\

S.

LAFONE QUEVEDO

THE GRKAT CHANCA CONFEDERACY

VN

SOME OF THE

ATTEMPT
INDIA?)

in BE

THE

XVIlf'

'

Til

IDENTIFY

NATIONS THAT FORMED

BEAD FiEFORE

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

TO BE HELD

IT

IN

"I

AMERICANISTS

LONDON MAY 1912

BUENOS AIUKS
IMI-UKXTA T CA8A llillnlll UK
684, PF.IIl,

1912

li-l

CUM MKKMAMtM

U
A

8.

LAPONE QUEVEDO

HE GREAT CHANCA CONFEDERACY

AN

SOME

ill

TIIK

ATTEMPT TO IllEMIh
INDIAN

NATIONS THAT

FORMED

IT

TO BE READ BEFORE

THE

XVIII

11

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS

TO BE HELD IN LONDON MAY 1!M2
'

BUENOS
IMPRKNTA

l.'is\

A IRKS
BDITORA DB COM HBRMAN08

684, PEBfl, 684

1012

6r

"
BARA

THE GREAT CHANCA CONFEDERACY

AS ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY

SOME OF THE INDIAN nations THAT FORMED

In

my

previous paper

came

!T

to the following conclusion in reference

to the classification of certain Indian stock languages,

region of the South American Continent

viz, that

in

our

we might marshal! them under

two principal categories one which adopts the N sound as its pronominal index of the 1" person; the other, which substitutes this
by an
I or Y in exactly the some sense.
:

adopt the Moxo or Mojo language

'

N
Y

as the typical example of the

index, and that of the Guaycuru group as representative oi the I or

the former a northern, the latter a southern stock, both at once separa-

ting and separated by Guarani

in its

advance westwards

to Peru. This

geographical, and consequently ethnic contact, surely accounts for the

pronominal

Moxo sad

affinities so evident in these great linguistic Btocks.

the other branches of the im-ArwaJt family an- to be

found here and there all over the central part of our South American
all

continent, right

down from

the Sea of

<

!arib to the

Chacos, where

it

came

contact with the great Guaycuru group of nations.

in

innumerable as are

nu-Arwdk or
Moxo-Maypure stock nothing is easier than the determination of what
is and what is not a dialect of this great family in the South American
race: the pronominal scheme and the word for Water'* suffice to settle
tin

different

tribes of the great

the point.

Mojn or Mojo. In Spanish medial x sounds

Marban his orthography is adopted.

like

/<

in

house or home.

pect for
*

Guarani, represented by the notorious Chiriguanoes or Chirihuainas.

Out of

res-

With the same

we may

facility

grades of their connexion as such

Y instead of N,

I or

scheme.
as

Voxo,

in

bul

as indexes of the

<>n the oilier

the Guaycuru dialects in

classify

in this

first

for "

hand the word

case the key sounds are

person

their pronominal

in

water"

not as persistent

is

thereby shadowing more complex ethnic

etc.,

all

affinities,

and

consequently less helpful as regards " priori classification.

Here then we have two \\ idelj extended linguistic families, Moxo and
Guaycuru, even now to be found in the heart of our Continent, which
could not

influence the speech of their equally

lnii

bours Guaranis and Quechuas

the plural only in

wide-spread neigh-

the Gvarami more remotely, as affecting

pronominal scheme; the Quechua less so since

iuns shew traces of the Moxo type.

its

botli

singular and plural pr

more of our Indian tongues maj

have identical pronouns ami pronominal affixes and yet at the same
have already proved

'

two

thai

or

Many

time widely difierenl vocabularies.

ciously as
if

we take

of these languages, uncons-

were, shew the various origin of their pronominal schemes

it

into account the double plural tonus of the

them, one of arrogance, the other of condescension

call

person,
:

let

us

for instance,

when a Quechua interlocutor makes use of the word ffbcanchic he

means " We " and " Yon " as well but if he says Nbccaycu, then we
:

must

u ml erst

"We"

and

and not "You": the former

French mnis

the latter the "exclusive" form.

is

the

inclusive"
of excln

a/utres is a sort

she We".
The Quechua pronoun Nocca sounded so in Spanish ears, but, if Indians had possessed their own script, that anil other such words would

have been written

the I or
or

some other way, more or

affix

of that person

used just as

would remain as

it

may

etc

and

As

Y alone

without any accretion

is

I
;i

gene

lie in a Guaycuru dialect; whereas the N

shewing Mono affinities. The two plural forms

as the index of arrogant

"We"

'.

he well to notice here that Quechua has two words for "water'*.

nun of Moxo type,

seems

leaving

'

would

a fossil

Nbccanchic and Nbccaycu leave

It

less so,N~-i-occa

N being the Moxo index

pronoun Y of the
person.

the N,

the Guaycuru sound for the

possessive
rally

in

Y sound quite clear of

with Guaycuru affinities; also that the n sound

words meaning man", "people", plural endings,
claim this as another proof of the Moxo-Guaycuru strain in Que-

to
1

l>e

,(/"<'"

radical in

chua speech.
The identitj of Quechua and Guaycuru

See

my

"Toooa

first

.-i

general "

We

not confined to pronouns of

paper.

