 100x
10.
y 100x x y x100 y
y
x
1y
y
dx
1y
dy
1y
x dx
x dx
x2
ln1 y
C1
2
1 y ex 2 C1
2
y eC1 ex 2 1
y
x
100 y
y
dx
100 y
1
dy
100 y
ln100 y
x dx
x dx
x2
C1
2
Cex 2 1
2
x dx
3y2 2 32
x C1
2
3
ln 4 y dy x C1
8.
3y
3yy x
3yy dx
dx
ln100 y
x2
C1
2
y 100 Cex 2
2
Section 5.6
dP
k10 t
dt
12.
dP
dt
dt
14.
1 dy
kx
L y dx
k10 t dt
k
dP 10 t2 C
2
k
P 10 t2 C
2
1 dy
dx
L y dx
kx dx
kx 2
1
dy
C1
Ly
2
lnL y
kx 2
C1
2
y L eC1 ekx 2
2
y L Cekx 2
2
16. (a)
(b)
dy
xy,
dx
dy
x dx
y
(0, 12 )
x
0, 21
ln y
x2
C
2
y ex 2C C1ex 2
0, 21: 21 C e
1
18.
dy
3
t, 0, 10
dt
4
dy
20.
15
3
t dt
4
1
y t32 C
2
dy
y
10
ln y
3
dt
4
(0, 10)
5
3
t C1
4
5
5
10 Ce0 C 10
y 10e3t4
dN
kN
dt
24.
dP
kP
dt
P Cekt
(Theorem 5.16)
(Theorem 5.16)
400
8
ln
250
5
250
40
1
y t 32 10
2
N Cekt
1
1 2
y ex 2
2
2
y e34tC1
1
10 032 C C 10
2
22.
C1
dy 3
y, 0, 10
dt
4
(0, 10)
85
8192
5
19
20
When t 5, P 5000eln19205
5000
19
20
3868.905
523
524
Chapter 5
5, 12
C4
1
Ce3k
2
y 4ekt
5 Ce4k
1
4e5k
2
k
y Cekt,
28.
2Ce3k
ln18
0.4159
5
1 4k
Ce
5
10e3k e4k
y 4e0.4159t
10 ek
k ln 10 2.3026
y Ce2.3026t
5 Ce2.30264
C 0.0005
y 0.0005e2.3026t
30. y
dy
ky
dt
32.
dy 1 2
xy
dx 2
dy
> 0 when y > 0. Quadrants I and II.
dx
34. Since y Ce
ln121620t , we have 1.5 Ce
ln1216201000 C 2.30 which implies that the initial quantity is 2.30 grams.
When t 10,000, we have y 2.30e
ln12162010,000 0.03 gram.
36. Since y Ce
ln125730t, we have 2.0 Ce
ln12573010,000 C 6.70 which implies that the initial quantity is 6.70
grams. When t 1000, we have y 6.70e
ln1257301000 5.94 grams.
38. Since y Ce
ln125730t, we have 3.2 Ce
ln1257301000 C 3.61.
Initial quantity: 3.61 grams.
When t 10,000, we have y 1.08 grams.
40. Since y Ce
ln1224,360t, we have 0.4 Ce
ln1224,36010,000 C 0.53 which implies that the initial quantity is 0.53
gram. When t 1000, we have y 0.53e
ln1224,3601000 0.52 gram.
42. Since
dy
ky, y Cekt or y y0ekt.
dx
1
y y0e5730k
2 0
k
ln 2
5730
ln 2t
5730
5730 ln 0.15
15,682.8 years.
ln 2
ln 2
12.6 years.
0.055
Section 5.6
46. Since A 10,000ert and A 20,000 when t 5, we
have the following.
20,000 10,000e5r
ln 2
0.1386 13.86%
5
r
r
ln5436.562000
0.10 10%
10
0.06
12
50. 500,000 P 1
ln 2
6.93 years.
