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REVIEW ON SRI LANKA DATUM 1999 (SLD_99)

By
SAMM JAYAWARDHANA
KMP MANURANGA
MMCS MELLAWA
APP SUBHASHINI

FG 282
FG 289
FG 290
FG 321

The dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Geomatics, Sabaragamuwa University


of Sri Lanka in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

B.Sc. DEGREE IN SURVEYING SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEODESY


&
DEPARTMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY, PHOTOGRAMMETRY,
REMOTE SENSING & GIS
FACULTY OF GEOMATICS
SABARAGAMUWA UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA
2012

DECLARATION
We do hereby declare that the work reported in this dissertation was exclusively carried out
by us under the supervision of Mr. PGV Abeyratne. It describes the results of our own
independent research except where due reference has been made in the text. No part of this
dissertation has been submitted earlier or concurrently for the same or any other degree.
Date: ................................

Signatures of the candidates


SAMM JAYAWARDHAN A .
KMP MANURANGA.
MMCS MELLAWA.
APP SUBHASHINI.

Certified by:
Supervisor: Mr. PGV Abeyratne.
Signature: ..........................................
Date: .............................................

Dean:

Dr. KRMU Bandara.


Signature: ..........................................
Date: .............................................

ii

ABSTRACT
Any country has its own national geodetic coordinate system and it is very useful in all
survey activities. Accuracy of this kind of system is very important in every aspect. In Sri
Lanka, systematic triangulation began in 1857 and it was recomputed with some additional
observations in 1890 due to inconsistencies occurring mainly in the minor triangulation. But
later found that the new fixing values has serious error. A new horizontal control point
network was established in 1999 and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has used
for this. Thirty two (32) old network points were included and other old control points were
not included for this new system. But these old control points were also included to calculate
transformation parameters to the local datum to new horizontal network. But new system and
old system gives different coordinate values for same control points.
In this paper, Kandawala network is compared with new SLD_99 network to find differences
between these two systems. For that here deal with, scale out figure of the ten secondary
control points of Sri Lankan geodetic control network. The data from GPS observations on
those points were processed and analyzed to perform the network adjustment and
comparison.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly we would like to thank our supervisor Mr. PGV Abeyrathne for his guidance and
supervision throughout this project to make it success and complete. Our heartiest
thankfulness goes to Dr. KRMU Bandara, Dean of the Faculty of Geomatics, Sabaragamuwa
University of Sri Lanka for providing the instructions and making the necessary
arrangements to this research project.
Then we would like to thank Mrs. JAS Jayakody, co-ordinator of this research program for
supplying necessary arrangements in great manner to carry out the task successfully. It is the
time to remind the remarkable contribution of Dr. T Dammalage for giving the introduction
about what a research is and how to write a research proposal. We are grateful to Mrs.
KGDM Sandeepani who instructed us for our language corrections.
We take this opportunity to thank our colleagues who were helping us in the field work and
every time.
We would like to extend our thanks to all the lecturers, instructors, demonstrators who
contributed to the success of this task by advising, instructing, and providing facilities. We
would like to remember all non-academic staff members of the faculty of Geomatics who
gave us their maximum support to conduct the project successfully.
Finally, we wish to express our sincere thanks & gratitude to all the people who helped us in
many ways. Definitely, without the help of those valuable persons it would be quite
impossible to think about a successful research.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

PAGE

Declaration................................................................................................................................ii
Abstract....................................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................v
List of Tables...........................................................................................................................vii
List of Figures........................................................................................................................viii
List of Appendices....................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................x
1.0

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1

1.1

BACKGROUND........................................................................................................1

1.2

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH.............................................................................2

1.3

RESEARCH QUESTION...........................................................................................3

1.4

OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................3

1.4.1

Main Objective....................................................................................................3

1.4.2

Other Objectives..................................................................................................3

1.5

LIMITATIONS............................................................................................................3

2.0

LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................4

3.0

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND..............................................................................12

4.0

METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................23

4.1

FIELD PROCEDURE...............................................................................................23

4.2

OFFICE WORK........................................................................................................24

4.3

RESOURCES REQUIRED......................................................................................24

5.0

RESULT AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................25

5.1

RESULT....................................................................................................................25

5.2

DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................27

6.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................28


v

6.1

CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................28

6.2

RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................................32

7.0

REFERENCES AND BIBILIOGRAPHY....................................................................33

APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................35

vi

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE

CAPTION

PAGE

Table 2.1 :Transverse Mercator projection parameters for the Sri Lankan national map-........5
Table 2.2 : Transverse Mercator projection parameters for SL_GRID_99...............................7
Table 2.3 : Secondary Base Stations..........................................................................................8
Table 2.4 : Forty six base lines without assign weight for distance...........................................9
Table 2.5 : Thousand two hundred sixty five lines without assign weight for distance............9
Table 2.6 : Forty six base lines with assign weight for distance..............................................10
Table 2.7 : Thousand two hundred sixty five lines with assign weight for distance...............10
Table 2.8 : Standards of GPS Geodetic Networks...................................................................14
Table 3.1: Coordinate transformation value............................................................................22
Table 5.1 : Summary of Parameters, Observations and Selected Options...............................25
Table 5.2 : Statistics summary.................................................................................................26
Table 6.1 : Coordinates adopted for the DOMES 23501M001GPS marker............................28
Table 6.2 : Difference of Semi Major and Semi Minor Axis...................................................29
Table 6.3 : Old and New Grid Coordinates Parameters...........................................................31

vii

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE

CAPTION

PAGE

Figure 3.1 : Molodensky transformation.................................................................................16


Figure 3.2 : The Bursa-Wolf seven-parameter model..............................................................17
Figure 3.3 : WGS84 to SLD_99 coordinate transformation....................................................20
Figure 3.4 : WGS84 to Kandawala datum coordinate transformation....................................21

viii

LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX

CAPTION

PAGE

Appendix A : C++ Program for Convert Spherical Coordinates Into Plane Distance...............35
Appendix B : The Network of Secondary Base Stations.........................................................41
Appendix C : Coordinates of Ten Secondary Base Stations....................................................42
Appendix D : Error on Latitude and Longitude.......................................................................43
Appendix E : Errors in Latitude...............................................................................................45
Appendix F : Errors in longitude.............................................................................................46
Appendix G : Total Error in All Station...................................................................................47
Appendix H : Calculated Distance between Secondary Base Stations....................................48
Appendix I : Calculated Azimuth............................................................................................49
Appendix J : Setting Out Coordinates and Other Details........................................................50
Appendix K : Established Figure on Ground..........................................................................51
Appendix L : Details about GPS Sessions...............................................................................52
Appendix M : Geolab Program (GPS Network.iob) For One Control Point...........................53
Appendix N : Results from Geolab Program (One Control Point)..........................................63
Appendix O: GPS Network Adjusted By Geolab....................................................................75
Appendix P : COLOMBO DORIS Site Description Form......................................................76

ix

LIST OF ACRONYMS
B.Sc
CNES
CryoSat
DMA
DORIS
EDM
Envisat
ERS
FGCC
GCS
GIS
GPS
GSU
ISMD
ITRF
LGO
NIMA
PCS
PDOP
ppm
RINEX
SA
SGO
SPOT
SUSL
SLD_99

Bachelor of Science
Centre national d'tudesspatiales - theFrench Space Agency
European Space Agency environmental research satellite
Defense Mapping Agency
Doppler Orbit Determination and Radio positioning Integrated on Satellite
Electromagnetic Distance Measurements
Environmental Satellite
European Remote Sensing Satellite
Federal Geodetic Control Committee
Geographic Coordinate Systems
Geographic Information System
Global Positioning System
Geodetic Survey Unit
Institute of Surveying and Mapping Diyathalawa
International Terrestrial Reference Frame
LEICA Geo Office
National Imagery and Mapping Agency
Projected Coordinate Systems
Positional Dilution of Precision
parts per million
Receiver Independent EXchange
Satellite Availability
Surveyor Generals Office
Systme Pour lObservation de la Terre - "System for Earth Observation"
Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Datum 1999

WGS84

World Geodetic System 1984

Chapter 1
1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
National geodetic coordinate system is a most important part of the survey activities of any
country. Sri Lanka is an island, which is situated in Indian ocean and having 65610 square
kilometers (65610 km2) extent. In Sri Lanka, systematic triangulation began in 1857 with the
measurement of the Negombo (Kandawala to Halgastota) base line. These observations were
made with 8 and 13-inch vernier theodolite, and this process was completed in 1885. In 1887
this triangulation was subsequntly connected with the Indian triangulation network by using
narrow chain. This narrow chain roughly running on the Batticaloa- Trincomalie- MannerDelft area.After then the Sri Lanka triangulation network was recomputed with some
additional observations in 1890 due to inconsistencies occurring mainly in the minor
triangulation. The minor triangulation is the triangulation of first order point triangulation.
Using these observation results new fixing values were introduced for geodetic network.
These new fixing values were later found to be in serious error and this result led to
geodetic triangulation network into a significance review. Studies carried out by the Survey
Department of Ceylon after 1930 and they used new technologies to evaluate the reliability
of the geodetic network that formed the Kandawala datum and computed values were
included in Jacksons report and whole process was completed in 1933.
After 1996, geodetic triangulation network points were observed by using GPS technology.
Completed GPS observations were used to create a new datum which was known as SLD_99
(Sri Lanka Datum 1999) and this datum has been introduced for surveying and mapping
purposes in Sri Lanka.
In Sri Lanka two datums were introduced for surveying and mapping purposes. Kandawala
Datum was the first datum for Sri Lankaand SLD_99 was the second one.

KANDAWALA HORIZONTAL GEODETIC DATUM

Fixed coordinates at Kandawala.


Orientation was fixed from Kandawala to Halgastota.
The Everest ellipsoid was used for the adjustment.
Jackson values for semi major axis (a) and semi minor axis (b) were used for
adjustment.
a = 2091 2931.80 feet ( 6374261.613 meter)
b = 2085 3374.58 feet ( 6356108.572 meter) [12];
Average distance accuracy of a line between trig stations is around being about
1:40,000.
SRI LANKA DATUM 1999 (SLD_99)

Released for surveying and mapping purposes in 1999.


The network was adjusted with GPS observations.
GPS monument in ISMD was selected as the base for GPS.
Thirty two old triangulation (Kandawala) points were also included in the new
system for determining the transformation parameters between those.
SLD_99 is defined with the transformation from the WGS84.

Both Kadawala and SLD99 datums are generally used for any surveying activity in Sri
Lanka.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
Abeyratne et al., 2010 pointed out that the ISMD origin point, GPS surveys and
network adjustments used to form SLD99 are not optimal and have been questioned.
They also suggested that the GPS processing and the network adjustment should be
re-examined.
Some evidences are found to be supported the above suggestions when examined the
residuals of the adjusted network from the report on Sri Lanka Datum1999.
(See Appendix A for Errors in latitude)
(See Appendix B for Errors in longitude)
(See Appendix C for Total Errors in all stations)

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION


Review on establishing and the network adjustment of the SLD_99

datum.
1.4 OBJECTIVES

1.4.1 Main Objective


Review on establishing and the network adjustment of the SLD_99 datum.
1.4.2 Other Objectives
It is suggested that to carry out an experiment to mimic the GPS observations and the
network adjustment of the base/secondary base stations of SLD_99 by scaled down
version the geometry of the above layout (to be established at a place where suitable
for making GPS observations) along with performing a GPS network adjustment.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
It is difficult to carry out GPS observations at the places where suspected to be
problematic in the SLD_99 network since that exercise would be time consuming and
costly process.
Also, original GPS data (raw data) which were observed for establishing SLD_99 by
Geodetic Survey Unit in Survey Department of Sri Lanka is not available.

Chapter 2
2.0

LITERATURE REVIEW

KANDAWALA HORIZONTAL GEODETIC DATUM


In Sri Lanka, the principal triangulation began in 1857 with the measurement of the
Negombo baseline and completed in 1885.fixed station was located at Kadawala and the
orientation was fixed from Kandawala to Halgastota. These triangulation observations were
done with 8-inch and 13-inch vernier theodolites. In 1887 this triangulation was connected
with Indian triangulation network.
In 1890, the Ceylon (called Sri Lanka after 1972) triangulation network was recomputed due
to inconsistencies occurring mainly in the minor triangulations. Then using observed data
new fixing values were introduced [12], [8].
Those fixing values were later found to be in serious error and inconsistent with cadastral
surveys. Therefore this network led to a significant review. Therefore, two base lines and the
astronomical azimuth of each base lines were re-measured. These two base lines were
Kandawala Halgastota and Vavunativu Tavelamunai. This re-observations were done by
assistant superintend surveyor J.E. Jackson, superintendent of surveyor T.Y. Price and late
Surveyor General A.H.G. Dawson in trignometrical branch. This re-computation and its
obtained data were known as the Jacksons report.
Kandawala astronomical coordinates are;
Astronomical latitude, = 70N 14 06.838
Astronomical longitude, =790E 52 36.670
According to that, the astronomical azimuth (A=176 0 41 33.18) of the Kandawala to
Halgastota base line were fixed in 1930 and form the Kandawala datum [12], [8].
To perform Kadawala datum Jackson values for semi major axis (a) and semi minor axis (b)
was used. Values for semi major and semi minor axis are as follows;

a = 2092 2931.80 feet (6374261.613 meter).


b = 2085 3374.58 feet (6356108.572 meter) [8].
Everest 1830 ellipsoid used for forming this datum and coordinates based on 1930
readjustment were called new conformal values [8].
In 1930 Survey Department of Sri Lanka were used newer technologies to assess the
reliability of the geodetic network and that formed Kandawala datum. The network was
upgraded to be more compatible with cadastral surveys in Sri Lanka.
In 1992 triangulation network again studied and new observation for angles and replaced
destroyed stations. The angular observations agreed with the Jackson report, but
the distances differed in some places [8]. Therefore that the Kandawala datum still contains
horizontal position error.
For performing the Kandawala datum Everest 1830 ellipsoidal parameters, transverse
Mercator projection and national grid coordinates were based on it.
The Kandawala datum is still use in Sri Lanka, but it uses parallel with the SLD_99.
Table 2.1 :Transverse Mercator projection parameters for the Sri Lankan national mapgrid based on the Kandawala datum and using the Everest 1830 ellipsoid [3].
Parameter

Value

Longitude of origin (central meridian)

80 46' 18.16000" E

Latitude of origin

07 00' 01.72900" N

Central scale factor

0.9999238418

False northing

200000.000 m

False easting

200000.000 m

Semi-major axis length

6377276.345 m

Reciprocal flattening

300.8017

Source: On the Geodetic Datums of Sri Lanka (2010).p.230

SRI LANKA DATUM 1999 (SLD_99)


Due to inconsistencies occurring mainly in the minor triangulation in 1890, the Ceylon
(called Sri Lanka after 1972) triangulation network was recomputed. Then time to time this
network was subjected to several changes. After 1996, survey department used GPS
technology as a new technology for adjusts the network and it was taken nearly two years to
complete GPS observations, data processing and analysis. Then the final adjustment of the
whole network was carried out.
The new control network consist of one base station,10 secondary base station,262 new
control stations including 20 fundamental benchmarks and 48 existing old stations of revised
primary control network. All available triangulation stations, suitable for GPS observation,
were included in the network. The station spacing of the new control station is about 2030km.
This network was established in four steps
1.
2.
3.
4.