X-i-orra

vocoancftic.

is

Mom

The suffix nehie

". The infix Y

''

-f-

is

in

nayeuri

-{-demonstrative suffixed particles,

demonstrative forming
plural ending
".
'Stocoayoa particularizes this " We

onlj

;i

;i

to

the
is

Cam

person only, for

'

or

hum. " thou " of the (brmer

quite QuaycurA in sound ami meaning; whilst

strengthening particle ami also as

common

demonstrative pronoun,

tin-

ami there

is

likewise

which mighl be mentioned, but

nt
mainly depends on
my argn
I

neither space nor time to go farther afield.

is

Let us consider

<

luzco as

tin-

navel "

of our estern South-Ameri-

'

can world, linguistically, ethnically, politically and historically,

Rome

the

two,

lexical proofs

confine myself to the pronouns, as

Iiimh,

of

of third person, as a

to both languages.

There are some other

we

of our half of the continent, ami

which have been produced must of the great events

world's history.

in

fad

so secure a centre round

in <>nr pari

of the

Monarchies and empires have risen and have fallen.

in turns
it has been

(Juzco has been the goal of eventful migrations,

Cuzco was the heiress, if not the

famous Tiahuanaco and Pachacamac cultuwhose marvellous remains in spite of ruthless destruction and dese-

the conqueror ami the conquered.

rival chronologically, of the
res,

cration in

Not

all

all

ages

shew remnants of

srill

we

the ruin that

not ice

may

conquerors; barbarous Indian hordes

than once preceded them

ches to treasure seekers

in

wmk

the

in

all

a great past.
laid at the

la-

in countlers

of devastation

door of the Spanish

numbers had more

much blame atta-

ages ami to archaeological explorations

our own, ami even time itself by simple lapse may have wroughl
much harm. Doctor Max (Jhle, Peru's Schliemann, has shewn us in
his Pachacamac ", the chronological succession of various cult ures, so
that we may presume to Say that our America has its own [lion, etc.
Tiahuanaco has yet to exhume its hidden treasures ami secrets, and
ever so man} other ruined cities must have left much for us to timl out
in

buried in their heaps of rubbish

one ami

Montesinos Work

of facts contained in

entered Peru in the course of ages,

of the established

monarchy

all

all
-.

bear testimony to the tint h

viz.

that

numerous hordes

as settlers others as subverters

may

not be true,

much may have been

added, accidentally or of purpose, to the current traditions and accounts

as contained in the quipus preserved
out pretty well self evident

des, the former possibly driven on

See Inea Gareilaso de

Sit

p.

la

in

by the

Madrid, 1882.

In p.

of great stature settled peacefully

mentions " hordes of furious barbariaua " l
iiii-ii

iiml tin-

Carib Main Land (Tierra

ruvian monarchy and

its

latter,

Vega's, Royal Cotmh. Index

17.iil.7ii. 79, ilc. especially tin- hist

.Memorial anliguat del Perd.

from

the archives: but this fact stands

peaceful immigrants and devastating hoi

empire.

Finite)

named
76 we

in tin-

had settled

in

in

voce

find thai

by

the land.

Cdzco, Ombligo.

I'kh\a\ihi Moxtksixos,
fugitives escaping

land of Peru;

ntered

in

and

way of the

in

p,

79 he

\nti-. Brazil

ami brought aboHt the ruin of the old Pe-

Home of them of the N. others of the I or Y stork, all of which have left
their mark on thai spoken language to which we ^
the name of Qm
chua, and they themselves call Runa-Simi, "the Bpeecfa of Man":
the N stuck more or less of Moxo, the I or Y of O-uaycwrit origin.
Table contains a comparison i>r pronouns and certain words belonging to the two principal
stocks in whal was once the Vice-Royaltj
i

of the River Plate,

\foxo

viz,

and Guana or Ghan4-Chand, even

be found from the frontiers of Peru eastwards as

<

'iinimlia

This ciioni or Ghand

Brazil.

in

The Table

present purpose.

nouns ami words included

nianls

itself

suffice to

far as

most

little or

the region of

for mj
no comment; the pro-

important

When

prove identity.

the spa

entered their country these GhanSov Ghand Indians were

lirst

very

much

may

see by Schmidel's account of

Table

needs

is

to

n<>\\

better

II

is

tely the Toba,

known ethnic

stock than they are

t

hem

the companion of Table

Mocovi,

I.

at

present, as

we

'.

and serves

Mbaydsmd Abipon tongues

other, though perfectly distinct dialects of

he

sell'

to

shew how intima-

are related to each

same stock

also in te

resting for us because of their linguistic and other connection with the

Quichua group, as well as because of that curious alliance of he Mbayd

Quaycuru with the Chani-Chand Indians. (Table III explains itself).
t

Since the Spaniards

in the land these Ghan6-Chand or tiintmi

comrades or serfs of the Mbayds and most
probably of many other nations more warlike than themselves.

