Fast Food

In the 1950s and 60s, fast food chains epitomized by McDonald's revolutionized the restaurant industry
and changed farming and food distribution businesses.
The first McDonald's restaurant was actually a barbecue joint that opened in 1940 by brothers Dick and
Maurice (Mac) McDonald along Route 66 in San Bernardino, California. At first, they offered 25 different items
served by carhops. They catered to young affluent people who were part of the emerging California car
culture. Teens drove up, placed their order with the carhops and were served on trays that hooked onto rolled
down windows.
In 1940, The brothers figured out that almost all of their profits were coming the sale of hamburgers. They
also sensed that teens and families alike were interested in eating quickly. So, they closed down their
restaurant for several months and developed their "Speedee Service System" of food preparation. This was a
streamlined assembly line for food. They also streamlined their menu to hamburgers, milkshakes and french
fries. The burgers sold for 15-cents, about half of what a burger cost at regular diners of the time. With
success, the brothers franchised their enterprise and had eight restaurants open by the early 50s.
It's significant that McDonald's concentrated on milkshakes because that brought Ray Kroc to McDonalds in
1954. Kroc was selling the Multimixer a machine that could mix five shakes at a time when he became
fascinated with the Speedee system. He asks the brothers to allow him to franchise McDonald's outside of
California. They do and Kroc opened his first outlet in Des Plaines, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.
By 1958, the company sold its 100 millionth hamburger. By 1961, Kroc bought out the McDonald brothers
and opened a training facility called Hamburger University in Illinois. The rest, as they say, is history.
In a way, Burger King was an outgrowth of McDonald's. The same year that Ray Kroc visited the original
McDonald's, James McLamore and David Edgerton visited as well. They were both graduates of the Cornell
University course in hotel administration, and they also saw the potential of assembly-line fast food. They
opened their first restaurant in 1954 in a suburb of Miami, Florida. Now, Burger King has more than 11,220
franchise outlets in 61 countries.
The franchise model was quickly adapted to other types of food, for example, pizza. By the early 50s,
servicemen returning from Italy brought back a taste for pizza. Up until then, pizza was a regional dish
concentrated in Italian immigrant neighborhoods in New York and Chicago. New York pizza was very thin, and
Chicago pizza tended to be very thick. After WWII, other local pizza joints began to open up with a variety of
recipes.
In 1958, Dan and Frank Carney borrowed $600 from their mother and opened the first Pizza Hut in Wichita
Kansas. It was so successful that they began franchising restaurants quickly. By 1968, they opened their first
restaurant in Canada. Now they have operations in over 100 countries.
Dominos added delivery to the pizza business when they opened their first store in Detroit Michigan in 1960.
Their guarantee delivery in 30 minutes or it's free helped them expand to include more than 8,000 stores
in 55 countries.
Today, there are 4.2 billion pizzas sold every year by 60,000 pizzerias.
The franchise model with a central source of supply for food items and standardized menu became so
successful that fast food joints are now part of multi-national corporate giants. Pizza Hut is now part of the
aptly named Yum! Brands, a corporation that also owns Taco Bell, A&W, Long John Silver's, and the American
icon KFC.

In the early 1950s, Col. Harland Sanders was both a victim and a beneficiary of the automobile boom. Since
the Depression, Sanders had been serving fried chicken prepared with a "secret recipe of 11 herbs and