0.10
1240
0.09
12
52. 500,000 P 1
P 500,0001.005480 $45,631.04
1225
P 500,000 1
0.09
12
300
$53,143.92
2 1
ln 2 t ln1.06
t
ln 2
11.90 years
ln 1.06
2 1
0.06
12
0.06
12
12t
1
12
0.055
12
ln 2 12t ln 1
1
t
12
12t
0.055
365
0.055
365
ln 2 365t ln 1
t
12t
1
365
365t
365t
0.055
365
ln 2
12.60 years
0.055
ln 1
365
0.055
12
ln 2
12.63 years
0.055
ln 1
12
ln 2
11.55 years
0.06
ln 2
12.95 years
ln 1.055
t
2 1
0.055
2 1
12
0.06
365
1
ln 2
t
11.55 years
0.06
365
ln 1
365
ln 2 t ln1.055
ln 2 365t ln 1
2 1.055t
365t
ln 2 0.06t
t
365t
2 e0.06t
ln 2
11.58 years
0.06
ln 1
12
0.06
ln 2 12t ln 1
12
t
12t
0.06
365
0.06
365
2 e0.055t
ln 2 0.055t
t
ln 2
12.60 years
0.055
525
526
Chapter 5
P 11.9652e0.031t
P 3.5856e0.004t
P10 16.31
or
P10 3.45
C 742,000
632,000 742,000e2k
Analytically,
400 100.15961.2455t
1.2455t
k
400
3.9936
100.1596
t
When t 4, y $538,372.
ln 3.9936
6.3 hours.
ln 1.2455
20 301 e30k
e0.0366t
ln13 ln 3
0.0366
30
30
e0.0366t
25 301 e0.0366t
(b)
30e30k 10
N 301
ln632742
0.0802
2
y 742,000e0.0802t
t ln 1.2455 ln 3.9936
k
64.
66. (a)
or
t
1
6
ln 6
49 days
0.0366
4
21
21
ek
k ln
0.1744
25
25
25
(d)
25
8
0
2000
10
0
(c)
(d) Pt
500
I
R
10
0
10
0
Section 5.7
72.
93 10 log10
I
10log10 I 16
1016
1
dy
y 80
k dt
10
106.7
10
Percentage decrease:
dy
ky 80
dt
lny 80 kt C.
8 log10 I I 108
6.7
Since
74.
8
100 95%
76. True
78. True
Section 5.7
2. Differential equation: y
2xy
x2 y2
Solution: x 2 y 2 Cy
Check: 2x 2yy Cy
y
2x
2y C
y
2xy
2xy
2xy
2xy
2y 2 Cy 2y 2 x 2 y 2 y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
Check:
y 23 2e2x ex
y 23 4e2x ex
2
2
Substituting, y 2y 3 4e2x ex 2 3 2e2x ex 2ex.
104
.
142
527
528
Chapter 5
y 3 cos 2x
y 5 ln x
10.
y4 48 cos 2x
y4 16y 48 cos 2x 48 cos 2x 0,
y4
Yes.
y4 16y
12.
30
x4
30
80 ln x 0,
x4
No.
y 3e2x 4 sin 2x
y4 48e2x 64 sin 2x
y4 16y 24e2x 64 sin 2x 163e2x 4 sin 2x 0,
Yes
x2
2x 2
x2ex
x3ex,
Yes.
Yes.
22. 2x 2 y 2 C passes through 3, 4
20. y A sin t
29 16 C C 2
d 2y
A 2 sin t
dt 2
Particular solution: 2x 2 y 2 2
y
2
1
No.