Indians have been the

set

foot

allies,

II

LOS

CHAM

AS

Garcilaso de la Vega, the [nca historian, tells us that the Ghancas

were Indians of the Peruvian empire.
His own words are: Under

the

name

huallu,

of Chanca

are included

many other nations, to wit. Banco

who pride them selves on descen-

Utunsulla, Uillca and others,

ding from various ancestors, some from

a water source, some from a lake

and their deity was their father, to whom they offered sacrifice.
/'Ac ancestors of these nations bod come from afar and had conquered main
provinces, until they reached that in which they then dwelt, viz, that

or

hill,

of An tali nay lias: and this they conquered by force of arms: they also cast

See

I'lrirli

Sohmidel, Voyage

Chanca*. See

Garcilaso dk

to
i.a

the River Plate,

Chap. XLV.

Vega, Comentarioe reaUs,

lib.

IV. cap.

XV.

out the ancient inhabitants and next cornered and oppressed the QuecIdki [ndians in their own Province, snatching from them many lands,
obliging them

to pay tribute and treating them right tyrannonsly.

other famous deeds did they accomplish of which their descen
Units are very proud. "

Many

For a farther account of the wars of the Eneas with these Ghanca
refer my hearers to sir Clements Markham's excellent work
The Tneas of Peru, p. 83-89, 161, 174, 178 and 198.

nations

In

Book V, chap. XXVI, Garcilaso

rates, after their submission

tells

us

the Ghanca confede-

the superior prowess

t<>

the Queehua or Inca Indians, determined on

"So minded",

from the Ouzco yoke.

how
flight

to

<>f

their enemies

themselves

free

says the [nca historian, "they

neared the great mountains of the Antis, meaning to pass right through

them and

wherever they might discover

to settle

a suitable -pot. as

we

are told tliay did by their fellow-countrymen, at a distance of 200 lea-

gues from their own land"

If

we may

'.

place reliance on the Inca G-arcilaso's account of this mi-

we have two certain facts one that the Ghanca confederates

neared the A litis", and the other, that they reached a place 200 leagues

gration,

"

distant from their

own

country, say

11

'
,

degrees of 17

'
,

leagues to

the degree.

Antisuyu. or Anti

is

the region to the east of Cuzco, any turning to

the right, and at 200 leagues distance from Andahuayllas, would con-

vey the Ghanca Indians

mayo, between the

inhabited by Chimi
the XVI

'''.

to the

sources of and

down

the river Pilco-

of South Lat., more or less the land

and 21

-'<>

CIkdiii or (iiniitii

and by Sanchez Labrador

Indians visited by Schmidel

in the XVIII centuries

'

in

'.

Ill

GHANCA AM) CHANE-CHANA OB GUANA INDIANS

Father Sanchez Labrador,
that they call

known by

S.

.1.

(1767) says of his Ghana Indians that

name of (!hhiiiis: lie goes on to tell us

themselves Clmiiiis. a name under which are included all

they were better

the

Andahuayllas.

lies
'

Schmidel, Voyagt
" mihI Mbaj a-.

to the

Paraguay

vol.

Catdlico,

River Plate, chap.

II.

p. 255,

SLV,

in

which he mentions " Zoheu

their tribes;
bo

also identifies the Chands with the well

lie

accompanied the

which he

L536), that in

losl

whoa

few years later informed

in his

his

companions bad met

some length as

al

wore as certainly

map

in his excellent

their

friends, vassals or serfs

of the Mbayd nation, Indians of a Qua/youru Btock,

hui mis

the Spaniards of

account already referred to calls these Indiana

Zchennd and Bpeaks of them

<

'hum's.

Juan de Ayolas in his expedition to Peru

It was a Chant lad, the only, surhis life.

Paraguay how and where Ayolas and

doom,
Ulrich Schmidel

<

fated

ill

vivor of the massacre,

known

a Jfoio tribe or nation.

whereas the
Pather

J.

Olurnd-

Camagno

places these Indians between the _tf

and 22d

parallels of S. Lai.

Table I. shews how Linguistically identical are the Ohwnd-Chcmd or

Guana and the Mo.ro stocks. It'tlie Ouands call themselves Chand*,v&
Sanchez Labrador assures us, the Moxos own the name of Vohami, and
mean " comrade" when they use the form CachanS, the latter reappearing in the same sense as used by Aguirre's Guanas 2
The combination Gach<m6 u comrade " is a very Buggestive one. Moxo is
.

a prefixing

which Oa

language, Quechua

is

conclusion that Mo.ru,

identical.

the contrary suffixes

we

easily

its particles,

come then

of

to the

and Quechua, Cha/neca or Chanaoa, are

the natural syncopated form Of Clmmini as Charm

('Iinnrn is

('iu-)uim',

of Ch&eara, a maize

is

<>n

equivalent to English "the";

field.

Moutesinos refers to invading hordes which arrived in Peru as coming

from the Carib .Main Land, Brazil and

Tucuman

',

and we certainly

find

on the confines of Pern representatives of the aa-Arwaks (Moxo-Ouamis), of the Brazilians (Ghiriguanas), of the

as both Garcilaso de

win

Vega

la

centuries refer to Chanca

many different

ethnic stocks, we

and Guaycuru Indians as

Turn mans (Gnaycurus) ; and

the xvt and Sanchez Labrador

in

in

the

as an adopted general name, including

may

safely

he immigrants

fix

upon Moxo-Ouand-Chcmd

who grabbed

portions of the
Quechua realm under the general name of Chanccui, as CJiand-Guands

lost published

Buenos Ayr.-.

