Staphylococci

Catalase +ve S.aureus, epidermis, saprophyticus (SEA)

Ferment mannitolS.aureus, coagualase +ve
Sensitive to the novobiocin, zone inhibitionS.epidermis
Resistant to novobiocinS.sprophyticus
Facultative, catalase +ve
S.aureus
-superantigen
-found on mucosal membrane and skin
-toxin and enzymes:
Catalase
Coagulase
Enterotoxindiarrhea
Toxin TSSTtoxin shock syndrome, vomit,
hypovolemic, nausea, fever, multisystem, seen in
women using hyperabsorbant tampon, pre-existing
infection
Leukocidinkill leukocyte
Exofoliatinscalded skin
-produce invasive dx
Boil
Surgical wound infection
Brain
Abscess
Lung
Septicaemia
Osteomyelitis
S.epidermis
-imp in immune-compromised hospitalized ptn
Premature baby
Patient with invasive medical deviceremoval to eradicate
infection
S.saprophyticus
-only causes urinary tract infection in women, 10% cystitis
Urinary tract infection, irritation and infection of lower urinary
tract burning sensation, urinate
All of the staphylococci are treated using antibiotic however,
develop resistance.
Only 10% aureus respond to penicillin and remainders produce betalactamses to digest the antibiotics, thus replaced by cloxacillin (beta
lactamse-resistance penicillin)
But, there is some resistant to this, thus use non-beta lactam agent
like vancomyocin.

Normally bactericidal activity

Penicillin travel across the cell wallbinding to the penicillin binding
proteindiscrupting the cell growth
Bacterial resistance
1. Altered permeability efflux of the antibiotic
2. Production of B-lactamase digest the antibiotic b-lactamno
activity
3. Altered penicillin binding proteinno binding of the antibiotic
Streptococcus
-chain-liked, catalase negative, facultative
-genus classification based on
1. Type of hemolysis (alpha, beta, gamma)
2. Optimum condition for growth, optochin
3. Susceptibility to inhibitor compound
Classification :
1. beta hemolysis (clear) complete hemolysis produce zone of
clearing on the blood agar further divided by latex agglutination to
determine the antigen present on cell wall
Beta-hemolysis group A- pyrogenes, group b, agalactinae, group
c, suis, group d, bovis
Group A- bacitracin sensitive while Group B resistant to it
2. alpha hemolysis (green) partially hemolysisfurther divided by
optochin
optochin +ve streptococcus pneumonia (significant confirmatory)
optochin ve viridian types
pneumoniae optochin sensitive, bile soluble, capsule
viridans optochin resistant, bile insoluble, no capsule
3. gamma hemolysisno hemolysis at all Enterococcus feacalis
and feacium
both Enterococcus are bile tolerant
Anaerobic streptococci
-unable to tolerate with even low O2 concentration obligate
anaerobe
1.peptostreptococus
2. peptococcus
- causes abscess in brain, pelvic, abdomen
- slowly growing bacteriaincreasing R to drug