Establishment of WGS-84 base station.


Establishment of 10 secondary base stations.
Establishment of the network.
Determination of local ellipsoid.

The accuracy of this new control network is 1:7,900,000.


This control network was based on WGS-84 and a new local datum SLD_99 was derived
with the help of seven parameter transformation (Bursa Wolf) keeping the Everest ellipsoid
as local reference ellipsoid. Some GPS equipment can use only three parameter
transformation those were also determined. Same map projection (Transverse Mercator) was
used to minimize differences in the grid coordinates[3].

Table2.2 : Transverse Mercator projection parameters for the Sri Lankan SL_GRID_99based on the SLD99 and using the Everest 1830 ellipsoid [3].
Parameter

Value

Longitude of origin (central meridian)

80 46' 18.16710" E

Latitude of origin

07 00' 01.69750" N

Central scale factor

0.9999238418

False northing

500000.000 m

False easting

500000.000 m

Semi-major axis length

6377276.345 m

Reciprocal flattening

300.8017

Source: On the Geodetic Datums of Sri Lanka (2010).p.230

To avoid confusion in grid coordinates, false Northing and Easting of (500000, 500000) was
used. This is the reason getting slightly different values for the central meridian, which
passes through Pidurutalagala[3].
Vertical datum was not changed and still was based on the Mean Sea Level determined in
1940.
The WGS-84 base station was established at ISMD and GPS observation were taken during
----- period (period cannot be found).Position of the base station obtained processing raw
GPS data using single point positioning mode.
Latitude
Longitude
Ellipsoidal Height

064902.7001914 N
80 57 40.9111485 E
1160.811m [3]

The position of DORIS point which connects Sri Lanka datum to Global datum was
established in the (SGO) Surveyor Generals Office is,
Latitude
Longitude
Ellipsoidal Height

06 53 31 N
79 52 27 E
-77m[5]

8
Due to the inaccessibility of the Doris station, a GPS mark has been established closer to the
DORIS station. This point coordinates were,
Latitude
Longitude
Ellipsoidal Height

06 53 30.8699 N
79 52 26.3102 E
-76.238m [3]

Using this GPS point, ISMD base station was observed and its new position was,
Latitude
Longitude
Ellipsoidal Height

064902.68716 N
80 57 40.88000 E
1164.366m [3]

The position obtained from differential solution with GPS mark at SGO was accepted as
position of ISMD.
The ten secondary base stations were as follows.
Table2.3 : Secondary Base Stations
Station No

Location

AA01

Colombo SGO

AA02

Puttalam District Survey Office

AA03

Anuradhapura District Survey Office

AA04

Jaffna

AA05

Trincomalee Provincial Survey Office

AA06

Polonnaruwa District Survey Office

AA07

Batticaloa District Survey Office

AA08

Kataragama Survey Department Circuit Bungalow

AA09

Matara District Survey Office

AA10

Kandy District Survey Office

Source: Report on Sri Lanka Datum 1999, Survey Department, Colombo(2000).p.7


This network consists of station spacing 60km to 186km. The network has adjusted using
GPSEnv 6.3 and Geolab 2.6a. The baselines contain accuracy of FGCC order A and B.

Used Forty Six Base Lines;


Average ppm of the network is 0.22861.
Computed average distance accuracy is 1:4,374,261.
Table2.4 : Forty six base lines without assign weight for distance
No of Baselines
02
44
Total=46

FGCC order
A
B

All Control Network;


Average ppm of the network is 3.817083.
Average distance accuracy is about 1:260,000.

Table2.5 : Thousand two hundred sixty five lines without assign weight for distance
No of Baselines
01
272
915
62
15
Total=1265

FGCC order
A
B
I
2(I)
2(II)

Then in order to enhance the accuracy, network has adjusted with computed spatial distances
and Standard Deviations of 5mm+0.1ppm as a weight.

Used Forty Six Base Lines;


Average ppm of the network is 0.107826.
Computed average distance accuracy is increased to 1:9,274,201.

Table2.6 : Forty six base lines with assign weight for distance

10

No of Baselines
28
18
Total=46

FGCC order
A
B

All Control Network;


Average ppm of the network is 0.127229.
Average distance accuracy is about 1:7,900,000.
Table2.7 : Thousand two hundred sixty five lines with assign weight for distance
No of Baselines
05
496
759
05
Total=1265

FGCC order
A
B
I
2(I)

The primary base station was numbered as ISMD; ten secondary base stations were
numbered as AA01, AA02 AA10, all other new stations were numbered as A001, A002,
the old and new triangulation stations were numbered as TO001, TN001, ..[8]
ISMD or a secondary base station was used as GPS base and other four stations were
observed simultaneously. At least 3 hour observations were taken for each session. After
processing the observed GPS data, network was adjusted. Although horizontal position is
generally good in every station, vertical position is somewhat different in stations A224 and
A179.
The reason may be a processing problem of the software that they used and because of that
reason, large observation variances assigned to the results.
Finally, the new network is having 1:10,000,000 average distance accuracy.

When performing the SLD_99 they used two different methods. Such as,

11
1. Observation results of old secondary control stations were used without any new
GPS observation.
2. Some old secondary control stations were observed by GPS, and these results were
used for calculation.
Only thirty two (32) old network (Kadawala Datum) points with including secondary base
points were included for GPS observation and its results were used for perform SLD_99
Datum. These thirty two (32) old control points were used to calculate datum transformation
parameters between Kadawala and SLD_99 Datums. Other old controls points in Kadawala
Datum were not included for this GPS observation. But observation results of old control
points were also used for new system without using GPS observation.
The reasons for different values for adjustment can be taken as:
1. In the old network, all adjustments were done without considering surface shape
of Sri Lanka.
2. In the new network, all adjustments were done considering the surface shape.
After adjusting new coordinates for old network point coordinates different values were got
for same station.Differences of coordinates of control points are clustered to the ISMD origin
point, when the directions of error reconsidered. Those errors are more systematically
distributed in area vice.
In Sri Lankan datum transformation, parameters were determined using a number of common
stations, which have coordinates in both old and new systems. SLD_99 is based on the
WGS84. Therefore it is necessary to transform new network to the local datum and set of
transformation parameters is required to define local datum from the WGS84 datum.
Therefore three main methods are used to determine relationship between two systems. These
three methods are as follows.
Three Transformation Parameter Method
Seven Transformation Parameter Method
Multiple Regression Equation Method
The three transformation is not good enough accurate than the seven parameter
transformation. So, seven parameters are generally used to define more accurate relationship
between two systems. This seven parameters are consists with three shifts, three rotations and
scale. To determine the seven parameters it is important to know the ellipsoidal height
accurately in both systems. [4], [11]

12

Chapter 3
3.0

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

DATUM
A datum is most important part of surveying and mapping purposes in any country. Datum is
a mathematical model of the earths surface. It gives the relationship between the center of
the earth and the center of an ellipsoid and consists with some orientation about their axis. It
is typically defined by the size and shape of an ellipsoid [10].
Spatial data such as latitude and longitude, also expressed as a grid coordinates are used for
positioning, are the realization of a reference surface. This kind of reference surface is known
as the geodetic datum. The datum usually consists with one or more origin stations and it
gives the best fitting model of the earth surface. Positions in terms of the locally adopted
datum are propagated through the country, with varying degrees of accuracy, by survey
networks. In the past era, datum was generally based on one or more astronomically
determined positions and it gives the model of the earth for local area. After inventing the
GPS and modern technologies, GPS fixing for position used for perform the datum. These
datum are now readily accessible.
CHI SQUARE TEST
This test is used to obtain whether there is a significant difference between the expected
frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories.
Chi-Square Test Requirements
1. Quantitative data.
2. One or more categories.
3. Independent observations.
4. Adequate sample size (at least 10).
5. Simple random sample.
6. Data in frequency form.
7. All observations must be used.

THE DORIS SYSTEM

13

DORIS

DORIS means the Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite.This


system introduced to world by CNES (French Space Agency)for determination of satellite
orbits and for positioning[5].

Principle of DORIS

A master beacon is located in Toulouse in French and emits the radio signal, which is
received by the satellite. A frequency shift of the signal occurs that is caused by the
movement of the satellite (Doppler Effect). From this orbit satellite observation method,
ground positions, as well as other parameters can be derived [5].

Doppler Effect

The Doppler Effect occurs when moving bodies relative to one another. When two bodies
having receiver and transmitter and their signals are occurs relative to each. If the received
frequency is higher than the transmitted frequency, the two bodies are approaching to one
another. If the received frequency is lower than the transmitted frequency, the two bodies are
moving apart. For the DORIS system, the transmitters are the ground beacons and the
receiver is the instrument on the satellite [5].

Ground Control System of DORIS

The master base camp is located in the Mount Everest; because these ground beacons are
required the electricity for the installation to emits the signal. These ground beacons does not
receive any information. Due to that it is possible to install ground beacons in remote areas
such as the base camp. There are about 50 60 ground beacon stations equally distributed
over the earth. These places are ensuring good coverage for orbit determination [5].

Positioning

The accuracy of the ground positioning is a bit lower than with GPS, but this method is still
used for an ITRF (International Terrestrial Reference Frame). This is an orbit determination
method, but this also can be used for positioning of ground stations[5].

Satellite System of DORIS

14

TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason are the two altimetry satellites used for DORIS observation.
These two satellites are the best satellites for DORIS system. They are used to observe the
ocean surface and its current wave heights. Accuracy of this system is about 2cm [5].
Other DORIS satellites are the ERS, Envisat, SPOT and Cryosat-2 satellites.

DORIS Instrument

The receiver on board the satellite measures the Doppler shift in the 2036.25 MHz and
401.25 MHz radio signals transmitted by beacons. The second frequency is to correct for
ionospheric propagation effects. The current generation of receivers acquires one
measurement every ten seconds. The ENVISAT and JASON satellites, scheduled for launch
in 2000, will carry a twin-channel instrument. This will increase the number of beacons
within visibility that can transmit to the satellite[5].

Doris Point in Sri Lanka

The DORIS point located in the SGO, but it is not active in nowadays (After 2005). It was
active in 1991 to 2004.
See Appendix K for details of Doris point in Colombo
FGCC ORDER[7], [9].
This gives survey standards and specifications for different GPS control networks.
Table3.8 : Standards of GPS Geodetic Networks

Primary National Geodetic Network

Base
error
(cm)
0.5

Secondary National Geodetic Network

0.8

Categories

Order

Length dependent
error
ppm
1: a?
0.1

1:10,000,000

1:1,000,000

National geodetic network (terrestrial based)


1
1.0
10
1:100,000
dependent control surveys to meet mapping, Land
2(I)
2.0
20
1:50,000
information,
property
and
engineering
2(II)
3.0
50
1:20,000
requirements.
(Source:Geometric Geodetic Accuracy Standards and Specifications for Using GPS Relative
Positioning Techniques, FEDERAL GEODETIC CONTROL COMMITTEE.p.6)

15

DATUM TRANSFORMATION
Datum transformation parameters are mathematical tools that are used to convert the
coordinates of a reference system to another system. The transformation parameters can be
determined using a number of stations which have coordinates common to both systems.
There are more widely used coordinate transformation methods. They are;

The Block Shifted Method


The Molodensky Method
The Bursa-Wolf (Seven Parameter Similarity) Method
The MolodenskyBadekas (Seven Parameter Similarity) Model
The Three Parameters Model
The Multiple Regression Equation Method[11]

The Block Shifted Method

This method is a very simple method to determine the transformation parameter. Here the
Cartesian coordinates of the common points in the two reference points are respectively,
subtracted, yielding (X, Y, Z) values. These values are usually different for each of the
common points. The procedure simply shifted averages obtained over the entire area.
Alternatively, if certain changes in the common are significantly different, a change in
contour map block for each component could be produced by simple interpolation
procedures.
Block shifts are usually of very limited accuracy and are not recommended but for the least
accurate applications (10m).

The Molodensky Method

The Molodensky transformation as used by the DMA (Defence Mapping Agency), NIMA
(National Imagery and Mapping Agency) and this method represents an improvement on the
block shift method.This gives rise to a five parameters. These five parameters are used to
transform three dimensional curvilinear coordinates between two datums[4].

The parameters which used for transformation as follows;

16

Three dimensional geocentric datum shifted parameters (X, Y, Z)


Semi-major axis (a) of the local geodetic system ellipsoid
Flattening (f) of the local geodetic system ellipsoid
WGS84 ellipsoid parameters (WGS84 minus local).
Z'
Z

Z
Y

Y'
Y

X'
X
Figure 3.1 : Molodensky transformation

The Bursa-Wolf (Seven Parameter Similarity) Method

The Bursa-Wolf (Bursa, 1962; Wolf, 1963) is a seven-parameter model for transforming
three-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinates between two datums. This method is more suitable
for satellite datums on a global scale[4].
The parameters used for transformation are as follows;

Three geocentric datum shift parameters ( X , Y , Z )


Three rotation elements (RX, RY, RZ )
Scale factor (1+ L )

The model in its matrix-vector form could be written as;


XWGS84 = The global datum X Cartesian coordinates
YWGS84=The global datum Y Cartesian coordinates
ZWGS84 = The global datum X Cartesian coordinates
Xa = The local datum X Cartesian coordinates
Ya = The local datum Y Cartesian coordinates
Za = The local datum Z Cartesian coordinates

17

Ground
Surface

Z'
RZ

Y'
RY
Z
Y
X

X'

RX

X Y

Figure 3.2 : The Bursa-Wolf seven-parameter model

The MolodenskyBadekas (Seven Parameter Similarity) Model

The Molodensky-Badekas model is also a seven-parameter conformal transformation of


three-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinates between datums, but is more suited to the
transformation between terrestrial and satellite datums[1].
The parameters which used for transformation are as follows;

Three barycentric datum shift parameters ( dX , dY, dZ )


Three rotation elements (RX, RY, RZ)
Scale factor (1+ L )

This transformation model is theoretically identical to the Bursa-Wolf model. The model in
its matrix-vector form could be written as [4];
XWGS84 = The global datum X Cartesian coordinates
YWGS84=The global datum Y Cartesian coordinates
ZWGS84 = The global datum X Cartesian coordinates

18
Xa = The local datum X Cartesian coordinates
Ya = The local datum Y Cartesian coordinates
Za = The local datum Z Cartesian coordinates
Xi = The X Cartesian coordinates in the local datum
Yi = The Y Cartesian coordinates in the local datum
Zi = The Z Cartesian coordinates in the local datum

with:

The Three Parameters Model

This model simply applies a shift of origin in three dimensions, with little regard for scale
changes and rotations. Therefore, it is thick, but also extremely simple to implement. The
Cartesian coordinates of the initial datum are simply added to the change of origin, and then
becomes curvilinear coordinates in the new reference datum.
Invector form, this reads as;
XWGS84 = The global datum X Cartesian coordinates
YWGS84=The global datum Y Cartesian coordinates
ZWGS84 =The global datum X Cartesian coordinates
Xa = The local datum X Cartesian coordinates
Ya = The local datum Y Cartesian coordinates
Za = The local datum Z Cartesian coordinates
X = Geocentric datum shifted parameter in X axis
Y = Geocentric datum shifted parameter in Y axis
Z = Geocentric datum shifted parameter in Z axis

19

The origin shifts can be taken by using Bursa-Wolf model or the Molodensky-Badekas
model. However, the different correlations between rotations and shifts in each model
suggest that the numerical results may differ. This difference depends on the original
determination of the origin shifts of reference datum[1].