Ii

in
i-

Pather Jolis' work od the Chaco and several times since

by far

copy of same may be seen

In- carious

Chand we

find

li<>

it

all

tin-

al

general

ethnographic map we have of that region

best

tin-

in
:

end of this paper.

tin-

aa

is

over South Brazil and

tin- region. A- Guayand and

Uruguay Republic, and they all have

throughout
tin-

interlinguistic affinities.

Bee note
'

n, mi

It

may

p. 63.

not

in-

beside

tin-

mark

"servant " or "nigger",

to call attention

for

Yana

speech mean! " servants " or " carriers".

i*

to

the Quechua term

"black ": but Yanacona

in

mm

vulgar

later on as allies or serfs of invading

and

first

Quayeuru hordes, who

last the latter were

mastered both Quechuas and Chancas, and when al

worsted by the former both ('lumens and Ouaycurus

fled for

freedom and

independence to the hunting grounds of the Chaco, but left behind them
in the Runa-Simi of the Quechua nation their

as a linguistic inheritance

own pronominal Bchemes more

or less mixed up.

The Chancas were one

many confederacies outof which was hewed

of the

the Peruvian empire

of the Incas, and the persistent friendship of Mbay&a and Ghond-Gua-

must have started

inis

in

one of these alliances.

may have formed part of

and as such perhaps connected
with those very Indians by whom the "stolen prince" was rescued and
later on restored to his Inca father 3 as a reward they were raised to
the lank of Peruvian Orejones or princes of the blood royal. The Abipon
Mr. Hunt's

'

"

Lenguas"

or Maseoy Indians

this confederacy as they are Orejones

'

nation, another branch of the Guaycuru stock also claimed nobility for

head men and also addressed them in modified language.

According to G-arcilaSO the Incas once had a speech of their own:
Quechua has many traces of CJiand and Quaycuru in its grammar and
even vocabulary; ('lnmcux and some of their confederates tied to the
Chaco to escape from the Inca yoke; on the other hand in the Chaco
their

we now

region

find

Indians calling themselves Ghana* or Guands

M bayd (Guaycuru)

in

and not
and with Orej&n tribes
too faraway geografically
these disk earings were a mark of nobility
in the Inca realm. All these are self evident facts which argue in favour
of close ethnic, linguistic and geographic contact at some time or other
in Peruvian history. Are we not then justified in counting these Chaco
close contact with

'

or nations as representatives of the great

tribes

who

Indians

preferred exile to loss of

Mr. Hunt assures me that his

formerly

in

freedom

"Lengna"

Ghanca confederacy,

.'

Orejones claim to have lived

the highlands, and some of the Toba tribes are cornered

up

near the sources of the Pilcomayo river, to the west of the Chand-Quand

Indians

''.

thought

olice

that the GhanCOS

tnighl

be one or more tribes of the

Guaycuru nation, under the impression that the name of Chancas was

In-

tiii

English missionary

join*

in

the Chaco.

who wear

Indians with pierced ears,

disks as earings.

See Markain's. The Inras of Peril, Ch. VI.

'

Hunts Lengna- Mateoy

I.,

min,

tribes or nation.

Uascoy Indians an-

now sometimes

also called i.iiiniu.

why

cannot

~.i\

bnt thej most not be confounded with Sanchez Labrador's Guandt i\< humi stork.

Comrades of

tin-

itbayd*. See

map

at

the end of this paper.

Ill

Quechua word signifiying "legs", given

longer as a rale than

is

them because they bad them

ti>

among people

usual

of those liighlands, thus

Quechua words

accounting also for the presence of certain curious

Quaycuru dialects and possessn

guages.

Tbe

later

dispelled

iliis

view

discovery

Indians of the same

all

derivation of the Chanca name from

After

all

it

friends, allies or serfs,

i

in

r i< >i

of the

<

Labrador's MS.

Father Banchez

of

was simply

that

<i<t<ut<is.

The

Indian Stock.

form Ohanaca was

in

botb families of Ian

of the case, as be therein asserted

Ghana* and Chanfo were

clusion.

e particles in

a logical con-

change from Quaycurus

their

to

certainly comrades through the ages, the Clutna

Shaco.

There is another ethnic fad which someday must be thrashed out.