Section 5.7
0 C1 C2 ln 2
1
1
y C2
, y C2 2
x
x
1
1
xy y x C2 2 C2 0
x
x
1
2
y
C2
x
1 C2
C2 1, C1 ln 2
2
2
Particular solution: y ln 2 ln x ln
x
2
2
2
2
y e2x3C1 C2x C2e2x3 e2x3 C1 C2 C2 x
3
3
3
y
2
2
2 2x3 2
2
2
2
e
C C2 C2 x e2x3 C2 e2x3 C1 2C2 C2 x
3
3 1
3
3
3
3
3
9y 12y 4y 9
23 e 23 C
2x3
2C2
2
2
2
C x 12e2x3 C1 C2 C2 x 4e2x3C1 C2 x 0
3 2
3
3
4
3
4
Particular solution: y e2x3 4 x
3
32.
dy
x3 4x
dx
y
36.
34.
x4
2x2 C
4
x3 4x dx
dy
x cos x 2
dx
y
x cosx2 dx
1
sinx2 C
2
u x 2, du 2x dx
40.
dy
x
5 x. Let u
5 x, u2 5 x, dx 2u du
dx
y
y
38.
x
5 x dx
5 u2u2u du
10u2 2u4 du
10u3 2u5
C
3
5
10
2
5 x32 5 x52 C
3
5
dy
ex
dx 1 ex
ex
dx ln1 ex C
1 ex
dy
tan2 x sec2 x 1
dx
y
sec2 x 1 dx tan x x C
529
530
42.
Chapter 5
dy
5ex2
dx
y
dy x 2 2
dx
3y 2
44.
21 dx
3y 2 dy
10ex2 C
dr
0.05s
ds
46.
y3
48.
dr
dy
y
r 0.025s 2 C
x 2 2dx
x3
2x C
3
xy y
0.05s ds
50.
dx
x
dy
6 cos
x
dx
y dy
y2
dy
5x
dx
dy
4y
54.
5x
x2 9
y 5x2 912 C
56.
x
y y 0
dy
3ex
dx
4y dy
dx
3ex dx
2y2 3ex C
58. 2xy ln x2 0
y12 dy x12 dx
2x
dy
2 ln x
dx
2 32
2
y x32 C1
3
3
dy
ln x
dx
x
y
ln x2
C
2
y32 x32 C
Initial condition: y 1 4,
432 132 8 1 9 C
y1 2: 2 C
1
y ln x2 2
2
y 1 x2
60.
dy
x
1 y 2
dx
1 y212 y dy
1 x212 x dx
1 y212 1 x212 C
y0 1:
0 1 C C 1
1 y 2
1 x 2 1
62.
6 cos
x dx
y2
6
sin
x C1
2
ln y ln x ln C ln Cx
y Cx
52. x2 9
dr
er2s
ds
erdr
e2s ds
1
er e2s C
2
1
1
r0 0: 1 C C
2
2
1
1
er e2s
2
2
1
1
er e2s
2
2
r ln
r ln
12e
2s
1 e2s
1
ln
2
2
1 2e
2s
12
sin
x C
Section 5.7
66.
dT
k dt
T 70
lnT 70 k t C1
3
dy
y
2
dx
x
ln y3 ln x2 ln C
T 70 Cekt
y3 Cx2
m
68.
dy y 0 y
dx x 0 x
dy
y
70.
1 23
x
2
dx
x
Not homogeneous
ln y ln x C1 ln x ln C ln Cx
y Cx
f x, y
72.
f t x, t y
xy
x2 y2
74.
f t x, t y tantx t y tant x y
tx ty
x2 t 2 y 2
t 2
f x, y tanx y
Not homogeneous
xy
t xy
t
x 2 y 2
t
x 2 y 2
Homogeneous of degree 1
f x, y tan
76.
f t x, t y tan
y
x
ty
y
tan
tx
x
Homogeneous of degree 0
78. y
x3 y3
xy2
y
80.
