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Nhm 9

LI NI U
Ngy nay nh c nhng tin b nhanh chng trong khoa hc v cng ngh s
pht trin ca nhng mng bao gm mng cm bin gi r, tiu th t nng lng v a
chc nng nhn c nhng s ch ng k. Hin nay ngi ta ang tp trung
trin khai cc mng cm bin p dng vo trong cuc sng hng ngy. l cc
lnh vc y t, qun s, mi trng, giao thng Tuy nhin, mng cm bin khng dy
nag phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc, mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht trong
mng cm bin khng dy l ngun nng lng b gii hn, rt nhiu nghin cu ang
tp trung vo vic ci thin kh nng s dng hiu qu nng lng trong tng lnh vc
khc nhau. Trong mt tng lai khng xa, cc ng dng ca mng cm bin s tr
thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng con ngi nu chng ta pht huy
c ht cc im mnh m khng phi mng no cng c c nh mng cm bin.
Cng vi khoa hc ca th gii v hng dn ca c Hng chng ti chn tm
hiu v: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy. Trong chuyn ny s gii
thiu chng ti chia lm 2 phn:
Phn I: Tng quan mng cm bin khng dy. Gii thiu tng quan kin trc
mng cm bin v cc ng dng trong nhiu lnh vcQua , ta thy r c tm
quan trng ca mng cm bin vi cuc sng chng ta.
Phn II: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy. Tng kt v a ra
kh nhiu giao thc nh tuyn. Mi giao thc u c u nhc im ring. Vic la
chn loi giao thc no hon ton ph thuc vo ng dng m ta trin khai.
Trong qu trnh tm hiu, mc d c gng rt nhiu, song khng trnh khi nhng
thiu st, cc s sut v ni dung cng nh cc li v n lot, chng ti rt mong nhn
c li ph bnh, gp ca c v cc bn.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n!!
H Ni, ngy 30 thng 03 nm 2014
Nhm sinh vin
DCAT

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

MC LC
Li ni u...1
Mc lc2
Danh mc hnh v4
Danh mc bng5
Danh mc t vit tt6
Ti liu tham kho.48
Phn I: Tng quan v mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)8
1.1 Gii thiu chung v mng cm bin khng dy...8
1.2 Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy.9
1.2.1 Cc yu t nh hng n cu trc WSN..9
1.2.2 Kin trc giao thc mng.14
1.2.3 Cc cu trc c trng ca mng WSN...16
1.2.3.1 Cu trc phng..16
1.2.3.2 Cu trc tng.16
1.3 ng dng mng cm bin khng dy.19
1.3.1 ng dng trong qun i.19
1.3.2 ng dng trong mi trng.21
1.3.3 ng dng trong chm sc sc khe.22
1.3.4 ng dng trong gia nh..23
1.4 Kt lun phn I...24

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Phn II: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy25

2.1 Gii thiu chung.25
2.2 Nhng thch thc v nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy25
2.3 Cc vn thit k giao thc nh tuyn26
2.3.1 c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng..26
2.3.2 Rng buc v ti nguyn..26
2.3.3 M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin khng dy...26
2.3.4 Cch truyn d liu..27
2.4 Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng WSN..28
2.5 Giao thc trung tm d liu30
2.5.1 Flooding v Gossiping.30
2.5.2 SPIN.32
2.5.3 Directed Diffusion35
2.6 Giao thc phn cp.38
2.6.1 LEACH38
2.6.2 PEGASIS.41
2.7 Giao thc da trn v tr.42
2.7.1 GAF..43
2.7.2 GEAR...45
2.8 Kt lun phn II..47

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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DANH MC HNH V
STT

Tn hnh v

Trang

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy

10

Hnh 1.2 Cu to ca nt cm bin

11

Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin khng dy

14

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin khng dy

16

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin khng dy

17

Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp

17

Hnh 1.7 ng dng WSN trong mi trng

22

Hnh 1.8 ng dng WSN trong chm sc sc khe

23

Hnh 2.1 M hnh truyn d liu gia sink v cc nt

27

10

Hnh 2.2 Truyn gi trong Flooding

31

11

Hnh 2.3 Bng n lu lng do Flooding

31

12

Hnh 2.4 Vn chng ln do Flooding

32

13

Hnh 2.5 Ba tn hiu bt tay ca SPIN

33

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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14

Hnh 2.6 Hot ng ca SPIN

34

15

Hnh 2.7 Hot ng c bn ca Directed Diffusion

37

16

Hnh 2.8 M hnh mng LEACH

39

17

Hnh 2.9 Qu trnh thit lp nt & Qu trnh n nh

40

18

Hnh 2.10 V d v li o trong GAF

44

19

Hnh 2.11 S chuyn trng thi trong GAF

44

20

Hnh 2.12 Chuyn tip a l quy trong GEAR

46

DANH MC BNG
STT

Tn bng

Trang

Bng 2.1 Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc chn ng trong

WSN

30

Bng 2.2 Miu t interest s dng cc cp thuc tnh gi tr

36

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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DANH MC T VIT TT

Vit tt

T y

Ngha ting Vit

AODV

Ad hoc On - Demand
Distance - Vector Routing

Chui ch hng theo yu cu Ad

hoc

ADV

Advertise

Bn tin qung b

BS

Bastation(Sink)

Trm gc

CH

Cluster Head

Node ch cm

CSMA

Carrier Sense Multiple Access

a truy nhp cm bin sng mang

GAF

Geographic Adaptive Fidelity

Gii thut chnh xc theo a l

GEAR

Geographic and EnergyAware Routing

nh tuyn theo vng a l s

dng
hiu qu nng lng

LEACH

Low Energy Adaptive

Clustering Hierarchy

Giao thc phn cp theo cm thch

ng nng lng thp

MAC

Medium Access Control

iu khin truy nhp mi trng

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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REQ

Request

Bn tin yu cu

PEGASI
S

Power-Efficient Gathering in
Sensor Information Systems

Giao thc phn cp thu thp thng

tin trong h thng cm bin

SMP

Sensor Management Protocol

Giao thc qun l cm bin

SPIN

Sensor Protocols or
Information via Negotiation

Giao thc nh tuyn thng tin qua

s tha thun

TDMA

Time Division Multiple access

a truy nhp phn chia theo thi

gian

VHDL

VHSIC Hardware Description

Language

Ngn ng m t phn cng Mch

tch hp mt cao

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

Mng ni ht v tuyn

WPAN

Wireless Personal Area

Network

Mng vng c nhn v tuyn

WSN

Wireless Sensor Network

Mng cm bin khng dy

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Phn I: Tng quan v mng cm bin khng dy

1.1. Gii thiu chung v mng cm bin khng dy
Trong nhng nm gn y, rt nhiu mng cm bin khng dy v ang c
pht trin v trin khai cho nhiu cc ng dng khc nhau nh: theo di s thay i
ca mi trng, kh hu, gim st cc mt trn qun s, pht hin v do thm vic tn
cng bng ht nhn, sinh hc v ho hc, chun on s hng hc ca my mc, thit
b, theo du v gim st cc bc s, bnh nhn cng nh qun l thuc trong cc bnh
vin, theo di v iu khin giao thng, cc phng tin xe c...
Hn na vi s tin b cng ngh gn y v hi t ca h thng cc cng ngh
nh k thut vi in t, cng ngh nano, giao tip khng dy, cng ngh mch tch
hp, vi mch phn cm bin, x l v tnh ton tn hiu... to ra nhng con cm bin
c kch thc nh, a chc nng, gi thnh thp, cng sut tiu th thp, lm tng kh
nng ng dng rng ri ca mng cm bin khng dy.
Mt mng cm bin khng dy l mt mng bao gm nhiu nt cm bin nh
c gi thnh thp, v tiu th nng lng t, giao tip thng qua cc kt ni
khng dy, c nhim v cm nhn, o c, tnh ton nhm mc ch thu nhp,
tp trung d liu a ra cc quyt nh ton cc v mi trng t nhin.
Nhng nt cm bin nh b ny bao gm cc thnh phn :
Cc b vi x l rt nh, b nh gii hn, b phn cm bin, b thu pht khng dy,
ngun nui. Kch thc ca cc con cm bin ny thay i t to nh hp giy cho n
nh nh ht bi, ty thuc vo tng ng dng.

