In the given four-bar linkage find the linear velocity of point C in link 3 and the angular

velocity of link 3 when link 2 rotates at a constant angular velocity. The linear velocity of
point A is given to scale on the mechanism.

3 = __________rad/sec.

Vc = __________in/sec.;

Lay off the velocity vector, Vc , on the mechanism.

4
3
C

04
02
2

VA
A

0V
K V = 10 in/sec-in

K S = 4 in/in

The wheel in the figure rolls without slipping on the horizontal surface; using the
velocity of point A as shown, determine:
a) the velocity of point B; VB = __________ft/sec.
b) the velocity of point D; VD = __________ft/sec.
c) the angular velocity of link 3: 3 = ________ rad/sec.________ .

C
4

3
2
B

K S = 2 ft/in

a
0V
K V = 25 ft/sec-in

The velocity diagram for the mechanism is given below. (Link 2 rotates at a constant
angular velocity.) Point G is the center of mass of link 3.
a) Determine AG and 3 .
b) From point G on the mechanism, lay off to scale the acceleration of point G as
a vector.
c) Find the point in link 3 that has zero acceleration and show on the mechanism.

0a

K a = 147 fps 2 /in

0V

G
a

K V = 7 fps/in

4
K S = 1/3 ft/in

Problems in Biaxial Stresses

In each of the following biaxial stress situations determine whether or not failure
should occur. In these problems a brittle material will be defined as one having a
percentage elongation in 2 of 5% or less. Materials having an elongation of greater than
5% will be assumed to be ductile. Properties of materials are listed in Chapter 14 in
Spotts. If two values are given for one property use an average value. Gray cast irons are
brittle materials.
If a material is ductile as defined above, apply both the maximum shear stress
theory of failure and the distortion energy theory failure. If a material is brittle, apply the
maximum normal theory of failure.
1.
SAE
1020
CR steel

42,000

5,000
2.

5,000

SAE
1020
CR steel

42,000

5,000
3.
SAE
1020
CR steel

42,000

4. (a) For a ductile material does an added tensile stress at 90 weaken or strengthen the
element?
(b) For a ductile material does an added compressive stress at 90 strengthen or
weaken the element?
(c) What is the significance of applying a failure theory to the element of #3?

5.

ASTM 40
gray cast
iron

21,000

5,000
5,000
6.

Average
gray cast
iron

7.

Average
gray cast
iron

21,000

21,000

8. (a) For a brittle material does an added tensile stress at 90 weaken or strengthen the
element?
(b) For a brittle material does an added compressive stress at 90 weaken or
strengthen the element?
(c) What is the significance of applying a failure theory to the element of #7?

9.

10.
SAE

medium
cast
steel

45,000
1035

5,000

5,000

30,000
11.

12.
Aluminum
Bronze
(drawn)

60,000
40,000

18-8
Stainless
Steel

50,000
20,000

13. Would the maximum normal stress theory give the same result in #10 as the
Maximum shear theory?

14.
Aluminum
gray cast
iron

16,000
5,000

15.
SAE
50,000
1025

10,000

30,000
16.
SAE
2330
medium
hard

20,000
90,000

The steel part in the figure is subjected to a static bending moment of 20,000 in- lbf. Using
a factor of safety of 3.5 determine the minimum value of D for safe operation. The yield
strength of the material is 30,000 psi.

1" THICK
7"
20,000 in-lb f

r = 1/2"
D
h

20,000 in-lb

A steel member 12 feet long is subjected to an axial tensile load of 10,000 lb, and an
operating temperature of 400C. The creep constants in the relation = Bt (S/S 0 )n for the
material at 400C are B = 4.52 x 10-16 in/in/day, and n = 6.80. Find the cross-sectional
area required based on
a) a yield stress of 25 ksi at 400C and nFs = 2.0;
b) an allowable creep of 0.020 in/in. in 20 years;
c) a rupture stress of 20,000 at 400C in 20 years using nFs = 2.5.