x y 2 dy x3 y3 dx
y vx,
dy x dv v dx
x4 v2 dv x3 v3 dx x3 dx v3 x3 dx
xv 2 dv dx
v 2 dv
vx
1
dx
x
v3
ln x C
3
yx 3 lnx C
3
y3 3x3 ln x Cx3
dv x 2 v 2 x 2
dx
2x 2 v
2v dx 2x dv
x2 y2
, y vx
2xy
1 v2
dx
v
2v
dx
dv
v2 1
x
lnv 2 1 ln x ln C ln
v2 1
C
x
y2
C
1
x2
x
y 2 x2 Cx
C
x
1
8
531
532
Chapter 5
82.
y
2x 3y
, y vx
x
dv 2x 3vx
vx
2 3v
dx
x
dv
2 2v
dx
ln 1 v ln
x2
x 2 v 2 dx x 2 x 2 vv dx x dv 0
dv
dx
2
1v
x
ln C ln
y 2 dx xx y dy 0, y vx
84.
x2C
1v
dx
dv
v
x
v ln v ln x ln C1 ln
C1
x
v ln
C1
xv
1vxC
2
1
y
x2C
x
C1
ev
vx
y
x2C 1
x
C1
eyx
y
y Cx3 x
y Ceyx
Initial condition: y1 1, 1 Ce1 C e
Particular solution: y e1yx
86. 2x 2 y 2 dx xy d y 0
88.
dy
x
dx
y
v 2x 2
2x 2 v 2
2
2v 2
2x 2
dx xv xx d v v d x 0
2x 2
dx
x3v
dv 0
d x x v d v
12
C
x2 y212
x
1
Cx2 y212
x
y1 0: 1 C1 0 C 1
1
x2 y2
x
1 x
x2 y2
2
2
1
ln1 v 2 C1
2
1
y2
C 1 2
x2
x
2
4
2
v
dx
dv
x
1 v2
2 ln x
y dy x dx
y 2 x 2
C1
2
2
y 2 x2 C
Section 5.7
dy
0.25x4 y
dx
90.
dy
0.25x dx
4y
dy
y4
0.25x dx
1
x dx
4
1
ln y 4 x 2 C1
8
y 4 Ce18x
dy
2 y, y0 4
dx
92.
94.
dy
0.2x2 y, y0 9
dx
10
96.
dy
ky, y Cekt
dt
Initial conditions: y0 20, y1 16
20 Ce C
0
98.
5
0
dy
kx 4
dx
The direction field satisfies dydx 0 along x 4:
Matches (b).
16 20ek
k ln
4
5
100.
ln14
6.2 hr
ln45
dy
ky2
dx
533
534
Chapter 5
Transmitter
(1, 1)
1
y=x
x2
Radio
1 2x
y 1 x x2 1
1 2x
x1
x1
x2 2x h 1 0
2x 2 0
2
4 8
x
2
1
x
1 3 3 5
10
1 x0 1 1
3
3 1 x0 6 3 3
(c)
3 2 h h 4
3
Then,
h0
h 3
2 h h 4
1 x0
1 1
2 h
4
3 6
1.155
6 3
3
2h 4 3
2 h
2 h
x0 1
2 h
h
2h 4 3
2 h
10
x0
0.25
y x x2
6 3 3
6 3
3 x0 6 3
3
x0
2 4 4h 1
1 2 h
y x x2 3
3 5
Then
y h x x2 h
x1
x1
x 2x 2 1 2x x x 2 h
x 2x2 1 2x x x2 1
x2
x 1
x0
h
2 h
1
2h 4 3
2 h
2x 4yy 0
y
y
Orthogonal trajectory:
2yy 2C
x
2y
2y
x
y
2x
y
y dy 2x dx
y2
x 2 K1
2
k
x2
2x 2 y 2 K
4
y
ln y 2 ln x ln k
C
y2 1
y
y
2x y
2x
dy
2
dx
y
x
y kx2
y 2 2Cx
Section 5.8
Cex
y
535
y
6
1
y
y dy dx
y2
x K1
2
y2 2x K
114. Two families of curves are mutually orthogonal if each
curve in the first family intersects each curve in the
second family at right angles.