Khi nghin cu v mng cm bin khng dy, mt trong nhng c im

quan trng v then cht l thi gian sng ca cc con cm bin hay chnh l
s gii hn v nng lng ca chng. Cc nt cm bin ny yu cu tiu th
cng sut thp. Cc nt cm bin hot ng c gii hn v ni chung l khng
th thay th c ngun cung cp. Do , trong khi mng truyn thng tp trung
vo t c cc dch v cht lng cao, th cc giao thc mng cm bin phi
tp trung u tin vo bo ton cng sut.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Mng cm bin c mt s c im sau:

C kh nng t t chc, yu cu t hoc khng c s can thip ca con ngi
Truyn thng khng tin cy, qung b trong phm vi hp v nh tuyn multihop
Trin khai dy c v kh nng kt hp gia cc nt cm bin
Cu hnh mng thay i thng xuyn ph thuc vo fading v h hng cc

nt
Cc gii hn v mt nng lng, cng sut pht, b nh v cng sut tnh ton

Chnh nhng c tnh ny a ra nhng chin lc mi v nhng yu cu thay i

trong thit k mng cm bin.
1.2. Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy
1.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n cu trc mng cm bin khng dy
Cc cu trc hin nay cho mng Internet v mng ad hoc khng dy khng dng
c cho mng cm bin khng dy, do mt s l do sau:
S lng cc nt cm bin trong mng cm bin c th ln gp nhiu ln s
lng nt trong mng ad hoc.
Cc nt cm bin d b li.
Cu trc mng cm bin thay i kh thng xuyn.
Cc nt cm bin ch yu s dng truyn thng kiu qung b, trong khi hu
ht cc mng adhoc u da trn vic truyn im im.
Cc nt cm bin b gii hn v nng lng, kh nng tnh ton v b nh.
Cc nt cm bin c th gii hn v nng lng, kh nng tnh ton v b nh.
Cc nt cm bin c th khng c s nhn dng ton cu (global identification)
(ID) v chng c mt s lng ln mo u v mt s lng ln cc nt cm
bin.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Do vy, cu trc mng mi s:

Kt hp vn nng lng v kh nng nh tuyn.
Tch hp d liu v giao thc mng.
Truyn nng lng hiu qu qua cc phng tin khng dy.
Chia s nhim v gia cc nt ln cn.

Cc nt cm bin c phn b trong mt sensor field nh hnh (1.1). Mi mt nt

cm bin c kh nng thu thp d liu v nh tuyn li n cc sink.

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy

D liu c nh tuyn li n cc sink bi mt cu trc a im nh hnh v trn.

Cc sink c th giao tip vi cc nt qun l nhim v (task manager node) qua mng
Internet hoc v tinh.
Sink l mt thc th, ti thng tin c yu cu. Sink c th l thc th bn
trong mng (l mt nt cm bin) hoc ngoi mng. Thc th ngoi mng c th l
mt thit b thc s v d nh my tnh xch tay m tng tc vi mng cm bin,
hoc cng n thun ch l mt gateway m ni vi mng khc ln hn nh Internet
ni m cc yu cu thc s i vi cc thng tin ly t mt vi nt cm bin trong
mng.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Gii thiu v nt cm bin:

-

Cu to ca nt cm bin nh sau:

Mi nt cm bin c cu thnh bi 4 thnh phn c bn hnh (1.2): n v cm

bin (a sensing unit), n v x l (a processing unit), n v truyn dn (a
transceiver) v b ngun (a power unit). Ngoi ra c th c thm nhng thnh phn
khc ty thuc vo tng ng dng nh l h thng nh v (location finding system),
b pht ngun (power generator) v b phn di ng (mobilizer).

Hnh 1.2 Cu to ca nt cm bin

Cc n v cm bin (sensing units) bao gm cm bin v b chuyn i tng ts. Da trn nhng hin tng quan st c, tn hiu tng t to ra bi sensor c
chuyn sang tn hiu s bng b ADC, sau c a vo b x l.
n v x l thng c kt hp vi b lu tr nh (storage unit), quyt nh cc
th tc lm cho cc nt kt hp vi nhau thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Phn thu
pht v tuyn kt ni cc nt vo mng.
Mt trong s cc phn quan trng nht ca mt nt mng cm bin l b ngun. Cc
b ngun thng c h tr bi cc b phn lc nh l t bo nng lng mt tri.
Ngoi ra cng c nhng thnh phn ph khc ph thuc vo tng ng dng. Hu ht
cc k thut nh tuyn v cc nhim v cm bin ca mng u yu cu c chnh
xc cao v v tr. Cc b phn di ng i lc cn phi dch chuyn cc nt cm bin
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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khi cn thit thc hin cc nhim v n nh. Tt c nhng thnh phn ny cn

phi ph hp vi kch c tng module. Ngoi kch c ra cc nt cm bin c mt s
rng buc nghim ngt khc, nh l phi tiu th rt t nng lng, hot ng mt
cao, c gi thnh thp, c th t hot ng, v thch bin vi s bin i ca mi
trng.
c im ca cu trc mng cm bin khng dy:
Nh trn ta bit c im ca mng cm bin l bao gm mt s lng ln cc
nt cm bin, cc nt cm bin c gii hn v rng buc v ti nguyn c bit l nng
lng rt kht khe. Do , cu trc mng mi c c im rt khc vi cc mng
truyn thng. Sau y ta s phn tch mt s c im ni bt trong mng cm bin
nh sau:
Kh nng chu li (fault tolerance): Mt s cc nt cm bin c th khng hot

ng na do thiu nng lng, do nhng h hng vt l hoc do nh hng ca

mi trng. Kh nng chu li th hin vic mng vn hot ng bnh thng,
duy tr nhng chc nng ca n ngay c khi mt s nt mng khng hot ng.
Kh nng m rng: Khi nghin cu mt hin tng, s lng cc nt cm bin

c trin khai c th n hng trm nghn nt, ph thuc vo tng ng dng,

con s ny c th vt qu hng triu. Do cu trc mng mi phi c kh
nng m rng c th lm vic vi s lng ln cc nt ny.
Gi thnh sn xut: V cc mng cm bin bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt

cm bin nn chi ph ca mi nt rt quan trng trong vic iu chnh chi ph

ca ton mng. Nu chi ph ca ton mng t hn vic trin khai sensor theo
kiu truyn thng, nh vy mng khng c gi thnh hp l. Do vy, chi ph ca
mi nt cm bin phi gi mc thp.
Rng buc v phn cng : V s lng cc nt trong mng rt nhiu nn cc

nt cm bin cn phi c cc rng buc v phn cng nh sau : Kch thc phi
nh, tiu th nng lng thp, c kh nng hot ng nhng ni c mt
cao, chi ph sn xut thp, c kh nng t tr v hot ng khng cn c ngi
kim sot, thch nghi vi mi trng.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Mi trng hot ng: Cc nt cm bin c thit lp dy c, rt gn hoc

trc tip bn trong cc hin tng quan st. V th, chng thng lm vic
m khng cn gim st nhng vng xa xi. Chng c th lm vic bn trong
cc my mc ln, di y bin, hoc trong nhng vng nhim ha hc
hoc sinh hc, gia nh hoc nhng ta nh ln.
Phng tin truyn dn : nhng mng cm bin multihop, cc nt c kt

ni bng nhng phng tin khng dy. Cc ng kt ni ny c th to nn

bi sng v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc nhng phng tin quang hc. thit lp
s hot ng thng nht ca nhng mng ny, cc phng tin truyn dn phi
c chn phi ph hp trn ton th gii. Hin ti nhiu phn cng ca cc nt
cm bin da vo thit k mch RF. Nhng thit b cm bin nng lng thp
dng b thu pht v tuyn 1 knh RF hot ng tn s 916MHz. Mt cch
khc m cc nt trong mng giao tip vi nhau l bng hng ngoi. Thit k
my thu pht v tuyn dng hng ngoi th gi thnh r v d dng hn. C hai
loi hng ngoi v quang u yu cu b pht v thu nm trong phm vi nhn
thy, tc l c th truyn nh sng cho nhau c.
Cu hnh mng cm bin (network topology): Trong mng cm bin, hng

trm n hng nghn nt c trin khai trn trng cm bin. Chng c trin
khai trong vng hng chc feet ca mi nt. Mt cc nt c th ln ti 20
nt/m3. Do s lng cc nt cm bin rt ln nn cn phi thit lp mt cu hnh
n nh. Chng ta c th kim tra cc vn lin quan n vic duy tr v thay
i cu hnh 3 pha sau:
1. Pha tin trin khai v trin khai: cc nt cm bin c th t ln xn hoc xp

theo trt t trn trng cm bin. Chng c th c trin khai bng cch th t my
bay xung, tn la, hoc c th do con ngi hoc robot t tng ci mt.
2. Pha hu trin khai: sau khi trin khai, nhng s thay i cu hnh ph thuc

vo vic thay i v tr cc nt cm bin, kh nng t trng thi khng kt ni (ph

thuc vo nhiu, vic di chuyn cc vt cn...), nng lng thch hp, nhng s c, v
nhim v c th.
3. Pha trin khai li: Sau khi trin khai cu hnh, ta vn c th thm vo cc nt

cm bin khc thay th cc nt gp s c hoc ty thuc vo s thay i chc nng.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

S tiu th nng lng (power consumption) :

Cc nt cm bin khng dy, c th coi l mt thit b vi in t ch c th c

trang b ngun nng lng gii hn (<0,5Ah; 1,2V). Trong mt s ng dng, vic b
sung ngun nng lng khng th thc hin c. V th khong thi gian sng ca
cc nt cm bin ph thuc mnh vo thi gian sng ca pin. mng cm bin
multihop ad hoc, mi mt nt ng mt vai tr kp va khi to va nh tuyn d
liu. S trc trc ca mt vi nt cm bin c th gy ra nhng thay i ng k trong
cu hnh v yu cu nh tuyn li cc gi v t chc li mng. V vy, vic duy tr v
qun l ngun nng lng ng mt vai tr quan trng. l l do v sao m hin nay
ngi ta ang tp trung nghin cu v cc gii thut v giao thc thit k ngun
cho mng cm bin. Nhim v chnh ca cc nt cm bin trong trng cm bin l
pht hin ra cc s kin, thc hin x l d liu cc b nhanh chng, v sau truyn
d liu i. V th s tiu th nng lng c chia ra lm 3 vng: cm nhn (sensing),
giao tip (communicating), v x l d liu (data processing).
1.2.2. Kin trc giao thc mng
Kin trc giao thc p dng cho mng cm bin c trnh by trong hnh (1.3).
Kin trc ny bao gm cc lp v cc mt phng qun l . Cc mt phng qun l ny
lm cho cc nt c th lm vic cng nhau theo cch c hiu qu nht, nh tuyn d
liu trong mng cm bin di ng v chia s ti nguyn gia cc nt cm bin.

Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin khng dy

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Mt phng qun l cng sut: Qun l cch cm bin s dng ngun nng lng
ca n. V d: Nt cm bin c th tt b thu sau khi nhn c mt bn tin. Khi mc
cng sut ca con cm bin thp, n s broadcast sang nt cm bin bn cnh thng
bo rng mc nng lng ca n thp v n khng th tham gia vo qu trnh nh
tuyn.
Mt phng qun l di ng : C nhim v pht hin v ng k s chuyn ng
ca cc nt. Cc nt gi vic theo di xem ai l nt hng xm ca chng.
Mt phng qun l : Cn bng v sp xp nhim v cm bin gia cc nt trong
mt vng quan tm. Khng phi tt c cc nt cm bin u thc hin nhim v cm
nhn cng mt thi im.
Lp vt l : c nhim v la chn tn s, to ra tn s sng mang, pht hin tn hiu,
iu ch v m ha tn hiu. Bng tn ISM 915 MHz c s dng rng ri trong
mng cm bin. Vn hiu qu nng lng cng cn phi c xem xt lp vt l,
v d : iu bin M hoc iu bin nh phn.
Lp lin kt d liu : lp ny c nhim v ghp cc lung d liu, pht hin cc
khung (frame) d liu, cch truy nhp ng truyn v iu khin li. V mi trng
c tp m v cc nt cm bin c th di ng, giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi
trng (MAC) phi xt n vn cng sut v phi c kh nng ti thiu ho vic va
chm vi thng tin qung b ca cc nt ln cn.
Lp mng : Lp mng ca mng cm bin c thit k tun theo nguyn tc sau :
Hiu qu nng lng lun lun c coi l vn quan trng
Mng cm bin ch yu l tp trung d liu
Tch hp d liu ch c s dng khi n khng cn tr s cng tc c hiu qu

ca cc nt cm bin.
Lp truyn ti : Ch cn thit khi h thng c k hoch c truy cp thng qua
mng Internet hoc cc mng bn ngoi khc.
Lp ng dng : Ty theo nhim v cm bin, cc loi phn mm ng dng khc
nhau c th c xy dng v s dng lp ng dng.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

1.2.3. Cc cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin khng dy

1.2.3.1. Cu trc phng
Trong cu trc phng (flat architecture) (hnh 1.4), tt c cc nt u ngang hng
v ng nht trong hnh dng v chc nng. Cc nt giao tip vi sink qua multihop s
dng cc nt ngang hng lm b tip sng. Vi phm vi truyn c nh, cc nt gn
sink hn s m bo vai tr ca b tip sng i vi mt s lng ln ngun. Gi thit
rng tt c cc ngun u dng cng mt tn s truyn d liu, v vy c th chia s
thi gian. Tuy nhin cch ny ch c hiu qu vi iu kin l c ngun chia s n l,
v d nh thi gian, tn s...

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin khng dy

1.2.3.2. Cu trc tng

Trong cu trc tng (tiered architecture) (hnh 1.5), cc cm c to ra gip cc ti
nguyn trong cng mt cm gi d liu singlehop hay multihop (ty thuc vo kch c
ca cm) n mt nt nh sn, thng gi l nt ch (cluster head). Trong cu trc
ny cc nt to thnh mt h thng cp bc m mi nt mt mc xc nh thc
hin cc nhim v nh sn.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 16

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin khng dy.

Trong cu trc tng th chc nng cm nhn, tnh ton v phn phi d liu khng
ng u gia cc nt. Nhng chc nng ny c th phn theo cp, cp thp nht thc
hin tt c nhim v cm nhn, cp gia thc hin tnh ton, v cp trn cng thc
hin phn phi d liu (hnh 1.6).

Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp.

Mng cm bin xy dng theo cu trc tng hot ng hiu qu hn cu trc phng,
do cc l do sau:
- Cu trc tng c th gim chi ph chi mng cm bin bng vic nh v cc ti
nguyn v tr m chng hot ng hiu qu nht. R rng l nu trin khai cc phn
cng thng nht, mi nt ch cn mt lng ti nguyn ti thiu thc hin tt c cc
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 17

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

nhim v. V s lng cc nt cn thit ph thuc vo vng ph sng xc nh, chi ph

ca ton mng v th s khng cao. Thay vo , nu mt s lng ln cc nt c chi
ph thp c ch nh lm nhim v cm nhn, mt s lng nh hn cc nt c chi
ph cao hn c ch nh phn tch d liu, nh v v ng b thi gian, chi ph
cho ton mng s gim i.
- Mng cu trc tng s c tui th cao hn cu trc mng phng. Khi cn phi tnh
ton nhiu th mt b x l nhanh s hiu qu hn, ph thuc vo thi gian yu cu
thc hin tnh ton. Tuy nhin, vi cc nhim v cm nhn cn hot ng trong
khong thi gian di, cc nt tiu th t nng lng ph hp vi yu cu x l ti thiu
s hot ng hiu qu hn. Do vy vi cu trc tng m cc chc nng mng phn
chia gia cc phn cng c thit k ring cho tng chc nng s lm tng tui
th ca mng.
- V tin cy: mi mng cm bin phi ph hp vi s lng cc nt yu cu tha
mn iu kin v bng thng v thi gian sng. Vi mng cu trc phng, qua phn
tch ngi ta xc nh thng lng ti u ca mi nt trong mng c n nt l W
/ trong W l rng bng tn ca knh chia s. Do khi kch c mng tng
ln th thng lng ca mi nt s gim v 0.
- Vic nghin cu cc mng cu trc tng em li nhiu trin vng khc phc
vn ny. Mt cch tip cn l dng mt knh n l trong cu trc phn cp, trong
cc nt cp thp hn to thnh mt cm xung quanh trm gc. Mi mt trm gc
ng vai tr l cu ni vi cp cao hn, cp ny m bo vic giao tip trong cm
thng qua cc b phn hu tuyn. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ca mng tng
tuyn tnh vi s lng cc cm, vi iu kin l s lng cc cm tng t nht phi
nhanh bng . Cc nghin cu khc th cch dng cc knh khc nhau cc mc
khc nhau ca cu trc phn cp. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ca mi lp trong
cu trc tng v dung lng ca mi cm trong mi lp xc nh l c lp vi nhau.
Tm li, vic tng thch gia cc chc nng trong mng c th t c khi dng
cu trc tng. c bit ngi ta s ang tp trung nghin cu v cc tin ch v tm a
ch. Nhng chc nng nh vy c th phn phi n mi nt, mt phn phn b n
tp con ca cc nt. Gi thit rng cc nt u khng c nh v phi thay i a ch
mt cch nh k, s cn bng gia nhng la chn ny ph thuc vo tn s thch hp
ca chc nng cp nht v tm kim. Hin nay cng ang c rt nhiu m hnh tm
kim a ch trong mng cu trc tng.
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 18

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

1.3. ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy

Nh trn ta cp n cc lnh vc ng dng mng cm bin khng dy. C th
ta s xem xt k mt s ng dng nh sau hiu r s cn thit ca mng cm bin
khng dy. Cc mng cm bin khng dy bao gm nhiu loi cm bin khc nhau
nh cm bin ng t, cm bin m thanh, radar m c th quan st vng rng cc
iu kin xung quanh a dng bao gm:
Nhit .
m.
S chuyn ng ca xe c.
iu kin nh sng.
p sut.
S hnh thnh mt t.
Mc nhiu.
S c mt hay vng ca mt i tng no .
Mc ng sut trn cc i tng b gn.
c tnh hin ti nh tc , chiu v kch thc ca i tng.
Cc nt cm bin c th c s dng cm bin lin tc hoc l pht hin s
kin, s nhn dng s kin, cm bin v tr v iu khin cc b b phn pht ng.
Khi nim vi cm bin v kt ni khng dy ca nhng nt ny ha hn nhiu vng
ng dng mi. Chng ta phn loi cc ng dng ny trong qun i, mi trng, sc
khe, gia nh v cc lnh vc thng mi khc.
1.3.1. ng dng trong qun i
Mng cm bin khng dy c th l mt phn tch hp trong h thng iu khin
qun i, gim st, giao tip, tnh ton thng minh, trinh st, theo di mc tiu. c
tnh trin khai nhanh, t t chc v c th t b li ca mng cm bin lm cho chng
ha hn k thut cm bin cho h thng trong qun i. V mng cm bin da trn s
trin khai dy c ca cc nt cm bin c sn, chi ph thp v s ph hy ca mt vi
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 19