spices" at his gas station and restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky. But the route for the new Interstate 75 was
going to bypass his establishment, so the Colonel sold his property and started traveling across the U.S.
trying to sell his spice recipe and preparation method. Sanders claimed that frying his chicken in a pressure
cooker shortened the preparation time. The short cooking time would take advantage of the fast food boom.
No one bought, until Pete Harman of South Salt Lake, Utah, opened the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet in
1952. Today, KFC has 750,000 employees and is the most popular Western fast food chain in China.
Coincidently, Dave Thomas got into the fast food business by franchising several KFC stores in Ohio. He was
the one who came up the idea that the chicken should be sold in paper buckets to wick away excess
moisture, and he also came up with the rotating bucket-of-chicken advertising sign that, at one time, was
outside every KFC.
But in 1969, Thomas wanted to go out on his own, and so he opened the first Wendy's in Columbus, Ohio. He
stressed fresh, rather than frozen, meat served as square patties prepared fresh and served "hot off the grill."
Wendy's was also the first fast food restaurant to build a drive-through window in 1970. That cut down on
labor costs because carhops were no longer needed, and all of the fast food chains built drive-throughs within
a few years.
The predominance of fast food restaurants changed the food supply chain all the way down to the farmer.
McDonald's quickly became the single largest buyer of beef, pork, potatoes and apples in the U.S. That gave
them tremendous economic clout.
The fast food system is all about standardization, and so when the companies went looking for someone to
supply their meat, they choose to deal with their large, corporate counterparts in the packing industry. IBP
began to produce "boxed beef," where the final cuts of beef, including hamburger, were produced at the
processing plant rather than the local grocery. IBP became the largest supplier of hamburger meat to the fast
food industry.
Kentucky Fried Chicken buys all of its chickens from huge suppliers like Perdue, Tyson and Pilgrim's Pride.
McDonald's gets its fish products from the giant supplier Gorton's of Gloucester.
Because consumers with busy lifestyles needed food fast, the chains needed raw materials in standardized
packages. So, meat packers needed a consistent supply of standardized animals to produce their meat. They
couldn't afford to deal with the uncertainty of many, small family farms. So, livestock producers became
bigger and bigger. McDonald'sand other chains have also been accused of using their huge buying power to
keep farm produce prices artificially low.
When McDonald's expanded into international marketplaces beginning in 1971, McDonald's both adapted to
local conditions and forced local farmers to adapt to them. For instance, beef is not the lead meat item
offered in countries that have cultural taboos or food preferences for other types of meat. However, the
company has been accused of changing food preferences and exporting American culture around the world
along with its propensity for obesity.
McDonald's and other fast food chains have affected farmers wherever new restaurants open. In 1990,
McDonald's opened their first outlet in Russia. When they realized that they couldn't guarantee a high quality,
reliable supply of meat and other food products, they opened their own farms, controlling the supply chain at
every step.
The Rolling Stones (Aftermath).
The Rolling Stones (Beggars Banquet).
The Rolling Stones ("Out Of Our Heads").
The Rolling Stones (Their Satanic Majesties Request).
The Rolling Stones (Let It Bleed).
The Rolling Stones (12x5).
The Rolling Stones (Between The Buttons).
John Coltrane (A Love Supreme).
Salsa
The Beatles (Please Please Me).
The Beatles (With The Beatles).
The Beatles (A Hard Day's Night).
The Beatles (Beatles For Sale).
The Beatles (Help! ).
The Beatles (Rubber Soul).
The Beatles (Revolver).
The Beatles (Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band).
The Beatles (Magical Mystery Tour).
The Beatles (White Album).
The Beatles (Yellow Submarine (lbum)).
The Beatles (Abbey Road ).
The Beatles (Let It Be ).
The Beach Boys (Today!).
The Beach Boys (Pet Sounds).

The Beach Boys (SMiLE).