116. True
dy
x 2y 1
dx
118. True
x 2 y 2 2Cy
x 2 y 2 2Kx
dy K x
dx
y
x
dy
dx C y
x
Cy
Kx
Kx x2
2Kx 2x2
x2 y 2 2x2
y 2 x2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
y
Cy y
2Cy 2y
x y 2y
x y2
Section 5.8
2. y arccos x
(a)
1
x
y
0.8
3.142
(b)
0.6
2.499
0.4
2.214
1.982
0.2
1.772
0
1.571
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.369
1.159
0.927
0.634
(d) Intercepts:
(c)
No symmetry
1
1
0
4.
1,
4
4
,
3,
3
,
6
3
6
6. arcsin 0 0
3, 3
536
Chapter 5
8. arccos 0
12. arccos
2
3
56
2
tan4 1
5
6
5
12
13
13
13
5
12
53
34
65
5 1111
11
34
5
24. y cosarccot x
1 + 16x 2
arctan 4x
y sec 1 16x2
y cos
arcsinx 1
x1
1
y sec
2x x2
30.
2x
arcsin
x2
xh
r
r 2 (x h)2
r 2 x h2
32. arctan2x 5 1
2x 5 tan1
f=g
2
1
x tan1 5 1.721
2
Asymptote: x 0
x
2
2
4 x2
x
cos
2
tan
x
x2 1
xh
r
y cos
arccos
x2 + 1
arccot x
4x
4 x2
xh
Section 5.8
537
1
x
x
x2 1
x2 1
x 1
x tan y
2
2
6 4 2
2t
fx
1 1 x21 x 2x11 x
2
52. y lnt2 4
y
1
x
x4 x2 4 arcsin
2
2
56.
1 1
1
x 4 x212 2x 4 x2 2
1 x22
2 2
1
x2
4
4 x2
4 x2
2 4 x2
4
x2
2x 4x2 1
hx 2x arctan x
fx 0
x 4x2 1
y
1 t 4
6 4
Range: 0,
54. y
(4, 0)
Domain: 4, 4
fx
(4, )
x 4 cos y
x
ft
x
cos y
4
Domain: ,
Range: 0,
4x
2t
1
t2 4 2
x2
1 x2
1
t
arctan
2
2
1
t
1
2
12
1
2t 1
2t
2
t2 4 t2 4
t 4
y x arctan 2x
1
ln1 4x2
4
dy
2x
1
8x
arctan2x
arctan2x
dx 1 4x2
4 1 4x2
538
Chapter 5
58. y 25 arcsin
y 5
1
1 x22
60. y arctan
1
25 x2 x 25 x212 2x
2
y
1
1
1
x2 422x
2 1 x22 2
25
x2
25 x2
2
2
25 x
25 x
25 x2
2
x
x2 4 x2 42
2x2
25 x2
2x2 8 x
x2 42
1
1 x2
f
x
2x
1 x22
P1 (x)
4
4
x
2
P2 (x)
1
x 1
4
2
1
1
1
f
1x 12 x 1 x 12
2
4
2
4
1
1
fx
2 0 when 1 x2 or
2
2
1 x
x
f
x
f
1
x
2 2x2 4
3
1
1 x2
x4 6x2 3 0
x 0.681
Relative minimum:
3
2 , 0.68
3
23, 0.68
3x
3 dx
d
2
dt
x 9 dt
If x 10,
74. cos
arccot
If x 3,
<0
Relative maximum:
2
0
1 x2
x
1 x232
f
1 x2 21 x2
23 > 0
(b)
fx
d
11.001 radhr.
dt
d
66.667 radhr.
dt
750
s
arccos
d d
dt
ds
750s
750
ds
1
750 ds
2
dt
s2
dt
1 750s
750
ds
ss2 7502 dt
Section 5.9
76. (a) Let y arcsin u. Then
sin y u
y
cos y y u
1 u2
sec2 y
u
u
dy
.