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

nt bi qun ch khng nh hng n hot ng ca qun i cng nh s ph hy

cc cm bin truyn thng lm cho khi nim mng cm bin l ng dng tt i vi
chin trng. Mt vi ng dng qun i ca mng cm bin l quan st lc lng,
trang thit b, n dc, theo di chin trng do thm a hnh v lc lng qun
ch, mc tiu, vic nh gi mc nguy him ca chin trng, pht hin v do
thm vic tn cng bng ha hc, sinh hc, ht nhn.
Gim st lc lng, trang thit b v n dc:
Nhng ngi lnh o, s quan s theo di lin tc trng thi lc lng qun i,
iu kin v s c sn ca cc thit b v n dc trong chin trng bng vic s
dng mng cm bin. Qun i, xe c, trang thit b v n dc c th gn lin vi
cc thit b cm bin nh c th thng bo v trng thi. Nhng bn bo co ny
c tp hp li ti cc nt sink gi ti lnh o trong qun i. D liu cng c
th c chuyn tip n cc cp cao hn.
Gim st chin trng:
a hnh him tr, cc tuyn ng , ng mn v cc ch eo hp c th nhanh
chng c bao ph bi mng cm bin v gn nh c th theo di cc hot ng ca
qun ch. Khi cc hot ng ny c m rng v k hoch hot ng mi c
chun b mt mng mi c th c trin khai bt c thi gian no khi theo di chin
trng.
Gim st a hnh v lc lng qun ch:
Mng cm bin c th c trin khai nhng a hnh then cht v mt vi ni
quan trng, cc nt cm bin cn nhanh chng cm nhn cc d liu v tp trung d
liu gi v trong vi pht trc khi qun ch pht hin v c th chn li chng.
nh gi s nguy him ca chin trng:
Trc v sau khi tn cng mng cm bin c th c trin khai nhng vng mc
tiu nm c mc nguy him ca chin trng.
Pht hin v thm d cc v tn cng bng ha hc, sinh hc v ht nhn.
Trong cc cuc chin tranh ha hc v sinh hc ang gn k, mt iu rt quan
trng l s pht hin ng lc v chnh xc cc tc nhn . Mng cm bin trin khai
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 20

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

nhng vng m c s dng nh mt h thng cnh bo sinh hc v ha hc c

th cung cp thng tin mang ngha quan trng ng lc nhm trnh thng vong
nghim trng.
1.3.2. ng dng trong mi trng
Mt vi ng dng mi trng ca mng cm bin bao gm theo di s di c ca
cc loi chim, cc ng vt nh, cc loi cn trng, theo di iu kin mi trng m
nh hng n ma mng v vt nui; vic ti tiu, cc thit b o c ln i vi
vic quan st din tch ln trn tri t, s thm d cc hnh tinh, pht hin sinh-ha,
nng nghip chnh xc, quan st mi trng, tri t, mi trng vng bin v bu kh
quyn, pht hin chy rng, nghin cu kh tng hc v a l, pht hin l lt, sp
t s phc tp v sinh hc ca mi trng v nghin cu s nhim.
Pht hin chy rng:
V cc nt cm bin c th c trin khai mt cch ngu nhin, c chin lc vi
mt cao trong rng, cc nt cm bin s d tm ngun gc ca la thng bo cho
ngi s dng bit trc khi la lan rng khng kim sot c. Hng triu cc nt
cm bin c th c trin khai v tch hp s dng h thng tn s khng dy hoc
quang hc. Cng vy, chng c th c trang b cch thc s dng cng sut c hiu
qu nh l pin mt tri bi v cc nt cm bin b b li khng c ch hng thng v
hng nm. Cc nt cm bin s cng tc vi nhau thc hin cm bin phn b v
khc phc kh khn, nh cc cy v m ngn cn tr tm nhn thng ca cm bin
c dy.
Pht hin l lt:
Mt v d l h thng bo ng c trin khai ti M. Mt vi loi cm bin
c trin khai trong h thng cm bin lng ma, mc nc, thi tit. Nhng con
cm bin ny cung cp thng tin tp trung h thng c s d liu c nh
ngha trc.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 21

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

Hnh 1.7 ng dng trong mi trng

1.3.3. ng dng trong chm sc sc khe

Mt vi ng dng v sc khe i vi mng cm bin l gim st bnh nhn, cc
triu chng, qun l thuc trong bnh vin, gim st s chuyn ng v x l bn trong
ca cn trng hoc ng vt nh khc, theo di v kim tra bc s v bnh nhn trong
bnh vin.
Theo di bc s v bnh nhn trong bnh vin:
Mi bnh nhn c gn 1 nt cm bin nh v nh, mi nt ny c nhim v
ring, v d c nt cm bin xc nh nhp tim trong khi con cm bin khc pht hin
p sut mu, bc s cng c th mang nt cm bin cho cc bc s khc xc nh
c v tr ca h trong bnh vin.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 22

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

Hnh 1.8 ng dng trong chm sc sc khe

1.3.4. ng dng trong gia nh

Nh l mi trng ng dng rt ln cho nhng mng cm bin khng dy. Nhiu
ng dng cng nghip c xy trong nh. Nhiu tin nghi khc trong nh c th thc
hin nh iu khin t xa, thit b s thit b tr gip c nhn (PDA) c th iu khin
tivi, u DVD, gin m thanh v cc thit b in t khc trong nh (n in, rm
che v kha) cng c th iu khin bng 1 mng cm bin khng dy. Vi iu khin
t xa ca mt thit b iu khin t xa nh vy c th iu khin ton b tin nghi
trong nh trong khi vn ngi trn gh bnh. Tuy nhin, tim nng hp dn nht ca
mng cm bin khng dy l s kt hp nhiu dch v nh vic cho php nhng rm
ca ng t ng khi truyn hnh c bt hoc c th t ng tt ting tivi, h thng
gii tr nh khi nhn in thoi hoc c chung ca.

Vic s dng mng cm bin khng trong nh c k vng l vic ghp ni cc

thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh c nhn nh bn phm v chut khng dy. Nhng ng
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 23

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

dng ny c li th l gi thnh thp v tiu th in nng t l iu kin thit yu ca

mng cm bin khng dy.
Nhng chi hin i l th trng rng ln khc cho ng dng mng cm bin
khng dy. Danh sch chi c h tr bng hoc iu khin bi mng cm bin
khng dy cng ln v tnh nng iu khin t v tu thuyn bng sng v tuyn
truyn thng n nhng tr chi my tnh cn dng iu khin v thit b iu khin
khng dy cng tng.
Mt ng dng quan trng khc trong nh chnh l kha khng cn cha iu khin
t xa (RKE- Remote Keyless). c tnh truy cp kha khng cha (RKE) ng dng
trn t, ca v ca s, n trong nh bng nhng cm nhn iu khin khng dy,
ch nh c th c mt thit b kha tt c cc ca ra vo, ca s trong nh, tt n
trong nh ( mt vi n ng), bt n bo v an ton bn ngoi v t h thng
HVAC (h thng thng gi iu ha khng kh) iu khin nh ch ng hoc
ng, m ca xe t

1.4. Kt lun phn I

Phn ny gii thiu tng quan v kin trc mng cm bin v cc ng dng trong
nhiu lnh vc dn s cng nh qun s, y t, mi trng Qua , ta thy r c
tm quan trng ca mng cm bin vi cuc sng ca chng ta. Vi s pht trin
nhanh chng ca cng ngh ngy nay s ha hn thm nhiu ng dng mi ca mng
cm bin.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 24

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

Phn II. nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy

2.1. Gii thiu chung
Mc d mng cm bin c kh nhiu im tng ng so vi mng adhoc
nhng chng cng biu l mt s cc c tnh ring m ta c th phn loi thnh mt
mng ring. Chnh nhng c tnh ny gip ta c th thit k ra cc giao thc nh
tuyn mi khc xa so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong cc mng adhoc c dy v
khng dy. thc hin c iu ny, chng ta phi gii quyt c cc vn lin
quan n WSN. Chng ny s trnh by ba loi giao thc nh tuyn chnh hay c
dng trong mng cm bin, l nh tuyn trung tm d liu (data-centric-protocol),
nh tuyn phn cp (hierarchical-protocol) v nh tuyn da vo v tr (locationbased-protocol).
2.2. Nhng thch thc v nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy
Chnh vi nhng c im ring bit ca mng cm bin m vic nh tuyn trong
mng cm bin phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc sau:
Mng cm bin c mt s lng ln cc nt, cho nn ta khng th xy dng

c s a ch ton cu cho vic trin khai s lng ln cc nt vi

lng mo u duy tr ID qu cao.
D liu trong mng cm bin yu cu cm nhn t nhiu ngun khc nhau v

truyn n sink.
Cc nt cm bin b rng buc kh cht ch v mt nng lng, tc x l, lu

tr.
Hu ht trong cc ng dng mng cm bin cc nt ni chung l tnh sau khi

c trin khai ngoi tr mt vi nt c th di ng.