The Multiple Regression Equation Method

The approach of multiple regression equation datum transformations is both a curvilinear and
a projective method. If this is consider as theoretically, this is superior to the conformal
model and its derivatives. Because that the non-linear distortion can be happen between the
satellite and terrestrial reference datum[1].
This method used to consider the datum changes and distortions between such datums, which
are normally larger for the older datums. The main advantage of this model is that fits over
continental size land areas can be achieved [6].

20
COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
WGS84
GCS: WGS 1984
Angular Unit:0.017453292519943299 degree
Prime Meridian: Greenwich (0.0)
Datum: D_WGS_1984
Spheroid: WGS_1984
Semi major Axis: 6378137.00
Semi minor Axis: 6356752.3142451793
Inverse Flattening: 298.2572235630
Type: Geodetic (Geographic) coordinate

TRANSFORMATION
Shift dX (m)
: 0.2933
Shift dY (m)
: -766.9499
Shift dZ (m)
: -87.7131
Rotation about X (") : 0.1957040
Rotation about Y (") : 1.6950677
Rotation about Z (") : 3.4730161
Scale (ppm)
: 0.039338
(Scale factor: 1.0000000393)

SLD_99
GCS: Everest (Everest_Adj_1937)
Angular Unit: Degree (0.017453292519943299)
Prime Meridian: Greenwich (0.0)
Datum: D_Everest_Adj_1937
Spheroid: Everest_Adjustment_1937
Semi major Axis: 6377276.345
Semi minor Axis: 6356075.413
Inverse Flattening: 300.8017
Type: Geodetic (Geographic) coordinate

Figure 3.3 : WGS84 to SLD_99 coordinate transformation

21

WGS84
GCS: WGS 1984
Angular Unit:0.017453292519943299 degree
Prime Meridian: Greenwich (0.0)
Datum: D_WGS_1984
Spheroid: WGS_1984
Semi major Axis: 6378137.00
Semi minor Axis: 6356752.3142451793
Inverse Flattening: 298.2572235630
Type: Geodetic (Geographic) coordinate

Transformation
Shift dX (m)
Shift dY (m)
Shift dZ (m)
Rotation about X (")
Rotation about Y (")
Rotation about Z (")
Scale (ppm)

: 97
: -787
: -86
: n/a
: n/a
: n/a
: n/a

KANDAWALA
GCS: Everest (Everest_Adj_1937)
Angular Unit: Degree (0.017453292519943299)
Prime Meridian: Greenwich (0.0)
Datum: D_Everest_Adj_1937
Spheroid: Everest_Adjustment_1937
Semi major Axis: 6377276.345
semi minor Axis: 6356075.413
Inverse Flattening: 300.8017
Type: Geodetic (Geographic) coordinate

Figure 3.4 : WGS84 to Kandawala datum coordinate transformation

22
Table 3.9: Coordinate transformation values

1
2

N
E
N
E

8
80
6
80

WGS84

0
0
0
0
42
54.92552
47
24.48661

Kadawala Datum

7
59
59.01915
79
59
52.41700
6
42
53.66
80
47
17.27

7
79
6
80

SLD_99

59
59.05283
59
52.40545
42
53.67
47
17.21

23

Chapter 4
4.0

METHODOLOGY

4.1 FIELD PROCEDURE


To get a clear idea about the research topic, discussion and reading existing research papers
was very useful. In this research an experiment was suggested to mimic the GPS observation
and the network adjustment of the base/secondary base stations of SLD_99 by scaled down
version the geometry of the layout (established at a place where suitable for making GPS
observations) along with performing a GPS network adjustment.
Coordinates of the selected points were collected from the Report on Sri Lanka Datum 1999.
Then spherical distances between secondary base points and ISMD base point were
converted to plane distances by using C++ computer program. This program was used to
calculate all azimuths from ISMD base point to each station. Then suitable grounds were
investigated to do the experiment.
Some considerations were taken when selecting a less obstacle space for GPS observation.
The ground should be large enough to re-locate the scaled down figure of the network. Tree
covers and other obstacles should be less to get maximum precision in GPS observations.
Ground should be flat to minimize the errors due to undulations of the ground. And ground
should closer to the University to reduce the travelling time and cost. The most suitable
ground fulfilling above requirements was the playground of SaariPuthraMahaVidyalaya Imbulpe.
Then the figure was scaled out from 1:5000 to suit with the selected ground and points of the
figure were set out in the ground by using total station. Then GPS observations were done on
those points. (1/2 hour observations, 17 sessions). SUSL GPS base was used as the base
station.
It has taken around two days to complete the field work. After downloading the GPS data,
processing was done.

24

4.2 OFFICE WORK


Observed GPS data were processed by using LEICA Geo office software. For that task, all
data which observed by using different instrument like, Trimble GPS, Leica GPS, were
converted in to RINEX file type and then it was easy to take all observed data as a one set.
Further, SUSL base point used as the base for the processing.
Then found the coordinates of the station with station ID 09 established on ground and after
that all lines were processed using coordinates of that point.
See Appendix H for selected Scale out Figure (1:5000).
Then using processed data, network adjustment program was written by using Geolab
software for adjust the GPS network.
See Appendix J for Geolab program
Then comparison was done between the data which obtained from adjustment and
available data in Report on Sri Lanka Datum 1999.

4.3 RESOURCES REQUIRED


Report on Sri Lanka Datum 1999
THE RECOMPUTATION OF THE PRINCIPAL TRIANGULATION (On the new
Conformal Fixing, 1932)
GPS
Total Station
Laboratory Facilities
Transportation Facilities

25

Chapter 5
5.0

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 RESULT
Table 5.10 : Summary of Parameters, Observations and Selected Options.
===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0001
===================================================================
=============
Fri Jul 6 08:34:59 2012
Input file: I:\GPS Network.iob
Output file: I:\GPS Network.lst
Options file: C:\Program Files\Microsearch\GeoLab\default.gpj
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
PARAMETERS
|
OBSERVATIONS
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Description |
Number
| Description
|
Number
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| No. of Stations |
11
| Directions
|
0
|
| Coord Parameters |
30
| Distances
|
0
|
| Free Latitudes |
10
| Azimuths
|
0
|
| Free Longitudes |
10
| Vertical Angles |
0
|
| Free Heights
|
10
| Zenithal Angles |
0
|
| Fixed Coordinates|
3
| Angles
|
0
|
| Astro. Latitudes |
0
| Heights
|
0
|
| Astro. Longitudes|
0
| Height Differences|
0
|
| Geoid Records |
0
| Auxiliary Params. |
0
|
| All Aux. Pars. |
0
| 2-D Coords.
|
0
|
| Direction Pars. |
0
| 2-D Coord.Diffs. |
0
|
| Scale Parameters |
0
| 3-D Coords.
|
0
|
| Constant Pars. |
0
| 3-D Coord.Diffs. |
141
|
| Rotation Pars. |
0
|
|
|
| Translation Pars.|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------|
| -------|
| Total Parameters |
30
| Total Observations|
141
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
Degrees of Freedom =
111
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

26

------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUMMARY OF SELECTED OPTIONS


------------------------------------------------------------------------------OPTION
| SELECTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Computation Mode
| Adjustment
Maximum Iterations
| 5
Convergence Criterion
| 0.00100
Angular Misclosure Limit Factor | 20.00
Linear Misclosure Limit Factor
| 20.00
Residual Rejection Criterion
| Tau Max
Confidence Region Types
| 1D 2D 3D Station Relative
Relative Confidence Regions
| Connected Only
Variance Factor (VF) Known
| Yes
Scale Covariance Matrix With VF | Yes
Scale Residual Variances With VF | Yes
Force Convergence in Max Iters
| No
Distances Contribute To Heights | No
Compute Full Inverse
| Yes
Optimize Band Width
| Yes
Generate Initial Coordinates
| Yes
Re-Transform ObsAfter 1st Pass | Yes
Geoid Interpolation Method
| Bi-Quadratic
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 5.11 : Statistics summary


===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0017
===================================================================
=============
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
STATISTICS
SUMMARY
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
Residual Critical Value Type |
Tau Max
|
Residual Critical Value
|
3.6568
|
Number of Flagged Residuals
|
1
|
Convergence Criterion
|
0.0010
|
Final Iteration Counter Value |
2
|
Confidence Level Used
|
95.0000
|
Estimated Variance Factor
|
37.9098
|
Number of Degrees of Freedom |
111
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
Chi-Square Test on the Variance Factor:
|
|
|
2.9624e+01 < 1.0000 < 5.0254e+01 ?
|
|

|
|
|

|
|
|

|
|

|
|

27
|
******** THE TEST FAILS ********
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
| NOTE: All confidence regions were computed using the following factors:
|
---------------------------------------------------------------|
|
Variance factor used
=
37.9098
|
|
1-D expansion factor
=
1.9600
|
|
2-D expansion factor
=
2.4477
|
|
3-D expansion factor
=
2.7955
|
|
|
|
Note that, for relative confidence regions, precisions are
|
|
computed from the ratio of the major semi-axis and the spatial
|
|
distance between the two stations.
|
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.2 DISCUSSION

The adjustment failed the chi-square test, suggesting that the input variances should be
tightened. However, as this adjustment is being used for comparison purposes, this result was
accepted. One residual was flagged.
Variance Factor obtained is 37.9098, but this value should be close to 1.0, when corrected or
removed any measurements containing any mistakes or large systematic errors.

28

Chapter 6
6.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 CONCLUSIONS
This is not a common field of research. So there was less number of literatures found for
reading. We collected some reports and documents published in the internet as our resources.
As a first problem with the realization of SLD99, COLA has since been identified as one of
17 stations with poor antenna stability and was not recommended for the DORIS core
network. As such, the base-station coordinates for the differential GPS baseline to ISMD may
not be as precise as they might be.[3]
Staff at the GSU says the GPS marker is physically the same point, but the coordinates have
been used incorrectly for the differential GPS survey to position ISMD.[3]
Table 6.12 : Coordinates adopted for the DOMES 23501M001GPS marker [3]
Coordinate

IDS values

SGO values

Difference

Longitude

79 52' 26.314640" E

79 52' 26.3102" E

0.004440" (0.137 m)

Latitude

06 53' 30.861133" N

06 53' 30.8699" N

0.008767" (0.270 m)

29

Ellip. height

-75.692 m

-76.238 m

0.454 m

When performing Kandawala datum, Jackson values for semi major axis (a) and semi minor
axis (b) were used for adjustment.

a = 2091 2931.80 feet ( 6374261.613 meter)


b = 2085 3374.58 feet ( 6356108.572 meter) [12];

When performing SLD_99 used below values for semi major axis (a) and semi minor axis (b)
a = 6377276.345 meter
b = 6356075.413 meter
1/f= 300.8017
But original Everest 1830 ellipsoidal parameters are,

a= 6377299.36559538 meter
b= 6356098.359 meter
1/f= 300.801725543361

The GPS system is based on WGS_84 ellipsoidal parameters. Those parameters are,

a= 6378137.0000 meter
b= 6356752.3142 meter

Table 6.13 : Difference of Semi Major and Semi Minor Axis

Kandawala and SLD_99


Kandawala and Everest
1830
SLD_99 and Everest 1830

Difference of semi major


axis (a) meter

Difference of semi minor


axis (b) meter

-3014.732

33.159

-3037.75259538

10.213

-23.02059538

-22.946

Here, all adjustments were done for GPS distance. So there were no any errors affected for
latitude and longitude of eleven base stations. Error for those eleven base stations was 0.00,
and for other observed GPS points it varies from 0.00 to 0.06. But Geodetic Survey Unit
people used same instruments and same methods for perform SLD_99, and also though they

30
used different accuracies for doing network adjustment, there was no any error distribution
pattern.
Rainy weather and thunder storms has significantly reduced the accuracy, [8] (Chapter 3.4.4)
says After processing and analysis re observations were necessary for such lines, but it is
not saying that they have done those observations again.
At the northern part of the country did not allow establishing a densified network at that time.
Therefore, four secondary base stations (Jaffna, Puttalam, Anuradhapura, and Trincomalee)
were established in order to facilitate densification without compromising accuracy.
According to the Report on Sri Lanka Datum 1999, Geodetic Survey Unit discusses the
accuracy of the network adjustment, uses different accuracies for different methods.
3.2 The Network of secondary Base Stations
Average ppm of the network is 0.22861.
Computed average distance accuracy is 1:4,374,261
02 Baselines in FGCC Order A
3.3 Adjustment of Secondary Base Station Network with incorporation of GPS Distances
Average ppm of the network is 0.107826.
Computed average distance accuracy is increased to 1:9,274,201.
28 Baselines in FGCC Order A
3.4.6.1 Weights
Average ppm of the network is 3.817083.
Average distance accuracy is about 1:260,000.
01 Baseline in FGCC Order A
3.3 Adjustment of Network with incorporation of GPS Distances
Average ppm of the network is 0.127229.
Average distance accuracy is about 1:7,900,000.
05 Baselines in FGCC Order A
3.4.8 Quality of the Adjustment
Average distance accuracy is about 1:10,000,000.

31

If Geodetic Survey Unit people proved different accuracies for the same network, they
assigned entirely different value (1:10,000,000) for the average distance accuracy as the final.
This value is questionable, because they did not discuss how they got it.
The grid coordinates of Origin at Piduruthalagala were different in old and new system. To
avoid the confusion, Northing and Easting values of the origin have been changed. Although
the same point is used, coordinates of Central Meridian and Latitude were slightly different
due to new adjustment.
Table 6.14 : Old and New Grid Coordinates Parameters
Parameters

Old grid coordinates of


Origin

New grid coordinates of


Origin

Central Meridian

800 46 18.160000 E

800 46 18.16710 E

Latitude of Origin
Scale Factor at Central
Meridian
False Northing

070 00 1.729000 N

070 00 1.69750 N

0.9999238418

0.9999238418

200000 m

500000 m

False Easting

200000 m

500000 m

There are various pattern of undulation in Sri Lanka. It may affect greatly for this kind of
variation for coordinates.
By adjusting the whole network with sufficient GPS data in all control points may give a
better result.
There was less number of control points in Northern and Eastern areas. If anyone can include
more points at those areas, the result may be more reasonable.
The primary and secondary control points were tied to the network for adjustment. It may be
a reason for this type of error distribution pattern. Changing the fixing pattern of the control
points may be give different result.
Conclusions for the Field Work
The principle of surveying is work from whole to part. Triangulation network should be
consisting of high accuracy points. When we access that accuracy it is better if the figure has
its original size. Accuracy of a scaled down figure may be less than original.