Jimi Hendrix (Are You Experienced).
The Bonz (Eating all the mushrooms).
Bob Dylan (Highway 61 Revisited).
Bob Dylan (Blonde on Blonde).
Cher (All I Really Want To Do).
Cher (Chr).
Cher (Whit Love, Cher).
Cher (Backstage).
Cher (The Sonny Side Of Cher).
Cher (3614 Jackson Highway).
Henry Mancini (Moon River).
Donovan (Sunshine Superman).
Donovan (Mellow Yellow).
Donovan (The Hurdy Gurdy Man).
Donovan (A Gift From a Flower to a Garden).
Leonardo Favio (Fuiste ma un verano).
The Doors (The Doors).
Led Zeppelin (Led Zeppelin).
Led Zeppelin (Led Zeppelin II).
The Who (Tommy).
Ray Charles (Modern Sounds In Country And Western).
Frank Zappa (Hot Rats).
Creedence (Green River).
Cream (Whells Of Fire ).
Elvis Presley (Elvis Is Back).
Iron Butterfly (Heavy).
The Doors (The Soft Parade).
Everly Brothers (It's Everly Time).
The Mamas & The Papas (California Dreamin').
Jimi Hendrix (Electric Ladyland).
The Band (The Band).
Chuck Berry (St Louis To Liverpool).
Jefferson Airplane (Surrealistic Pillow).
The Who (The Who Sings My Generation).
Santana (Santana).
The Byrds (Mr. Tambourine Man ).
Elvis Presley (From Elvis To Memphis).
Sonny & Cher (Look At Us).
Frank Zappa (Freak Out!).
Neil Young & Crazy Horse (Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere).
The Doors (Strange Days).
Yardbirds (Having A Rave Up With The Yardbirds).
Simon and Garfunkel (Sounds of Silence).
Simon and Garfunkel (Bookends).
Pink Floyd (The Piper at the Gates of Dawn).
The Kinks (The Kinks).
Nancy Sinatra (Boots).
Janis Joplin (Cheap Thrills).
The Turtles (So, happy together).
In North America, Europe and Oceania, the decade was particularly revolutionary in terms of popular music, as it saw the
formation and evolution of rock. At the beginning of the 1960s, pop and rock and roll trends of the 1950s continued;
nevertheless, the rock and roll of the decade before started to merge into a more international, eclectic variant known as
rock. In the early-1960s, rock and roll in its purest form was gradually overtaken by pop rock, beat, psychedelic rock, blues
rock, and folk rock, which had grown in popularity. The country and folk-influenced style[1] associated with the latter-half of
1960s rock music spawned a generation of popular singer-songwriters who wrote and performed their own work. Towards
the decade's end, genres such as baroque pop,[2] sunshine pop,[3] bubblegum pop,[4] progressive rock and heavy metalstarted
to grow popular, with the latter two finding greater success in the following decade. Furthermore, the 1960s
saw funk and soul music rising in popularity; rhythm and blues in general remained popular, and this style was commonly
associated to girl groups of the time, whose fusion of R&B and gospel with rock and roll enjoyed success until the mid-part of
the decade.[5] Aside from the popularity of rock and R&B music in the 1960s, Latin American as well
as Jamaican and Cuban music achieved a degree of popularity throughout the decade, with genres such as bossa nova,
the cha-cha-cha,[6] ska,[7] and calypso being popular. From a classical point of view, the 1960s were also an important decade
as they saw the development of experimental, jazz and contemporary classical music, notably minimalism and free
improvisation.[8]
In Asia, various trends marked the popular music of the 1960s. In Japan, the decade saw the rise in popularity of several
Western popular music groups such as The Beatles. The success of rock music and bands in the Japan started a new
genre, known as Group Sounds, which was popular in the later half of the decade.

In South America, genres such as bossa nova, nueva cancin and nueva ola started to emerge. Rock music began leaving
its mark, and achieved success in the 1960s. Additionally, salsa grew popular towards the end of the decade.[9] In the
1960s cumbia entered Chile and leaving a long-lasting impact on tropical music in that country
Latin America, Spain and Portugal[edit]

Bossa Nova[edit]
Main article: Bossa Nova
This Brazilian musical style, which means "New Trend", had its origins in the upscale neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro.
Immensely popular in the early 1960s, it was a fusion of samba and cool jazz. Antonio Carlos Jobim, Joo Gilberto,
and Astrud Gilberto became the best known artists of the Bossa Nova movement. The latter's The Girl From Ipanema,
released in 1964, became the first Bossa Nova song to achieve international acclaim. In 1965, it won a Grammy
Award for Best Record of the Year.

