A Mechanical Model For Predicting The Long Term Behavior of Reinforced Polymer Concretes

23/9/2014
A mechanical model for predicting the long term behavior of reinforced polymer concretes
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Mechanics Research Communications

Volume 50, June 2013, Pages 17
A mechanical model for predicting the long term behavior of reinforced

polymer concretes
Valentino Paolo Berardi
, Geminiano Mancusi
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DOI: 10.1016/j.mechrescom.2013.02.001
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Abstract
Polymer concretes represent challenging materials in the Civil Engineering field, with them being
characterized by a high value of the compressive strength and ultimate compressive strain, as well as by a
good chemical resistance when compared to that of traditional concretes. These innovative materials
exhibit a limited value of the strength in tension and therefore need to be reinforced with either steel or FRP
pultruded internal bars. Moreover, their structural performance is strongly affected by the rheological
behavior of the resin as well as the internal bars, if made of FRP. In this paper, a mechanical model capable
of analytically evaluating the long term behavior of reinforced polymer concrete beams is presented, which
accounts for the linear viscoelastic behavior of the constituent materials.
Highlights
A mechanical model for predicting the long term behavior of polymer concrete beams reinforced with
either steel or FRP pultruded bars under combined bending and axial load, starting from the rheological
characterization of the polymer concrete, is proposed. The proposed innovative solving approach allows
to obtain the exact solution of the problem. An useful tool to assess durability and reliability over time of
polymer concrete beams reinforced with internal bars is given for the design of these structural elements.
The analysis gives a contribution to the limited state of knowledge on the mechanical behaviour of polymer
concrete beams.
Keywords
Polymer concretes; Creep behavior; Analytical modeling; Numerical analysis
1. Introduction
Many innovative materials have been widely adopted for structural purposes over the last years in the
rehabilitation and upgrading of existing structures under static and seismic conditions (Ascione et al., 2005,
Ghobarah and El-Amoury, 2005, Bencardino et al., 2005, Ascione and Berardi, 2011 and Herakovich,
2012).
Although these materials exhibit high structural performance, their use in the field of new constructions is
still limited due to the need to investigate several critical aspects, such as those related to their reliability
over time.
Within the context of new materials, polymer concretes can represent an interesting design option, with
them being typically characterized by more than double the strength of Portland-cement concrete, a
marked value of the ultimate compressive strain with respect to cementitious concretes and, at the same
time, a good chemical resistance to corrosive agents.
More specifically, these properties are due to the chemical composition of polymer concrete, which is made
of natural aggregates (e.g. silica sand or gravel) bound together via a thermoset resin.
Consequently, polymer concretes are particularly suitable for maritime constructions, tunnels, and
prestressed concrete elements, as well as seismic applications, because their high ultimate compressive
strain value makes it possible to reach a high section ductility, when compared to that of traditional
cementitious concretes.
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.unal.edu.co/science/article/pii/S0093641313000190
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23/9/2014
On the other hand, due to the limited tensile strength values, these concretes have to be reinforced with
either steel or FRP bars. In the second case, GFRP or CFRP rods, often utilized in reinforced concrete
members of new structures, can supply (Alsayed et al., 2000, Razaqpur et al., 2004 and Ascione et al.,
2010).
From a design point of view, a very important aspect is represented by the rheological behavior of polymer
concretes.
In fact, it is well known that polymer-based materials may exhibit a marked deferred behavior (Maksimov
