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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES

TO VARIABLE RATE SEEDING


A.Melnitchouck, G.Donald, and T.Schmaltz
DynAgra Corp.
Beiseker, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT
The efficiency of variable rate seeding (VRS) was confirmed in various
crops. It is proven that corn requires increasing seeding rates in high-yielding
zones, whereas soybeans need lower rates. However, the data for wheat appeared
to be controversial. The aim of our experiment was to determine the most efficient
strategy for variable rate fertilization and seeding in spring wheat in the
conditions of Canadian Prairies. Two approaches were tested: based on Normalize
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and on digital elevation model (DEM). The
strategies for VRS included two types: seeding rate increased from 100 in the
lowest yielding zone to 160 kg/ha-1 in the highest yielding area with the
increments of 12 kg/ha-1, and maximized to 160 kg/ha-1 in the lowest yielding area
with a gradual reduction to 100 kg/ha-1 in the highest yielding zone. The constant
seeding rate was 130 kg/ha-1. The rates of carbamide varied from 93 to 284 kg/ha1
, the constant rate was 252 kg/ha-1.The experiment was laid out in four
replications. Constant rate fertilization and seeding were used as control. The
replications were placed within the field so that the average last years NDVI
values in each variant were equal. At the peak of the growing season, NDVI was
calculated for comparison of green biomass development in each variant. On
average, NDVI in the variants with variable rate fertilization and seeding
exceeded the constant rate by 9.2%. The difference in grain yield between the
same variants was 6.7%. Both values were significant at P < .05. Variable rate
seeding with the reduced rates in high-yielding areas was more efficient that the
variants with the higher rates; however, the difference was not statistically
significant. Also, no significant difference at P < .05 was found between the
variants based on NDVI and DEM.

Keywords: Precision agriculture, satellite imagery, variable rate technology,


fertilizers, soil.

INTRODUCTION
Adjusting seeding rates depending on soil fertility and environmental
conditions is an important component of crop production. Technologies of
precision agriculture considerably facilitate this process, because seeding rates
can be changed on-the-go. Traditionally, there are two main strategies for variable
rate seeding (VRS). The first approach is to increase seeding rates in low-yielding

areas and decrease in the high-yielding zones. This strategy is often recommended
for many crops including wheat, barley, soybeans etc. The reason for this is that
the plants require more space, when they are grown in favorable conditions.
Tillering in cereals, or more intensive development of canopy in canola or
soybeans lead to higher yield per plant, which gives an opportunity to save on
seeds and increase total yield by optimizing crop density. The opposite point of
view is to increase seeding rates in areas with higher yielding potential. This
strategy is popular among corn growers. So far, there is no commonly accepted
approach to variable rate seeding.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our experiment was carried out in a real farmers field near Beiseker, AB,
Canada. The total field area was 201.3 ha seeded to hard red spring wheat. To
delineate management zones, we tested two methods: using Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and elevation data. Elevation data were
collected using Light Derection and Ranging (LiDAR) before the growing season.
The main aim of our experiment was to answer the following questions:
1. Which method of delineation of management zones gives better results:
based on topography or NDVI?
2. Should seeding rates for wheat be increased or decreased in high- and lowyielding zones?
3. How efficient are different models of variable rate technology in
comparison to the constant fertilization/seeding?
We were not trying to determine the optimal seeding rates in this trial. To
ensure the quality of the experiment, the replicates in the field were positioned so
that the average NDVI values per replicate were identical (Table 1). The
experiment was laid out in four replications (Fig. 1).
Table 1. Average NDVI values for different variants in the experiment.
Variant
NDVI 2007
NDVI 2008
CF CS*
0.75315
0.553025
VF1 VS1
0.77035
0.553425
VF2 VS2
0.77305
0.556575
VF1 VS2
0.77115
0.54965
VF2 VS1
0.77075
0.557775
*CF and CS constant rate fertilization and constant rate seeding.
VF1 - VRT map is based on NDVI;
VF2 - VRT map is based on LiDAR data;
VS1 - Seeding rates are increased in high yielding zones and decreased
yielding zones;
VS2 - Seeding rates are decreased in high-yielding zones and increased
yielding zones.

Average
0.653088
0.661888
0.664813
0.6604
0.664263

in lowin low-

32 27 25 W4; 09 (497.60 ac.)


(500.9ac.)Field Boundary
1 CF CS Control Replication 1
2 VF1 VS1 Replication 1
3 VF2 VS2 Replication 1
4 VF1 VS2 Replication 1
5 VF2 VS1 Replication 1
6 CF CS Control Replication 2
7 VF1 VS1 Replication 2
8 VF2 VS2 Replication 2
9 VF1 VS2 Replication 2
10 VF2 VS1 Replication 2
11 CF CS Control Replication 3
12 VF1 VS1 Replication 3
13 VF2 VS2 Replication 3
14 VF1 VS2 Replication 3
15 VF2 VS1 Replication 3
16 CF CS Control Replication 4
17 VF1 VS1 Replication 4
18 VF2 VS2 Replication 4
19 VF1 VS2 Replication 4
20 VF2 VS1 Replication 4

N
W
2000

2000

4000 Feet

Fig. 1. Layout of the experiment.


To apply variable seeding rates, we created a prescription file (Fig. 2).