Nueva ola[edit]
Main articles: Nueva ola and Uruguayan Invasion
It was during the 60s that rock music began to gain acclaim in Latin America. In Spanish speaking South America musicians
who adopted US and British inspired rock, mainly rock and roll, twist and British Invasionmusic, were collectively labelled
as Nueva ola (Spanish for "New Wave"). Argentina, having his own Rock and Roll and British Invasion inspired bands and
artist, Sandro de Amrica, Sandro y Los de Fuego(es),Johnny Allon(es), Los Gatos Salvajes, Los Beatniks, Los Buhos, among
others.) suffered the Uruguayan Invasion, a series of British Invasion inspired rock bands from Montevideo that moved to
Buenos Aires and soon became popular in Argentina Los Shakers, Los Mockers, Los Iracundos. Rock music was during the
60s still largely sung in English, but some bands like Los Mac's and others mentioned above used Spanish for their songs as
well.[71]

Nueva cancin[edit]
During the 1960s Nueva Cancin emerges and starts to expand its influence. This development is pioneered by the
Chileans Violeta Parra and Victor Jara who base many of their songs in folklore, specially cueca. Nueva Cancin spreads
quickly all over Latin America and becomes closely related to the New Left and the Liberation theology movements.
In Francisco Franco's Spain Joan Manuel Serrat reaches widespread notability as an exponent of Nueva Cancin and of the
political opposition.

Salsa[edit]
Even though salsa music began to take form In a New York scene dominated by Cubans and other Latin American
communities, Salsa would not become popular all across Latin America until the late 1980s.
The U.K[edit]
See also: Music of the United Kingdom (1960s)

Beatles music[edit]
Main article: Beatles music
The arrival of the Beatles in the U.S., and subsequent appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, marked the start of the British Invasionin which a large number of rock
and roll, beatand pop performers from Britain gained massive popularity in the U.S.

The Monkees, another popular band dominating the 60s.

In the late 1950s, a flourishing culture of groups began to emerge, often out of the declining skiffle scene, in major urban
centres in the UK like Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and London. This was particularly true in Liverpool, where it has
been estimated that there were around 350 different bands active, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs. [11] Beat
bands were heavily influenced by American bands of the era, such as Buddy Holly and the Crickets (from which group the
Beatles derived their name), as well as earlier British groups such as the Shadows.[12] After the national success of the

Beatles in Britain from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the
Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. Among the most successful beat acts from Birmingham were the Spencer Davis
Group and the Moody Blues. From London, the term Tottenham Sound was largely based around the Dave Clark Five, but
other London bands that benefited from the beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds and the Kinks.
The first non-Liverpool, non-Brian Epstein-managed band to break through in the UK were Freddie and the Dreamers, who
were based in Manchester,[13] as were Herman's Hermits.[14] The beat movement provided most of the groups responsible for
the British invasion of the American pop charts in the period after 1964, and furnished the model for many important
developments in pop and rock music.

The British Invasion[edit]

Main article: British Invasion
The Rolling Stones in 1965

By the end of 1962, the British rock scene had started with beat groups like the Beatles drawing on a wide range of American
influences including soul music, rhythm and blues and surf music.[15] Initially, they reinterpreted standard American tunes,
playing for dancers doing the twist, for example. These groups eventually infused their original rock compositions with
increasingly complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of
groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds.[16] During 1963, the Beatles
and other beat groups, such as the Searchers and the Hollies, achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain
itself.
British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. "I
Want to Hold Your Hand" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion of the
American music charts.[17] The song entered the chart on January 18, 1964 at No. 45 before it became the No. 1 single for 7
weeks and went on to last a total of 15 weeks in the chart.[18] Their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show February 9 is
considered a milestone in American pop culture. The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers, at the time a record for
an American television program. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were
followed by numerous British bands.[19]
During the next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the
Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders,Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would
have one or more No. 1 singles.[17] Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five.
[20]
British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom.[16]
The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and
Irish) performers to achieve international success.[21] In America it arguably spelled the end of instrumental surf music, vocal
girl groups and (for a time) the teen idols, that had dominated the American charts in the late 1950s and '60s.[22] It dented the
careers of established R&B acts like Fats Domino andChubby Checker and even temporarily derailed the chart success of
surviving rock and roll acts, including Elvis Presley.[23] The British Invasion also played a major part in the rise of a distinct
genre of rock music, and cemented the primacy of the rock group, based on guitars and drums and producing their own
material as singer-songwriters.[24]

British blues boom[edit]

