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If we set Uref equal to zero, then U=dU for a specified state is the
specific internal energy at that state relative to the reference state. The
specific enthalpies at each state can then be calculated from the
definition H
definition,
H=U+PV
U+PV , provided that the specific volume ( V ) of the
species at the given temperature and pressure is known.
The values of U and H in the steam tables were generated using this
procedure. The reference state was chosen to be liquid water at the triple
point [H2O(l, 0.01C, 0.00611 bar)], at which point was defined to be
zero.
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This does not mean that the absolute value of for water vapor at 400C
and 10.0 bar is 2958 kJ/kg. It means that of water vapor at 400C and
10.0 bar is 2958 kJ/kg relative to water at the reference state, or
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=H
( vapor, 300C, 3atm ) H
(soild, 25C, 1atm )
H
However, we do not have such a table.
(l,25C,1atm)
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= H
+ H
+ H
+ H
+ H
+ H
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
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U = n i U
i
final
n U or m U m U
i
initial
n& H
H = n& i H
i
i i or
out
in
final
Closed System
initial
m& H m& H
i
out
Open System
in
7.Calculate any work, kinetic energy, or potential energy terms that you have not dropped
from the energy balance.
& ).
8.Solve the energy balance for whichever variable is unknown (often Q or Q
Closed System
Q W = U + E k + E p
Open System
& W
& = H
& + E& + E&
Q
s
k
p
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Example 8.1-1
Acetone (denoted as Ac) is partially condensed out of a gas stream
containing 66.9 mole% acetone vapor and the balance nitrogen.
Process specifications and material balance calculations lead to the
flowchart shown below.
Solution
0. Basis: 100 mole/s of mixed gas (Ac & N2)
1.Perform required material balance calculations. None are required
in this example.
2.Write and simplify the energy balance.
& W
& = H
& + E& + E&
Q
s
k
p
& = H
& = n& H
Q
i i n& i Hi
out
in
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H1c
H1 d
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= H
+ H
+ H
+ H
H
1
1a
1b
1c
1d
56 C
) + 65 C (C )
=V
(C p ) Ac( l ) dT + (H
Ac ( l ) (1atm 5atm) +
v Ac
p Ac ( v ) dT
20 C
0.0734 L/mol
Table B.1
Table B.1
56 C
30.2 kJ/mol
Table B.1
kJ
5
Ac(l) : C p
= 0.123 + 18.6 10 T
mol C
kJ
5
8 2
12 3
Ac( v) : C p
= 0.07196 + 20.10 10 T 12.78 10 T + 34.76 10 T
mol C
&
6.Calculate H
& = n& H
H
i i n& i Hi
out
in
10
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