A. P. J.

Abdul Kalam
This article is about the former President of India. For ing of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, howthe Indian freedom ghter, see Abul Kalam Azad.
ever, the businesses failed and the family fortune and
properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral
[16]
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen "A. P. J." Abdul Kalam home. By his early childhood, Kalams family had become poor; at an early age, he started working to sup( i /bdl klm/; 15 October 1931 27 July 2015)
[17]
was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A plement his familys income. After completing school,
newspapers to contribute to his fathers
career scientist turned reluctant politician, Kalam was Kalam distributed
[17][18]
income.
born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the
next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in Indias
civilian space program and military missile development
eorts.[2] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man
of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[3][4][5] He also played
a pivotal organizational, technical, and political role in Indias Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the rst since the
original nuclear test by India in 1974.[6]
Kalam was elected President of India in 2002 with the
support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and
the opposition Indian National Congress. After serving
a term of ve years, he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service. He was a recipient of
several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna,
Indias highest civilian honour.

In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was

described as a bright and hardworking student who had a
strong desire to learn and spend hours on his studies, especially mathematics.[18] After completing his education
at the Ramanathapuram Schwartz Matriculation School,
Kalam went on to attend Saint Josephs College, Tiruchirappalli, then aliated with the University of Madras,
from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[19] He
moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.[10] While Kalam
was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatised with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was nished within
the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing
the Dean, who later said to him, I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a dicult deadline.[20]
He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a
ghter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualiers, and only eight
positions were available in the IAF.[21]

2 Career as a scientist

Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15

October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in
the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil
Nadu. His fathers name was Jainulabudeen, a boat
owner, and his mother Ashiamma, a housewife.[7][8][9][10]
His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back
and forth between Rameswaram and the now-extinct
Dhanushkodi.[11][12] Kalam was the youngest of four
brothers and one sister in his family.[13][14][15] Kalams
ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, with
numerous properties and large tracts of land. Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well
as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. As a result, the family acquired the title of Mara
Kalam iyakkivar (wooden boat steerers), which over the
years became shortened to Marakier. With the open-

This was my rst stage, in which I learnt leadership from

three great teachersDr Vikram Sarabhai , Prof Satish
Dhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash. This was the time of
learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.

A P J Abdul Kalam[22]
After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. He started
his career by designing a small helicopter for the Indian
Army, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at
DRDO.[23] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned
space scientist.[10] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the
1

2
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he
was the project director of Indias rst Satellite Launch
Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini
satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had rst
started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[2] In 1969, Kalam received the
governments approval and expanded the programme to
include more engineers.[22]

Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati

PRESIDENCY

overruns.[26][27]
Kalam served as the Chief Scientic Adviser to the Prime
Minister and the Secretary of the Defence Research and
Development Organisation from July 1992 to December
1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political
and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project
Coordinator, along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, during the testing phase.[8][28] Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the countrys best known nuclear scientist.[29] However, the director of the site test, K
Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been
a "zzle" and criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect
report.[30] Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the
claims.[31]
In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the KalamRaju Stent.[32][33] In 2012, the duo designed a rugged
tablet computer for health care in rural areas, which was
named the Kalam-Raju Tablet.[34]

In 196364, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center

in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center in 3 Presidency
Greenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility.[8][24]
Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an eort to Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding
develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election
SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful. with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366
Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25
[35]
countrys rst nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the rep- July 2002 to 25 July 2007.
resentative of TBRL, even though he had not partici- On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance
pated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also di- (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed
rected two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, that they would nominate Kalam for the post of
which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the tech- President,[36][37] and both the Samajwadi Party and the
nology of the successful SLV programme.[25] Despite Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[38][39]
the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime Minister After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for
Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace Kalam, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in
projects through her discretionary powers under Kalams oce, leaving the eld clear.[40] Kalam said of the andirectorship.[25] Kalam played an integral role convinc- nouncement of his candidature:
ing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these
classied aerospace projects.[25] His research and educaI am really overwhelmed. Everywhere
tional leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in
both in Internet and in other media, I have been
the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an
asked for a message. I was thinking what mesadvanced missile programme under his directorship.[25]
sage I can give to the people of the country at
Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scienthis juncture.[41]
tic adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R. Venkataraman
on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver On 18 June, Kalam led his nomination papers in the
by Vajpayee and his seof missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after Indian Parliament, accompanied
[42]
nior
Cabinet
colleagues.
[26]
another.
R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting
the cabinet approval for allocating 388 crores for the The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July
mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development 2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the meProgramme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chief dia claiming that the election was a one-sided aair and
executive.[26] Kalam played a major part in developing Kalams victory was a foregone conclusion; the count was
many missiles under the mission including Agni, an in- held on 18 July.[43] Kalam became the 11th president of
termediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tacti- the Republic of India in an easy victory,[44] and moved
cal surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25
been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time July.[45] Kalam was the third President of India to have