Main article: British blues boom
In parallel with Beat music, in the late 1950s and early 1960s a British blues scene was developing recreating the sounds of
American R&B and later particularly the sounds of bluesmen Robert Johnson, Howling Wolf and Muddy Waters. It reached
its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s, when it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric
guitar and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including the Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, the
Yardbirds, Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin.
A number of these moved through blues-rock to different forms of rock music and as a result British blues helped to form
many of the sub-genres of rock, including psychedelic rock and heavy metal music. Since then direct interest in the blues in
Britain has declined, but many of the key performers have returned to it in recent years, new acts have emerged and there
have been a renewed interest in the genre.[25]

British psychedelia[edit]
The British band Cream in 1966

Main article: Psychedelic rock Development in the UK

British psychedelia emerged during the mid-1960s, was influenced by psychedelic culture and attempted to replicate and
enhance the mind-altering experiences ofhallucinogenic drugs. The movement drew on non-Western sources such as Indian
music's ragas and sitars as well as studio effects and long instrumental passages and surreal lyrics. Established British
artists such as Eric Burdon, the Who, Cream, Pink Floyd and the Beatles produced a number of highly psychedelic tunes
during the decade. Many British psychedelia bands of the 1960s never published their music and only appeared in live
concerts during that time.
Adolfo Lopez Mateos- Gustavo Diaz Ordaz

n la dcada de los aos 1950 la ya nombrada Colonia Jurez comenz a

transformar sus antiguas mansiones y palacetes para adaptarlos a otros usos
diferentes de los que se destinaron, abriendo sus puertas a numerosos cafs,
galeras de arte, restaurantes, bares y boutiques, tambin tiendas artesanales,
oficinas y discotecas. Fue punto de reunin de varios intelectuales.
Debido al auge que tuvo el lugar, por varias partes comenzaron a surgir
edificios de corte moderno que fueron destinados a hoteles de gran turismo y

oficinas corporativas. Su fama aument despus de los Juegos Olmpicos de

Mxico 1968 y de la Copa Mundial de Ftbol de 1970, que le hicieron punto de
inters turstico y de reunin.
La zona sufri con el terremoto de 1985, cuando varios edificios se
derrumbaron y empezaron a surgir otras zonas que comenzaron a desplazarla,
como Polanco.
Ya para principios de la dcada de 1990 la Zona Rosa se convirti en zona
de tolerancia e integracin para la comunidad gay de la Ciudad de Mxico. Esto
debido al gran nmero de bares y discotecas para pblico lsbico-gay, y a que
la polica no poda extorsionar ms a los transentes por su apariencia,
su preferencia sexual o sus expresiones afectivas.
Actualmente la calle de Amberes es la de mayor concentracin de
establecimientos formalmente declarados gay. Sin embargo, a diferencia
de Chueca en Madrid o El Castro en San Francisco, la Zona Rosa no es una
zona exclusivamente gay, sino que el tipo de lugares de entretenimiento se
hallan mezclados para darle al rea un toque relajado y tolerante. As uno
encuentra bares y discotecas para todo pblico, tiendas,
hoteles, escuelas, iglesias, comida rpida, restaurantes de todo
tipo, tianguis,sex shops, todo en el mismo lugar.
La Zona Rosa tambin se caracteriz porque reconocidos artistas vivan en sus
calles, por ejemplo, Pita Amor, poetisa de la Zona Rosa. Pita Amor naci en la
Ciudad de Mxico en 1918 y muri el 9 de mayo de 2000. Paseaba y deca sus
poesas por las calles de la Zona Rosa en los aos 60s; en esas calles se daban
cita poetas, escritores y artistas, tales como el escritor Juan Jose Arreola,
adems de muchos bohemios. Haba una gran efervescencia artstica en esa
zona, adems de que las condiciones de seguridad y tranquilidad en esa poca,
lo permitan. Como dices que soy una ignorante, todo el mundo comenta sin
respeto que sin duda ha de haber algn sujeto que pone mi pensar en
consonante. Tambin esta zona es escenario de la novela "El vampiro de la
Colonia Roma" de Luis Zapata.