32
If we got university playground, it may be more efficient. Because it has good sky visibility,
less undulation, less obstacles for observation, time consuming and less travelling cost.
If we got original GPS data of SLD_99 re processing could be done. Because we were done
similar kind of GPS observation and its result could be compared with original data.
GPS base station must have high accurate coordinates, so we used SUSL GPS base as the
base station and then find the coordinates of point 09 and then whole lines were processed.
When observing original network points by GPS, different sky visibilities may found. But
scaled down the figure takes same sky visibility for all stations. So accuracy of observed data
is less than the original network.
Temperature, pressure and humidity conditions were neglected in the field.
We planned to use GMT software for mapping purpose. But unfortunately it cannot be
installed correctly, so we used Arc GIS software.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
There are some questionable areas on the new geodetic network, so that better review can be
recommended for the new network.
We suggest following statements for future researchers.

Original GPS data of SLD_99 can re process by different methods.


Do a GPS observation on original points of SLD_99 and network adjustment.
Use two bases for network adjustment using Geolab for the program in Appendix M.
Process GPS distances for network adjustment using Geolab for the program in
Appendix M.

33

7.0

REFERENCES AND BIBILIOGRAPHY

[1]. A comparison of existing co-ordinate transformation models and parameters in Australia,


School of Surveying and Land Information, Curtin University of Technology. Available
at
<http://www.cage.curtin.edu.au/~will/MOLBWCweb.pdf>
(Accessed
on:
30/03/2012)
[2].Abeyratne, P.G.V., Featherstone, W.E. and Tantrigoda, D.A. 2009. Assessment of
EGM2008 over Sri Lanka, an area where fill-in data were used in EGM2008
[3]. Abeyratne, P.G.V., Featherstone, W.E. and Tantrigoda, D.A. 2010. On the Geodetic
Datums of Sri Lanka
[4]. Derivation of Datum Transformation Parameters for Dubai Emirat. Available at
<http://www.fig.net/pub/cairo/papers/ts_13/ts13_12_marzooqi_etal.pdf> (Accessed on:
29/03/2012)
[5]. DORIS System, Available at < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DORIS_ (geodesy)>
(Accessed on : 29/03/2012)
[6]. Empirical Evaluation of Published Transformation Parameters from the Australian
Geodetic Datums (AGD66 and AGD84) to the Geocentric Datum of Australia
(GDA94).
Available
at
<http://www.cage.curtin.edu.au/~will/GDAgrids3.pdf>
(Accessed on: 30/03/2012)
[7]. Establishment of a precise geodetic control network for updating the river Nile
maps.Survey Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Egypt. Available at
<http://nwrcegypt.academia.edu/GomaaDawod/Papers/822959/ESTABLISHEMENT_

34
OF_A_PRECISE_GEODETIC_CONTROL_NETWORK_FOR_UPDATING_THE_RI
VER_NILE_MAPS.pdf> (Accessed on: 22/06/2012)
[8]. Geodetic Survey Unit (2000) Report on Sri Lanka Datum 1999, Survey Department,
Colombo

[9]. Geometric Geodetic Accuracy Standards And Specifications For Using GPS Relative
Positioning Techniques, FEDERAL GEODETIC CONTROL COMMITTEE. Available
at
<http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/FGCS/tech_pub/GeomGeod.pdf>
(Accessed
on:
22/06/2012).
[10]. Glossary of GPS Terminology. NYS Office of Cyber Security & Critical
Infrastructure
Coordination,
Available
at
<gis.ny.gov/coordinationprogram/reports/.../gps/GPS_Glossary.pdf> (Accessed on:
20/03/2012)
[11]. GPS COORDINATES TRANSFORMATION PARAMETER FOR JAMAICA.
Available at <www.lsaj.com/jamaica_paper.pdf>(Accessed on: 29/03/2012)
[12]. Jackson, J.E. 1933. Re-computation of the principal triangulation, Surveyor Generals
Office, Colombo

35

APPENDICES
Appendix I : C++ Program for Convert Spherical Coordinates Into Plane Distance
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#define a 6377309.613
#define b 6356108.572
int i;
doublela_d[12], la_m[12], la_s[12], lo_d[12], lo_m[12], lo_s[12], e, lat[12], lon[12],
A[12][12], dis[12][12], ang[14];
voidinput_lat_lon();
double radian(double,double,double);
void angle(double);
void angle_01(double);
doubleprime_ver();
doublemerid_sec();
voidindir_pro(int,int);
voidinc_ang();
void main()
{
//clrscr();
cout<<setprecision(20);
input_lat_lon();

36

e=sqrt((pow(a,2)-pow(b,2))/pow(a,2));
indir_pro(1,11);
indir_pro(2,11);
indir_pro(3,11);
indir_pro(4,11);
indir_pro(5,11);
indir_pro(6,11);
indir_pro(7,11);
indir_pro(8,11);
indir_pro(9,11);
indir_pro(10,11);
indir_pro(4,9);
indir_pro(1,7);
indir_pro(2,7);
inc_ang();
for(i=1;i<15;i++)
{
cout<<i<<" ";
angle_01(ang[i]);
}
}
//######################################################### inputlat and lon
voidinput_lat_lon()
{
i=1;
ifstream a1("F:/project_sld_99/c++/lat_lon_Secondary_base.txt");
if (!a1)
cout<<"cannot open the file";
else
{
while(a1)
{
a1>>la_d[i]>>la_m[i]>>la_s[i]>>lo_d[i]>>lo_m[i]>>lo_s[i];
lat[i]=radian(la_d[i],la_m[i],la_s[i]);
lon[i]=radian(lo_d[i],lo_m[i],lo_s[i]);

37
i=i+1;
}
a1.close();
}
}
//######################################################### degree to rad
double radian(double d1,double m1,double s1)
{
double r;
r=(d1+(m1/60.0)+(s1/3600.0))*((4*atan(1))/180.0);
return r;
}

//######################################################### Radian to degree


void angle(double r1)
{
int d2,m2;
double s2;
r1=(r1*180)/(4*atan(1));
d2=r1;
r1=(r1-d2)*60;
m2=r1;
r1=(r1-m2)*60.00;
s2=r1;
cout<<d2<<" "<<m2<<" "<<s2<<endl;
//getch();
}
void angle_01(double r1)
{
int d2,m2,s3;
double s2,de,re;
r1=(r1*180)/(4*atan(1));
d2=r1;
r1=(r1-d2)*60;
m2=r1;

38

//

r1=(r1-m2)*60.00;
s2=r1;
s3=r1;
cout<<d2<<" "<<m2<<" "<<s2<<endl;
de=s2-s3;
if(de>=0.5)
{
s3=s3+1;
}
cout<<d2<<" "<<m2<<" "<<s3<<endl;

}
doubleround_angle(double r1)
{
int d2,m2,s3;
double s2,de,re;

//

r1=(r1*180)/(4*atan(1));
d2=r1;
r1=(r1-d2)*60;
m2=r1;
r1=(r1-m2)*60.00;
s2=r1;
s3=r1;
cout<<d2<<" "<<m2<<" "<<s2<<endl;
de=s2-s3;
if(de>=0.5)
{
s3=s3+1;
}
//cout<<d2<<" "<<m2<<" "<<s3<<endl;
re=radian(d2,m2,s3);
return re;

}
//######################################################### prime vertical
doubleprime_ver(double r1)
{

39
double N1;
N1=a/sqrt(1-(pow(e,2)*pow(sin(r1),2)));
return N1;
}
//####################################################### meridianal section
doublemerid_sec(double r1)
{
double M1;
M1=(a*(1-pow(e,2)))/pow((1-(pow(e,2)*pow(sin(r1),2))),1.5);
return M1;
}
//####################################### mid latitude formular indirect problem
voidindir_pro(intx,int y)
{
int tem;
double p,c,az,dis1,dellat,dellon,latm,Nm,Mm;
dellat=lat[y]-lat[x];
dellon=lon[y]-lon[x];
latm=(lat[x]+lat[y])/2.0;
Nm=prime_ver(latm);
Mm=merid_sec(latm);
/*if(dellat==0.0)
{
dellat=0.00000000001;
}
*/
p=2*atan((dellon/dellat)*(Nm/Mm)*cos(latm));
if (p<0.0)
{
p=p+(8*atan(1));
}

if((dellon<0.0)||(dellon==0.0 &&dellat<0.0))
{

40
tem=x;
x=y;
y=tem;
dellon=(-1)*dellon;
}
c=dellon*sin(latm);
az=(p+c)/2.0;
A[x][y]=p-az;
A[y][x]=az+(4*atan(1));
dis1=sqrt(pow((dellon*Nm*cos(latm)) ,2) + pow((dellat*Mm),2));
cout<<"A["<<x<<"]["<<y<<"] = "<<A[x][y]<<"\t";
angle(A[x][y]);
cout<<"\nA["<<y<<"]["<<x<<"] = "<<A[y][x]<<"\t";
angle(A[y][x]);
dis[x][y]=dis[y][x]=dis1;
cout<<"\nDistance between "<<x<<" & "<<y<<" = "<<dis[x][y]<<endl<<endl;
}
//#################################################### calculate include angle
voidinc_ang()
{
ang[1]=A[11][2]-A[11][1];
ang[2]=A[11][10]-A[11][2];
ang[3]=A[11][3]-A[11][2];
ang[4]=A[11][4]-A[11][2];
//ang[5]=A[1][6]-A[1][5];
ang[5]=A[11][5];
//ang[6]=A[2][6]-A[2][1];
ang[6]=A[11][6];
ang[7]=A[11][7]-A[11][5];
ang[8]=A[11][8]-A[11][7];
ang[9]=A[11][9]-A[11][8];
ang[10]=A[11][1]-A[11][9];
ang[11]=A[11][3]-A[11][10];
ang[12]=A[11][4]-A[11][3];
//ang[13]=A[5][1]-A[5][6];
ang[14]=A[11][5]-A[11][6];

41
}

Appendix II : The Network of Secondary Base Stations

Station No

Location

AA01

Colombo SGO

AA02

Puttalam District Survey Office

AA03

Anuradhapura District Survey Office

AA04

Jaffna

AA05

Trincomalee Provincial Survey Office

AA06

Polonnaruwa District Survey Office

AA07

Batticaloa District Survey Office

AA08

Kataragama Survey Department Circuit Bungalow

AA09

Matara District Survey Office

AA10

Kandy District Survey Office

42

Appendix III : Coordinates of Ten Secondary Base Stations

Station no

Latitude

Longitude

AA01

53

30.72627

79

52

26.08617

AA02

01

35.11012

79

49

57.47629

AA03

19

44.38248

80

24

35.80666

AA04

41

43.63295

80

01

50.83739

AA05

34

13.84410

81

13

46.55515

AA06

54

59.53077

80

59

59.51642

AA07

43

08.49587

81

41

55.85622

AA08

24

46.63374

81

19

44.76462

AA09

57

24.26031

80

32

40.60788

AA10

17

28.20650

80

38

39.17133

ISMD

49

02.68716

80

57

40.88000

43

Appendix IV : Error on Latitude and Longitude


STATION

LATITUDE (N)

A011
A012
A014
A042
A048
A050
A051
A052
A053
A056
A068
A083
A084
A086
A087
A088
A089
A090
A092
A097
A098
A130
A131
A160
A161
A165
A167
A170
A178
A179
A183
A193

6d 01' 46.27080"
5d 57' 36.27234"
6d 06' 39.43538"
7d 24' 49.81376"
7d 03' 24.54072"
6d 46' 24.07114"
6d 54' 26.07750"
6d 58' 59.30468"
6d 51' 18.86621"
6d 43' 47.02271"
6d 44' 13.09512"
6d 43' 58.23675"
6d 42' 51.48781"
6d 54' 09.28510"
6d 50' 58.94207"
6d 46' 59.05102"
6d 50' 35.64143"
6d 49' 39.48294"
6d 55' 25.46650"
6d 57' 41.85833"
7d 01' 44.34847"
7d 17' 54.54243"
7d 15' 41.21684"
7d 56' 27.85280"
8d 00' 06.11568"
7d 45' 02.01069"
7d 32' 21.00755"
7d 28' 32.96086"
7d 50' 52.08230"
7d 55' 19.61337"
8d 05'21.01716"
8d 14' 02.16376"

STD
DEV
0.013
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.007
0.011
0.009
0.007
0.008
0.006
0.007
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.011
0.005
0.005
0.009
0.007
0.007
0.005
0.008
0.006
0.007
0.007
0.010
0.015
0.007

LONGITUDE (E)
80d 22' 50.56505"
80d 24' 43.13846"
80d 28' 28.07823"
81d 14' 40.57262"
81d 32' 41.36612"
81d 31' 48.24948"
81d 27' 47.71914"
81d 22' 24.72485"
81d 20' 38.81912"
81d 05' 56.12085"
80d 49' 47.81256"
79d 53' 44.53798"
80d 03' 44.08241"
80d 07' 23.96435"
80d 01' 44.50535"
79d 56' 35.32388"
79d 55' 56.21763"
79d 53' 00.65100"
80d 01' 09.10790"
79d 59 40.26951"
79d 55' 27.65456"
81d 13' 35.33714"
81d 04' 57.72659"
80d 26' 24.69057"
80d 16"14.67331"
80d 07' 04.80662"
80d 09' 42.23049"
79d 57' 25.13160"
79d 54' 12.51973"
79d 57' 56.35244"
79d 43' 50.30055"
80d 21' 14.23553"

STD
DEV
0.013
0.009
0.013
0.015
0.019
0.016
0.014
0.017
0.015
0.009
0.006
0.009
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.008
0.012
0.006
0.008
0.013
0.011
0.013
0.011
0.013
0.008
0.016
0.010
0.010
0.014
0.011

Total error
0.018384776
0.012727922
0.015264338
0.017
0.021023796
0.017464249
0.017804494
0.019235384
0.016552945
0.012041595
0.008485281
0.011401754
0.009433981
0.00781025
0.006403124
0.00781025
0.00781025
0.01
0.016278821
0.00781025
0.009433981
0.015811388
0.013038405
0.014764823
0.012083046
0.015264338
0.01
0.017464249
0.012206556
0.014142136
0.020518285
0.013038405

44
A201
A203
A208
A212
A216
A217
A219
A221
A224
A225
A241
A244
A251
AA01
AA02
AA03
AA04
AA05
AA06
AA07
AA08
AA09
AA10
ISMD
TN087
TN088
TN111
TO083
TO091
TO092
TO094

8d 27' 29.10932"
8d 25' 37.23352"
8d 58' 07.46557"
8d 13' 25.62005"
7d 54' 28.03026"
7d 56' 30.67703"
8d 02' 26.14993"
7d 54' 21.36225"
7d 51' 17.02003"
7d 49' 11.01139"
8d 26' 24.95344"
8d 34' 02.79849"
8d 45' 26.99202"
6d 53' 30.72627"
8d 01' 35.11012"
8d 19' 44.38248"
9d 41' 43.63295"
8d 34' 13.84410"
7d 54' 59.53077'
7d 43' 08.49587"
6d 24' 46.63374"
5d 57' 24.26031"
7d 17' 28.20650"
6d 49' 02.68716"
6d 12' 45.70846"
6d 00' 54.55926"
6d 47' 48.18126"
6d 23' 09.03267"
6d 10' 06.02779"
6d 17' 04.40196"
6d 01' 05.77935"

0.005
0.008
0.014
0.008
0.019
0.007
0.010
0.011
0.027
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.019
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.005
0.009

80d 30' 46.82532"