3
Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April
claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his
second term.[64][65][66] After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his
candidature.[67][68] The BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party would lend their support
if the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election.[69][70] A month ahead of the election,
Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam.[71] Days afterwards,
Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata
Banerjee as the solitary supporter.[72] On 18 June 2012,
Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He
his presidency
said of his decision not to do so:
been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Dr Sarvepalli
Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963) were
the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became
the President of India.[46] He was also the rst scientist
and the rst bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[47]

Many, many citizens have also expressed

the same wish. It only reects their love and
aection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support.
This being their wish, I respect it. I want to
thank them for the trust they have in me.[73]

During his term as president, he was aectionately known

as the Peoples President,[48][49][50] saying that signing the 4 Post-presidency
Oce of Prot Bill was the toughest decision he had taken
during his tenure.[51][52] Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure.[53] Article 72 of
the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons, and suspend or commute the death
sentence of convicts on death row.[53][54] Kalam acted on
only one mercy plea in his ve-year tenure as president,
rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who
was later hanged.[53] Perhaps the most notable plea was
from Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted
of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian
Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme
Court of India in 2004.[54] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending
action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death
death row.[54] He also took the controversial decision to
After leaving oce, Kalam became a visiting professor at
impose Presidents Rule in Bihar in 2005.[55]
the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian
In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian InChandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil stitute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of
Code in India, keeping in view the population of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[74] chancellor of
country.[56][57][58][59]
the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineerhis willingness to consider a second term in oce pro- ing at Anna University; and an adjunct at many other acavided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 demic and research institutions across India. He taught
presidential election.[60] However, two days later, he de- information technology at the International Institute of
cided not to contest the Presidential election again stat- Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at
ing that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan Banaras Hindu University and Anna University.[75]
from any political processes.[61] He did not have the sup- In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth
port of the left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents, of India called the What Can I Give Movement, with a cento receive a renewed mandate.[62][63]
tral theme of defeating corruption.[76][77] He also enjoyed
Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President writing Tamil poetry and playing the veenai, a South

Indian string instrument.[78] Kalam listened to Carnatic

devotional music every day and believed in the Hindu
culture.[79] Kalam used to read Bhagavad Gita[80][81] and
was a vegetarian.[1][82][83] He was nominated for the MTV
Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003[84][85] and 2006.[86]
In the 2011 Hindi lm I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed
as a positive inuence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy
named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of
his idol.[87]
In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his
stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and
was accused of not speaking with the local people.[88] The
protesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to him
to be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the
assurances provided by him regarding the safety features
of the plant.[89]

Death

On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a

lecture on Creating a Livable Planet Earth at the Indian
Institute of Management Shillong. At around 6:35 p.m.
IST, only ve minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[90][91]
He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other
signs of life.[90] Despite being placed in the intensive care
unit, Kalam was conrmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m IST.[90][92][93]
The last word reportedly said by A.P.J Abdul Kalam was
Funny guy! Are you doing well?
to his aide Srijan Pal Singh.[94]
Following his death, Kalams body was airlifted in an
Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati,
from where it was own to New Delhi on the morning of
28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The ight landed
at Palam Air Base and was received by the President, the
Prime Minister, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal, and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed
Forces, who laid wreaths on Kalams body.[95] His body
was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian ag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji
Marg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paid
homage, including former prime minister Manmohan
Singh, Congress president Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi,
and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[96]
On the morning of 29 July, Kalams body, wrapped in
the Indian ag, was taken to Palam Air Base and own
to Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at
Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body was received
at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and
state dignitaries, including cabinet ministers Manohar
Parrikar, Venkaiah Naidu, Pon Radhakrishnan and the