dx cos y 1 u2
u
y
dy
u
dx
dy
u
u .
dx sec2 y 1 u2
sec y u
u2 1
cos y u
dy
sec y tan y
u
dx
1 + u2
tan y u
539
1 u2
sin y
dy
u
u
.
dx sec y tan y
u u2 1
dy
u
dx
u
u
dy
.
dx
sin y
1 u2
csc y u
csc y cot y
1 + u2
cot y u
dy
u
dx
u2 1
dy
u
u
dx csc y cot y
u u2 1
csc2 y
dy
u
dx
u
u
dy
.
dx csc2 y
1 u2
gx arcsinsin x
2
2
Minimum: 2
82. False
80. False
The range of y arcsin x is , .
2 2
Section 5.9
1
6.
4
4
3
4
dx
dx arctan3x C
1 9x2
3 1 9x2
3
10.
1
1
x1
dx arctan
C
4 x 12
2
2
3
4x2
1
2.
2
arcsin2 0 arccos2 0 0
dx
2 1
4x2
dx
3
2
arcsin2x C
4.
8.
12.
1
x
2 dx arcsin
2
4 x
1
x
1
arctan
2 dx
3
3
3 9 x
x4 1
dx
x2 1
3
3
6
36
1
x2 1 dx x3 x C
3
540
Chapter 5
t4
t
1
1
t2
1
dt
2t dt arctan C
2
2
2
16
2 4 t
8
4
1
1
1
dx
2x dx
2 x2x22 22
xx 4 4
12
1
dx.
1 x2
12
arccos x
dx
1 x2
22.
1
dx
3 x 22
2
24.
12
2
arccos x
dx
1 x2
1
arccos2 x
2
3
2
x
1
dx
1 x2
2
32
0.925
32
1
1
x2
dx
arctan
32 x 22
3
3
cos x
dx arctansin x
1 sin2 x
1
x2
arcsec C
4
2
4
26.
2
1
3
1
2x dx
1 x2
12 ln1 x
3
ln 2
3
18
3
1
dx. u x, du
dx, dx 2u du
2x1 x
2x
3
2u du
du
3
3 arctan u C
2 u1 u2
1 u2
3 arctanx C
28.
1 x2
30.
x2
2x 2
1
dx
dx
x 12 4
2 x 12 4
4x 3
dx 2
2
34.
36.
x2
2
x2 4x
dx
dx 41 x2 3 arcsin x C
3
dx
x 12 4
dx
1
x2
arctan
2
3
3
2 x 2 9
2
2
4
1
arctan
3
3
2x 2
1
dx 7
dx ln x2 2x 2 7 arctanx 1 C
x2 2x 2
1 x 12
2
4 x2 4x 4
2
dx
4 x 22
2 arcsin
40.
1
1 x2
3
x1
1
lnx2 2x 5 arctan
C
2
2
2
dx
4x 13
2x 5
dx
x2 2x 2
dx 3
32.
2x
1 x2
1
dx
x 1x2 2x
dx
x1
x2 2x
x2
C
2
1
dx arcsecx 1 C
x 1x 12 1
dx
1
x2 2x122x 2 dx
2
x2 2x C
Section 5.9
x
9 8x2 x4
1
2x
1
x2 4
dx arcsin
C
2 25 x2 42
2
5
dx
44. Let u x 2, u2 2 x, 2u du dx
x 2
x1
dx
2u2
du
3
u2
2u
48. (a)
(b)
50. (a)
(b)
(c)
32
2u2 6 6
1
du 2 du 6 2
du
u2 3
u 3
u
6
arctan
C 2x 2 23 arctan
3
3
9
9 9
3
: x2 3x x2 3x x
4
4 4
2
9
4
(c)
x 3 2 C
1 x2
e C, u x2
2
1 1x
1
e dx e1x C, u
x2
x
1
dx cannot be evaluated using the basic integration rules.