80d 41' 31.12910"
80d 46' 07.43087"
80d 53' 18.04465"
81d 07' 10.05033"
81d 00' 39.13730"
80d 53' 51.51404"
80d 52' 01.96693"
80d 54' 24.62256"
81d 01' 26.51368"
81d 02' 56.64801"
81d 10' 01.66696"
80d 30' 05.45962"
79d 52' 26.08617"
79d 49' 57.47629"
80d 24' 35.80666"
80d 01' 50.83739"
81d 13' 46.55515"
80d 59' 59.51642"
81d 41' 55.85622"
81d 19' 44.76462"
80d 32' 40.60788"
80d 38' 39.17133"
80d 57' 40.88000"
80d 48' 53.81385"
80d 46' 40.71833"
79d 54' 00.22336"
80d 39' 14.44798"
80d 31' 40.95515"
80d 30' 50.84617"
80d 14' 43.40119"

0.011
0.011
0.062
0.016
0.011
0.013
0.013
0.010
0.016
0.012
0.016
0.008
0.020
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.014
0.015
0.006
0.020
0.013
0.011
0.011

0.012083046
0.013601471
0.063560994
0.017888544
0.021954498
0.014764823
0.016401219
0.014866069
0.03138471
0.013416408
0.017464249
0.011313708
0.020880613
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.017204651
0.024207437
0.00781025
0.020880613
0.014764823
0.012083046
0.01421267

Secondary base
stations
45
Standard
deviation

Appendix V : Errors in Latitude

Appendix VI : Errors in longitude

46
Secondary base
stations
Standard
deviation

Appendix VII : Total Error in All Station

Secondary base
stations
Standard
deviation

Appendix VIII : Calculated Distance between Secondary Base Stations

47

48

Station no
From

ISMD

To

Distance (meter)

AA01

120460.09255927510094

AA02

182748.23921160172904

AA03

177887.37517160407151

AA04

334380.25606272841105

AA05

196113.27224720080267

AA06

121620.12517046488938

AA07

128732.09427365967713

AA08

60445.855332776467549

AA09

105750.19918169709854

AA10

63023.873141293021035

Appendix IX : Calculated Azimuth

49
Station no
From

ISMD

Azimuth
To

AA01

273

59

2.752829896403454768

AA02

317

35.080318935411014536

AA03

340

8.6818724803424629499

AA04

342

12

51.432913178114176844

AA05

39

36.118129062557926545

AA06

2.5467434068399796843

AA07

39

11

34.807289837078201344

AA08

137

42

14.075664521617454739

AA09

205

52

3.1944147887020335475

AA10

326

14

52.218648641232903174

Appendix X : Setting-out Coordinates and Other Details

50

Station no

Scaled distance
(1 : 5000)

Easting (meter)

Northing (meter)

1000.0000

1000.0000

ISMD
AA01

24.09202

975.9662

1001.674

AA02

36.54965

975.1167

1026.771

AA03

35.57748

987.8526

1033.439

AA04

66.87605

979.5722

1063.68

AA05

39.22265

1005.906

1038.775

AA06

24.32403

1000.849

1024.309

AA07

25.74642

1016.27

1019.954

AA08

12.08917

1008.136

991.0579

AA09

21.15004

990.7724

980.9691

AA10

12.60477

992.9968

1010.48

Appendix XI : Established Figure on Ground

51

AA04 (04)

AA05 (05)
AA03 (03)
AA02 (02)
AA06 (06)
AA07 (07)

AA10 (10)
ISMD (11)

AA01 (01)

AA08 (08)

AA09 (09)

Appendix XII : Details about GPS Sessions

52

GPS session no

Observed Point

01

09, 01, 08

02

09, 02, 04

03

09, 05, 06

04

09, 07, 11

05

11, 06, 08

06

11, 01, 05

07

11, 02, 10

08

11, 03, 04

09

04, 01, 06

10

04, 05, 10

11

05, 10, 06

12

05, 02, 03

13

02, 06, 07

14

07, 05,08

15

07, 01, 10

16

07, 03, 01

17

07, 01, 02

Appendix XIII : Geolab Program (GPS Network.iob) For One Control Point

53
PADJ NO NONONO YES
CONF YES YESYESYES CON
* Control Stations:
PLH 111 Control 1

n 6 41 28.1315200 e 80 44 40.128520

* Network Stations:
PLH
Point 1
n 6 41 27.6709200 e 80 44 39.439510
PLH
Point 2
n 6 41 27.6683500 e 80 44 38.621720
PLH
Point 3
n 6 41 28.0898900 e 80 44 38.417950
PLH
Point 4
n 6 41 27.8511300 e 80 44 37.425290
PLH
Point 5
n 6 41 28.6824500 e 80 44 38.262530
PLH
Point 6
n 6 41 28.5033400 e 80 44 38.727860
PLH
Point 7
n 6 41 29.0002000 e 80 44 38.885290
PLH
Point 8
n 6 41 28.7068300 e 80 44 39.817620
PLH
Point 10 n 6 41 28.2340300 e 80 44 39.170580
PLH
Point 11 n 6 41 28.4511600 e 80 44 39.518580
* GPS Measurements
3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 8
9.100
-3.524
CORR CT UPPR
0.5407
ELEM
0.0000004
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000029
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0004
0.0009
0.0003
3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 1
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000050
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0004

21.169
-1.690
0.4480
0.0000009
0.0000010
0.0010

409.407 m

341.764 m
287.376 m
192.876 m
186.875 m
239.653 m
239.653 m
239.653 m
239.653 m
239.653 m
239.653 m

17.559 m
0.0000001

-14.050 m

0.0003

3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 2
45.943
-5.818
-14.133 m
CORR CT UPPR
0.5981
ELEM
0.0000005
0.0000000
0.0000000
ELEM
0.0000024
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0000004

0.0000002

54
ELEM
0.0004
0.0009
0.0004
3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 4
82.106
-12.387
-8.564 m
CORR CT UPPR
0.6552
ELEM
0.0000005
0.0000000
0.0000000
ELEM
0.0000024
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0005
0.0010
0.0004
3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 6
42.248
-8.224
11.346 m
CORR CT UPPR
0.6111
ELEM
0.0000010
-0.0000007
0.0000001
ELEM
0.0000037
-0.0000000
ELEM
0.0000007
ELEM
0.0006
0.0012
0.0005
3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 5
56.265
-11.212 16.818 m
CORR CT UPPR
0.5833
ELEM
0.0000061
-0.0000161
0.0000025
ELEM
0.0000500
-0.0000076
ELEM
0.0000024
ELEM
0.0014
0.0041
0.0009
3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 7
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000010
ELEM
0.0000041
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0007000
3DD
DXYZ Control 1 Point 11
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000010
ELEM
0.0000037
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0005000

37.1859
0.6674
0.0000005
0.0000003
0.0014000

18.3227
0.5188
0.0000008
0.0000003
0.0010000

-9.1379 26.5287 m
-0.0000001

0.0005000

-4.0404

9.7650 m

-0.0000000

0.0004000

55
3DD
DXYZ Point 8
Point 1
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000045
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 2
Point 4
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000022
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 6
Point 5
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000014
ELEM
0.0000107
ELEM
0.0000014
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 11 Point 7
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000009
ELEM
0.0000032
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0006000
3DD
DXYZ Point 11 Point 6
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000012
ELEM
0.0000042
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0006000
3DD

12.0680
0.4187
0.0000008
0.0000009
0.0009000

1.8326 -31.6093 m
0.0000002

0.0003000

36.1618
-6.5673 5.5700 m
0.4105
0.0000001
0.0000001
0.0000001
0.0006000

0.0002000

14.0017
-2.9439 5.4688 m
0.4013
-0.0000025
0.0000008
-0.0000029
0.0013000

0.0005000

18.8619
-5.1173 16.7611 m
0.6581
0.0000005
-0.0000000
-0.0000001
0.0012000

0.0004000

23.9218
-4.1829 1.5850 m
0.5929
0.0000016
0.0000002
0.0000006
0.0012000

0.0004000

56
DXYZ Point 11 Point 8
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000011
ELEM
0.0000041
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 11 Point 5
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000008
ELEM
0.0000023
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0006000
3DD
DXYZ Point 11 Point 1
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000008
ELEM
0.0000027
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ Point 11 Point 10
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000019
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 11 Point 2
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000016
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ

Point 11

Point 3

-9.2279
0.5149
0.0000015
0.0000006
0.0010000

0.5058

7.8008 m

0.0000002

0.0003000

37.9429
-7.0278 7.0567 m
0.6877
0.0000008
-0.0000000
0.0000002
0.0010000

-2.8393
0.4875
0.0000009
0.0000005
0.0008000

10.6674
0.3903
0.0000005
-0.0000003
0.0005000

0.0004000

2.3165 -23.8106 m
0.0000001

0.0003000

-0.9961 -6.6301 m
-0.0000001

0.0002000

27.6044
-1.8082 -23.8965 m
0.4784
0.0000005
-0.0000001
-0.0000002
0.0006000

33.5641

0.0003000

-4.2185 -11.0297 m

57
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000026
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 11 Point 4
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000026
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 6
Point 8
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000012
ELEM
0.0000043
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 5
Point 1
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000009
ELEM
0.0000031
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0007000
3DD
DXYZ Point 10 Point 2
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000020
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 3
CORR CT UPPR

Point 4

0.4314
0.0000005
-0.0000004

-0.0000001

0.0007000

0.0002000

63.7842
-8.3389 -18.3218 m
0.4606
0.0000005
-0.0000001
-0.0000004
0.0007000

-33.1503
0.4827
0.0000017
0.0000006
0.0010000

-35.1055
0.7166
0.0000011
0.0000005
0.0013000

0.0003000

4.6888

6.2159 m

0.0000001

0.0003000

9.3392 -30.8699 m
0.0000001

0.0005000

16.9370
-0.8112 -17.2666 m
0.4241
0.0000005
-0.0000001
-0.0000003
0.0006000

30.2200
0.4005

0.0002000

-4.1213 -7.2925 m

58
ELEM
ELEM
ELEM
ELEM

0.0000005
0.0000026
0.0000003
0.0003000

3DD
DXYZ Point 4
Point 6
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0000021
ELEM
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ Point 4
Point 1
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0000025
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ Point 4
Point 5
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0000055
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 4
Point 10
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0000044
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 6
Point 1
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000004

0.0000005
-0.0000004

-0.0000001

0.0006000

0.0002000

-39.8670
0.5897
0.0000001
0.0000001
0.0009000

4.1597 19.9067 m
-0.0000000

0.0003000

-60.9474
10.6498 -5.4903 m
0.6867
0.0000000
-0.0000000
0.0000004
0.0011000

-25.8576
0.7175
0.0000001
0.0000009
0.0017000

-53.1236
0.5410
0.0000002
0.0000006
0.0011000

-21.0803
0.6246
0.0000000

0.0005000

1.2476 25.3756 m
0.0000001

0.0005000

7.2732 11.6853 m
0.0000001

0.0003000

6.4871 -25.3978 m
-0.0000001

59
ELEM
ELEM
ELEM

0.0000028
0.0000005
0.0004000

3DD
DXYZ Point 5
Point 10
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0000026
ELEM
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0003000
3DD
DXYZ Point 10 Point 6
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000050
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ Point 5
Point 3
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000007
ELEM
0.0000026
ELEM
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ Point 5
Point 2
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000007
ELEM
0.0000026
ELEM
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 2
Point 3
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000007
ELEM
0.0000029

0.0000004
0.0010000

-27.2654
0.6815
0.0000001
0.0000003
0.0011000

13.2578
0.5129
0.0000004
0.0000006
0.0011000

0.0004000

6.0367 -13.6899 m
0.0000001

0.0003000

-3.1519

8.2256 m

0.0000002

0.0003000

-4.3716
2.8193 -18.1027 m
0.4893
0.0000002
0.0000001
-0.0000000
0.0008000

-10.3130
0.5683
0.0000004
0.0000001
0.0009000

0.0002000

5.2861 -30.9461 m
0.0000001

0.0003000

5.9422
-2.4701 12.8436 m
0.5612
0.0000003
0.0000001
0.0000001

60
ELEM
ELEM

0.0000003
0.0005000

3DD
DXYZ Point 2
Point 6
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000008
ELEM
0.0000028
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 2
Point 7
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000011
ELEM
0.0000042
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0006000
3DD
DXYZ Point 7
Point 6
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000011
ELEM
0.0000043
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 7
Point 5
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000026
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 7
Point 8
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000007
ELEM
0.0000027
ELEM
0.0000006

0.0010000

0.0003000

-3.6965
-2.3964 25.4691 m
0.5231
0.0000005
-0.0000001
-0.0000003
0.0009000

0.0003000

-8.7391
-3.2948 40.6503 m
0.5664
0.0000012
-0.0000003
-0.0000007
0.0012000

0.0004000

5.0416
0.8996 -15.1806 m
0.5197
0.0000011
-0.0000003
-0.0000009
0.0011000

0.0004000

19.0449
-2.0314 -9.7013 m
0.6000
0.0000005
-0.0000001
-0.0000004
0.0010000

-28.1048
0.5253
0.0000005
-0.0000004

0.0004000

5.6074 -8.9562 m
-0.0000001

61
ELEM

0.0004000

3DD
DXYZ Point 7
Point 10
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000023
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0006000
3DD
DXYZ Point 7
Point 1
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0000013
ELEM
0.0000002
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ Point 7
Point 3
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000048
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0005000
3DD
DXYZ Point 7
Point 2
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000107
ELEM
0.0000007
ELEM
0.0009000
3DD
DXYZ Point 5
Point 8
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0000024
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0004000

0.0009000

-8.2133
0.9239
0.0000004
0.0000002
0.0014000

-16.0337
0.9447
0.0000001
0.0000002
0.0011000

14.6836
0.7413
0.0000004
0.0000006
0.0016000

0.0004000

4.0427 -23.3892 m
0.0000000

0.0006000

7.4069 -40.5714 m
0.0000001

0.0004000

0.8163 -27.8060 m
0.0000002

0.0005000

8.7486
3.2411 -40.6482 m
1.1872
-0.0000001
0.0000003
0.0000005
0.0039000

-47.1493
0.5059
0.0000005
-0.0000003
0.0008000

0.0010000

7.6389

0.7447 m

-0.0000001

0.0004000

62

3DD
DXYZ Point 1
Point 10
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000023
ELEM
0.0000004
ELEM
0.0004000
3DD
DXYZ Point 1
Point 3
CORR CT UPPR
ELEM
0.0000005
ELEM
0.0000040
ELEM
0.0000006
ELEM
0.0004000

7.8260
-3.3710 17.1774 m
0.5483
0.0000004
0.0000001
0.0000004
0.0008000

0.0003000

30.7157
-6.5997 12.7698 m
0.6474
0.0000007
0.0000002
0.0000010
0.0013000

0.0005000

3DD
DXYZ Point 1
Point 2
24.7773
-4.1270 -0.0831 m
CORR CT UPPR
0.5001
ELEM
0.0000005
0.0000009
0.0000003
ELEM
0.0000066
0.0000016
ELEM
0.0000008
ELEM
0.0004000
0.0013000
0.0004000

Appendix XIV : Results from Geolab Program (One Control Point)