and Plume, 2001, Petermann and Schulte, 2002, Ascione et al., 2008, Ascione et al., 2011a, Ascione et al.,
2012 and S et al., 2011) and, thus, the coupling of these innovative materials with traditional ones may
lead to a sensible stress migration toward the material characterized by a lower viscous flow (Ascione and
Mancusi, 2007, Arockiasamy et al., 2000, Muller et al., 2007, Chami et al., 2009, Ascione et al., 2011b,
Zhang and Wang, 2011, Li et al., 2012 and Mancusi et al., 2012).
This phenomenon occurs even in the case of reinforced polymer concrete, where the different rheological
properties of the constituent materials may cause a significant increase of the stress state in the
reinforcement over time, accompanied by an increase over time of the displacements of the structural
member.
These features need to be studied in greater detail because they may compromise the reliability and
durability of the structural members under service conditions.
Within this context, the few experimental and theoretical studies available in literature on the topic have
highlighted the relevant viscous behavior of polymer concretes (Khristova and Aniskevich, 1995,
Aniskevich and Khristova, 1996, Maksimov et al., 1999, Griffiths and Ball, 2000, Tavares et al., 2002,
Aniskevich et al., 2003, Guedes et al., 2004 and Lee, 2007).
These studies do not, however, allow to reach final conclusions, partly because the performed theoretical
analyses are based on approximated approaches (e.g. finite differences approach in time domain).
In this paper, the authors present a mechanical model capable of predicting, within the linear
viscoelasticity, the long term behavior of a polymer beam reinforced with either steel or FRP pultruded
bars. The proposed model gives the analytical solution to the problem instead of more approximated ones
obtained through the afore-mentioned numerical approaches available in current literature.
2. Mechanical model
The mechanical model schematizes the viscous behavior of a polymer concrete beam reinforced with
either steel or FRP bars, under combined bending and axial load.
The basic assumptions are:
the generic plane cross-section remains plane after bending;
a perfect adhesion exists between polymer concrete and rods;
the external axial force, Next, and the bending moment, Mext, are constant over time;
any material exhibits the same stiffness and strength in tensile as well as in compression;
the behavior of polymer concrete is linear viscoelastic;
no crack is present;
the behavior of reinforcement bars is linear elastic.
In particular, the authors assume no creep contribution is due to the internal reinforcing bars. This
hypothesis is valid for both steel reinforcements and GFRP/CFRP rods, as established in recently
published papers (Maksimov and Plume, 2001 and Petermann and Schulte, 2002), which have shown low
creep strains for composite bars at room temperature.
In Fig. 1, some symbols have been introduced:
G* indicates the centroid of the transformed cross-section, assumed as origin of the x and y axes;
c and b , denote, respectively, the instantaneous values of the axial strain in the polymer concrete
and the reinforcing bars, according to the following relationships:
(1)
Turn
on
where:
( t ) and ( t ) are the axial strain at G* and the cross-section curvature, respectively;
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y b is the ordinate of the centroid of the generic bars;
c e ( t , y ) and b e ( t , y b ) are the elastic polymer concrete and bar strain, respectively;
c v ( t , y ) is the viscous contribution to polymer concrete strain.
Fig. 1.
Strain and curvature variation over time in the cross section.
Figure options
From Eq. (1), it is easy to obtain the following expressions of the stresses both in the polymer concrete as
well as the bars:
(2)
where c , b c and b t are the normal stresses in the polymer concrete and in both the top and
bottom reinforcement bars, respectively; Ec and Eb are the initial Young's moduli of the polymer concrete
and the reinforcement bars, respectively.
Introducing the areas of polymer concrete, Ac, the top reinforcement rods, Abc, and the bottom
reinforcement rods, Abt, the equilibrium equations of the cross-section can be expressed as:
(3)
Using the expressions (2), Eq. (3) can be written as follows:

(4)
These relations can be proposed as follows:

(5)
where:
Sc, Sbc and Sbt are the first moments of area about the x axis of the polymer concrete, the top
reinforcement bars and the bottom reinforcement bars, respectively;
Ic, Ibc and Ibt are the moments of inertia about the x axis of the polymer concrete the top reinforcement
bars and the bottom reinforcement bars, respectively.
Introducing the following symbols:
Eq. (5) become:
3/20
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(6)
In particular, the viscous deformation c v ( t , y ) presents the following expression:

(7)
in which:
Taking into account Eq. (3), the relation (7) becomes:

(8)
Substituting Eq. (8) in Eq. (6), it results by simple algebra:

(9)
Eq. (9) represents a coupled system of two Volterra integral equations in the unknowns (t) and (t), that
can be solved by using the Laplace transformation technique:
(10)
Assuming t0 = 0 and being evidently (t) = 0, (t) = 0 for t < t0, fc(,t) = 0 for t < , the convolution
theorem allows to rewrite the relation (10) in the following form as an algebraic equation system:
(11)
where F(s), (s) and (s) represent the Laplace transforms of fc(,t), (t) and (t), respectively.The
inverse Laplace transforms of (s) and (s) provide the solution of the viscous problem in the time
domain.
3. Case-study
A case-study concerning a polymer concrete beam strengthened with GFRP bars has been developed.
Only balanced internal reinforcements have been accounted for, composed of two bars both at the top and
the bottom of the cross-section.
In Table 1, all the considered diameters, b, have been listed.
Table 1.
Reinforcement types.
ID
II
10
III
12
IV
16
[mm]
Table options
The geometry, the boundary conditions and the external loads are shown in Fig. 2.
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Fig. 2.
Polymer concrete beam strengthened with GFRP rods (dimensions of cross-section in mm).
Figure options
Moreover, the mechanical properties of the polymer concrete and the GFRP bars are reported in Table 2.
Table 2.
Mechanical properties of materials.
Ec [GPa]
fc [MPa]
Eb [GPa]
fb [MPa]
10.00
41.50
40.00
1000.00
Table options
The symbols Ec and Eb denote the longitudinal Young moduli of the polymer concrete and GFRP bars,
respectively, while fc and fb are the corresponding strengths.
The long term behavior of the polymer concrete has been simulated via the BrugerKelvin viscoelastic
model, obtained by combining elastic springs and dashpots, as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
The BrugerKelvin model.
Figure options
The viscous properties of the polymer concrete have been assumed in accordance with the experiments
reported in (Lee, 2007).
Thus, the experimental data have been fitted by the ordinary least-squares method limiting the analysis to
the secondary creep range, due to its main relevance when dealing with the service life of civil structures.
In Table 3, the rheological properties considered in the present study are reported.
Table 3.
Rheological and mechanical properties of the GFA 45 polymer concrete.
E1 [GPa]
7.38
E2 [GPa]
0
E3 [GPa]
0
1 [GPa d]
5.47 10
2 [GPa d]
3 [GPa d]
0
Table options
The analysis was carried out for the different reinforcements indicated in Table 1 by considering the midspan section, which is subject only to the bending moment: Mext = 20 kN m.
More specifically, the axial strain at G* and the cross-section curvature were analytically evaluated in the
time domain through the inversion of the corresponding Laplace space functions obtained by the equation
system (11).
The instantaneous normal stresses in the concrete were evaluated through Eq. (3) considering the
assumptions reported in 2, once the instantaneous normal stresses in the reinforcement bars were
calculated through Eq. (2).
The values of the flexural curvature, the normal stresses at the top fiber of the beam, c s , and the normal
stresses in the bottom reinforcement bars, b t , are plotted versus time in Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
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Fig. 4.
Curvature vs time.
Figure options
Fig. 5.
Instantaneous stresses at the top fiber of the beam.
Figure options
Fig. 6.
Instantaneous stresses in the bottom reinforcement bars.
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For example, for the type I reinforcement,

the analytical expressions of the instantaneous curvature as well
options
as the
instantaneous stresses in the bottom rods and in the top fiber of concrete are given in the following:
Advanced
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6/20
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Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical model
3. Case-study
4. Conclusion
References
The main results of the analysis have been summarized in Table 4 and Table 5. In particular, the
percentage variations
and
, have been referred at the time instant t = 10,000 h.
Figures and tables