A turbine rotor is being designed for a commercial aircraft engine and the material for the
turbine blades has to be determined. Each blade on this rotor is 6 inches long and has a
cross-sectional area of 0.5 square inches. The most critical load on the blades will be the
centrifugal tension, and the maximum stress along the blade is 10,000 psi. To inhibit
leakage, the actual amount of radial clearance when the blades are newly installed is to be
0.030 inches, but to prevent catastrophic failures, the blades will be replaced after they
have elongated only 0.010 inches.
If the engine is to run 1000 hours on one set of blades, select the proper material from the
creep data in the table below. Assume that when the engine stops and starts again, the
creep curve continues where it left off. The creep relation = Bt (S/S 0 )n is valid.
Creep Constants for Possible Materials
________________________________________________________________________
Material
B, in/in-day
n
S0 , psi
-12
A
1.0 x 10
7
1000
B

2.0 x 10-12

1000

3.5 x 10-12

1000

5.0 x 10-12

1000

6.0 x 10-12

1000

Brand X

7.5 x 10-12

1000

In the figure is shown a rotating shaft machined from bar stock and with load P varying
from 1000 to 3000 lb. The material is 1020 cold drawn steel. The factor of safety is equal
to 2.0. Find the largest value of D for continuous operation.

R = 0.45"

P
3"

24"

15"

15"

24"

The shaft S in the figure is rotating 1200 rpm with the unbalanced weight W = 10 lbf. The
center of mass of W is 2 inches from the centerline of the shaft. The static force P = 2000
lbf is applied to the shaft through the yoke and the anti- friction bearings B and C.
The shaft material had the following properties: in uniaxial tension: Su = 75,000 psi,
Sy = 60,000 psi, and Se = 40,000 psi.
For a factor of safety of 2.0, determine the shaft diameter of the basis of an analysis at the
section A-A.

2
W
A
10"

10"
5"

10"
15"

10"

Determine the small diameter of the axially loaded round bar in the figure subjected to a
cyclic load. The maximum tensile load 100,000 lb f and the minimum tensile load is
90,000 lb f. The form stress concentration factor at the step is 2.5 and the factor of safety
is to be 2.0. A ductile material of the following properties will be used:
Su = 100,000 psi
Sy = 85,000 psi
Se = 65,000 psi
q = 0.40

d
P

A structural steel part (SAE 1035 hot rolled) is subjected to the following load spectrum:
Pl max = 5000 lb f
Pl ave = 2500 lb f

n1 = 65,000 cycles

P2 max = 3000 lb f
P2 ave = 0

n2 = 106 cycles

SAE 1035
SYP = 54 ksi
STP = 85 ksi

The part is loaded in simple tension and compression, and a cross-sectional area of 0.12
in2 has been specified. If the factor of safety has been included in the load estimates, and
a fatigue stress concentration factor of 1.2 has been selected, compute the
n
i
i Ni
and determine whether or not the part is satisfactory.

In most crankshafts the cheeks and bearing journals are so short compared with their
cross-sectional dimensions that the entire crankshaft exhibits an extremely complicated
stress distribution. It is still not completely understood, and the simplified formulas for
calculating stress from strength of materials are not at all valid.
However, one can examine a crankshaft approximately with the simple strength formulae
if the cheeks and bearing journals are long relative to their cross-sectional dimensions. A
force analysis on one end of one such crankshaft reveals that it is in equilibrium under the
loads shown in Figure 1 and that F = 2270 lb f. P is a force but M1 and M2 are torques.
a) Determine the critical section in the cheek. Explain your reasoning.
b) Determine the points in the critical section where you would calculate the
stresses for design purposes (critical points). There may be more than one of
them.
(Hint: Torsional stress on a shaft of rectangular cross-section is much higher at the
midpoints of the sides verses the corners. In Figure 2 the torsional stress is high at B and
it is slightly higher at A.) Explain your reasoning.

B
A

A
B

F
2 1/2

2 1/2

FIGURE 1

2 1/2

FIGURE 2
RECTANGULAR
SHAFT
CROSS-SECTION

When a harpoon is fired horizontally from the dock of a whaling ship the harpoon of
weight W travels essentially horizontally for the early part of the harpoon and is allowed
to uncoil from the dock.
If the rope is considered weightless relative to the harpoon (and therefore the force in
the rope is zero as it is being uncoiled), determine the force P in the rope when the coil
suddenly becomes jammed and the rope ceases to feed.
Let the velocity of the weight be v and the length of the rope be L at the time of
jamming. Your answer should be a function of v, L, .., A, and E where A is the crosssectional area of the rope and K is the modulus of elasticity of the rope.
Hint: A model of this system might be as shown in the figure.

COIL OF
ROPE

The overhauling of the Wizard-of-Oz Flying Machine showed that members were
subjected to the following stresses:
Sx = 20,000 psi
Sy = 4,000 psi
wy = 6,000 psi
and the material tests at Syp = 40,000 psi in tension. Find the minimum value for the
Factor-of-Safety via the maximum shear theory of failure.