===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0001
===================================================================
=============
Fri Jul 6 08:34:59 2012
Input file: I:\GPS Network.iob
Output file: I:\GPS Network.lst
Options file: C:\Program Files\Microsearch\GeoLab\default.gpj
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
PARAMETERS
|
OBSERVATIONS
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|

63
| Description |
Number
| Description
|
Number
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| No. of Stations |
11
| Directions
|
0
|
| Coord Parameters |
30
| Distances
|
0
|
| Free Latitudes |
10
| Azimuths
|
0
|
| Free Longitudes |
10
| Vertical Angles |
0
|
| Free Heights
|
10
| Zenithal Angles |
0
|
| Fixed Coordinates|
3
| Angles
|
0
|
| Astro. Latitudes |
0
| Heights
|
0
|
| Astro. Longitudes|
0
| Height Differences|
0
|
| Geoid Records |
0
| Auxiliary Params. |
0
|
| All Aux. Pars. |
0
| 2-D Coords.
|
0
|
| Direction Pars. |
0
| 2-D Coord.Diffs. |
0
|
| Scale Parameters |
0
| 3-D Coords.
|
0
|
| Constant Pars. |
0
| 3-D Coord.Diffs. |
141
|
| Rotation Pars. |
0
|
|
|
| Translation Pars.|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------|
| -------|
| Total Parameters |
30
| Total Observations|
141
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
Degrees of Freedom =
111
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUMMARY OF SELECTED OPTIONS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------OPTION
| SELECTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Computation Mode
| Adjustment
Maximum Iterations
| 5
Convergence Criterion
| 0.00100
Angular Misclosure Limit Factor | 20.00
Linear Misclosure Limit Factor
| 20.00
Residual Rejection Criterion
| Tau Max
Confidence Region Types
| 1D 2D 3D Station Relative
Relative Confidence Regions
| Connected Only
Variance Factor (VF) Known
| Yes
Scale Covariance Matrix With VF | Yes
Scale Residual Variances With VF | Yes
Force Convergence in Max Iters
| No
Distances Contribute To Heights | No
Compute Full Inverse
| Yes
Optimize Band Width
| Yes
Generate Initial Coordinates
| Yes
Re-Transform ObsAfter 1st Pass | Yes
Geoid Interpolation Method
| Bi-Quadratic
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0003
===================================================================
=============
Misclosures (pass 1):

64
NOTE: Observation values shown are reduced to mark-to-mark.
TYPE AT
FROM
TO
OBSERVATION STD.DEV.
MISC
---- ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------- -------- -------DXCT
Control 1 Point 8
9.1000 0.7353 -27.1135
DYCT
Control 1 Point 8
-3.5240 0.7353 -166.463
DZCT
Control 1 Point 8
17.5590 0.7353 -17.7830
DXCT
Control 1 Point 1
21.1690 0.6693 -10.8357
DYCT
Control 1 Point 1
-1.6900 0.6693 -66.6481
DZCT
Control 1 Point 1
-14.0500 0.6693 -7.1145
DXCT
Control 1 Point 2
45.9430 0.7734 -19.4850
DYCT
Control 1 Point 2
-5.8180 0.7734 -119.941
DZCT
Control 1 Point 2
-14.1330 0.7734 -12.8129
DXCT
Control 1 Point 4
82.1060 0.8094 -35.5032
DYCT
Control 1 Point 4
-12.3870 0.8094 -218.517
DZCT
Control 1 Point 4
-8.5640 0.8094 -23.3360
DXCT
Control 1 Point 6
42.2480 0.7817 -27.0780
DYCT
Control 1 Point 6
-8.2240 0.7817 -166.507
DZCT
Control 1 Point 6
11.3460 0.7817 -17.7867
DXCT
Control 1 Point 5
5.0000 0.7637 24.2015
DYCT
Control 1 Point 5
0.2650 0.7637 -177.867
DZCT
Control 1 Point 5
0.2120 0.7637 -1.1808
DXCT
Control 1 Point 7
37.1850 0.8169 -27.0510
DYCT
Control 1 Point 7
-9.1370 0.8169 -166.395
DZCT
Control 1 Point 7
26.5287 0.8169 -17.7902
DXCT
Control 1 Point 11
18.3220 0.7203 -27.1261
DYCT
Control 1 Point 11
-4.0400 0.7203 -166.614
DZCT
Control 1 Point 11
9.7650 0.7203 -17.7998
DXCT
Point 8
Point 1
12.0680 0.6471 16.2788
DYCT
Point 8
Point 1
1.8320 0.6471 99.8171
DZCT
Point 8
Point 1
-31.6093 0.6471 10.6688
DXCT
Point 2
Point 4
36.1610 0.6407 -16.0162
DYCT
Point 2
Point 4
-6.5670 0.6407 -98.5781
DZCT
Point 2
Point 4
5.5700 0.6407 -10.5241
DXCT
Point 11
Point 1
-2.8390 0.6982 21.9764
DYCT
Point 11
Point 1
2.3160 0.6982 99.9994
DZCT
Point 11
Point 1
-23.8106 0.6982 10.6809
DXCT
Point 11
Point 2
27.6040 0.6917 7.6581
DYCT
Point 11
Point 2
-1.8080 0.6917 46.7024
DZCT
Point 11
Point 2
-23.8965 0.6917 4.9854
DXCT
Point 11
Point 3
33.5640 0.6568 -7.4513
DYCT
Point 11
Point 3
-4.2180 0.6568 -45.9912
DZCT
Point 11
Point 3
-11.0297 0.6568 -4.9121
DXCT
Point 11
Point 4
63.7840 0.6787 -8.3771
DYCT
Point 11
Point 4
-8.3380 0.6787 -51.9127
DZCT
Point 11
Point 4
-18.3218 0.6787 -5.5434
DXCT
Point 5
Point 1
-35.1050 0.8465 16.2367
DYCT
Point 5
Point 1
9.3390 0.8465 99.9249
DZCT
Point 5
Point 1
-30.8699 0.8465 10.6742
DXCT
Point 10
Point 2
16.9370 0.6512 7.6496
DYCT
Point 10
Point 2
-0.8110 0.6512 46.7364
DZCT
Point 10
Point 2
-17.2666 0.6512 4.9889
DXCT
Point 4
Point 6
-39.8670 0.7679 8.4341
DYCT
Point 4
Point 6
4.1590 0.7679 52.0145
DZCT
Point 4
Point 6
19.9067 0.7679 5.5526
DXCT
Point 4
Point 1
-60.9470 0.8287 24.6774
DYCT
Point 4
Point 1
10.6490 0.8287 151.9171
DZCT
Point 4
Point 1
-5.4903 0.8287 16.2257
DXCT
Point 4
Point 5
-25.8570 0.8471 8.4557
DYCT
Point 4
Point 5
1.2470 0.8471 52.0552
DZCT
Point 4
Point 5
25.3756 0.8471 5.5555
DXCT
Point 4
Point 10
-53.1230 0.7355 8.3916
DYCT
Point 4
Point 10
7.2730 0.7355 51.9466
DZCT
Point 4
Point 10
11.6853 0.7355 5.5465
DXCT
Point 6
Point 1
-21.0800 0.7903 16.2433
DYCT
Point 6
Point 1
6.4870 0.7903 99.9056
DZCT
Point 6
Point 1
-25.3978 0.7903 10.6740
DXCT
Point 5
Point 3
-4.3710 0.6995 -7.5219
DYCT
Point 5
Point 3
2.8190 0.6995 -46.0797
DZCT
Point 5
Point 3
-18.1027 0.6995 -4.9051

65
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT
DXCT
DYCT
DZCT

Point 5
Point 5
Point 5
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1

Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 3
Point 3
Point 3
Point 6
Point 6
Point 6
Point 7
Point 7
Point 7
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 3
Point 3
Point 3
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 10
Point 10
Point 10
Point 3
Point 3
Point 3
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2

-10.3130 0.7539 7.5694


5.2860 0.7539 46.5568
-30.9461 0.7539 4.9690
5.9420 0.7491 -15.0914
-2.4700 0.7491 -92.6335
12.8436 0.7491 -9.8743
-3.6960 0.7233 -7.5920
-2.3960 0.7233 -46.5756
25.4691 0.7233 -4.9639
-8.7390 0.7526 -7.5850
-3.2940 0.7526 -46.4785
40.6503 0.7526 -4.9659
-16.0330 0.9720 16.2323
7.4060 0.9720 99.7876
-40.5714 0.9720 10.6683
14.6830 0.8610 -7.5084
0.8160 0.8610 -46.1470
-27.8060 0.8610 -4.9091
8.7480 1.0896 7.5760
3.2410 1.0896 46.5315
-40.6482 1.0896 4.9638
7.8260 0.7405 -16.2879
-3.3710 0.7405 -99.9755
17.1774 0.7405 -10.6811
30.7150 0.8046 -23.7397
-6.5990 0.8046 -145.926
12.7698 0.8046 -15.5819
24.7770 0.7072 -8.6523
-4.1270 0.7072 -53.2941
-0.0831 0.7072 -5.6983

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0006
===================================================================
=============
Solution (pass 1):
NAME
TYPE
OLD VALUE
CORRECTION
UPDATED VALUE
------------ ---- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------Point 1
ELAT N 6 01 7.67092
0 0 -0.05846 N 6 01 7.61246
Point 1
ELON E 80 44 39.43951
0 0 0.20177 E 80 44 39.64128
Point 1
EHYT
341.7640
67.9227
409.6867
Point 10
ELAT N 6 01 8.23403
0 0 -0.06687 N 6 01 8.16716
Point 10
ELON E 80 44 39.17058
0 0 0.20689 E 80 44 39.37747
Point 10
EHYT
239.6530
169.9161
409.5691
Point 11
ELAT N 6 01 8.45116
0 0 -0.06092 N 6 01 8.39024
Point 11
ELON E 80 44 39.51858
0 0 0.17081 E 80 44 39.68939
Point 11
EHYT
239.6530
169.9732
409.6262
Point 2
ELAT N 6 01 7.66835
0 0 -0.06171 N 6 01 7.60664
Point 2
ELON E 80 44 38.62172
0 0 0.19334 E 80 44 38.81506
Point 2
EHYT
287.3760
122.3221
409.6981
Point 3
ELAT N 6 01 8.08989
0 0 -0.07011 N 6 01 8.01978
Point 3
ELON E 80 44 38.41795
0 0 0.21708 E 80 44 38.63503
Point 3
EHYT
192.8760
216.7384
409.6144
Point 4
ELAT N 6 01 7.85113
0 0 -0.06183 N 6 01 7.78930
Point 4
ELON E 80 44 37.42529
0 0 0.19344 E 80 44 37.61873
Point 4
EHYT
186.8750
222.7716
409.6466
Point 5
ELAT N 6 01 8.68245
0 0 -0.11073 N 6 01 8.57172
Point 5
ELON E 80 44 38.26253
0 0 0.34601 E 80 44 38.60854
Point 5
EHYT
239.6530
169.8670
409.5200
Point 6
ELAT N 6 01 8.50334
0 0 -0.06297 N 6 01 8.44037
Point 6
ELON E 80 44 38.72786
0 0 0.19675 E 80 44 38.92461
Point 6
EHYT
239.6530
169.7938
409.4468
Point 7
ELAT N 6 01 9.00020
0 0 -0.06151 N 6 01 8.93869
Point 7
ELON E 80 44 38.88529
0 0 0.19231 E 80 44 39.07760
Point 7
EHYT
239.6530
169.6877
409.3407
Point 8
ELAT N 6 01 8.70683
0 0 -0.05964 N 6 01 8.64719

66
Point 8
Point 8

ELON E 80 44 39.81762
EHYT
239.6530

0 0 0.18641 E 80 44 40.00403
169.7346
409.3876

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0007
===================================================================
=============
Misclosures (pass 2):
NOTE: Observation values shown are reduced to mark-to-mark.
TYPE AT
FROM
TO
OBSERVATION STD.DEV.
MISC
---- ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------- -------- -------DXCT
Control 1 Point 5
5.0000 0.7637 40.9279
DYCT
Control 1 Point 5
0.2650 0.7637 -9.0724
DZCT
Control 1 Point 5
0.2120 0.7637 13.2485

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0008
===================================================================
=============
Adjusted XYZ Coordinates:
X-COORDINATE
Y-COORDINATE
Z-COORDINATE
CODE FFF STATION
STD DEV
STD DEV
STD DEV
---- --- ------------ ------------------ ------------------ -----------------XYZ
Control 1
1020292.4512
6261028.5990
664382.2807 m
0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
XYZ
Point 1
1020307.5547
6261028.1136
664366.4522 m
0
2.0745
2.0745
2.0745
XYZ
Point 10
1020315.2562
6261024.9297
664383.3865 m
0
2.3815
2.3815
2.3815
XYZ
Point 11
1020305.6818
6261025.8195
664390.2078 m
0
2.0578
2.0578
2.0578
XYZ
Point 2
1020332.6389
6261024.0564
664366.2754 m
0
2.1020
2.1020
2.1020
XYZ
Point 3
1020337.8760
6261021.7702
664378.8886 m
0
2.4742
2.4742
2.4742
XYZ
Point 4
1020368.8497
6261017.5070
664371.8507 m
0
2.2192
2.2192
2.2192
XYZ
Point 5
1020338.3791
6261019.7916
664395.7412 m
0
2.1128
2.1128
2.1128
XYZ
Point 6
1020328.8414
6261021.7009
664391.7205 m
0
2.1213
2.1213
2.1213
XYZ
Point 7
1020323.9222
6261020.7692
664406.9337 m
0
2.2042
2.2042
2.2042
XYZ
Point 8
1020295.9596
6261026.3248
664398.0328 m
0
2.2723
2.2723
2.2723

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0009
===================================================================
=============
Geoid Values:
CODE
STATION
N/S DEFLECTION E/W DEFLECTION UNDULATION
--------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------GEOI
Control 1
0 0
0.00 0 0
0.00
0.0000 m
GEOI
Point 1
0 0
0.00 0 0
0.00
0.0000 m

67
GEOI
GEOI
GEOI
GEOI
GEOI
GEOI
GEOI
GEOI
GEOI

Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point

10
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.0000 m
0.0000 m
0.0000 m
0.0000 m
0.0000 m
0.0000 m
0.0000 m
0.0000 m
0.0000 m

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0010
===================================================================
=============
Residuals (critical value = 3.657, N,E,Up for 3D):
NOTE: Observation values shown are reduced to mark-to-mark.
OBSERVATION RESIDUAL STD RES
TYPE AT
FROM
TO
STD DEV STD DEV
PPM
---- ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------------- -------- -------DXCT
Control 1 Point 8
9.10000 -1.8319 -0.5004
4.2329 3.6612 112404.7
DYCT
Control 1 Point 8
-3.52400 5.7198 1.6070
4.1151 3.5593 350959.4
DZCT
Control 1 Point 8
17.55900 0.1428 0.0327
5.0544 4.3717 8762.17
DXCT
Control 1 Point 1
21.16900 -1.7910 -0.5380
3.8530 3.3293 81843.53
DYCT
Control 1 Point 1
-1.69000 6.1803 1.9095
3.7458 3.2366 282415.5
DZCT
Control 1 Point 1
-14.05000 0.0257 0.0065
4.6008 3.9754 1172.54
DXCT
Control 1 Point 2
45.94300 -1.8969 -0.4748
4.4520 3.9947 43610.78
DYCT
Control 1 Point 2
-5.81800 5.8855 1.5155
4.3280 3.8835 135313.1
DZCT
Control 1 Point 2
-14.13300 0.1349 0.0283
5.3160 4.7700 3101.14
DXCT
Control 1 Point 4
82.10600 -1.8934 -0.4538
4.6596 4.1722 24305.56

