PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

FOR EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTRICAL SCIENCE (EE 101)

The safety precautions are of utmost Importance:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

While coming to laboratory make sure to be in proper shoes and no loose cloth.
Make sure while making the connections, no connecting wire is too long or too short. The
connections must be got checked by a supervising staff before a circuit is energized.
Before changing any connections the circuit must be de-energized (switched off mains).
The ratings of all components of electrical circuit including the leads used should be such that they
can withstand the maximum current/ voltage during the experiments.
The rating of measuring instruments should be chosen such that most of the readings are between
25 - 27% of the range of the Instrument. Also make sure that the polarity of the instruments is
correct.
In circuits which carry heavy starting current, a short circuiting switch should be connected across
the current coils of the Instruments.
In certain experiments, some conditions should be satisfied before the machine can be started or
the circuit can be energized e. g. in starting shunt motor, the external resistance in the shunt field
circuit must be set to a minimum.

Report Writing:
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

You are provided with the format for submitting the report of each experiment to be performed
except experiment No. A 1 which is descriptive one.
Students should prepare one separate lab. note book for record in the laboratory.
The students should come prepared for the experiment to be done. They must clear any doubts
they have by discussing with the staff. Any special precaution will be explained to them by the
laboratory staff.
The students must read the background theory of the experiment to be performed before coming
to perform the experiment. They should note the object, equipments used in the format
provided, circuit diagram, brief theory before coming to laboratory for performing the experiment
in the lab. note book. Any student without prior preparation will not be allowed to perform
experiment.
The students must record the observations in the lab. note book neatly in a tabular form taking care
that adequate number of observation are recorded for plotting graphs etc. A minimum seven
observations (and often more) are needed to plot a graph. They are advised to repeat at least two
observations after taking a series of observations to improve the accuracy. The method of least
squares should be adopted for plotting the curves. The students must get one or two observations
checked and initialed by the staff.
Complete all the entries in the format along with answers for the report questions given and submit
it for evaluation on the next time when you come to laboratory after performing experiment. Any
late submission will not be evaluated and for that experiment zero marks will be awarded.
The students are expected to go through the Indian Standards IS:12032 available on
http://192.168.125.8/ and use the standard symbols given there while drawing the circuit diagram.

Page 1 of 18

PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Name

Spring Semester

2009 10

Date:
Batch :
Experiment No. A 1: Familiarization of the laboratory and apparatus.

Objectives:
In this experiment the students are expected to familiarize him/ her with the laboratory, layout, devices,
power supplies, various types of meters and auxiliary apparatus.
Report:
The report should contain the general information and the circuit diagram where necessary about the
following:
1. The types of electrical power supplies in the laboratory their voltages and frequency.
2. The function of circuit breaker, fuse and various types of switches used in the laboratory.
3. The types of connecting wires used in the laboratory.
4. The function and connections of a rheostat.
5. The function and connections of a lamp load.
6. The function and connections of a voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
7. The types of DC machines available in the laboratory.
8. The types of AC machines available in the laboratory.
9. The function of auto transformer and transformer.
10. The meaning of the rating of an electrical machine or a component.
11. The function of a tachometer.

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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Name

Spring Semester

2009 10

Date:
Batch :

Experiment No. A 2: Study of speed reversal and speed control of a dc shunt motor
Objectives:
1. To study the speed reversal of a dc shunt motor.
2. To study the speed control of a dc shunt motor by armature resistance control.
3. To study the speed control of a dc shunt motor by field resistance control.
Apparatus and Equipments used:
Sr. No.

Equipment

Range/ rating

Make

R2
750 ohm/5 A
A

220 V
DC

0-2 A

R1
F1
300 ohm/
3A

A1

F2

A2

V 0-250 V

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram for speed control of dc shunt motor

Theory:
The speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back e. m. f. E b and inversely proportional to the net
flux per pole . If brush contact drop is neglected, the speed of a dc motor can be represented as
E
V ( Ra Rt ) I a
V RI a
N K1 b K1
K1

Where, N = speed of the motor,

V = Voltage applied across the armature circuit,
Ra = Armature resistance,
R1 = external resistance,
Ia = Armature current,
K1 = a constant
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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