Mng cm bin l nhng ng dng ring bit.
Vic nhn bit v tr l vic ht sc quan trng vi vic tp d liu thng thng

da trn v tr.
Kh nng d tha d liu rt cao vi cc nt cm bin thu lm d liu da trn

hin tng chung.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 25

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

2.3. Cc vn v thit k giao thc nh tuyn

Mc ch chnh ca mng cm bin l truyn thng d liu trong mng trong khi c
gng ko di thi gian sng ca mng v ngn chn vic gim cc kt ni bng cch
a ra nhng k thut qun l nng lng linh hot. Trong khi thit k cc giao thc
nh tuyn, chng ta thng gp phi cc vn sau:
2.3.1. c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng
Cc nt cm bin hot ng vi s gii hn v kh nng tnh ton, lu tr v truyn
dn, di rng buc v nng lng kht khe. Ty thuc vo ng dng mt cc nt
cm bin trong mng c th t tha tht n dy c. Hn na trong nhiu ng dng
s lng cc nt cm bin c th ln n hng trm, thm ch hng ngn nt c trin
khai ty v thng thng khng b gim st, bao ph mt vng rng ln. Trong
mng ny, c tnh ca cc con cm bin l c tnh thch nghi ng v cao, nh l nhu
cu t t chc v bo ton nng lng buc cc nt cm bin phi iu chnh lin tc
thch ng hot ng hin ti.
2.3.2. Rng buc v ti nguyn
Cc nt cm bin c thit k vi phc tp nh nht cho trin khai trong phm
vi ln gim chi ph ton mng. Nng lng l mi quan tm chnh trong mng cm
bin khng dy, lm th no t c thi gian sng ko di trong khi cc nt hot
ng vi s gii hn v nng lng d tr. Vic truyn gi mutilhop chnh l ngun
tiu th nng lng chnh trong mng. gim vic tiu th nng lng c th t
c bng cch iu khin t ng chu k cng sut ca mng cm bin. Tuy nhin
vn qun l nng lng tr thnh mt thch thc chin lc trong nhiu ng
dng quan trng.
2.3.3. M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin khng dy
M hnh d liu m t lung thng tin gia cc nt cm bin v cc sink. M hnh
ny ph thuc nhiu vo bn cht ca ng dng trong c cch d liu c yu cu
v s dng. Mt vi m hnh d liu c xut nhm tp trung vo yu cu tng
tc v nhu cu tp hp d liu ca a dng cc ng dng.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 26

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

Mt loi cc ng dng ca mng cm bin yu cu m hnh thu thp d liu m da

trn vic ly mu theo chu k hay s xy ra ca s kin trong mi trng quan st.
Trong cc ng dng khc d liu c th c chp v lu tr hoc c th c x l,
tp hp ti mt nt trc khi chuyn tip d liu n sink. Mt loi th ba l m
hnh d liu tng tc hai chiu gia cc nt cm bin v sink.
Nhu cu h tr a dng cc m hnh d liu lm tng tnh phc tp ca vn thit k
giao thc nh tuyn.
2.3.4. Cch truyn d liu
Cch m cc truy vn v d liu c truyn gia cc trm c s v cc v tr quan
st hin tng l mt kha cnh quan trng trong mng cm bin khng dy. Mt
phng php c bn thc hin vic ny l mi nt cm bin c th truyn d liu
trc tip n trm c s. Tuy nhin phng php da trn bc nhy n (single-hop)
c chi ph rt t v cc nt m xa trm c s th s nhanh chng b tiu hao nng
lng v do lm gim thi gian sng ca mng.
Nhm gim thiu li ca phng php ny th d liu trao i gia cc nt cm bin
v trm c s c th c thc hin bng vic s dng truyn gi a bc nhy
(mutilhop) qua phm vi truyn ngn. Phng php ny tit kim nng lng ng k
v cng gim ng k s giao thoa truyn dn gia cc nt khi cnh tranh nhau truy
cp knh, c bit l trong mng cm bin khng dy mt cao. D liu c truyn
gia cc nt cm bin v cc sink c minh ha nh hnh v (hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1 M hnh truyn d liu gia sink v cc nt

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 27

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

p ng cc truy vn t cc sink hoc cc s kin c bit xy ra ti mi trng

th d liu thu thp c s c truyn n cc trm c s thng qua nhiu ng
dn mutilhop.
Trong nh tuyn mutilhop ca mng cm bin khng dy, cc nt trung gian ng
vai tr chuyn tip d liu gia ngun v ch. Vic xc nh xem tp hp cc nt no
to thnh ng dn chuyn tip d liu gia ngun v ch l mt nhim v quan
trng trong thut ton nh tuyn. Ni chung vic nh tuyn trong mng kch thc
ln vn l mt vn kh khn, cc thut ton phi nhm vo nhiu yu cu thit
k bao gm s chnh xc, n nh, ti u ha v ch n s thay i ca cc thng
s.
Vi c tnh bn trong ca mng cm bin bao gm s rng buc v di thng v
nng lng to thm thch thc cho cc giao thc nh tuyn l phi nhm vo vic
tha mn yu cu v lu lng trong khi vn m rng c thi gian sng ca mng.

2.4. Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng
dy
Vn nh tuyn trong mng cm bin l mt thch thc kh khn i hi phi cn
bng gia s p ng nhanh ca mng v hiu qu. S cn bng ny yu cu s cn
thit thch hp kh nng tnh ton v truyn dn ca cc nt cm bin ngc vi mo
u yu cu thch ng vi iu kin ny. Trong mng cm bin khng dy, mo u
c o chnh l lng bng thng c s dng, tiu th cng sut v yu cu x l
ca cc nt di ng. Vic tm ra chin lc cn bng gia s cnh tranh ny cn thit
to ra mt nn tng chin lc nh tuyn.
Vic thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy phi xem xt
gii hn v cng sut v ti nguyn ca mi nt mng, cht lng thay i theo thi
gian ca cc knh v tuyn v kh nng mt gi v tr. Nhm vo cc yu cu thit k
ny mt s cc chin lc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin c a ra. Bng 2.1 a
ra s phn loi mt s giao thc da trn nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. Mt loi giao thc
nh tuyn thng qua kin trc phng trong cc nt c vai tr nh nhau.Kin trc
phng c mt vi li ch bao gm s lng mo u ti thiu duy tr c s h tng,
v c kh nng khm ph ra nhiu ng gia cc nt truyn dn chng li li.
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 28

[D11VT3]

Nhm 9

Loi th hai l phn cp theo cm, li dng cu trc ca mng t c hiu qu

v nng lng, s n nh, s m rng. Trong loi giao thc ny cc nt mng t t
chc thnh cc cm trong mt nt c mc nng lng cao hn cc nt khc v
ng vai tr l nt ch. Nt ch thc hin phi hp hot ng trong cm v chuyn
tip thng tin gia cc cm vi nhau. Vic to thnh cc cm c kh nng lm gim
tiu th nng lng v m rng thi gian sng ca mng.
Loi giao thc nh tuyn th ba l s dng phng php trung tm d liu phn
b s quan tm bn trong mng. Phng php ny s dung thuc tnh da trn tn do
mt nt ngun truy vn mt thuc tnh ca hin tng hn l mt nt ring l.
Phn phi quan tm trong ton mng t c bng vic gn nhim v cho cc con
cm bin v nhn mnh vo cc cu hi lin quan n cc thuc tnh ring. Mt giao
thc khc c th truyn quan tm ti cc nt bao gm qung b, cc thuc tnh da rn
mutilcasting, geo-casting.
Loi giao thc th t l da vo v tr nh a ch cho cc nt cm bin, loi
giao thc ny rt c ch cho nhng ng dng ni m v tr ca cc nt cm bin trong
vng a l c bao ph bi mng lin quan n truy vn c a ra bi nt ngun.

Giao
thc
Giao thc
chn ng

trung
tm
d
liu

Giao
Giao
thc

da

phn
cp

Da

thc
Phn
loi

Di
chuyn

trn
v tr

SPIN

Ngang
hng

Hn

Directed

Ngang
hng

Rt hn

Ngang
hng

Hn

Rumor
GBR

hp

hi

liu

Xc
nh

QoS

v tr

phc

Kh

Da

tp

nng

vo

ca

nh

ng

yu

trng

cu

thi
Ngang
hng

Diffusion

vo

Kt

C th

Khng

Khng

Thp

Hn
ch

Khng

Thp

Hn
ch

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Tt

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Tt

Khng

ch

ch

ch

CADR

Ngang
hng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Hn
ch

Khng

Khng

COUGAR

Ngang
hng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Hn
ch

Khng

Khng

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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ACQUIRE

Hn

Ngang
hng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Hn
ch

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Nt
ch
nhm

Tt

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Nt
ch
nhm

Tt

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Nt
ch
nhm

Tt

Khng

Khng

ch
Nt

Phn
cp

LEACH

Nhm 9

gc c
nh

TEEN
&

Nt
X

Phn
cp

gc c

APTEN

nh
Nt

PEGASIS

Phn
cp

gc c
nh

MECN
Phn
cp

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Thp

Khng

Khng

Phn
cp

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Tt

Khng

Khng

GEAR

Da
theo
v tr

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Thp

Hn
ch

Khng

Khng

SAR

Da
theo
v tr

Khng

Khng

Trung
bnh

Hn
ch

Khng

SPEED

Da
theo
QoS

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Trung
bnh

Hn
ch

Khng

&

SMECN
GAF

Bng 2.1 Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc chn ng trong WSN

2.5. Giao thc trung tm d liu

2.5.1.