DEATH

governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, K Rosaiah and

V. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony, Kalams
body was own in an air force helicopter to the town of
Mandapam. From Mandapam, Kalams body was taken
in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram, where
it was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus
station to allow the public to pay their nal respects until
8 p.m. that evening.[97][98]
On 30 July 2015, the former President was laid to rest
at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state
honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu
and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh.[99][100]

5.1 Reactions
India reacted to Kalams death with an outpouring of
grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former President across the nation and on social media.[101] The
Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect.[102] President Pranab
Mukherjee, Vice President Hamid Ansari, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and other leaders condoled the former
Presidents demise.[92] Prime Minister Narendra Modi
said his [Kalams] death is a great loss to the scientic
community. He took India to great heights. He showed
the way.[103] Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan
Singh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam,
said, our country has lost a great human being who made
phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely
with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly beneted
from his advice as president of our country. His life and
work will be remembered for generations to come.[104]
ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague a great personality and a gentleman, while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as a
global leader for whom the downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion to convey
what is in his mind to the young generation, adding that
his death left a vacuum which none could ll.[105][106]
South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded
the late statesman. The Bhutanese government ordered
the countrys ags to y at half-sta to mourn Kalams
death, and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. Bhutanese
Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness,
saying Kalam was a leader greatly admired by all people,
especially the youth of India who have referred to him
as the peoples President.[107] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as a rare combination of a great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and a
source of inspiration to the young generation of South
Asia and termed his death an irreparable loss to India and beyond. Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief
Khaleda Zia said as a nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people. Ashraf Ghani, the

5
President of Afghanistan, called Kalam an inspirational
gure to millions of people, noting that we have a lot
to learn from his life. Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil
Koirala recalled Kalams scientic contributions to India: Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an
honoured and ideal personality. The President of Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his passing.[108][109][110] The President of Sri
Lanka, Maithripala Sirisena, also expressed his condolences. Dr. Kalam was a man of rm conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not
only to India but to the entire world.[111] Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice President Ahmed Adheeb condoled Kalams passing, with Yameen naming
him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of
South Asians. Former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had made an ocial visit to India during
Kalams presidency, termed his demise as a great loss
to all of humankind.[112] The Commander-in-Chief of
the Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min Aung
Hlaing, expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar
government.[113] The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness
and oered condolences and prayers, calling Kalams
death an irreparable loss.[114]
Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam
had visited on numerous occasions, expressed deepest
condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space program.
As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young
people to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader,
he gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the peoples President'. I join our Indo
Canadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourning
the passing of this respected leader.[115] United States
President Barack Obama extended deepest condolences
to the people of India on the passing of former Indian
President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, and highlighted his
achievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notably
his role in strengthening U.S.India relations and increasing space cooperation between the two nations. Suitably named 'the Peoples President', Dr. Kalams humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the
world.[116] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed
sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader,
to the government, and entire people of India. He remarked on Kalams outstanding personal contribution to
the social, economic, scientic, and technical progress of
India and in ensuring its national security, adding that
Dr. Kalam would be remembered as a consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations, who
has done a lot for cementing mutually benecial Russian
Indian cooperation.[117] Other international leaders
including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President of
the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al
Nahyan, and Vice President and Prime Minister of the
United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoumalso paid tribute to
Kalam.[118][119] In a special gesture Secretary-General of
the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, visited the Permanent
Mission of India to the UN and signed the condolence
book placed following his death. The outpouring of grief
around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency. The
UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peace
and eternity, Ban said in his message.[120]

6 Writings

A P J Abdul Kalam delivering a speech

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower
and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regarded his
work on Indias nuclear weapons programme as a way to
assert Indias place as a future superpower.[121]
I have identied ve areas where India has
a core competence for integrated action: (1)
agriculture and food processing; (2) education
and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable
and quality electric power, surface transport
and infrastructure for all parts of the country;
and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies.
These ve areas are closely inter-related and
if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to
food, economic and national security.
Kalam describes a transformative moment in his life
when he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPS
Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realize this