Thus the speed of a dc motor may be varied by either of the following adjustments:
1. Changing the flux per pole , by varying the field current.
2. Changing R1, external resistance in the armature circuit.
3. Changing the applied voltage V.
In this experiment only first two methods are used to control the speed.
Reversal of the speed may be achieved either by changing the F1 and F2 or by changing the A1 and A2.
Procedure:
Speed reversal of dc shunt motor
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. Set R1 and R2 at zero resistance value.
2. Start the motor and observe the direction of speed.
3. Switch off the motor and change the F1 and F2 terminals or change the A1 and A2 terminals.
4. Again start the motor and observe the direction of speed.
Speed control of dc shunt motor
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. Set R1 and R2 at zero resistance value.
2. Start the motor. When motor speed becomes steady, record speed, field current and voltage across
the armature.
3. Change the field resistance R1 in small steps and record field current and speed in observation table
1. (Normally the run should be continued up to about 120% of the rated speed)
4. Again reduce field resistance R1 to zero and check speed and voltage across the armature.
5. Gradually increase the external armature resistance R2 and record speed and voltage across the
armature in table 2, for different R2 values.
6. Stop the motor and switch off the mains.
Observations:
Table 1: Speed and field current record for Field resistance control
Sl. No

Field Current (If)

Speed in rpm

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Table 2: Speed and Armature voltage record for external armature resistance control
Sl. No

Armature Voltage (V)

Speed in rpm

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Results

Observe the speed reversal either by changing the F1 and F2 or by changing the A1 and A2.
Plot speed as a function of field current from the observation table 1.
Plot speed vs. armature voltage from the observation table 2.
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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

Report Questions:
1.

An increase in field resistance R1 increases the motor speed above rated while an increase in
armature resistance R2 decreases the speed below rated, Explain.
2. What is the need of a starter?
3. The field control of speed of a dc shunt motor gives a constant power drive, whereas armature
voltage control gives a constant torque drive, explain.

Page 5 of 18

PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Name

Spring Semester

2009 10

Date:
Batch :

Experiment No. A 3: Study the performance of RLC circuits and series resonance
Objectives:
1. To study the behavior of a resistor, capacitor and inductor in a series ac circuit and draw the phasor
diagram of the circuit.
2. To study resonance in RLC series circuit.
Apparatus and Equipments used:
Sr. No.

Equipment

Range/ rating

Make

5A , 300V
UPF

( 0 - 5A)

L
230V AC

C
P

V ( 0 - 300V)

50 Hz

( 0 - 150V)

V
( 0 - 500V)

V
( 0 - 600V)

Circuit Diagram for RLC series circuit

Theory:
For a series RLC circuit, Kirchhoffs rules demand that the current be same throughout. Furthermore, the
voltages across each element must combine to equal the source voltage. However, each element also has a
unique phase relation between the voltage and the current, so the voltages must add according to the
rules for combining phasors for the circuit. If we look at each element in turn we can investigate the
individual behavior and then the collective behavior of the elements in the circuit.
For example, the capacitors potential difference is determined by the charge on it, while the current is the
rate of change of charge. This fact leads to a phase difference between current and voltage of 90 o with the
potential difference lagging the current by that phase angle. The effective potential difference across the
capacitor VC equals the effective current I times the capacitive reactance XC.

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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

Procedure:
Make connections as shown in Figure. Make sure that series connections are done first and then parallel
connections. Gradually increase the output of auto transformer to 230 V. Make sure that the readings of
the measuring instruments are not exceeding their ranges. Record the observations as shown in Table. In
table, VR is the voltage across resistance, VL is the voltage across the inductor and VC is the voltage across
the capacitor. Two sets of readings must be taken without changing the inductance. For resonance, reduce
the source voltage to a range 80- 100V, and vary the inductance and capacitance to make the voltages
across them equal. At resonance, the current I in the circuit will be maximum.
Sr.
No.

Supply
Voltage VS
(V)

Current I
(A)

Power P
(W)

VR
(V)

VL
(V)

VC
(V)

R
()

C
(F)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Analysis:
1.
Determine the current in the circuit by calculating the current in the resistor.

VR
I ______ A
R
2.

Determine the inductance of the circuit from its reactance, the current calculated above, and the
frequency of the supply voltage.

VL
X L ______
I
3.

XL
__________ H
2 f

Determine the phase between the supply voltage and the current and also determine power
factor cos .
VL VC
VR

tan 1

4.
5.

and

..............................

cos ...........

Draw phasor diagrams for two sets of readings.

Write discussions on your results.

Report Questions:
1. For the variable inductor used in the laboratory, how are we getting the variable inductance?
2. At resonance, the voltage across the resistor must be equal to the supply voltage. Are you getting the
same in your experiment? If not explain the reason.
3. What is the effect of value of resistance in the resonance experiment?