Flooding v Gossiping

Flooding l k thut chung thng c s dng tm ra ng v truyn thng

tin trong mng ad-hoc.
Chin lc nh tuyn ny rt n gin v khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng v
cc gii thut nh tuyn phc tp. Flood s dng phng php reactive nh mi
nt nhn d liu hoc iu khin d liu gi cc gi ti cc nt ln cn. Sau khi
truyn, mt gi s c truyn trn tt c cc ng c th. Tr khi mng b ngt
khng th cc gi s truyn n ch.
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Hnh 2.2 Truyn gi trong Flooding

Hn na khi cu hnh mng thay i cc gi s truyn theo nhng tuyn mi gii

thut ny s to ra v hn cc bn sao ca mi gi khi i qua cc nt. Gii thut ny c
3 nhc im ln nh sau:
+ Th nht l vn traffic implosion (bng n hay khp kn ca d liu ti 1 node)
hin tng bn tin kp. Tc l cc 2 gi d liu ging nhau c gi n cng nt.

Hnh 2.3 Bng n lu lng do flooding

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

+ Th hai l hin tng chng cho, tc l cc nt cng cm nhn mt vng khng

gian v do to ra cc gi tng t nhau gi n cc nt ln cn.

Hnh 2.4 Vn chng ln do flooding

+ Th ba l thut ton ny khng h quan tm n vn nng lng ca cc

nt, cc nt s nhanh chng tiu hao nng lng v lm gim thi gian sng ca
mng.
Mt s ci tin ca giao thc ny l Gossiping, thut ton ny ci tin ch mi nt
s ngu nhin gi gi m n nhn c n mt trong cc nt ln cn ca n. Thut
ton ny lm gim s lng cc gi lan truyn trong mng, trnh hin tng bn tin
kp tuy nhin c nhc im l c gi s khng bao gi n c ch.
2.5.2.

SPIN

SPIN (Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation) l giao thc nh tuyn
thng tin da trn s dn xp d liu. Mc tiu chnh ca giao thc ny l tp trung
vic quan st mi trng c hiu qu bng mt s cc nt cm bin ring bit trong
ton b mng. Nguyn l ca giao thc ny l s thch ng v ti nguyn v sp
xp d liu, ngha ca vic dn xp d liu (data negotiation) ny l cc nt trong
SPIN s bit v ni dung ca d liu trc khi bt k d liu no c truyn trong
mng. SPIN khac thc tn d liu nh m cc nt s kt hp miu t d liu
(metadata) vi d liu m chng to ra v s dng s miu t ny thc hin vic
dn xp d liu trc khi truyn d liu thc t. Ni nhn d liu c th by t mi
quan tm n ni dung d liu bng cch gi yu cu ly d liu qung b. iu
ny to ra s xp xp d liu m bo rng d liu ch c truyn n nt quan
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

tm n loi d liu ny. Do m loi tr kh nng bn tin kp v gim thiu ng

k vic truyn d liu d tha qua mng. Hn na vic s dng b miu t d liu
cng loi tr kh nng chng ln v cc nt c th ch gii hn v tn loi d liu m
chng quan tm n.
Vic thch ng ti nguyn cho php cc nt cm bin chy SPIN c th thch ng
vi trng thi hin ti ca ti nguyn nng lng.Mi nt c th d tm ti b qun l
theo di mc nng lng ca mnh trc khi truyn hoc x l d liu. Khi mc
nng lng cn li thp cc nt ny c th gim hoc loi b mt s hot ng nh l
truyn miu t d liu cc gi. Chnh vic thch nghi vi ti nguyn lm tng thi gian
sng ca mng. thc hin truyn v xp xp d liu cc nt s dng giao thc ny
s dng ba loi bn tin (hnh 2.5).

Hnh 2.5 Ba tn hiu bt tay ca SPIN

(1) Node A c d liu cn pht v th A pht gi ADV qung co cho gi d liu

thc ca mnh.
(2) Node B quan tm n gi d liu thc lin gi gi REQ yu cu d liu.
(3) Node A p ng yu cu v gi gi d liu thc cho B.
Giao thc ny tha thun gia cc node trnh nguy c b bng n cc gi v vn
chng ln trong giao thc flooding v gossiping. Theo m phng hiu qu gp 3.5 ln
so vi flooding. Giao thc cn t tc d liu cao gn ti u so vi l thuyt.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Hnh 2.6 Hot ng ca SPIN

Hot ng ca SPIN gm 6 bc nh hnh 2.6

Bc 1: ADV thng bo d liu mi ti cc nt.
Bc 2: REQ yu cu d liu c quan tm. Sau khi nhn c ADV cc
nt quan tm n d liu ny s gi REO yu cu ly d liu.
Bc 3: bn tin DATA bn tin ny thc s cha d liu c cm bin v km
theo mo u miu t d liu.
Bc 4: sau khi nt ny nhn d liu n s chia s d liu ca n vi cc nt
cn li trong mng bng vic pht bn tin ADV cha miu t d liu
(metadata).
Bc 5: sau cc nt xung quanh li gi bn tin REQ yu cu d liu.
Bc 6: DATA li c truyn n cc nt m yu cu d liu ny.
Tuy nhin giao thc SPIN cng c hn ch khi m nt trung gian khng quan tm n
d liu no , khi d liu khng th n c ch.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

2.5.3. Directed Diffusion

y l giao thc trung tm d liu i vi vic truyn v phn b thng tin trong
mng cm bin khng dy. Mc tiu chnh ca phng php ny l tit kim nng
lng tng thi gian sng ca mng. t c mc tiu ny, giao thc ny gi
tng tc gia cc nt cm bin, da vo vic trao i cc bn tin, nh v trong vng
ln cn mng. S dng s tng tc v v tr nhn thy c tp hp ti thiu cc ng
truyn dn. c im duy nht ca giao thc ny l s kt hp vi kh nng ca nt
c th tp trung d liu p ng truy vn ca sink tit kim nng lng.
Thnh phn chnh ca giao thc ny gm 4 thnh phn: interest (cc mi quan tm
ca mng), data message (cc bn tin d liu), gradient, reinforcements. Directed
Diffusion s dng m hnh publish and subscribe trong mt ngi kim tra (ti
sink) s miu t mi quan tm (interest) bng mt cp thuc tnh- gi tr.
Bng 2.2 miu t cp thuc tnh gi tr, cc nt cm bin c kh nng p ng
interest ny tr li theo d liu tng ng.
Hot ng ca Directed Diffusion nh hnh (2.5 ). Vi mi nhim v cm bin tch
cc, sink s gi qung b bn tin interest theo chu k cho cc nt ln cn.
Bn tin ny s truyn qua tt c cc nt trong mng nh l mt s quan tm n mt
d liu no . Mc ch chnh ca vic thm d ny l xem xt xem c mt nt
cm bin no c th tm kim d liu tng ng vi interest. Tt c cc nt u duy
tr mt interest cache lu tr cc interest entry khc nhau.
Cp thuc tnh-gi tr

Miu t

Type = temperature

Kiu d liu cm bin

Start = 01:00:00

Thi gian bt u

Interval =1s

Bo co, s kin chu k l 1s

Duration = 10s

Thi gian sng ca interes (cho10s)

Location = [24,48,36,40]

trong min ny

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

V d liu tr li t node chi tit c th l:

Type = temperature

Kiu d liu cm bin

Valus = 38.3

Gi tr nhit c c

Timestamp = 1:02:00

Nhn thi gian (t/g ngay ti thi im

c

Location = [30,38]

Bo co t cm bin trong vng x,y

Bng 2.2 Miu t interest s dng cc cp thuc tnh gi tr

Mi mt mc (entry) trong interest cache s lu tr mt interest khc nhau. Cc

entry cache ny s s lu tr mt s trng sau: mt nhn thi gian (timestamp), nhiu
trng gradient cho mi nt ln cn v trng duration. Nhn thi gian s lu tr nhn
thi gian ca interest nhn c sau cng. Mi gradient s lu tr c tc d liu v
chiu m d liu c gi i. Gi tr ca tc d liu nhn c ty thuc tnh
khong thi gian trong bn tin interest. Trng duration s xc nh khong thi gian
tn ti ca interest.
Mt gradient c th coi nh l mt lin kt phn hi ca nt ln cn khi m nhn
c bn tin interest. Vic truyn bn tin interest trong ton mng cng vi vic thit
lp cc gradient ti mi nt cho php vic tm ra v thit lp cc ng dn gia sink
m a ra yu cu v d liu quan tm v cc nt m p ng mi quan tm .
Khi mt nt pht hin mt s kin n s tm kim trong cache xem c interest no
ph hp khng, nu c n s tnh ton tc s kin cao nht cho tt c cc gradient
li ra. Sau n thit lp mt phn h cm bin ly mu cc s kin mc tc
cao ny. Cc nt s gi ra ngoi miu t v s kin cho cc nt ln cn c gradient.
Cc nt ln cn ny s nhn d liu v kim tra trong cache xem c entry no ph hp
khng, nu khng n s loi b d liu cn nu ph hp n s nhn d liu cc nt ny
s thm bn tin vo cache d liu v sau gi bn tin d liu cho cc nt ln cn.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Hnh 2.7 Hot ng c bn ca Directed Diffusion