1 x4
x
1
2x
1
dx
dx arctanx2 C, u x2
1 x4
2 1 x22
2
x3
1
4x3
1
dx
dx ln1 x 4 C, u 1 x 4
4
1x
4 1 x4
4
52. (a)
54.
dy
2y
, y0 2
dx 16 x2
3
1.25
1.25
3
4
(b)
dy
x16 y2, 0, 2
dx
dy
16 y2
x dx
4y
x2 C
2
arcsin
42
C C 6
4y
x2 6
2
arcsin
y
x2
sin
4
2
6
y 4 sin
x2 6
541
542
Chapter 5
56. A
x
1
dx arcsin
2
4 x2
1
0
6
58.
arcsin x dx 0.571
60. Fx
1
2
1
2
x2
1
2
2
dt
t2 1
(a) Fx represents the average value of f x over the interval
x, x 2. Maximum at x 1, since the graph is
greatest on
1, 1.
62.
1
6x x2
x2
x
arctanx 2 arctan x
1
1
4x 1
1 x2 x2 4x 5
2
0 when x 1.
2
2
1 x 2
1x
x2 1x2 4x 5
x 1x2 4x 5
dx
1
dx
6x x2
(c)
y2
dx
x3
arcsin
C
3
9 x 32
y1
1
(b) u x, u2 x, 2u du dx
1
6u2 u4
2u du
2
6 u2
du 2 arcsin
u6
C 2 arcsin 6
C
x
x
1 x2
1
1 x2
2x2
> 0 for x > 0.
1 x2 1 x22 1 x2
y
5
x
Since f 0 0 and f is increasing for x > 0, arctan x
> 0 for x > 0. Thus,
1 x2
x
arctan x >
.
1 x2
Let gx x arctan x
gx 1
1
x2
> 0 for x > 0.
2
1x
1 x2
Since g0 0 and g is increasing for x > 0, x arctan x > 0 for x > 0. Thus, x > arctan x.
Therefore,
x
< arctan x < x.
1 x2
y3
4
3
2
y2
y1
2
x
8
10
Section 5.10
Section 5.10
Hyperbolic Functions
e0 e0
1
2
2. (a) cosh0
4. (a) sinh10 0
(b) tanh10 0
2
(b) sech1
0.648
e e1
6. (a) csch12 ln
(b) coth13
8.
1 2 5 0.481
1
4
ln
0.347
2
2
e
ex
2
e
cosh2 x
ex
e2x e2x
sinh 2x
2
2
xy2
12. 2 cosh
Hyperbolic Functions
x 2 y coshx 2 y 2 e
e
2
exy2
2
xy2
exy2
2
ey ey ex
ex ex ey ey
4
2
2
cosh x cosh y
tanh x
14.
1
2
1
2
sech2 x 1 sech2 x
3
3
sech x
4
2
23
1
cosh x
3
32
1
2
coth x
12
sinh x tanh x cosh x
csch x
1
33
122 3 3
3
csch x 3
cosh x
23
3
sech x
3
tanh x
1
2
coth x 2
3
3
16. y coth3x
y 3
sinh x
3x
csch2
gx
1
sinh x tanh x
cosh x
543
544
Chapter 5
28. y sechx 1
y sechx 1 tanhx 1
6 sech 3x tanh 3x
2
6
(0, 1.543)
2
34.
y a cosh x
y a sinh x
y a cosh x
(0.88, 0.53)
3
Therefore, y y 0.
( 0.88, 0.53)
2
f 1 cosh0 1
f x sinh x
f 1 sinh0 0
f x cosh x
f 1 cosh0 1
f
P2
P1
2
2
0
1
P2x 1 2 x2
x
, 25 x 25
25
80
x
(c) y sinh 25. At x 25, y sinh1 1.175
25
25
10
1
dx.