The Ancak-Maypure-Moxo stock represents in South America the female
linguistic element,

and the matriarchate,

if

we choose

to regard

it

from

the sociological pointofview, that marvellous legend ortradition called

by the old world name of "

Amazon "

It

is

to this matriarchate state

us
we must attribute that strange endoga
secure
royal
hi
to
purity
of
[nca custom of marriage with a sister
turns up quite
It does not
seem to have been always the rule, hut

of political sociology that

1.

it

clearly after the last

the violation of

his

change of dynasty
custom undoubtedly

'

before

Spanish invasion

tin-

led to the civil

Atan-Uallpa and Huascar, so fateful

sion between

war of succesthe

to

Peruvian

Empire.
It

is

paper written with another object in view

in early South Ameri-

not possible in a short

go deeper into this most interesting question

to

can ethnography.

submit the point to my learned and good friend

who is even now travelling over and exploring

doctor Eoch-Griinberg,
i

he habitat of

Arwak

he very "

nations so closely allied linguisl ically

not in other directions as well) to our

(if

Before closing this paper

cidences; they

may mean

nothing, hut

The words

mo.st significant.

own Moxo-Ghamd

tribes or stock.

wish to add two very curious lexical coin

for to

it

is

baptize

just as likely that they

in

Ifocovi

and AMp&n

'.

are

both

Quaycuru dialects, are Occoramii and Acarig respectively Hocco 6 means

'

'

ble
-

By Father Pablo Hernandez 8. J. who has done so much to unearth most valuadocuments l"-t " scattered when tin- Jesuits were suppressed.
See Sohmidel.

S. A.

Lai

Icarig
'

Hoti"

i*

rill

XXXVII,

tonfnsed to

pp, 218
ti\

and

in.

reign, let

tin-

tis

Bay

it

w.-is

that

Paokaoutic.

the last

ut'

Voyage, etc. Chap.

Tin- [nca succession

II

om:

i,ii

kvkdo.

" baptized ". X.

almost silent

or " moisten ".

El
I!.

Uocovi and Idioma dbipdn.

Mocovi

hoeeochi

is

<<

Ahipon

the transitive

or active form

" to wet

wet or moist " or

1 1
1

u tin-

to

11

be so. which heroines an active verb bj >ulti\-

corresponding particles

</,;,

etc.

This coincidence might pass nnperceired or be considered as

casual resemblance were
coctar-r-ni

in

confess sins
after the

(o

Mocovi and YcUacacta/n in

Tchuchi in Qaichna
a).

mere

is

"to confess

sins'*

of the Peruvian sorcerers, a word derived from ichu, a

manner

How came the words into Chrisstian

certain sort of mountain hard grass.

missionary use

Ychohomophony
Abipon mean in each rase to

not for another cognate

it

in

the ChaCO

and especially so the second pair

'

.'

Only

a person ignorant of their meaning in the Peruvian ritual could have

adopted two such words to signify a Christian rite, nay more, so far
removed geographically ami linguistically from their cradle land.
But it is now time to close this paper ami if shall he with certain facts
contained in Montesinoa History -. To begin with, certain Indian
nations, in consequence of fearful convulsions of nature on our conti-

and asked permission

Garih ami Giiarani tribes would rather have
to settle peacefully there.
As milder
entered as conquerors killing and eating all before them.
forerunners of later and fiercer hordes let us call these immigrants
nent, sought refuge in the Peruvian table lands

:>

Maypure \ Morn or Ghana- (hiand stock \

Later, much later on came the great invasion from the N.
and S. E., destroyer of the earlier monarchy, which forced the
Indias of

such of their people as

been tribes or nations of more

Time went on and the

fall

later invaders

or less

may very

older culture began to reassert

of the western

Roman Empire; Moxo-Chand

the Arwdk-Carib region, or througb friendlier tactics,

alliances and leagues

well have

Guaycuru stock.

have entered into alliance with GnaycurA conquerors,

political

and

the islands of lake Titicaca or inacces

in

These

mountain fastnesses.

did after the

ruler

escaped from the general catastrophe to take

hail

refuge where best they might,

Sible

E., East,

itself,

as

tribes

must

it

armis, as in

ri el

intermarriage or

between nations of Chand and Mbayd-

Gvaycuru stocks.
In course of time we have the real Guzco remnant, with
liar speech,

beginning

ding confederacies: these by

;i

h' in flu-

xvm"'.

tin-

its

own pecu-

and so influencing the surrounbye. alarmed at the rising power and

to reassert itself

other

anil

in tin-

\i\ century,

oue by

:>

Jesuit,

tin-

other bj

Knim-isi-aii missionary.
*

Hontbsikos, work
Ibid., p.

cited, p. T

way of the Collao country and

1

79: " continuous earthquakes "

the-

also

mentions

Indian

invasions by

Anti-.

Indians from farther North,

[ndians of the same stock living more to the Sonth and

in

the La Plata basin.

12

ambition of the Cuzco regulus, constituted themselves into those

Behetrias

gues, called

revolt from or conform to bis rule as often as they

red

a constitution this nol

time

that

l<';i

with a right to choose their over lord and to

'.

too pleasing

dared or occasion

offe

aarchs of

the Spanisl

to

'.

Then was gradually formed that hybrid tongue which we cull Querliim
pronominal
a language with its nun vocabulary ingrafting
scheme in which we can distinguish a Maypure-Moxo-Chand strain mixed up in a more or less complex manner with other elements of Quay
'.

i-un'i

;i

origin.