Khi nhn c mt interest cc nt tm kim trong interest cache ca n xem c

entry no ph hp khng, nu khng nt s to mt cache entry mi. Cc nt s s
dng cc thng tin cha trong interest to ra cc thng s interest trong entry. Cc
entry ny l mt tp hp cha cc trng gradient vi tc v chiu tng ng vi
nt ln cn m interest c nhn. Nu nh interest nhn c c trong cache th nt
s cp nht nhn thi gian v trng duration cho ph hp vi entry. Mt trng
gradient s c remove khi entry nu qu hn.
Trong pha thit lp gradient th cc sink s thit lp mt tp hp cc ng dn.
Sink c th s dng ng dn ny vi s kin cht lng cao lm tng tc d
liu. iu ny t c thng qua mt ng dn c h tr x l (path
reinforcement process). Cc sink ny c th s dng s h tr ca mt s cc nt ln
cn. lm c iu ny sink c th gi li bn tin interest ngun tc cao thng
qua cc ng dn c chn, nh vic tng cng cc nt ngun trn ng dn
gi d liu thng xuyn hn. Directed Diffusion c u im nu mt dng dn no
gia sink v mt nt b li, mt ng dn c d liu thp hn c thay th. K
thut nh tuyn ny n nh di phm vi mng ng. Loi giao thc nh tuyn ny
tit kim nng lng ng k.
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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2.6.

Nhm 9

Giao thc phn cp

2.6.1. LEACH
LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) l giao thc phn cp theo cm
thch ng nng lng thp. y l giao thc thu lm v phn pht d liu ti cc
sink c bit l cc trm c s. Mc tiu chnh ca LEACH l:
M rng thi gian sng ca mng
Gim s tiu th nng lng bi mi nt mng
S dng tp trung d liu gim bn tin truyn dn trong mng

t c nhng mc tiu ny LEACH thng qua m hnh phn cp t

chc mng thnh cc cm, mi cm c qun l bi nt ch. Nt ch gnh ly trng
trch thc hin nhiu tc v. u tin l thu lm d liu theo chu k t cc nt thnh
vin, trong qu trnh tp trung d liu nt ch s c gng tp hp d liu gim d
tha v nhng d liu tng quan nhau. Nhim v th hai l nt ch s trc tip
truyn d liu c tp hp li n cc trm c s. Vic truyn ny c th thc
hin theo kiu single hop. Nhim v th ba l LEACH s to ra mt m hnh ghp
knh theo thi gian TDMA, mi nt trong cm s c gn mt khe thi gian m c
th s dng truyn tin.
M hnh LEACH nh hnh v (2.8). Cc nt ch s qung b m hnh TDMA cho
cc nt thnh vin trong cm ca n. gim thiu kh nng xung t gia cc nt
cm bin trong v ngoi cm, LEACH s dng m hnh truy cp a phn chia theo m
CDMA.Qu trnh hot ng ca LEACH c chia thnh hai pha l pha thit lp v
pha n nh. Pha thit lp bao gm hai bc l la chn nt ch v thng tin v cm.
Pha n nh trng thi gm thu lm d liu, tp trung d liu v truyn d liu n
cc trm c s. Thi gian ca bc n nh ko di hn so vi thi gian ca bc thit
lp gim thiu mo u.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Hnh 2.8 M hnh mng LEACH

Trong bc thit lp, mt nt cm bin la chn mt s ngu nhin gia 0 v 1. Nu

s ny nh hn ngng T(n) th nt cm bin l nt ch. T(n) c tnh nh sau:

T ( n)

p
1 p(r mod l / p)

nu

T (n) 0 cn li

Trong :
p: t l phn trm nt ch
r: chu k hin ti
G: tp hp cc nt khng c la chn lm nt ch trong 1/p chu k cui.
Sau khi c chn lm nt ch, cc nt ch s qung b vai tr mi ca chng cho
cc nt cn li trong mng. Cc nt cn li trong mng da vo bn tin v cng
tn hiu nhn c quyt nh xem c tham gia vo nhm hay khng. Sau cc
nt ny s thng bo cho nt ch bit l mnh c mong mun tr thnh thnh vin ca
nhm do nt ch m nhn.
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 39

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Nhm 9

Qu trnh to cm, cc nt ch s phn lung theo khe thi gian (ghp knh TDMA)
cho cc nt trong cm v chn la mt m CDMA thng bo ti tt c cc nt trong
cm bit. Sau khi pha thit lp hon thnh bo hiu s bt u ca pha n nh trng
thi v cc nt trong cm s thu lm d liu v s dng cc khe thi gian truyn
d liu n nt ch. D liu c thu lm theo chu k.

Hnh 2.9 Qu trnh thit lp nt & Qu trnh n nh

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Tuy nhin LEACH cng c mt s khuyt im sau:

Vic gi s rng tt c cc nt ch trong mng u truyn n trm c s (BS) thng
qua mt bc nhy l khng thc t, v v d tr nng lng v kh nng ca cc nt
thay i theo thi gian t nt ny n nt khc. Hn na khong chu k n nh trng
thi l vn then cht gim nng lng cn thit b p lng mo u gy ra
trong vic la chn cm. Chu k ngn s lm tng lng mo u, chu k di s nhanh
chng lm tiu hao nng lng ca nt ch.
LEACH c c tnh gip tit kim nng lng, v s tit kim ny ph thuc ch
yu vo h s tp trung d liu cc nt ch ca cm. Nng lng trong LEACH c
yu cu phn b cho tt c cc nt trong mng v chng ta gi s rng vai tr nt ch
c lun chuyn vng trn da trn nng lng cn li trn mi nt. LEACH l thut
ton phn tn hon ton v khng yu cu s iu khin bi trm c s. Vic qun l
cm l cc b v khng cn s hiu bit v mng ton cc. Hn na vic tp trung d
liu theo cm cng tit kim nng lng ng k v cc nt khng yu cu gi trc
tip d liu n sink.
2.6.2. PEGASIS
PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems), PEGASIS
phn cp l mt h cc giao thc nh tuyn v tp trung thng tin trong mng cm
bin. Giao thc ny h tr vic ko di thi gian sng ca mng nh t c vic
tiu th nng lng ng nht v hiu sut nng lng cao qua tt c cc nt trong
mng, th hai lm gim tr truyn d liu n sink.
N xem xt m hnh mng tp hp cc nt ng nht c trin khai qua mt vng
a l. Cc nt ny bit v v tr cc nt khc trong ton mng v iu khin cng sut
hay bao ph mt vng ty . ng thi cc nt c trang b b thu pht sng h tr
CDMA. Nhim v ca cc nt ny l thu lm v truyn d liu n cc sink, thng
thng l cc trm c s. Mc ch pht trin mt cu trc nh tuyn v mt s
tp trung d liu gim thiu s tiu th cng sut v truyn d liu c tp trung
n trm c s vi tr truyn dn nh nht trong khi vn cn bng s tiu th cng
sut gia cc nt trong mng.
Gii thut ny s dng m hnh cu trc dng chui.
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

Trang 41

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Nhm 9

Da trn m hnh ny cc nt s giao tip vi nt gn n nht, cu trc chui bt

u vi nt xa sink nht, cc nt mng c thm dn vo chui lm chui ln dn
ln, bt u t nt hng xm gn nt cui nht. Cc nt s c gn vo chui theo
cch greedy t nt ln cn gn nht cho ti cc nt cn li trong mng. xc nh
c nt ln cn gn nht mi nt s s dng cng tn hiu o khong cch ti
cc nt ln cn ca n. S dng d kin ny cc nt s iu chnh cng tn hiu
sao cho ch c nt ln cn gn nht nghe c.
Mt nt trong chui s c trn lm nt ch, trch nhim ca nt ch l truyn d
liu tp hp c ti trm c s. Vai tr nt ch s b dch chuyn v tr trong chui
sau mi vng chu k. Chu k ny c qun l bi sink v vic chuyn trng thi t
vng ny n vng tip theo c th c khi to bi vic a ra du hiu cng sut
cao bi sink. Vic quay vng nt ch trong chui nhm m bo cng bng trong tiu
th nng lng gia cc nt trong mng. Tuy nhin cng cn ch rng vic thay i
c khi dn n nt ch ri xa trm c s sink, khi nt ny li cn yu cu cng sut
cao truyn n trm c s.
Vic tp trung d liu trong mng dc theo chui. u tin chain leader s gi mt
tn hiu ti nt cui cng bn phi cui chui. Trong khi nhn c tn hiu ny nt
cui s gi d liu n thu lm c n nt ln cn theo chiu xui trong chui, sau
nt ny tp trung d liu v li tip tc gi n nt ln cn gn n nht, c nh vy
cho n khi gi n nt ch. Sau nt ch s li tp trung d liu v gi n sink.
Mc d n gin nhng m hnh tp trung dng chui d gy ra tr trc khi d liu
tp trung c truyn n sink. Mt phng php gim tr ny l tp trung d
liu song song dc theo chui, v s cng gim nhiu hn nu cc nt c trang b b
thu pht s dng CDMA.
Dng PEGASIS s gii quyt c vn v mo u gy ra bi vic hnh thnh
cc cm ng trong LEACH v gim c s ln truyn v nhn bng vic tp hp d
liu. Tuy nhin PEGASIS li c tr ng truyn ln i vi cc nt xa trong
chui. Hn na nt chnh c th xy ra hin tng tht c chai.
2.7. Giao thc da trn v tr
Mc tiu chnh ca gii thut nh tuyn ny l da vo cc thng tin v v tr ca
cc nt cm bin tm mt ng i hiu qu n ch. Loi nh tuyn ny rt ph
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