Page 7 of 18

PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Name

Spring Semester

2009 10

Date:
Batch :

Experiment No. B 1:To Study the operation of Single phase transformer and to find out its equivalent
circuit parameters & obtain performance there from.
Objectives:
1.
To perform open circuit and short circuit tests on a single-phase power transformer in order to
determine its parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit.
2.
To perform load test at rated KVA and unity power factor.
Apparatus and Equipments used:
Sr. No.

Equipment

Range/ rating

2.5A
300V
LPF

(0-2.5A)

A
230 V AC
supply
50 Hz

230V:110V

V
C

P
0-270V
15A

Make

(0-300V)

Figure 1: Circuit diagram for Open Circuit Test of transformer (Secondary open circuited)
5A
75V
UPF

(0-5A)

L
230 V AC
supply
50 Hz
N

230V:110V

V
C

P
0-270V
15A

(0-30V)

Figure 2: Circuit diagram for Short Circuit Test of transformer (Secondary short circuited)

Page 8 of 18

PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

(0-5A)

L
230 V AC
supply
50 Hz
N

(0-10A)
M

P
0-270V
15A

230V:110V

V (0-300V)

S
(0-150V)

Lamp
Load
10A
230V

N
Figure 3: Circuit diagram for Load Test of transformer
Thick Connecting wires
Thin Connecting wires

Req
RC

Xeq

Xm

Figure 4: Approximate equivalent circuit of single phase transformer

Theory:
Transformer is a device, which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit without any
conductive coupling between them. The two circuits are magnetically coupled to each other. Therefore, it
consists of two types of circuits one magnetic and other electrical. Magnetic circuit (core) is made up of
ferromagnetic material, which is generally electrical steel (iron). In this core flux circulates and links with
the two electrical circuits placed on it. The electrical circuits are made up of copper windings. Although
now a days anodized aluminum is also used. Both the circuits do have some losses. The losses in the
magnetic circuits are called iron loss and the in the windings of transformer are called copper loss. Since
the value of flux in the core is function of V/f ratio, and is independent of the load on the transformer,
hence these are constant. These losses are very small as compared to the copper loss at rated load. On the
other hand the copper losses are dependent on the amount of current in the two windings or load on
transformer.
Therefore, from open circuit test shunt parameters of the equivalent circuit can be estimated and that
from the short circuit test series parameters can be estimated. These parameters can be used to calculate
the efficiency and voltage regulation of transformer at any load condition.
The voltage regulation and efficiency at unity power factor can be calculated from the following
expressions:
I 1 Req 1 I 1 X eq 2
V2, FL V2, NL
X 100% = [
(
) ] X 100%
% Voltage Regulation (%VR) =
V2, FL
V1
2 V1
% efficiency =

VARating
VArating Ironloss FullLoadCo pperLoss

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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

Where, NL stands for no load and Fl stands for full load

Procedure:
(a) Open Circuit Test:
Connect the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter in the primary winding of the transformer as shown
in figure 1. Keep the secondary winding of the transformer open. Energize the primary winding
through an auto transformer such that rated voltage is applied to this winding. Note the readings of
voltmeter, ammeter and low power factor wattmeter.
OC
Z 0 VIOC

IOC

VOC I R RC I m X m
IR
Rc

VOC

Im
Xm

Cos0

POC
VOC I OC

I R I OC Cos0
I m I OC Sin0

RC VIocR

X m VIocm
Where,

POC is wattmeter reading at rated voltage and secondary side open circuit.
VOC is applied rated voltage
IOC is ammeter reading for open circuit test
Cos 0 is no load power factor

(b) Short Circuit Test:

Connect the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter in the primary winding of the transformer as shown
in figure 2. Short the two terminals of the secondary winding with a shorting link. Energize the primary
winding through an auto transformer such that rated current circulates in this winding. Note the
readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.

Z eq VI SCSC
Req

PSC
2
I SC

X eq Z eq2 Req2

Where,

PSC is wattmeter reading at rated current and secondary side short circuited.
VSC is applied primary voltage for rated current in primary winding
ISC is ammeter reading for short circuit test

(c) Load Test:

Make connections as shown in figure 3. Set the input voltage equal to the rated voltage. Gradually
increase the load by switching on the lamp load switches till it reaches the rated current. Adjust the
input voltage such that it always remains equal to the rated voltage. For every increase in load note
applied voltage, current and power in primary circuit and secondary voltage and load current.
Observations:
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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

(a)

Spring Semester

2009 10

Open Circuit Test:

Multiplication factor of wattmeter =
POC =
VOC =
IOC =

(b)

Short Circuit Test:

Multiplication factor of wattmeter =
PSC =
VSC =
ISC =

(c)

Load Test:
Multiplication factor of wattmeter =
Sr. No.