Ls the Lnca

monarch]

grew

Htronger

sovereignties do, endeavour to form

laws, religion and language (etc.)

ii

* L

what

nation one

:t

because not

successful

manners, customs,

in

to

most

do so

is fatal

the

in

manj a common speech is mighty

element for consolidating and making nations akin.
Garcilaso de la Vega tells us thai when tncaRocawenl forth to bring
the Chanca nations into closer subjection he challenged them to make
themselves "Children of the Sun"', for if not it must be war. The
Chanca confederates at once called a council together to discuss the
demands of the Peruvian monarch who was at their doors with a mighty
" that it was but just that
said
army not all were of One mind. So
they should accept the lnca as their Lord, inasmuch as he was a Child
of the Sun".
Others again (and these were the Children of the Lion)
end, especiall} so if the tongues are

;i

said

Nay,

lor neither

is

they (the ('lumen Confederacy

just that

it

should accept an alien Lord, when they themselves were Lords of so

many vassals"

This brave talk ended

bably

in their

hose of Ghand stock

Clans, tribes or nations uitli

war or other calamity,

John of Calchaqui who
tory of the River Plate
to

having

some

to submit,

willingly, pro

others unwillingly, because of a fiercer and

;i

name

right to

A good example

war

started the lOOyears

and Taeuman,

vols.

or elect their over-lord

of this

constitution,

and

its

in that region. (See

and 5 passim.)

In

in

time

el'

was

chief,

Lozaxos,

His-

Spain the word came

mean'confusion'or'disorder'.

The absolute rule of the Spanish kings began with the destruction of the
and. Communi

Beht

iria

<ir as

own

they themselves say

kin they

would use

^occanohic

" Bpeech

Runa-siml

in

men

of

presence of Spaniards

".

a,moug their
" nous

Xoecaycu

.mi res ".

'

Content. Realea, B. IV. chap.

See S.

\.

vol. III. p. 230,

stone " axe "

XV,

I.U'.m Qukvedo, Culto de Tonapa,

"i

Ch. XII.

Chuqui tiyac eani

sceptre ". used by them,

|p.

am

Huseo de. La Plata,

Cnracas. " Chuqui

Revisia del
rich in

13

more independent origin such as are the Indians of the Ouaycuru family
of nations.

Later on
tied to

above

many

of these Indians included in the great Chanca-Leagu*

the lowlands, east of their Aiidalinaylla.s home, as

in p.

was explained

and these are some of the Indians represented by the

Ghana-Chucma-Mbayd nations of the Northern Chaco and elsewhere.

In the Chaco we do find nations of Chand- Guana and Ouaycuru stock
living for centuries as half friends and half foes, nations, we repeat it
speaking languages which account for many of the anomalies present
in tin-

Quechua tongue and

in their respective

pronominal schemes.

therefore come to this conclusion

That Indians of the two stocks Chand-Guand and Guaycuru-Mbayd
were among the chief of the nations which formed the Chanca Gonfedi
racy or League. That they entered the Peruvian realm, some as settler-I

others as conquerors in early times, and that not very long before the

Spanish invasion they fled to the Chaco where we in later times find
them, carrying with them in their spoken language proofs of their pre
vions ethnic and linguistic connexion with the later Quechuas of the

Peruvian Highlands.

Table to prove that the IMoxos olf Father P. Marban, S. J. (1*701); the
Guanas of Marlius (ex Castelnau) and E. Pena (ex Ayuirre> and the Kinikinao** with the Terenas of Guido Boggiani, are Indians of the same
linguistic stock, viz, tliat known ah Du-Arwak or Moxo-Maypui-e.
;

(Futile

Sing.

1'-

MarbSn,

S. J.)

eovi, Mhaya anil Ahipon, tin- four principal dialects

tl" lipo Guaycuru y < lliiquito comparadas )

AKijtmi
(Tftvollni, 1850)

(S.

Labrador, itji

(Dobi

L750)

UL AR
E

(var.Jj Eo,

Acami

imi.
I, 6se

parado.

yw

Teda.

Eom

(var.)j

fmuj.J.

Am, Ami (muj.J.

Hirilia, acostado.

Ani,
sentado.

1,

L,

-''.

parado.

vi

Ini,

Ina,

Iyo,

''-/'

//
;

Enaja.

-.

<

'/''

</.

Eledi,

<

*'<-.

//./.

M'. 6*0,

///.

///.

Eca,

ete.

la (''""

Eka,
1111,

sentado.

<'/

Ifii, <7 7<

Icoate,

mjilil.

Ini,

esfe, e*sfa, etc.

('<?.

AyO,
,

Iri, 61 acostado.

mostrando.

Iti,

Akami.
Era, parado.

/.

Ata.
acostado.

Aym.

ausente.

Ela, eWo.

'</(), u/)7(.

Tald, para

<

Brign.

Lela,

61.

i-lhi

de

61.

h<>l>ii;

Aid.

Ehaha,

iiinririiiltisi I.

Echa,

61

visto

que anda.

andando.

HAL
km.

Ocd.

pair.

Acami

Akam'
>

Am-diguayi.

Akamyi.
Erouja.

)a, '*"*.

Aniguate.
Inoba,

4eU>8.

Enouja.

Inigua.
oa, &<w.

Iyodiguayi.

a.

Icobate,

pi. <. y

Eletidipi, ottos.
&, <"/"' '//"- ilmrirlithisi'.

ft

m.

6stos.