Table 4.
Instantaneous stresses in the polymer concrete.
Table 1
Table 2
Type of
cs
reinforcement
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[%]
12.19
11.77
8.58
0.37
0.00
100.00
II
11.87
11.25
6.96
0.06
0.00
100.00
III
11.50
10.67
5.42
0.01
0.00
100.00
IV
10.65
9.42
3.13
0.00
0.00
100.00
(0)
cs
(10 d)
cs
(100 d)
cs
(1000 d)
cs
(10,000 d)
Table 3
(0)
Table options
Table 5.
Instantaneous stresses in the bottom reinforcement bars.
Type of
bt
reinforcement
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[%]
50.20
84.54
344.99
1017.14
1047.07
1985.80
II
48.88
81.15
305.70
667.13
670.13
1270.97
III
47.36
77.34
268.24
465.12
465.37
882.62
IV
43.89
69.03
197.83
261.67
261.67
496.20
(0)
bt
(10 d)
bt
(100 d)
bt
(1000 d)
bt
(10,000 d)
Table 4
(0)
Table options
Table 5
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It is important to highlight that the initial stresses in the polymer concrete are less than 40% of the
corresponding failure strength. This requirement is pivotal in order to satisfy a basic assumption of the
linear viscoelasticity theory.
Due to the symmetry of the problem with respect to the x axis, the instantaneous stresses in the bottom
fiber of the beam, c i , and in the top bars, b t , are given by the following relations:
1417 Oct 2014

Phitsanulok, Thailand
2014 IEEE 45th Semiconductor
Interface Specialists Conference (SISC)
4. Conclusion
1013 Dec 2014
In this paper, a mechanical model for predicting the long term behavior of a polymer concrete beam
San Diego, United States
reinforced with either steel or FRP pultruded bars is proposed.
20th International Conference on Wear

of Materials
The model makes it possible to study, within the context of linear viscoelasticity theory, reinforced polymer
concrete beams under combined bending and axial load, starting from the rheological characterization of
the polymer concrete.
1216 Apr 2015

Toronto, Canada
The exact solution of the problem is obtained by using the Laplace transformation technique.
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From a theoretical point of view, the numerical simulations highlight a high stress migration toward the
reinforcement bars due to the effect of viscous flow in polymer concrete.
In detail, a relevant increase of the stresses within the GFRP rods, between about 400% and 1000%, is
found.
Moreover, the member failure is predicted in the case of the beam reinforced with 8 mm rebars for about
900 h, due to the stresses in GFRP rods being greater than the strength of the composite.
In contrast, an elevated decrease in the compression and tensile peak stresses in the polymer concrete is
observed and, thus, the contribution to the cross-section strength of the polymer concrete tends to be
negligible over the time.
In terms of deferred strains, the results highlight that the stiffness loss due to the creep phenomena may be
relevant.
Consequently, the observed stress and strain variations may significantly affect the stress verification, the
7/20
23/9/2014
deflection control and the crack one at Serviceability Limit State of a member made of polymer concrete.
The relevance of the results obtained by the authors suggests the urgent need to carry out an analysis of
the time-depending behavior of polymer concrete beams, in order to assess their durability and reliability
over time.
References
Alsayed et al., 2000 S.H. Alsayed, Y.A. Al-Salloum, T.H. Almusallam
Performance of glass fiber reinforced plastic bars as a reinforcing material for concrete structures
Composites Part B: Engineering, 31 (2000), pp. 555567
Aniskevich and Khristova, 1996 K. Aniskevich, Y. Khristova

Effect of aging of the binder on the creep of polymer concrete
Mechanics of Composite Materials, 32 (6) (1996), pp. 544549
Aniskevich et al., 2003 K. Aniskevich, J. Hristova, J. Jansons

Physical aging of polymer concrete during creep
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 89 (13) (2003), pp. 34273431
Arockiasamy et al., 2000 M. Arockiasamy, S. Chidambaram, A. Amer, M. Shahawy

Time-dependent deformations of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP bars
Composites Part B: Engineering, 31 (67) (2000), pp. 577592
Ascione and Berardi, 2011 L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi

Anchorage device for FRP laminates in the strengthening of concrete structures close to beamcolumn joints
Ascione and Mancusi, 2007 F. Ascione, G. Mancusi

An experimental analysis on the time-dependent behaviour of a CFRP retrofitting under sustained
loads
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, 2
(2007), pp. 10851090
Ascione et al., 2005 L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, L. Feo, G. Mancusi