8 BOOKS AND DOCUMENTARIES

ve-pronged vision of development. Pramukh Swamis

answerto add a sixth area developing faith in God and
spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and
corruptionbecame the spiritual vision for the next 15
years Kalams life, which he describes in his nal book,
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh
Swamiji, published just a month before his death.[122]
It was reported that there was considerable demand in
South Korea for translated versions of books authored by
him.[123]
Kalam took an active interest in other developments in
the eld of science and technology, including a research
programme for developing biomedical implants. He also
supported open source technology over proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large
scale would bring the benets of information technology
to more people.[124]
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students
during the two years after his resignation from the post
of scientic adviser in 1999.[18] He explained, I feel
comfortable in the company of young people, particularly
high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with
them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for
which the road map is already available.[18]

Awards and honours

Kalam received honorary doctorates from 40

universities.[125][126] The Government of India has
honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and
the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO
and DRDO and his role as a scientic advisor to the
Government.[127] In 1997, Kalam received Indias highest
civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution
to the scientic research and modernisation of defence
technology in India.[128] In 2013, he was the recipient
of the Von Braun Award from the National Space
Society to recognize excellence in the management and
leadership of a space-related project.[129]
Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes.
The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his
birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state
as Youth Renaissance Day;" the state government further instituted the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award,
constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certicate and
500,000 (US$7,800). The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day, beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientic growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[130]

Books and documentaries

Kalams writings

Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and Roddam
Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988[150]
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A
P J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York, 1998.[151]
Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J Abdul
Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[8]
Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India
by A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[152]
The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by;
Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004.[153]
Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings by
Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[154]
Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal &
Sons, 2007[155]
Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal and
Sons Publishing[156]
Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul
Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi
You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond
by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean
Books, 2011.[157]
Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A
P J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.[158]
Target 3 Billion" by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 | Publisher Penguin
Books.
My Journey: (titled
- Tamil) Transforming Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam;
August 2013 by the Rupa Publication.
A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 by
A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 by
Harper Collins.[159]
Forge your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring by
A P J Abdul Kalam; by Rajpal and Sons, 29 October
2014.[160]
Reignited: Scientic Pathways to a Brighter Future by
A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; by Penguin
India, 14 May 2015.[161]
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by A P J Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015[162]
Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S
Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[163]

7
President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; Anmol [11] APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President who
learnt the art of the political.
Publications, 2002.[164]
A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K
Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[165]

[12] The greatest student India ever had.

[13] Brother awaits Kalam last trip.

A Little Dream (documentary lm) by P. Dhanapal; [14] How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJ
Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[166]
Abdul Kalams childhood.
The Kalam Eect: My Years with the President by P
M Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.[167]

[15] Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brothers

health.

My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K

George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[168]

[16] Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew. Times of

India. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.

See also
List of Presidents of India
Indian presidential election, 2002
Pokhran-II

10

References

[1] Kalam And Islam.

[2] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor
South Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas
to Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopdia Britannica (India).
p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
[3] Pruthi, R. K. (2005). Ch. 4. Missile Man of India.
President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. pp.
6176. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
[4] Indias 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people. 30 July
2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.

[17] Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). Pride of

the Nation : Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Diamond Pocket
Books (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
[18] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The
Visionary of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 110,153. ISBN 9788176483803.
[19] K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). Kalam
meets the teacher who moulded him. The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
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3D

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dard. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.

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11

[151] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Y.S., Rajan (1998). India 2020: A