In the figure shown an element with its component stresses at a critical point in a part.
a) Using the stresses in the figure and the equation below, write out the cubic
equation used to determine principal stresses.
b) Check if 3000 psi is a principal stress. If so, divide your equation by S+(-3000).
c) Solve the remaining quadratic fo rthe other principal stresses.
d) Why was 3000 psi a principal stress?
Helpful formula:
S3 - (x + y + z)S2 + (x y + y z + z x - 2xy - 2yz - 2 zx)S
- (x y z + 2 xy yz zx - x 2yz - y 2 zx - z 2 xy ) = 0

3,000 psi

10,000 psi
6,000 psi
5,000 psi

A triaxial static state of stress at a point is indicated in the figure.

a) For this state of stress, determine the cubic equation from which the principal
normal stresses can be obtained.
Helpful equation:
S3 - (x + y + z)S2
+ (x y + y z + z x - 2 xy - 2 yz - 2xz)S
- (x y z + 2 xy yz zx - x 2yz - y 2 zx - z 2xy ) = 0.

b) Is a compressive stress of 40,000 psi a principal normal stress? Show your

reasoning. (The statement in part c is not valid reasoning.)
c) A graphical plot of this cubic equation shows one principal normal stress to be
40,000 psi compressive. Determine the other two principal normal stresses.
Hint: Regardless of what equation you obtained in part a. use k3 3.3k2 17.7k + 46.0
= 0 for part c. where k = S/10,000.

30,000 psi

30,000 psi

13,100 psi
27,000 psi

29,650 psi

A certain state of stress is described by the six stress components

Sx = 35,000 psi,

Sy = 20,000 psi,

Sz = 9,500 psi,

Sxy = 8,670 psi,

Syz = 15,700 psi,

Sxz = 0

a) Set up the cubic equation from which the principal stresses could be calculated.
b) Solve the cubic equation to obtain numerical values for the principal normal
stresses.

The part in the figure is subjected to a steady load P = 10,000 lbf and a release load of
Q = 2,000 lb f as shown. Determine numerical values for sa, saz, smax, and smin at the critical
point in section A-A.
Area = b2 , I = bh3 /12.

1" x 1"
P = 10,000 lb f

3"

A'
20"

Q = 2,000 lb f

All the discussion below centers on the circular shaft with loads as shown in the figure.
a) Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum bending moment.
b) Clearly indicate the location of the critical point(s) in the figure. Justify your
selection.
c) Regardless of what you chose as critical point(s) in part (b), it is now desired to
determine the components of stress at the point on the bottom of the shaft right at
the built- in end. Determine the magnitudes of all the six independent components
of stress shown on the cube. Also indicate the directions of the normal stresses.
The diameter of the shaft is 2.0 inches.

20"
y
5"
y

xz
zx

xy

500 lbf

6,000 lbf

5"

List five distinct types of failure stress.

a) In determining a factor of safety when no other information is available, a
designer must exercise judgment. To do this carefully he must evaluate the effects
of several factors that would influence that factor of safety. List 4 of these factors.
b) List three general manufacturing processes and give one example of each.

List five common modes of failure of mechanical equipment.

a) List four modes of failure of steel machine parts.

b) Name two types of metallic-arc welds and make a sketch of the weld material and
parent metal configuration.
c) List three classifications of vibration problems.

List four general manufacturing processes and give examples of each.

The ends of the shaft in the figure are simply supported but keyed against rotation. The
stress concentration factors at the junction of the bracket and each piece of shaft are 2.0
in bending and 1.6 in torsion.
a) If the shaft is to be uniform in diameter along its entire length, where are the
critical point(s)? Clearly show them (it) in the sketch. Explain the reasoning for
your selection.
b) If Region A and Region B of the shaft were each made a different diameter, in
which region would the larger diameter occur? Why?
c) Determine the bending moment at the critical point(s) that you selected in part (a).

20"

20"

16"

250 lbf
6"

The only time that Mohrs circle can be used to obtain principal normal stress in a triaxial
state of stress is when one the normal stress components is already a normal stress
(Fig. B) or when all stress components on one surface are zero (biaxial state of stress,
Fig.A).
To convince yourself of this try reducing the cubic equation for principal normal stresses
to equation (1) below which was derived for a biaxial state of stress and for which the
Mohrs circle construction is applicable:
a) For Figure A, make appropriate substitutions for stress components into the cubic
equation. One root should be zero. Divide this root out and solve the remaining
quadratic. It should look like equation (1).
b) For Figure B, substitute stress component into the cubic equation. The one normal
stress component is a principal stress. Divide the cubic by (S Si) and solve the
remaining quadratic for the other two principal stresses. It should look like
equation (1).