A numerical evaluation of the interlaminar stress state in externally FRP plated RC beams
Ascione et al., 2008 F. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, L. Feo, A. Giordano

An experimental study on the long-term behavior of CFRP pultruded laminates suitable to
concrete structures rehabilitation
Ascione et al., 2010 L. Ascione, G. Mancusi, S. Spadea

Flexural behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars
Strain, 46 (2010), pp. 460469
Ascione et al., 2011a L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, A. DAponte

A viscoelastic constitutive law for FRP materials
International Journal of Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, 12 (5) (2011), pp. 225
232
Ascione et al., 2011b L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, A. DAponte

Long-term behavior of PC beams externally plated with prestressed FRP systems: a mechanical
model
8/20
23/9/2014
Ascione et al., 2012 L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, A. DAponte

Creep phenomena in FRP materials
Mechanics Research Communications, 43 (2012), pp. 1521
Bencardino et al., 2005 F. Bencardino, V. Colotti, G. Spadea, R.N. Swamy

Shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure with bonded carbon fibre
reinforced polymers laminates
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 32 (5) (2005), pp. 812824
Chami et al., 2009 G.A. Chami, M. Theriault, K.W. Neale

Creep behaviour of CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams
Construction and Building Materials, 23 (2009), pp. 16401652
Ghobarah and El-Amoury, 2005 A. Ghobarah, T. El-Amoury

Seismic rehabilitation of deficient exterior concrete frame joints
Journal of Composite Construction, 9 (5) (2005), pp. 408416
Griffiths and Ball, 2000 R. Griffiths, A. Ball

An assessment of the properties and degradation behaviour of glass-fibre-reinforced polyester
polymer concrete
Composites Science and Technology, 60 (2000), pp. 27472753
Guedes et al., 2004 R.M. Guedes, C.M.L. Tavares, A.J.M. Ferreira

Experimental and theoretical study of the creep behavior of GFRP-reinforced polymer concrete
Composites Science and Technology, 64 (9) (2004), pp. 12511259
Herakovich, 2012 C.T. Herakovich

Mechanics of composites: a historical review
Mechanics Research Communications, 41 (2012), pp. 120
Khristova and Aniskevich, 1995 Y. Khristova, K. Aniskevich

Prediction of creep of polymer concrete
Lee, 2007 N.P. Lee

Creep and Shrinkage of Inorganic Polymer Concrete. Branz Study Report SR175
Branz Ltd, Judgeford, New Zeland (2007)
Li et al., 2012 X. Li, X. Gu, Y. Ouyang, X. Song

Long-term behavior of existing low-strength reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon
fiber composite sheets
Maksimov and Plume, 2001 R.D. Maksimov, E. Plume

Long-term creep of hybrid aramid/glass fiber-reinforced plastics
Mechanics of Composite Materials, 37 (2001), p. 4
Maksimov et al., 1999 R. Maksimov, L. Jirgens, J. Jansons, E. Plume

Mechanical properties of polyester polymer-concrete
Mancusi et al., 2012 G. Mancusi, S. Spadea, V.P. Berardi
9/20
23/9/2014
Experimental analysis on the time-dependent bonding of FRP laminates under sustained loads
Composites
Part
B:
Engineering
(2012)
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.unal.edu.co/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.10.007
Muller et al., 2007 M. Muller, E. Toussaint, J.F. Destrebecq, M. Grdiac

Investigation into the time-dependent behaviour of reinforced concrete specimens strengthened
with externally bonded CFRP-plates
Petermann and Schulte, 2002 J. Petermann, K. Schulte

The effects of creep and fatigue stress ratio on the long-term behavior of angle-ply CFRP
Composite Structures, 57 (2002), pp. 205210
Razaqpur et al., 2004 A.G. Razaqpur, B.O. Isgor, S. Greenaway, A. Selley

Concrete contribution to the shear resistance of fiber reinforced polymer reinforced concrete
members
ASCE Journal of Composites for Construction, 8 (5) (2004), pp. 452460
S et al., 2011 M.F. S, A.M. Gomes, J.R. Correia, N. Silvestre