68
DYCT

Control 1

DZCT

Control 1

DXCT

Control 1

DYCT

Control 1

DZCT

Control 1

DXCT

Control 1

DYCT

Control 1

DZCT

Control 1

DXCT

Control 1

DYCT

Control 1

DZCT

Control 1

DXCT

Control 1

DYCT

Control 1

DZCT

Control 1

DXCT

Point 8

DYCT

Point 8

DZCT

Point 8

DXCT

Point 2

DYCT

Point 2

DZCT

Point 2

DXCT

Point 6

DYCT

Point 6

DZCT

Point 6

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

Point 4

-12.38700 5.8415 1.4402


4.5299 4.0561 74987.00
Point 4
-8.56400 0.1625 0.0326
5.5639 4.9819 2086.15
Point 6
42.24800 -1.9342 -0.4788
4.5001 4.0394 50602.79
Point 6
-8.22400 5.9948 1.5266
4.3748 3.9270 156840.0
Point 6
11.34600 0.1646 0.0341
5.3734 4.8234 4305.51
Point 5
5.00000 13.4241 3.4177
4.3965 3.9278 275856.8
Point 5
0.26500 -41.8542 -10.9610
4.2741 3.8185 860076.2
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Point 5
0.21200 -0.9693 -0.2067
5.2498 4.6901 19918.04
Point 7
37.18500 -1.9043 -0.4505
4.7028 4.2272 46745.23
Point 7
-9.13700 5.8498 1.4235
4.5719 4.1095 143600.0
Point 7
26.52870 0.1724 0.0342
5.6155 5.0476 4231.97
Point 11
18.32200 -1.8724 -0.5098
4.1463 3.6729 119472.1
Point 11
-4.04000 5.2279 1.4641
4.0309 3.5707 333581.2
Point 11
9.76500 0.2301 0.0525
4.9510 4.3858 14680.14
Point 1
12.06800 0.0410 0.0131
3.7249 3.1277 1216.09
Point 1
1.83200 0.4598 0.1512
3.6212 3.0406 13648.45
Point 1
-31.60930 -0.1150 -0.0308
4.4478 3.7347 3413.20
Point 4
36.16100 0.0026 0.0008
3.6883 3.1744 70.59
Point 4
-6.56700 -0.0463 -0.0150
3.5856 3.0860 1242.76
Point 4
5.57000 0.0259 0.0068
4.4041 3.7905 695.34
Point 5
14.00100 -1.4718 -0.4679
3.6467 3.1454 139836.6
Point 5
-2.94300 4.5715 1.4950
3.5452 3.0579 434339.3
Point 5
5.46880 0.1488 0.0396
4.3544 3.7559 14141.16
Point 7
18.86100 -0.0314 -0.0074
4.6699 4.2582 1243.52
Point 7
-5.11700 0.6232 0.1505
4.5399 4.1397 24672.68
Point 7
16.76110 -0.0374 -0.0074
5.5762 5.0846 1482.62
Point 6
23.92100 -0.0656 -0.0163
4.4326 4.0343 2784.67
Point 6
-4.18200 0.7616 0.1942
4.3092 3.9220 32311.42
Point 6
1.58500 -0.0671 -0.0139
5.2928 4.8172 2846.06
Point 8
-9.22700 0.0325 0.0090
4.1307 3.6000 2598.65
Point 8
0.50500 0.4887 0.1396
4.0157 3.4998 39129.47
Point 8
7.80080 -0.0764 -0.0178
4.9324 4.2987 6115.37
Point 5
37.94200 -1.5298 -0.3469
4.7738 4.4099 45388.47
Point 5
-7.02700 5.3371 1.2449
4.6409 4.2871 158344.3

69
DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 11

DYCT

Point 11

DZCT

Point 11

DXCT

Point 6

DYCT

Point 6

DZCT

Point 6

DXCT

Point 5

DYCT

Point 5

DZCT

Point 5

DXCT

Point 10

DYCT

Point 10

DZCT

Point 10

DXCT

Point 3

DYCT

Point 3

DZCT

Point 3

DXCT

Point 4

DYCT

Point 4

DZCT

Point 4

DXCT

Point 4

DYCT

Point 4

DZCT

Point 4

DXCT

Point 4

Point 5

7.05670 -0.0179 -0.0034


5.7003 5.2658 531.80
Point 1
-2.83900 -0.0225 -0.0062
4.0193 3.5956 937.94
Point 1
2.31600 -4.6541 -1.3314
3.9074 3.4956 194412.4
Point 1
-23.81060 0.7380 0.1719
4.7994 4.2935 30827.71
Point 10
10.66700 -0.1827 -0.0602
3.5964 3.0349 15499.63
Point 10
-0.99600 1.0955 0.3713
3.4962 2.9504 92921.24
Point 10
-6.63010 -0.0905 -0.0250
4.2943 3.6239 7677.00
Point 2
27.60400 -0.0294 -0.0082
3.9816 3.5644 814.20
Point 2
-1.80800 0.6457 0.1863
3.8708 3.4652 17889.93
Point 2
-23.89650 -0.0632 -0.0148
4.7544 4.2562 1750.46
Point 3
33.56400 -0.2822 -0.0883
3.7810 3.1954 8212.37
Point 3
-4.21800 1.3791 0.4439
3.6757 3.1065 40129.61
Point 3
-11.02970 -0.0839 -0.0220
4.5148 3.8156 2440.78
Point 4
63.78400 -0.0273 -0.0080
3.9068 3.4297 411.48
Point 4
-8.33800 0.6122 0.1836
3.7981 3.3342 9233.37
Point 4
-18.32180 -0.0771 -0.0188
4.6651 4.0953 1163.51
Point 8
-33.15000 0.0981 0.0285
3.9995 3.4351 2901.40
Point 8
4.68800 -0.2750 -0.0824
3.8881 3.3395 8136.96
Point 8
6.21590 -0.0100 -0.0024
4.7757 4.1018 294.90
Point 1
-35.10500 1.6053 0.3570
4.8731 4.4964 37050.47
Point 1
9.33900 -4.3885 -1.0039
4.7374 4.3713 101287.0
Point 1
-30.86990 -0.1477 -0.0275
5.8188 5.3691 3410.07
Point 2
16.93700 0.1536 0.0480
3.7488 3.2016 6295.23
Point 2
-0.81100 -0.4500 -0.1446
3.6445 3.1124 18436.61
Point 2
-17.26660 0.0264 0.0069
4.4764 3.8229 1080.50
Point 4
30.22000 0.2552 0.0855
3.6430 2.9843 7964.10
Point 4
-4.12100 -0.7667 -0.2643
3.5416 2.9012 23923.57
Point 4
-7.29250 0.0078 0.0022
4.3501 3.5635 242.15
Point 6
-39.86700 -0.0380 -0.0096
4.4206 3.9548 847.26
Point 6
4.15900 0.1450 0.0377
4.2975 3.8447 3231.55
Point 6
19.90670 0.0078 0.0016
5.2785 4.7224 173.03
Point 1
-60.94700 0.1015 0.0233
4.7703 4.3496 1626.08
Point 1
10.64900 0.3366 0.0796
4.6375 4.2285 5390.30
Point 1
-5.49030 -0.0877 -0.0169
5.6961 5.1937 1404.45
Point 5
-25.85700 -1.5066 -0.3376

70

DYCT

Point 4

Point 5

DZCT

Point 4

Point 5

DXCT

Point 4

Point 10

DYCT

Point 4

Point 10

DZCT

Point 4

Point 10

DXCT

Point 6

Point 1

DYCT

Point 6

Point 1

DZCT

Point 6

Point 1

DXCT

Point 5

Point 10

DYCT

Point 5

Point 10

DZCT

Point 5

Point 10

DXCT

Point 10

Point 6

DYCT

Point 10

Point 6

DZCT

Point 10

Point 6

DXCT

Point 5

Point 3

DYCT

Point 5

Point 3

DZCT

Point 5

Point 3

DXCT

Point 5

Point 2

DYCT

Point 5

Point 2

DZCT

Point 5

Point 2

DXCT

Point 2

Point 3

DYCT

Point 2

Point 3

DZCT

Point 2

Point 3

DXCT

Point 2

Point 6

DYCT

Point 2

Point 6

DZCT

Point 2

Point 6

DXCT

Point 2

Point 7

DYCT

Point 2

Point 7

DZCT

Point 2

Point 7

DXCT

Point 7

Point 6

DYCT

Point 7

Point 6

DZCT

Point 7

Point 6

DXCT

Point 7

Point 5

DYCT

Point 7

Point 5

4.8761 4.4623 38841.71


1.24700 4.7204 1.0881
4.7403 4.3381 121700.1
25.37560 0.1247 0.0234
5.8225 5.3284 3214.99
-53.12300 -0.1563 -0.0423
4.2341 3.6947 2825.79
7.27300 0.4885 0.1360
4.1162 3.5918 8829.42
11.68530 0.0560 0.0127
5.0559 4.4118 1012.10
-21.08000 0.1400 0.0338
4.5495 4.1416 4160.65
6.48700 0.1921 0.0477
4.4229 4.0263 5706.59
-25.39780 -0.0924 -0.0187
5.4325 4.9454 2746.22
-27.26500 1.3509 0.3147
4.7522 4.2925 50565.71
6.03600 -4.2325 -1.0143
4.6199 4.1730 158431.0
-13.68990 -0.0787 -0.0154
5.6745 5.1256 2947.29
13.25700 0.1103 0.0307
4.1227 3.5979 6784.27
-3.15100 -0.3365 -0.0962
4.0079 3.4977 20694.41
8.22560 -0.0125 -0.0029
4.9228 4.2962 769.48
-4.37100 1.2650 0.3671
4.0267 3.4461 74517.08
2.81900 -3.9527 -1.1798
3.9146 3.3502 232844.7
-18.10270 -0.0752 -0.0183
4.8082 4.1150 4427.17
-10.31300 1.5008 0.3821
4.3396 3.9276 49495.35
5.28600 -4.6775 -1.2250
4.2188 3.8182 154266.6
-30.94610 -0.1157 -0.0247
5.1819 4.6899 3816.73
5.94200 -0.2363 -0.0624
4.3124 3.7871 17063.13
-2.47000 0.7253 0.1970
4.1924 3.6816 52378.34
12.84360 0.0435 0.0096
5.1494 4.5221 3141.34
-3.69600 -0.0264 -0.0071
4.1635 3.7278 1022.60
-2.39600 0.1067 0.0294
4.0476 3.6240 4129.23
25.46910 0.0211 0.0047
4.9715 4.4513 815.29
-8.73900 0.0069 0.0018
4.3324 3.8975 164.36
-3.29400 -0.0209 -0.0055
4.2118 3.7890 502.04
40.65030 0.0111 0.0024
5.1732 4.6540 266.83
5.04100 -0.0338 -0.0092
4.1499 3.6628 2110.48
0.89900 0.1255 0.0352
4.0344 3.5608 7834.85
-15.18060 0.0092 0.0021
4.9553 4.3737 574.93
19.04400 -1.5147 -0.3777
4.4590 4.0098 82726.74
-2.03100 4.6968 1.2049
4.3349 3.8982 256528.5

71
DZCT

Point 7

Point 5

DXCT

Point 7

Point 8

DYCT

Point 7

Point 8

DZCT

Point 7

Point 8

DXCT

Point 7

Point 10

DYCT

Point 7

Point 10

DZCT

Point 7

Point 10

DXCT

Point 7

Point 1

DYCT

Point 7

Point 1

DZCT

Point 7

Point 1

DXCT

Point 7

Point 3

DYCT

Point 7

Point 3

DZCT

Point 7

Point 3

DXCT

Point 7

Point 2

DYCT

Point 7

Point 2

DZCT

Point 7

Point 2

DXCT

Point 5

Point 8

DYCT

Point 5

Point 8

DZCT

Point 5

Point 8

DXCT

Point 1

Point 10

DYCT

Point 1

Point 10

DZCT

Point 1

Point 10

DXCT

Point 1

Point 3

DYCT

Point 1

Point 3

DZCT

Point 1

Point 3

DXCT

Point 1

Point 2

DYCT

Point 1

Point 2

DZCT

Point 1

Point 2

-9.70130 0.1439 0.0300


5.3244 4.7880 7857.48
-28.10400 0.0580 0.0161
4.1722 3.5948 1940.89
5.60700 -0.1478 -0.0423
4.0561 3.4947 4949.68
-8.95620 -0.0221 -0.0051
4.9820 4.2925 739.34
-8.21300 -0.1618 -0.0317
5.5332 5.1027 6361.90
4.04200 0.4663 0.0940
5.3792 4.9607 18332.01
-23.38920 0.0273 0.0045
6.6071 6.0931 1073.76
-16.03300 0.1014 0.0194
5.5951 5.2326 2290.95
7.40600 0.3202 0.0630
5.4394 5.0869 7232.60
-40.57140 -0.1045 -0.0167
6.6810 6.2482 2361.03
14.68300 -0.2446 -0.0551
4.9563 4.4387 7805.33
0.81600 0.7495 0.1737
4.8184 4.3151 23914.54
-27.80600 0.0398 0.0075
5.9183 5.3002 1270.79
8.74800 -0.0143 -0.0024
6.2723 5.9802 342.30
3.24100 0.0383 0.0066
6.0977 5.8137 919.36
-40.64820 0.0392 0.0055
7.4896 7.1408 940.54
-47.14900 1.5730 0.4439
4.0944 3.5433 36598.07
7.63800 -4.8457 -1.4067
3.9805 3.4447 112740.4
0.74470 -0.1657 -0.0392
4.8891 4.2310 3855.96
7.82600 -0.2591 -0.0690
4.2626 3.7565 13727.92
-3.37100 0.1531 0.0419
4.1439 3.6519 8109.35
17.17740 0.1383 0.0308
5.0898 4.4855 7326.02
30.71500 -0.3514 -0.0853
4.6318 4.1212 10526.60
-6.59900 0.4297 0.1073
4.5029 4.0065 12872.90
12.76980 0.1529 0.0311
5.5307 4.9210 4580.65
24.77700 -0.1056 -0.0291
4.0709 3.6345 4155.17
-4.12700 -0.2920 -0.0826
3.9576 3.5333 11489.63
-0.08310 0.1078 0.0248
4.8610 4.3398 4241.37

72

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0017
===================================================================
=============
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
STATISTICS
SUMMARY
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
Residual Critical Value Type |
Tau Max
|
Residual Critical Value
|
3.6568
|
Number of Flagged Residuals
|
1
|
Convergence Criterion
|
0.0010
|
Final Iteration Counter Value |
2
|
Confidence Level Used
|
95.0000
|
Estimated Variance Factor
|
37.9098
|
Number of Degrees of Freedom |
111
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
Chi-Square Test on the Variance Factor:
|
|
|
2.9624e+01 < 1.0000 < 5.0254e+01 ?
|
|
|
******** THE TEST FAILS ********
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

|
|
|

|
|
|

|
|

|
|
|

----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
| NOTE: All confidence regions were computed using the following factors:
|
---------------------------------------------------------------|
|
Variance factor used
=
37.9098
|
|
1-D expansion factor
=
1.9600
|
|
2-D expansion factor
=
2.4477
|
|
3-D expansion factor
=
2.7955
|
|
|
|
Note that, for relative confidence regions, precisions are
|
|
computed from the ratio of the major semi-axis and the spatial
|
|
distance between the two stations.
|
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