(1)

S=

x + y
2

y
x
+ xy
2
2

FIGURE A

FIGURE B

An element of 1045 hot-rolled steel (su = 98,000 psi and sy = 59,000 psi) has a steady
axial stress of 10,000 psi. Find the permissible shearing stress that can be superposed if
the factor of safety is to be 2.5 by the maximum principal normal stress theory of failure.
Helpful Equations:
S3 (x + y + z)S2 + (x y +y z +z x - 2xy - 2yz - 2zx)S
- (x y z + 2 xy yz zx - x 2yz - y 2 zx - x 2 xy ) = 0

S1,2 =

V=

x + y
2

y
x
2

+ 2xy

1+
(S1 S 2 ) 2 + (S2 S 3 )2 + (S 2 S1 ) 2
6

A 15 x 20x 0.5 inch plate of 1045 steel (su = 98,000 psi and sy = 59,000 psi) carries a
uniformly distributed tension of 90,000 lb on the 15- inch edge. Find the compressive
stress on the 20- inch edge permissible if the factor of safety is 2.0 by the maximum
principal shear stress theory of failure.

y (COMPRESSIVE)

The shaft in an aircraft landing gear is made of 4140 steel, annealed and cold-drawn. The
part had a solid circular cross-section with a transverse oil hole and is loaded by a torque
of 5000 in- lbf. If the part has the dimensions below, is it safe based on yielding? What is
the safety factor?
Shaft diameter
1 inch
Hole diameter

1/16 inch

Length

10 inches

1/16" DIA

1" DIA

T= 5,000

10"

A vehicle is designed to operate at the deepest point in the Pacific Ocean is spherical in
shape and is made of stainless steel. A stress analysis has been performed on the
structure, and the circumferential stress at the outer surface is found to be

sc =

1.05p
r
1 1
r2

where p is the pressure and r1 and r2 are the inner and outer radii respectively.
If the sphere is built with r1 = 33.5, r2 = 36, and the expected pressure is 15,000 psi
compare the margin of safety based on the maximum shear stress failure theory with that
obtained from the maximum distortion energy theory. Use a design stress of 100,000 psi.

The cylinder shown below is subjected to an internal pressure p and a torque T. From the
loads and the dimensions the following stresses have been computed.
Axial stress
= Sa = 15,000 psi = Sx
Tangential stress = St = 30,000 psi = Sy
Torsional stress = at = 10,000 psi = xy
A design stress, SD, of 30,000 psi has been chosen for the tank material. Using the
maximum shear stress theory and neglecting the compression on the inside surface,
determine whether of not the tank is properly designed.

In a certain pipe internal pressure causes both an axial stress of 10,000 psi and a
tangential stress of 15,000 psi at a critical point. Because of the support arrangement fo r
the pipe, the same critical point is subjected to a torsional stress of 4,000 psi. Find the
factor of safety on the basis of yielding at the critical point using
a) the distortion energy theory of failure, and
b) the maximum shear stress theory of failure.
The yield stress of the material is 40,000 psi.

Determine the small diameter of the axially loaded round bar in the figure subjected to a
minimum tensile load of 60,000 lb f and a 10,000 lbf amplitude of cyclic load. The stress
concentration at the step is 1.75 and the factor of safety is to be 2.5. Material properties
are:
Su = 80,000 psi
Se = 50,000 psi
Syp = 35,000 psi
P

K f = 1.75

The round bar shown is subjected to a varying tensile load. For the first 3,000 cycles the
maximum value of the tensile force is 285,000 lb f and the minimum value is 75,000 lb
compressive. For the next 50,000 cycles the load varies from 60,000 lb in tension to
200,000 lb in compression. Determine the remaining cycles to failure for a completely
reversed load of 150,000 lb.
Material properties:

Su 140,000 psi
Sy 120,000 psi
q

0.6

Fatigue data:
stress

cycles

100,000
75,000
65,000
60,000
60,000

104
30,000
105
106
107
P

3"

R= 0.2"

2"

The bar shown in the figure is subjected to a varying bending moment. It is subjected to a
completely reversed loading of 680,000 in- lbf for 15,000 cycles and then a released
moment is applied to the part for 5700 cycles after which failure occurs. Determine the
magnitude of the released bending moment.
Material properties are: Su = 100,000 psi
Sy = 85,000 psi

q = 0.80
See curve

Se = 40,000 psi

K= 2.5

2" THICK

10"

1
9
8

10 5

S-N CURVE

9
8
7

10 6

10 4

60

70

80

90

100

10 7

10
9
8
7

The shaft pictured below rotates but does not carry any torque load. It is machined from
1020 cold drawn steel for which q=1. Calculate the factor of safety for the shaft.