II

Table of Pronouns and tbrir Particles in Toba, Mocovi, Mb ay a and Abipon, tin* four principal dialects
of the Guavcuru slock (Ex Las leuguas de tipo Guaycurii y Cbiquito coniparadas )

Castellano

ntinuacidn)

Lfuguas
u

<l<-

i|><>

personal en

Guaycuru y

hiquito

comparadas

euatro idiomas

!<>

Mm

Toba

Total

<

Mlj.l.Ml

Abip<in

(Sanchez Labrador,
(Dncci, 1900)

(Barcena, 1600)

(Tsvolini, l*">o>

(Dobriz. y Brignlel, 1750)

1767)

Prefijos de conjugacion (Singular)

S.

A.

An. Ni.

An. Au.

S "As. 6 Es, Ys, Ni 6 Ya. Y.

N. Di, Ldi. Y, Ey.
0. Cad. prefijos con su- A, Cad, Ad.

f>

Av

(e).

Co.

fijo

re/uereos

Yi. D. N. Ld.
pero rim sufijo

sin

A.

ii

Y, Aja

6 Ej.

Ni, Ri. Gri. Li.

A. E,

E,

inicialeg rim sufijo

Gr. L.
(1ns.

i.

Y.

re/uereos

etc.,

sill

N.

prefija-

run

I" TO

sufijo i.

Y,

(,).

H.

D.

(e).

Y. N, L. El.

Ete. L.

Gr

Y,

A.

Ri

Ey. N. R. L.

N.

Prefijos de conjugacion iplural

S.Can.Co.Ni. S
Ca, Can. Cau.

Cau

Co, con i fi-

As o Es. Ys. Ni d Ya-aga. CodN. Ard. Cod.

aga.
O. Ar. Cad. prefijos eon A - diguayi.
S

(i).

<

e final.

nal.

i>

<S

sufijo

iliiriolrs

sufijo

refuergoi

D. N, Y,

Cad.

rtr.

A. E.
jo

Y. Aja<iEj.Ni
Gr. Li.

iniriolrs
:

R. Gr. L.

coll

juilos sin

i i.

sufijo i

Y. N,
H.

(>).

re;.

Y. E. Ey. N. D.

El.

Ete
L.

diguayi.
etc.

con

refuereos

siiji

Y.

etc.. prefi-

pero con

i.

Gr<iY, oEy.N.R.

L.

X"

l*oNsrssivr Prefixes in four

<

(Dncol,

11

ii.nl mi

Guaycuru Dialects

<!<

II

(ex

m bnttnuamtln)

Lenguas

1'

lifio

Guaycuru y Chiquito comparad; i>

pai'lictilas do relacion personal en Ion euatro idiomas

"I

III

Comparative pronominal table of Moxo, Quechua and Toba

Queohna

Sing.

1.

Nu-ti. ego.

2. Pi-ti,

tii.

3.

e-Ma, Mi.

3.

e-Ni,

3.

e-Su,

/'/i-. 1

Me

(dicii ilia).

////f.

Bi-ti, Nos.

>. E-ti, vos.

3.
3.

e-No, ///' et Mae.

po-No-ni.
Prori. praeff. poss.

.S7//.

Piur.

1.

Nu,

2.

Pi, tuug,

3.

Ma,

3.

Ni, SUtU

3.

Su,

Bi, mmiir.

men*,

ffUlU

etc.

etc.
tliril).

f<7/<'

(i7/'(

iliril).

>.

etc.

'_'.

E,

3.

Na,

illiinnn

3.

Ta,

/. ((iiiiiiuiliiimj.

vester, eel.

(hominum).

Key

Afoxo.

Tin' ponl indei

expletives added on
dialect,

in
."'

lli.

In the

He"

particles,

flnal

iis

(he Tabic IV III

Iti

person

'

Nu

i-

Ni with

<>r

for instance

ii*

3'

for

it-

l-

-"

by

woman

-/;

iliis,

or

in

-tit/i-

ilbaure; bul the latter hue

in

Booiningly euphonic prefix

said

Interesting

Is

thai the

nouns

verbs

..mi

in

:i

Qutehua.
iuvolved

in

the Spanish

is

oul vcrj clearly

:s

rerba

in

is

red

wnj

witing

"i

the Buffixed

in

sound com

lant

t<>

naiigal
or

'

and verbal declensions, in Qneehua epeuthetU

and its following are l>"'li of the
person,

'" thi

shews

ilii-

.-

2<1

i>i

irson

demonstratives
'

the

i*

or y

The epen-

eto,

u3

ffttayi

nothing i do with

lias

<"

thai the

ii-

N +

my",

.</.

both Quechua and

their possessive

Initial "

i,

thetic or infixed n
in

Nocca

person

in-

ih,
</

n in
n

'

proved

the rool Bound,

is

/.i

an

mate up

to

verbal ending n-ld;

the

by

each casi are infixes of the

complete partiole
if
may

:;'

person

be

well to

whioli

and used simplj as

mention thai c or K

ging i" p Bounds when the Spaniards entered the country

It
is possible
>.
verta degeneration likewise took pine, in which case the fci suffix
bI have sounded pi before
r, "<
" he " - contains two sounds ol rarj general value as
ious of tlie S"!
'

"1

thai the usual

per

ion,
in

,|:

.i-

suffix

ri,,-

in

11

Wc

"""

'" tbe

'

''
111,11

' iU

'

''-

"

''

,l

'<

,,k "

I'-

"
'

-''

'I'ln

person plural with

1"'

'

'

f=

'*

rerj

batii

i-

.1

onlj

icrved in pron

all

be allowed to exist.