2x
cosh x
1
dx 2 cosh x
dx 2 sinhx C
x
2x
sech22x 1 dx
1
sech22x 12 dx
2
1
tanh2x 1 C
2
sinh
dx
1 sinh2 x
sinh x
1
dx
C
cosh2 x
cosh x
sech x C
46. Let u sech x, du sech x tanh x dx.
Section 5.10
48.
cosh2 x dx
1 cosh 2x
dx
2
50.
Hyperbolic Functions
1
x
dx arcsin
2
5
25 x
4
0
1
sinh 2x
x
C
2
2
1
1
x sinh 2x C
2
4
52.
2
1
1 1 4x2
dx 2
2 dx 2 ln
C
2
2
2x
x1 4x
2x1 2x
56. y tanh1
cosh x
9 sinh2 x
dx arcsin
arcsin
sinh3 x C
e
e
6
x
y
C
2x
1
1
2
1 x22 2
4 x2
4
1
2 sin 2x
2
2 sin 2x
2 sec 2x,
cos 2x sin 2x
cos 2x
cos 2x1 cos2 2x
y 2 csch1 x
1
1 1 x tanh
1
x
1
ln1 x2
2
x
tanh1 x
1 x2
a2 x02
x0
a2 x02
x x0
a
x0
When x 0,
a
P
y a sech1
x0
x
a2 x02 a2 x02 a sech1 0.
a
a
x02 2
a
x
1
2x
1 1
3 x2
dx
dx
ln
C
4
2
2
9x
2 9 x
2 6
3 x2
1
3
ln
C
12 3 x2
x2
68.
(a, 0)
arcsin
4
5
545
546
Chapter 5
3
70. Let u x32, du x dx.
2
72.
x
1 x3
dx
2
2
1
3
2
x dx sinh1x32 C ln x32 1 x3 C
3 1 x322 2
3
3
dx
x 2x2 4x 8
dx
x 2x 22 4
2 x 22 4
1
C
ln
2
x2
74.
1
dx
x 12x2 4x 8
1
dx
x 12x 12 6
3 x 12 3
1
1
dx 1 ln
C
x1
2 x 1x 12 32
6
78. y
1
dx
x 14x2 8x 1
1 2x
dx
4x x2
ln 4x x2
2
2x 1 3
2x 12
2
4 2x
1
dx 3
dx
4x x2
x 22 4
e2x
1
2
e2x
dx
e2x
2 lne
1
1
lne4 e4 ln 2
2
2
e
ln
dx
1
2e2x e2x dx
e2x e2x
2x
6
x2 4
6 ln x x2 4
2 2x
e
82. A
tanh 2x dx
3 4x2 8x 1
1
ln
C
2x 1
3
3 x 2 2
3 x4
ln
C ln 4x x2 ln
C
4 x 2 2
4
x
80. A
dx
e2x
2
0
5
3
e4
1.654
2
(b) st
vt dt
32t dt 16t2 C
Section 5.10
Hyperbolic Functions
547
84. CONTINUED
dv
32 kv2
dt
(c)
dv
kv2 32
t
dt
st
32 k v
1
ln
t C
232 32 k v
Since v0 0, C 0.
ln
32 k v
32 k v
32 k v
32 k v
v
k e2
32k t
e32k t e32k t
32 e
32
k
ex ex
tan y
sinh x.
2
k 32k
e32k t
32k t
tanh 32k t
e +e
x
x
e e
y
2
y sinh1 x
sinh y x
cosh yy 1
y
32
tanh 32k t dt
k
e
32k t 1
e
32
k
When k 0.01,
32 e232k t 1
90.
y
k
When t 0,
s0 C
e232k t
v k k e232k t 32e232k t 1
88.
32
1
ln
cosh 32k t C.
k
232k t
sin y tanh x
k
tanh32k t
32
dv
dt
32 kv2
k
(d) lim
1
1
1
cosh y sinh2 y 1 x2 1