0.1"

40 lb f
R= 0.06"

0.8"

0.6"
0.5"

0.5"

10"
16 lb f

12"

7.5"

24 lb f

Determine the small diameter of the torsionally loaded round bar in the figure subjected
to a minimum torque load of 60,000 in- lbf and a 10,000 in- lbf amplitude of cyclic torque
load. The stress concentration at the step is 1.65 in torsion and the factor of safety is to be
2.5. Material properties are:
Su = 80,000 psi
Se = 50,000 psi
Syp = 35,000 psi
T

K f = 1.65

A cantilever beam, shown in the figure, is machined from cold drawn AISI 1030 steel of
circular cross section and is subjected to a load which varies from F to 3F. Determine
the maximum load that this member can withstand for an indefinite life using a factor of
safety of 2. The notch sensitivity for the material at the 1/8 inch radius is 0.9. Analyze at
the change of cross sectio n only.

F
1/8" R

3/4" DIA

6
7
3F

1" DIA

Creep Problem
The following data have been obtained for 4140 steel:
d o
dt

% x10 6

hr

T(F)

S(psi)

t(hrs.)

1000

3000

250
500
750

0.037
0.049
0.054

77
30
10

0.017
0.034
0.047

10,000

250
500
750
1000

0.19
0.261
0.311
0.362

376
204
204
204

0.100
0.160
0.160
0.160

20,000

250
500
750
1000

1.1
1.85
2.57
3.36

3010
3010
3010
3010

0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35

You have been asked to check the design of a turbine part what is to operate at a
stress of 30,000 psi. What total creep would you predict in the part at 1000F in 600
hours?

FORCE ANALYSIS
The mechanism shown is to be used to measure the belt tensions T1 and T2 . Derive
expressions for these tensions in terms of the torque , the force F, and any dimensions
needed. Indicate all chosen dimensions on the sketch. Also derive an expression for the
force of the lower shaft on the rear mount.
T1

T2

1. A three inch diameter cold rolled steel shaft is loaded in reversed torsion. Your boss
has asked you to determine the effect of drilling a 0.40 inch diameter transverse hole
through the shaft. What increase in stress will you tell him the hole will cause?

2. Another engineer had designed a simple tension member as shown below based
on a design stress of 64,000 psi. Check the design.

2"

1/16" DIA

5,000 lbf

5,000 lb f

1/8"

1. State at least five important reasons why a high factor of safety might be used in a
machine part.

2. A cylinder head is to be built for a small experimental gasoline engine. Use your
Manufacturing Processes notes to help choose a manufacturing method.

3. A simply supported beam is to be of circular cross-section, and will be centrally

loaded. Determine a merit index to be used in selecting a material for the application if
deflection is to be minimized.

ME 561
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR

Data:

Running speed = 3600 RPM

Piston Weight = 260 grams
Slider Weight = 106.8 grams
Crank Pin Weight = 81.2 grams
Counterbalance Weight = 185.6 grams
Coefficient of Friction = 0.20
Operating Temperature = 250F

You are asked to make an analysis of the refrigeration compressor mechanism in order to
determine the cause of premature crankshaft failures. Consider the position where
maximum gas force exists on the cylinder.

1. Complete a motion analysis for the mechanism using the full size drawing
provided.
2. Complete a force analysis for the mechanism.
3. Determine the nominal stress at the failure location. Material is gray cast iron.
4. For a stress concentration of 3.5, determine the actual stress in the crankshaft.
5. Make conclusions concerning the failure.
6. Redesign the mechanism to prevent the failure, i.e. discuss all possibilities and
choose the best solution.

FORCE, P (lbs)
100

200

300

300

200

GAS FORCE P AS A FUNCTION

OF CRANK ANGLE

0
100
CRANK ANGLE, 0 (DEGREES)

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF
REFIGERATION COMPRESSOR