Primary Side Readings

Voltage (V)
Current (I)
Power (W)

Secondary Side Readings

Voltage (V)
Current (I)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Results:
1. From the open circuit and short circuit tests calculate the parameters of the equivalent circuit of
transformer.
2. Calculate percentage regulation at unity power factor and rated KVA from OC and SC test
parameters.
3. Calculate the efficiency and voltage regulation at UPF and rated KVA from load test.
Report Questions:
1. Why generally open circuit test is done by connecting voltage to low voltage side and short circuit
test by shorting on low voltage side?
2. Why low power factor (LPF) wattmeter is connected for open circuit test?
3. What is the significance of voltage regulation? Should it be low or high?
4. Why Xm is far greater than Xeq?

Page 11 of 18

PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Name

Spring Semester

2009 10

Date:
Batch :

Experiment No. B 2(i): Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Objectives:
a. To study three phase star delta starter of three phase squirrel cage induction motor.
b. To determine performance characteristics of a three phase squirrel cage induction motor by load
test.
Apparatus and Equipment Used:
Sr. No.

Equipment

0-10 A

Range/ rating

10 A, 600 V, UPF
M

3-phase Mains
400 V/50Hz

Make

0-600 V

W1

I1

L1

A1
B1

SPDT

T1

C1

W2

B1
C1

T2

A1

L2

IM
A2
B2
C2
A2

Brake Drum
(Load)

B2

L3

C2

Star/ Delta
Starter

Figure 1: Starting and Load Test of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor using start Delta Starter
Procedure:
Following steps should be followed:
1. Make connections as shown in figure 1.
2. Remove load i.e. T1 = T2 = 0.
3. Put on 3- Phase mains.

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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

4. Move the handle of Star- Delta starter to Star position and hold it in that position; the motor starts
and picks up speed; move the handle in Delta position. Now leave the handle, it stays in Delta
position.
5. The motor is now running normally under no-load.
6. Load the motor gradually and note the readings
Observations:
(a) Name Plate Data of Motor (Power, Voltage, Current, Speed):
(b) Multiplying factor of Wattmeter
:
(c) Supply voltage (L-L) V1
:
(d) Radius of Brake Drum in meters (r) :
Table of Observations:
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

I1

W1

W2

W= W1+ W2

T1 (kg)

T2(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Calculations:
Sr.
No.

I1 (A)

Wtotal=W*M.F.
(Watts)

Speed(N)
(rpm)

Torque*(T)
(N-m)

Power
Factor

Output
Power*(Po)
(Watts)

Efficiency

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*T = (T1 T2)*r*9.81 Nm

Po = (2**N*T)/60 Wtts

Report:
Draw the following characteristics:
1) Speed v/s Power output
2) Power factor v/s Power output
3) Efficiency v/s Power output
4) Input current v/s Power output

Page 13 of 18

PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Name

Spring Semester

2009 10

Date:
Batch :

Experiment No. B 2(ii): Slip Ring Induction Motor

Objectives:
a. To study three phase Rotor resistance starter of three phase Slip Ring Induction Motor.
b. To determine performance characteristics of a three phase slip ring induction motor by load test.
Apparatus and Equipment Used:
Sr. No.

Equipment

0-10 A

Range/ rating

10 A, 600 V, UPF
M

3-phase Mains
400 V/50Hz

Make

Rotor
(Slip Rings)

I1

To Slip Rings

T1

SPDT

0-600 V
W1

T2

W2

L3

L2

L1

To Stator

Slip
Ring
IM

Stator
Brake Drum
(Load)

Rotor Resistance
Starter

Figure 2:

Starting and Load Test of Slip Ring (or wound rotor) type Induction Motor using Rotor
Resistance Starter

Procedure:
Following steps should be followed:
1. Make connections as shown in figure 2.
2. Remove load i.e. T1 = T2 = 0.
3. Put on 3- Phase mains.
4. Move the handle of Rotor Resistance starter gradually to cut the resistance; the motor starts and
picks up speed; Now leave the handle.
5. The motor is now running normally under no-load.
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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