Vision for the New Millennium. New York. ISBN 978-0670-88271-7.
[152] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2002). Ignited minds: unleashing
the power within India. Viking.
[153] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2004). The luminous sparks : a
biography in verse and colours. Bangalore: Punya Pub.
ISBN 978-81-901897-8-1.
[154] Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. (2005). Mission India : a vision for Indian youth. New Delhi, India: Pun
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-333499-6.
[155] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2007). Inspiring thoughts. Delhi:
Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-684-4.
[156] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2006). Indomitable Spirit. Delhi:
Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-654-7.
[157] You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond.
New Delhi, India: Ocean Books. ISBN 81-8430-037-9.
[158] Turning Points:A journey through challenges. Harper
Collins India.
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[160] Abdul Kalam, A P J (29 October 2014). Forge Your
Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring. Rajpal and Sons.
ISBN 978-93-5064-279-5.
[161] Abdul Kalam, A P J; Pal Singh, Srijan (14 May 2015).
Reignited: Scientic Pathways to a Brighter Future. Penguin India. ISBN 978-0-14-333354-8.
[162] Dr. Abdul Kalams new Book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji to release on
June 15. Harper Collins India Publication.
[163] Rohde, David (19 July 2002). Nuclear Scientist, 70, a
Folk Hero, Is Elected Indias President. The New York
Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[164] Pruthi, Raj (2003). President Apj Abdul Kalam. Anmol
Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
[165] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The
Visionary of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648380-3.
[166] Documentary on Kalam released. The Hindu (Chennai,
India). 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on
11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
[167] Nair, P. M. (2008). The Kalam Eect: My Years with the
President. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with
the India Today Group. ISBN 978-81-7223-736-3.
[168] Fr A K George (2009). My Days with Mahatma Abdul
Kalam. Novel Corp. ISBN 978-81-904529-5-3.

11 External links
Ocial website
Vision Poem of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

12

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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Images

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skaloo, Akil Vanam, StarryGrandma, Pratyya Ghosh, Mdann52, Barkha dhamechai, Mrt3366, YFdyh-bot, Amitrish, TheTigerKing, Gavigod, Drat70, Egeymi, Esszet, Pushkarv, Sreejithsasikumar, Colljobs, BrightStarSky, Mbhussain.134, Dexbot, Srikanthkashyap, Magentic Manifestations, Mohammad Al Khalid, Hmainsbot1, Webclient101, Dhruvbhalla, CaviteK1NGP1N, Ganeshvs71, Mayur Jamkhedkar, TFRspeaks, Ameya1st, Shubham811, Thine Antique Pen (public), Mayurai~enwiki, Coolmann124, Ansh4ankit, Sukanta Sarkar,
KahnJohn27, Nissan moon, Neelkamala, Epicgenius, Mohanmusic, Lsmll, Melonkelon, Kunalverma422, Inter&anthro, Lfdder, Vivjain, NEETHIARASU ARUNACHALAM, Rld, Redimail2, Ayub407, PhantomTech, Tentinator, Khushank94, Evano1van, Jain shubh,
Durga Destroyer, Syamsunders, Ijazwiki, Anujpatil44820, Dustin V. S., Jose Mathew C, Ajila paul, Gouthams2, Flat Out, Commons
sibi, Babitaarora, Sakeena3456, Ugog Nizdast, Gokul bangalore, Adityakadiyala911, FaisalAbbasid, Hareesh Sivasubramanian, Jackmcbarn, PAT KIRAN, Abishekrohan, Harshasg, Logical1004, Yugandhar23, Jaaron95, Sasikumarsagabala, Tollysurya, R.A. Rathore, A. R.
Rathore, Sharma Nishtha, JaconaFrere, Pcmster92, Abhisheks 91, Tanmay661, Guruitengineer, Jschauhan2013, Abhishek.lal, Parvez 914,
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Proxy Abhi, Teupdeg, Saqib, Pappup, Roshan Binu, Shrajayprabhu, Innocentbunny, Thouq22, Charvi59, Faizan2508, Bharadwajarya09,
Rraza97, MikeSherly, Siddddddh, Krishna Chaitanya Velaga, Arjunnujs, The Masked Man of Mega Might, Wordsofhyder, MIPOFM,
Nihalpuram, Telangeummu, Mohit00767, Conradjagan, Nkkenbuer, Umar.2000, KasparBot, Uk devadwal, Chethangowdakbs, EyThink,
Iady391, Wikikings, Realmmb, Karthikshetty21, Ishi.13, Db8-85a3-8d3-1319, Sria91, Yaurz39, Modikeval, VishuthaKarpagaa, Arichuvadi, JustFlyingHigh, Cynocyno, Sathishkumar29031995, Neve-selbert, Bhaskarde1986 and Anonymous: 1234

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File:A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam.jpg License: CC

BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pushkarv
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File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Abdul_Kalam_26_January_2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/
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