hp vi mng cm bin ni m vic tp trung d liu l k thut hu ch gim thiu

vic truyn bn tin n trm c s bng cch loi b s d tha gia cc gi n t
cc ngun khc nhau. Loi nh tuyn ny cn yu cu s tnh ton v lng mo u
truyn dn thp.
Ta s xem xt mt s giao thc nh tuyn da trn v tr nh sau:
2.7.1. GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)
Gii thut chnh xc theo a l (GAF) da trn v tr c hiu qu v mt nng lng
c thit k ch yu cho cc mng Ad-hoc di ng, nhng cng c th p dng cho
mng cm bin. GAF khai thc vic d tha d liu trong mng bng cch coi mt tp
hp cc nt con trong mng l tng ng nhau khi nhn t giao thc lp trn. GAF
chia vng quan st thnh cc hnh vung nh, bt k cc nt no trong hnh vung
cng u c th giao tip v tuyn vi bt k nt no nm trong hnh vung bn
canh.GAF d tr nng lng bng cch tt cc nt khng cn thit trong mng m
khng nh hng n mc chnh xc ca nh tuyn. N to ra mt li o cho
vng bao ph. Mi nt dng GPS ca n - v tr xc nh kt hp vi cng mt
im trn li m c coi l tng ng khi tnh n gi ca vic nh tuyn gi.
S tng ng nh vy c tn dng gi cc nt nh v trong vng li xc
nh trong trng thi ngh tit kim nng lng. V vy GAF c th tng ng k
thi gian sng ca mng cm bin khi m s lng cc nt tng ln. Mt v d c th
c a ra hnh (2.10). Trong hnh v ny, nt 1 c th truyn n bt k nt no
trong s cc nt 2, 3 v 4 v cc nt 2, 3, 4 c th truyn ti nt 5. Do cc nt 2, 3
v 4 l tng ng v 2 trong s 3 nt c th trng thi ngh.
Cc nt chuyn trng thi t ngh sang hot ng ln lt cho cc ti c cn
bng. C ba trng thi c nh ngha trong GAF, l pht hin (discovery), xc
nh cc nt ln cn trong li, hot ng (active), th hin s tham gia vo qu trnh
nh tuyn v ngh (sleep) khi sng c tt i. S chuyn trng thi trong GAF c
miu t hnh (2.11). Nt no ngh trong bao lu lin quan n cc thng s c iu
chnh trong qu trnh nh tuyn. iu khin di ng, mi nt trong li c
on thi gian ri khi li ca n v gi thng tin ny n nt ln cn.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Nhm 9

Hnh 2.10 V d v li o trong GAF

Cc nt ang khng hot ng iu chnh thi gian ngh ca chng ph hp cc

thng tin nhn c t cc nt ln cn gi cho vic nh tuyn c chnh xc.
Trc khi thi gian ri khi li ca cc nt ang hot ng qu hn, cc nt ang
ngh thot khi trng thi v mt trong s cc nt tr nn hot ng tr li. GAF
c trin khai cho c nhng mng bao gm cc nt khng di ng (GAF c bn) v
mng bao gm cc nt di ng (GAF thch ng di ng).

Hnh 2.11 S chuyn trng thi trong GAF

GAF gi mng hot ng bng cch gi cho cc nt i din lun ch hot

ng trong mi vng li o ca n. Mc d GAF l mt giao thc da trn v tr,
n cng c th c coi l nh mt giao thc phn cp khi m cc cm da trn v tr
a l. i vi mi vng li xc nh, mi nt i din hot ng nh mt nt ch
truyn d liu n cc nt khc. Tuy nhin nt ch ny khng thc hin bt c mt
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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nhim v hp nht hay tp trung d liu no nh trong cc giao thc phn cp mng
thng thng.
2.7.2. GEAR
Vic s dng thng tin v a l trong khi ph bin cc yu cu n cc vng thch
hp v cc yu cu d liu thng bao gm cc thuc tnh a l. Giao thc GEAR
(Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing) dng s nhn bit v nng lng v cc
phng php thng bo thng tin v a l ti cc nt ln cn. Vic nh tuyn thng
tin theo vng a l rt c ch trong cc h thng xc nh v tr, v c bit l trong
mng cm bin. tng ny hn ch s lng cc yu cu Directed Diffusion bng
cch quan tm n mt vng xc nh hn l gi cc yu cu ti ton mng. GEAR
ci tin hn Directed Diffusion im ny v v th d tr c nhiu nng lng
hn.
Trong giao thc GEAR, mi mt nt gi mt estimated cost v mt learned cost
trong qu trnh n ch qua cc nt ln cn. Estimated cost l s kt hp ca nng
lng cn d v khong cch n ch. Learned cost l s ci tin ca estimated cost
gii thch cho vic nh tuyn xung quanh cc hc trong mng. Hc xy ra khi m mt
nt khng c bt k mt nt ln cn no gn hn so vi vng ch hn l chnh n.
Trong trng hp khng c mt hc no th estimated cost bng vi learned cost.
Learned cost c truyn ngc li 1 hop mi ln mt gi n ch lm cho vic thit
lp ng cho gi tip theo c iu chnh.
C 2 pha trong gii thut ny:
Chuyn tip gi n vng ch: GEAR dng cch t chn nt ln cn da
trn s nhn bit v nng lng v v tr a l nh tuyn gi n vng
ch. C 2 trng hp cn quan tm:
Khi tn ti nhiu hn mt nt ln cn gn hn so vi ch: GEAR s
chn hop tip theo trong s tt c cc nt ln cn gn ch hn.
Khi m tt c cc nt u xa hn: trong trng hp ny s c mt l
hng. GEAR chn hop tip theo m lm ti thiu gi chi ph ca nt ln
cn ny. Trong trng hp ny, mt trong s cc nt ln cn c chn
chuyn tip gi da trn learned cost. La chn ny c th c cp
nht sau theo s hi t ca learned cost trong sut qu trnh truyn gi.
nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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Chuyn tip gi trong vng: Nu gi c chuyn n vng, n c th truyn

d liu trong vng c th bng cch chuyn tip a l quy hoc
flooding c gii hn. Flooding c gii hn p dng tt trong trng hp cc
sensor trin khai khng dy c. nhng mng c mt sensor cao,
flooding a l quy li hiu qu v mt nng lng hn l flooding c gii
hn. Trong trng hp , ngi ta chia vng thnh 4 vng nh v to ra 4
bn copy ca gi . Vic chia nh ny v qu trnh chuyn tip tip tc cho
n khi trong vng ch cn 1 nt, v d nh hnh (2.12).
tha mn cc iu kin chng ta dng gii thut chuyn tip a l quy
truyn gi trong vng ny. Tuy nhin, vi nhng vng mt thp, chuyn tip a l
quy i khi khng hon thnh, nh tuyn v tc dng trong mt vng ch rng
trc khi s hop gi i qua vt qu gii hn. Trong trng hp ny chng ta dng
flooding c gii hn.

Hnh 2.12 Chuyn tip a l quy trong GEAR

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2.8. Kt lun phn II

Phn ny tng kt v a ra kh nhiu cc giao thc nh tuyn. Mi giao thc
u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Hin nay, c rt nhiu cc ci tin ca cc
loi giao thc ny c a ra, v cho kt qu rt kh quan. Vic la chn loi giao
thc no hon ton ph thuc vo ng dng m chng ta trin khai. Mc d s hot
ng ca cc gii thut nh tuyn ny y ha hn trong vn s dng hiu qu
nng lng, cc nghin cu sau ny cn phi xc nh r cc vn nh cht lng
dch v ca cc ng dng ca cc cm bin hnh nh v cc ng dng thi gian thc.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu ting anh
[1] "WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology, Protocols, and Applications" ,
KAZEM SOHRABY ,DANIEL MINOLI ,TAIEB ZNATI , Wiley & Son Inc
Publication , 2007
[2] "An Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks", Bhaskar Krishnamachari ,
Department of Electrical Engineering, 2005
[3] "Wireless Sensor Networks:Applications and Challenges of Ubiquitous
Sensing" , Daniele Puccinelli and Martin Haenggi , E CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS
MAGAZINE , 2005
[4] "System Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks" , Jason Lester Hill , 2003
[5] "Wireless Sensor Network Designs" , Anna H., University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Honolulu, USA.
Ti liu Internet
[6] http://4tech.com.vn/forums/showthread.php/1098-Mang-cam-bien-vo-tuyen
[7] http://www.wikipedia.org/
[8] http://vntelecom.org/diendan/forum.php
[9] Gio Trnh Mng Cm Bin Khng Dy (Wireless Sensor Networks) -
Duy Tn - i Hc Bch Khoa Thnh Ph H Ch Minh.

nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy (WSN)

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