6. Load the motor gradually and note the readings

Observations:
(a) Name Plate Data of Motor (Power, Voltage, Current, Speed):
(b) Multiplying factor of Wattmeter
:
(c) Supply voltage (L-L) V1
:
(d) Radius of Brake Drum in meters (r) :
Table of Observations:
Sr. No

I1

W1

W2

W= W1+ W2

T1 (kg)

T2(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Power
Factor

Output
Power* (Po)
(Watts)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Calculations:
Sr. No

I1 (A)

Wtotal=W*M.F.
(Watts)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*T = (T1 T2)*r*9.81 Nm

Speed (N)
(rpm)

Torque* (T)
(N-m

Efficiency

Po = (2**N*T)/60 Wtts

Report:
1) Draw the following characteristics:
2) Speed v/s Power output
3) Power factor v/s Power output
4) Efficiency v/s Power output
5) Input current v/s Power output

Page 15 of 18

PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Name

Spring Semester

2009 10

Date:
Batch :

Experiment No. B 3: To Study the load test on D.C. shunt generator and to draw following
characteristics:
Objectives:
1.
To perform the load test on D.C. shunt generator in order to determine efficiency of the motor
generator set (MG set) V/s output power.
2.
Motor current V/s output power.
3.
Input current V/s output current.
Apparatus and Equipment Used:
Equipment

220 V DC Supply

Range/ rating

A
(030 A)

A
(020 A)

(300 Ohm/ 3 A)

RFM

RFG

F1
A1

A1
F1

Make

(0300 V)

(300 Ohm/
3 A)
(0300 V)

F2

A2

A2

F2

Lamp Load 20A/230V

Sr. No.

Figure 1: Circuit diagram for load test on D.C. shunt Generator

Theory:
The self-excited D.C. shunt generator is coupled to a DC motor, which acts as prime mover. Voltage and
current relationships for D.C. shunt generator are as follows:

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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

I a I L I sh
I sh

Vt
Rsh

E Vt I a Ra Vbrush

Where

I a Armature current
I L Load current
I sh shunt field current
Vt Terminal voltage
R sh Shunt field resistance
R a Armature resistance
Vbrush Brush voltage drop
E Generated emf at no load

Two characteristics are more important. The internal or total characteristic that gives the relation between
the emf actually induced in the armature and the armature current. This is of interest mainly to the
designer. The external characteristics called performance characteristics (also voltage regulating curve)
which give the relation between the terminal voltage and load current. This curve lies below the internal
characteristics due to armature drop. This is important in judging the suitability of a generator for a
particular purpose. These characteristics can be obtained by a load test with total field resistance
remaining fixed as the speed is to be kept constant.
Procedure:
Circuit diagram for load test on D.C. shunt Generator is shown in Figure 1.
1. Before starting the motor ensure that:
(a) There is no external resistance in the motor field circuit i.e. resistance RFM is zero.
(b) The external resistance in the generator field circuit i.e. resistance RFM is a maximum.
(c) There is no load on the generator i.e. all the switches of lamp load are in off position.
2. Start the motor and bring it to the rated speed of the generator by adjusting the rheostat RFM and
checking the speed with the help of the tachometer.
3. Adjust the rheostat RFG to obtain the rated voltage of the generator. Check this with
the help of
the voltmeter connected to generator terminals.
4. Load the generator by switching on one switch of the lamp at a time.
5. Maintain the speed constant.
6. Note the reading of voltmeters and ammeters.
7. Report steps (4) to 6 till full load current of the generator is obtained.
If the current drawn by the motor reaches its rated value before the generator rated current is obtained,
terminate the experiment then and there only. Do not exceed the load current of motor or generation.

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PEE 101: Electrical Science Laboratory

Spring Semester

2009 10

Observations:
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Input
Current (IM) Voltage (VM)

Current (IG)

Output
Voltage (VG)

Speed (r.p.m)

Results:
From the load- test on D.C. shunt generator obtain the followings
1.
Input Power = VM I M Watts
2. Output Power= VG IG Watts
3. Calculate the percentage efficiency of the D.C. shunt generator.
Report Questions:
1. What is difference between a generator and a motor?
2. Which part of D.C. machine is laminated? Why?
3. Explain the necessity of starters for starting of D.C. shunt motors. Describe the principle of
functioning starters.
4. Plot the following curves
i. Efficiency of MG set Vs output power.
ii. Motor current Vs output power
iii. Voltage Vs current
Explain the nature of characteristics obtained.

Page 18 of 18