Creep behavior of pultruded GFRP elements part 1: literature review and experimental study
Composite Structures, 93 (10) (2011), pp. 24502459
Tavares et al., 2002 C.M.L. Tavares, M.C.S. Ribeiro, A.J.M. Ferreira, R.M. Guedes
Creep behaviour of FRP-reinforced polymer concrete
Composite Structures, 57 (2002), pp. 4751
Zhang and Wang, 2011 C. Zhang, J. Wang

Viscoelastic analysis of FRP strengthened reinforced concrete beams
Composite Structures, 93 (12) (2011), pp. 32003208
Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 089964084; fax: +39 089968744.

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Mechanics Research Communications

A mechanical model for predicting the long term behavior of reinforced

Get rights and content

the generic plane cross-section remains plane after bending;

a perfect adhesion exists between polymer concrete and rods;

the behavior of polymer concrete is linear viscoelastic;

the behavior of reinforcement bars is linear elastic.

c v ( t , y ) is the viscous contribution to polymer concrete strain.

Using the expressions (2), Eq. (3) can be written as follows:

These relations can be proposed as follows:

Introducing the following symbols:

Eq. (5) become:

In particular, the viscous deformation c v ( t , y ) presents the following expression:

Taking into account Eq. (3), the relation (7) becomes:

Substituting Eq. (8) in Eq. (6), it results by simple algebra:

Show full outline

For example, for the type I reinforcement,

, have been referred at the time instant t = 10,000 h.

Figures and tables

EVENTS YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN

1417 Oct 2014

1013 Dec 2014

San Diego, United States

reinforced with either steel or FRP pultruded bars is proposed.

20th International Conference on Wear

1216 Apr 2015

Aniskevich and Khristova, 1996 K. Aniskevich, Y. Khristova

Aniskevich et al., 2003 K. Aniskevich, J. Hristova, J. Jansons

Arockiasamy et al., 2000 M. Arockiasamy, S. Chidambaram, A. Amer, M. Shahawy

Ascione and Berardi, 2011 L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi

Ascione and Mancusi, 2007 F. Ascione, G. Mancusi

Ascione et al., 2005 L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, L. Feo, G. Mancusi

Ascione et al., 2008 F. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, L. Feo, A. Giordano

Ascione et al., 2010 L. Ascione, G. Mancusi, S. Spadea

Ascione et al., 2011a L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, A. DAponte

Ascione et al., 2011b L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, A. DAponte

Ascione et al., 2012 L. Ascione, V.P. Berardi, A. DAponte

Bencardino et al., 2005 F. Bencardino, V. Colotti, G. Spadea, R.N. Swamy

Chami et al., 2009 G.A. Chami, M. Theriault, K.W. Neale

Ghobarah and El-Amoury, 2005 A. Ghobarah, T. El-Amoury

Griffiths and Ball, 2000 R. Griffiths, A. Ball

Guedes et al., 2004 R.M. Guedes, C.M.L. Tavares, A.J.M. Ferreira

Herakovich, 2012 C.T. Herakovich

Khristova and Aniskevich, 1995 Y. Khristova, K. Aniskevich

Lee, 2007 N.P. Lee

Li et al., 2012 X. Li, X. Gu, Y. Ouyang, X. Song

Maksimov and Plume, 2001 R.D. Maksimov, E. Plume

Maksimov et al., 1999 R. Maksimov, L. Jirgens, J. Jansons, E. Plume

Mancusi et al., 2012 G. Mancusi, S. Spadea, V.P. Berardi

Muller et al., 2007 M. Muller, E. Toussaint, J.F. Destrebecq, M. Grdiac

Petermann and Schulte, 2002 J. Petermann, K. Schulte

Razaqpur et al., 2004 A.G. Razaqpur, B.O. Isgor, S. Greenaway, A. Selley

S et al., 2011 M.F. S, A.M. Gomes, J.R. Correia, N. Silvestre

Zhang and Wang, 2011 C. Zhang, J. Wang

Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 089964084; fax: +39 089968744.

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