73
===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0018
===================================================================
=============
2-D and 1-D Station Confidence Regions (95.000 and 95.000 percent):
STATION
MAJOR SEMI-AXIS AZ
MINOR SEMI-AXIS
VERTICAL
------------ --------------------- --- ------------------- -------------------Point 1
5.0779 56
5.0777
4.0660
Point 10
5.8294 56
5.8292
4.6678
Point 11
5.0370 56
5.0368
4.0333
Point 2
5.1453 56
5.1451
4.1200
Point 3
6.0562 56
6.0559
4.8494
Point 4
5.4320 56
5.4318
4.3496
Point 5
5.1716 56
5.1709
4.1413
Point 6
5.1926 56
5.1923
4.1579
Point 7
5.3955 56
5.3952
4.3204
Point 8
5.5620 56
5.5618
4.4537

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0019
===================================================================
=============
3D Station Confidence Regions (95.000 percent):
STATION
MAJ-SEMI (AZ,VANG) MED-SEMI (AZ,VANG) MIN-SEMI (AZ,VANG)
------------ --------------------- --------------------- --------------------Point 1
5.7998 (358, 52)
5.7992 (258, 8)
5.7986 (162, 37)
Point 10
6.6582 (358, 52)
6.6575 (258, 8)
6.6569 (162, 37)
Point 11
5.7532 (358, 52)
5.7525 (258, 8)
5.7519 (162, 37)
Point 2
5.8769 (358, 52)
5.8762 (258, 8)
5.8755 (162, 37)
Point 3
6.9172 (358, 52)
6.9165 (258, 8)
6.9158 (162, 37)
Point 4
6.2043 (358, 52)
6.2036 (258, 8)
6.2030 (162, 37)
Point 5
5.9082 (358, 52)
5.9062 (258, 8)
5.9042 (162, 37)
Point 6
5.9309 (358, 52)
5.9302 (258, 8)
5.9295 (162, 37)
Point 7
6.1626 (358, 52)
6.1619 (258, 8)
6.1612 (162, 37)
Point 8
6.3528 (358, 52)
6.3522 (258, 8)
6.3516 (162, 37)
===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0020
===================================================================
=============
2-D and 1-D Relative Station Confidence Regions (95.000 and 95.000 percent):
FROM
TO
MAJ-SEMI AZ MIN-SEMI VERTICAL
DISTANCE
PPM
------------ ------------ -------- --- -------- --------- ------------ -------Control 1 Point 1
5.0779 56 5.0777 4.0660
21.8836 232039.7
Control 1 Point 11
5.0370 56 5.0368 4.0333
15.6720 321400.5
Control 1 Point 2
5.1453 56 5.1451 4.1200
43.4955 118294.6
Control 1 Point 4
5.4320 56 5.4318 4.3496
77.9008 69729.61
Control 1 Point 5
5.1716 56 5.1709 4.1413
48.6634 106273.1

74
Control 1
Control 1
Control 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
Point 10
Point 10
Point 10
Point 10
Point 10
Point 10
Point 11
Point 11
Point 11
Point 11
Point 11
Point 11
Point 11
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
Point 3
Point 3
Point 3
Point 4
Point 4
Point 5
Point 5
Point 5
Point 6
Point 6
Point 7

Point 6
Point 7
Point 8
Point 10
Point 11
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
Point 5
Point 6
Point 7
Point 8
Point 11
Point 2
Point 4
Point 5
Point 6
Point 7
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
Point 5
Point 6
Point 7
Point 8
Point 3
Point 4
Point 5
Point 6
Point 7
Point 4
Point 5
Point 7
Point 5
Point 6
Point 6
Point 7
Point 8
Point 7
Point 8
Point 8

5.1926 56
5.3955 56
5.5620 56
5.2742 56
4.7024 55
4.8012 57
5.5349 57
5.1284 57
4.9180 56
4.9295 56
5.1869 57
5.2964 56
5.0516 54
5.1061 56
5.4142 57
5.3385 56
5.2698 56
5.6017 56
4.6453 55
5.2914 55
4.8984 55
4.7861 56
4.8078 54
5.0194 55
5.3031 52
5.4005 56
4.9163 56
4.8320 56
4.8543 56
4.9526 57
5.4703 56
5.4532 56
5.7735 56
5.1466 56
5.1709 56
4.8308 56
5.1065 56
5.3713 56
5.1074 55
5.3627 54
5.5443 55

5.1923
5.3952
5.5618
5.2742
4.7024
4.8011
5.5348
5.1284
4.9178
4.9295
5.1869
5.2963
5.0515
5.1060
5.4142
5.3384
5.2698
5.6017
4.6453
5.2913
4.8984
4.7859
4.8078
5.0194
5.3030
5.4005
4.9163
4.8319
4.8543
4.9526
5.4703
5.4531
5.7734
5.1464
5.1709
4.8306
5.1064
5.3712
5.1073
5.3627
5.5443

4.1579
4.3204
4.4537
4.2232
3.7653
3.8444
4.4319
4.1064
3.9380
3.9472
4.1533
4.2409
4.0449
4.0885
4.3353
4.2747
4.2197
4.4854
3.7196
4.2369
3.9222
3.8324
3.8497
4.0192
4.2463
4.3243
3.9366
3.8692
3.8870
3.9657
4.3802
4.3665
4.6230
4.1211
4.1405
3.8682
4.0890
4.3010
4.0896
4.2940
4.4395

38.2223 135851.7
40.7370 132446.2
16.2976 341279.4
18.8737 279448.4
23.9394 196428.1
25.4108 188941.8
33.3809 165809.8
62.4397 82133.49
43.3271 113509.1
33.6561 146467.1
44.2785 117143.3
33.6895 157210.9
11.7894 428481.9
24.4072 209203.4
55.3212 97868.41
26.7154 199828.5
16.2616 324065.8
25.4339 220245.7
36.0909 128710.9
34.3655 153973.1
66.3043 73877.07
33.7056 141996.0
23.5716 203965.2
25.2582 198724.7
12.4903 424574.3
13.8472 390008.5
37.2182 132094.6
30.3211 159361.7
25.8344 187900.8
41.7119 118734.5
32.0480 170690.2
16.9758 321234.6
31.3407 184217.2
38.7869 132689.1
44.8670 115249.6
10.5251 458972.4
18.3093 278904.1
42.9807 124970.7
16.0159 318893.2
33.8000 158659.8
29.8663 185637.6

===================================================================
=============
GPS Network.iob
MicrosearchGeoLab, V2001.9.20.0
WGS 84
UNITS: m,DMS Page 0021
===================================================================
=============
3D Relative Confidence Regions (95.000 percent):
FROM
TO
MAJ-SEMI(AZ,VANG) MED-SEMI(AZ,VANG) MIN-SEMI(AZ,VANG)
DISTANCE
PPM
------------ ------------ ----------------- ----------------- ----------------Control 1 Point 1
5.7998 (358,52) 5.7992 (258, 8) 5.7986 (162,37)
21.8836
265031.1
Control 1 Point 11
5.7532 (358,52) 5.7525 (258, 8) 5.7519 (162,37)
15.6720
367099.1
Control 1 Point 2
5.8769 (358,52) 5.8762 (258, 8) 5.8755 (162,37)
43.4955
135114.7
Control 1 Point 4
6.2043 (358,52) 6.2036 (258, 8) 6.2030 (162,37)
77.9008
79643.30
Control 1 Point 5
5.9082 (358,52) 5.9062 (258, 8) 5.9042 (162,37)

75

Control 1

Point 6

Control 1

Point 7

Control 1

Point 8

Point 1

Point 10

Point 1

Point 11

Point 1

Point 2

Point 1

Point 3

Point 1

Point 4

Point 1

Point 5

Point 1

Point 6

Point 1

Point 7

Point 1

Point 8

Point 10

Point 11

Point 10

Point 2

Point 10

Point 4

Point 10

Point 5

Point 10

Point 6

Point 10

Point 7

Point 11

Point 2

Point 11

Point 3

Point 11

Point 4

Point 11

Point 5

Point 11

Point 6

Point 11

Point 7

Point 11

Point 8

Point 2

Point 3

Point 2

Point 4

Point 2

Point 5

Point 2

Point 6

Point 2

Point 7

Point 3

Point 4

Point 3

Point 5

Point 3

Point 7

Point 4

Point 5

48.6634
121409.4
5.9309 (358,52) 5.9302 (258, 8) 5.9295 (162,37)
38.2223
155169.1
6.1626 (358,52) 6.1619 (258, 8) 6.1612 (162,37)
40.7370
151277.7
6.3528 (358,52) 6.3522 (258, 8) 6.3516 (162,37)
16.2976
389797.1
6.0236 (359,52) 6.0235 (259, 8) 6.0234 (163,37)
18.8737
319151.3
5.3705 (355,52) 5.3704 (255, 7) 5.3704 (160,37)
23.9394
224335.9
5.4833 ( 1,52) 5.4832 (261, 8) 5.4831 (164,37)
25.4108
215787.1
6.3213 (359,52) 6.3212 (259, 8) 6.3211 (163,37)
33.3809
189368.1
5.8570 ( 0,52) 5.8569 (260, 8) 5.8569 (164,37)
62.4397
93802.74
5.6172 (358,52) 5.6167 (258, 8) 5.6161 (162,37)
43.3271
129646.4
5.6299 (358,52) 5.6298 (258, 8) 5.6297 (162,37)
33.6561
167277.7
5.9239 (359,52) 5.9238 (259, 8) 5.9237 (163,37)
44.2785
133787.5
6.0488 (356,52) 6.0488 (257, 7) 6.0487 (161,37)
33.6895
179547.0
5.7692 (354,53) 5.7692 (254, 7) 5.7692 (159,36)
11.7894
489357.6
5.8315 (359,52) 5.8314 (258, 8) 5.8314 (162,37)
24.4072
238926.1
6.1834 ( 1,52) 6.1834 (260, 8) 6.1833 (164,37)
55.3212
111773.0
6.0972 (359,52) 6.0969 (258, 8) 6.0965 (162,37)
26.7154
228230.0
6.0186 (358,52) 6.0185 (258, 8) 6.0184 (162,37)
16.2616
370109.0
6.3976 (359,52) 6.3975 (258, 8) 6.3974 (162,37)
25.4339
251538.4
5.3053 (355,52) 5.3052 (255, 8) 5.3052 (160,37)
36.0909
146997.7
6.0431 (355,52) 6.0431 (255, 8) 6.0430 (160,37)
34.3655
175848.9
5.5943 (356,52) 5.5942 (256, 8) 5.5942 (160,37)
66.3043
84373.03
5.4665 (358,52) 5.4660 (258, 8) 5.4655 (162,37)
33.7056
162182.6
5.4909 (353,53) 5.4908 (253, 7) 5.4907 (158,36)
23.5716
232945.0
5.7326 (355,52) 5.7325 (256, 8) 5.7324 (160,37)
25.2582
226960.0
6.0565 (349,53) 6.0564 (251, 7) 6.0564 (156,36)
12.4903
484896.3
6.1678 (358,52) 6.1678 (258, 8) 6.1677 (162,37)
13.8472
445420.4
5.6148 (359,52) 5.6148 (259, 8) 5.6147 (163,37)
37.2182
150862.0
5.5189 (359,52) 5.5184 (258, 8) 5.5179 (162,37)
30.3211
182016.6
5.5440 (357,52) 5.5439 (257, 8) 5.5438 (161,37)
25.8344
214598.6
5.6564 ( 1,52) 5.6562 (260, 8) 5.6561 (164,37)
41.7119
135606.0
6.2475 (358,52) 6.2474 (258, 8) 6.2473 (162,37)
32.0480
194941.0
6.2282 (358,52) 6.2279 (258, 8) 6.2276 (162,37)
16.9758
366888.4
6.5938 (359,52) 6.5937 (259, 8) 6.5936 (163,37)
31.3407
210391.5
5.8782 (359,52) 5.8777 (259, 8) 5.8773 (163,37)
38.7869
151550.8

76
Point 4

Point 6

Point 5

Point 6

Point 5

Point 7

Point 5

Point 8

Point 6

Point 7

Point 6

Point 8

Point 7

Point 8

5.9056 (358,52) 5.9055


44.8670
5.5175 (359,52) 5.5170
10.5251
5.8325 (358,52) 5.8320
18.3093
6.1349 (358,52) 6.1344
42.9807
5.8331 (357,52) 5.8329
16.0159
6.1246 (353,53) 6.1245
33.8000
6.3320 (355,52) 6.3320
29.8663

(258, 8) 5.9054
131624.3
(258, 8) 5.5164
524225.2
(258, 8) 5.8315
318552.0
(258, 8) 6.1339
142735.0
(257, 8) 5.8328
364204.4
(254, 7) 6.1244
181202.5
(255, 7) 6.3319
212013.1

Fri Jul 6 08:35:27 2012

Appendix XV: GPS Network Adjusted By Geolab.

(162,37)
(162,37)
(162,37)
(162,37)
(161,37)
(158,36)
(160,37)

77

78
Appendix XVI : COLOMBO DORIS Site Description Form
Prepared by

: SIMB (DORIS installation and maintenance department)

1. Site Location Information


Site name
: COLOMBO
Site DOMES number : 23501
Host agency
: SURVEY DEPARTMENT
City
: Colombo
Country
: SRI LANKA
Geographical coordinates (ITRF):
North Latitude
: 60 53' 31''
East Longitude
: 790 52' 27''
Ellipsoid height
: -77 m
Approximate altitude : 20 m
2. DORIS Antenna and Reference Point Information
Four character ID
Antenna model
Antenna serial number
IERS DOMES number
CNES/IGN number
CTDP number
Date installed (dd/mm/yy)
Date removed (dd/mm/yy)
Antenna support type
Installed on
Height above ground mark
Ground mark type
Ground mark DOMES number

: COLA
: Alcatel
: 56
: 23501S001
: 235011
: 30
: 06/06/1991
: 19/10/2004
: Guyed 3 meter tower
: Terrace roof of a 3 storied building
: 3.205 m
: Brass mark 12 mm diameter
: 23501M002

3. ITRF Coordinates and Velocities of the Current DORIS Ref. Point (COLA)
Solution
Epoch

: ITRF2000
: 1997.0

X
= 1113278.620 m
Sig X = 0.011 m

Y
= 6233646.287 m
Sig Y = 0.008 m

Z
= 760276.736 m
Sig Z = 0.005 m

VX
= -0.0481 m/y
Sig VX = 0.0058 m/y

VY
= 0.0063 m/y
Sig VY= 0.0042 m/y

VZ
= 0.0302 m/y
Sig VZ= 0.0027 m/y

4. Tide Gauge colocation information

79
Name
GLOSS number
Distance

: Colombo
: 33
: 5 km

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