"

i'i""- 'I"-

Wch an

Ti,

exclusive form.

lh "
in

'

as

becomes

astrative

a sibilunl

,,,

Indiana

oi

the islands aud

less
th<

ii

reappears

in

the

languages and

'.

in

bul

verbal ending.
-i

apl for plu-

"

The use

make

plural

with a

final

c in
and i'' pergrammotical forms bo
something obsolete aboul them, very natu-

one more example

equivolenl ofcAI,

poBBili

''

Ohand,

y or

suffixes 3 dc

k or

rarbal endings,

.,.,,]

and always with

ma)
,IL|

final

Bach
" we "".

oi

particle: its suffix of pin-

jirapli

though
hej

parts of speech which are the moel likelj

in

selectivi

it

Jiicfttriws,

the Bingular form, as does the

partio

-i'ii

3*1

In ffuaycMrii

accentuates the value

This

order,

linul ohift to

Quechua ii soma to mean "i

tue -'"
"" -' person in

sodb and cu in the

""''

this

eaWMsfoe and

ZtoAa,

Mbaure,

in

two ideas of " we "

the
-

inolusivi

possessive partiole,

n as a

rary

formii

manner as a

oi

In

'" Pftfttcle. as in tin

ai

pronouns

the

to all

oh

pei

-'''-'

two

exolusivi

absolute

or c in

/.

its

as entering in.to

The

".

The second

and

"'

'pent!
''"

in

tbe :' mi.

'"

"

addressed

and you

'

person

'

"

"i

person plural simply adds

'"'

""

rousing

ral

Buffixed

/<

Mono, Queohua and

8 tongues.

in all

the

in

;.l-..

reference to the person

in

and

fl

ob
rigbl through all tbo 3 porsonB, Bingular and plural.
-"!" verbal personal prefix of the 3<i person.

W-ti-yc,

"

'-

yor

p outside of our preseni ueeds,

in

tforo

./,,

ol

thi

to

repreaenl

k or

lone

fossil

linguistic remainB,

il

met with in all languages in this reg

OKand stock, and nowhere* more remarkablj bo, than

Rivei

main land

is

Plate
ol

oui

whii

greal

Ii

wen and
Dolta.

are kno>

II

Comparative pronominal table of Moxo, Qneehua and Toba

e.

Ni

and maj lead t-> important results.

GuayeurA dialects maj signify a woinan's-8]
Hi element. He was unaware of this Ni particle meaning " He " at said by a
all
II" particles of this person, other than the
first an ei idently Na-. No-, Ni-,
Po-. Ta
Ti- and Ne-. Re- (maae.J eel Ri (ftm
in
Wbaure,
Plurals of the I" and -"' persoi
anomalous -'/'
re pn fixes Ab-. Y-, or Ab-. E-.
where Hoxo usee Bi- and E- respectively,
.1-

Hunt suggests

Mr,

ve

the dfonure

possessive prefixes,

person the indexes arc peculiar and preceded by

more deinom

01

in

-Ii

which Ni Bcame to be the only root sound.

person baa Pi as the index in Motto, as it baa

and p alone respectively

"

ol

Moxo

120

3iZ_

o"-e, vSGiultppe

$X

,-

'Si,

^a,A*%/%*S
'."<

IS

'Jp

-^:

&

%,rn'

0,-,..-,

''coniayc*

onos

Ji

yl Itatia U2S
3
3 J j
^

1-

lauatrti.

V J" 5

>

.5 ft

*->

-Ipaft'

;olos

>^Hf-^"fgpJaUe
_^

'zo*/,*Vxiccuaniras

>

Jm?&^^ a\>
|3 ^V^U/^X^W^PAfeun,,^
^o

Orates

><fc

Icmc,
NISrf 5 P,1?

Pctacas, o

w w

Jj^

Autonym

27 |J

Co**'*/
C-.r,

*
di

Vera

^n.

28

"

''I'

tm.lgamho

*.*

ric'<>1S3-

Aq>

29

fflCoikezjone

^.

a^A Jdelgran chaco^

Cy.rfT^ e

35
:

A^pto~l

^fl

*Tu lumba.
I

<5

,=o

.iVi'"*-_

,i-^

Maria

>

_,

i '^

^.T"

O
"^

Til
iflf

Confinanti
la

/Ik-Terrdflro/sa.oCoIotnacon
,

(\y

Pied

|lllBilCoJ(inu5jja5;moJa con tito/o

)|P\ V

> 'XdKtf. "

Tg(oral
ll,

^\

* /y
'

'">*

A Alfc CofQiue

minon

diCiUa

IiMMi Vi|Ia

o /enza nto/o

6 T*e(c tto^ 6 AltrWiMoflit-ft Fortlcells

cPar(c(M H /n^/iain cot Dfo/o^iMi/sioni

,v1iIm,,,ic itillniua
\ Lrtu ddlrulia

;,