(497.6ac.)Field Boundary
VR Seeding rates, kg ha-1
0
(0.3 ha.)
100 (40.7 ha.)
112 (11.3 ha.)
124
(10.8 ha.)
130
(65.5 ha.)
130
(13.5 ha.)
136
(12.2 ha.)
148
(16.1 ha.)
160
(33.0 ha.)

N
W
100 0 100 200 Meters

E
S

Fig. 2. Prescription map for variable rate seeding.


On July 12 and 21, 2009, two satellite images were collected for the field
(Landsat 5TM). NDVI values were calculated for each pixel of the image; then

two interpolated NDVI maps were created to visualize spatial variability of green
biomass in the field (Fig. 2). At the end of the growing season, yield data were
collected and analyzed using SSToolbox 3.8 (SST Development Group).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Visual analysis of satellite imagery and yield data indicated obvious difference
between the variants of the experiment (Fig. 3).
At the first stage, the following information was used for the analysis:
- Field boundary and 20 boundaries of replicates.
- NDVI data.
Analysis of NDVI values for each variant gave the results summarized in Table 2.
Comparison of the VRF and VRS methods did not reveal significant difference
between them at P>.05. However, topographical model of VRT performed better
than NDVI with the probability of 84.1 %, and decrease of seeding rates in highyielding zones worked better than increase of them with the probability 74.2%.
Table 2. The effects of variable rate fertilization and seeding on NDVI.
Variant
1
CF CS (Constant fertilization, constant seeding rates)
(control)

NDVI
0.489

VF1 VS1 (Variable fertilization based on NDVI,


variable seeding (seeding rates increased in highyielding areas and decreased in low-yielding areas)

0.505

VF2 VS2 (Variable fertilization based on field


topography, variable seeding (seeding rates increased in
low-yielding areas and decreased in high-yielding
areas)

0.532

VF1 VS2 (Variable fertilization based on NDVI,


variable seeding (seeding rates increased in lowyielding areas and decreased in high-yielding areas)

0.522

VF2 VS1 (Variable fertilization based on topography,


variable seeding (seeding rates increased in highyielding areas and decreased in low-yielding areas)

0.528

32 27 25 W4; 10 (497.60 ac.)


Ndvi Surface Jul 12 2009

500

500

1000

Ndvi Surface Jul 12 2009


0.29 - 0.42
0.42 - 0.48
0.48 - 0.53
0.53 - 0.59
0.59 - 0.71

Ndvi Surface Jul 21 2009

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Date: Jul 23, 2009


Field Name: 32 27 25 W4; 10
Farm Name: Kunz Farms
Client Name: Kunz, Chris
Total Acres: 497.60
Field Boundary Start Location:
Latitude: 51.35549977
Longitude: -113.49747469

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500 Feet

Ndvi Surface Jul 21 2009


0.23 - 0.39
0.39 - 0.46
0.46 - 0.53
0.53 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.74

Fig. 3. Satellite image of the experimental field (Landsat 5TM, Jul 12 and 21,
2009).
The assessment of separate effects of variable rate fertilization and seeding
indicated that the average NDVI values in the variants with VR fertilization and
seeding was significantly higher than in the variants with the constant rate (P>
.05, Table 3).
Table 3. Influence of variable rate technology on the amount of green biomass in
the field.
Fertilization
NDVI Average
Variable Rate Technology
0.530
Constant Rate Application
0.489
At the next step, two-way ANOVA was applied to estimate the significance of
difference between different models of VRT and VRS. The results indicated that
the contribution of variable rate seeding was 25.7%, variable rate fertilization
65.7%, and 8.7 % was due to the interaction of the factors.
Yield map clearly shows the difference between the variants of the experiment;
they are seen as vertical strips of different color (Fig.3). Analysis of yield data
indicated that the variable rate technology performed better than the conventional
approach (Table 4).

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(497 6ac )F e d Boundary


Y e d buacre
20 887 - 36 787
36 787 - 47 021
47 021 - 57 514
57 514 - 71 988
71 988 - 99 746
N
W

100 0 100 200 Me e s

E
S

Fig. 4. Yield map (2009).


Table 4. The effect of different types of VR seeding and fertilization on grain
yield.
Variant
Yield,
bu/acre
CF CS
45.2125
VF1 VS1
47.065
VF2 VS2
49.195
VF1 VS2
47.9975
VF2 VS1
48.7675
On average, decreasing seeding rates in high-yielding zones performed better
than increasing rates (Table 5). However, the difference was not significant at P>
.05. The summer of 2009 was very dry, and apparently, it was the reason, why the
yield data did not indicate the same difference between the variants.
Table 5. The effect of different types of VR seeding and fertilization on grain
yield.
Variant
Yield,
bu/acre
VS1 - Seeding rates are increased in high yielding
47.9
zones and decreased in low-yielding zones
VS2 - Seeding rates are reduced in high-yielding
48.6
zones and increased in low-yielding zones

CONCLUSION
Decreasing seeding rates in high-yielding areas and increasing them in lowproducing zones is the best strategy for variable rate seeding in spring wheat. To
make this technology economically efficient, variable rate seeding should be
bundled with variable rate fertilization, which increased the efficiency of seeding
rate adjustment.

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