Está en la página 1de 86

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

1.TB 12.001 When electron micrographs were first taken of the cell interior, what kinds of membranous
structures were seen?
membrane-bound vesicles of varying diameter, containing material of different electron density
long channels bounded by membranes and radiating through the cytoplasm
an interconnected network of canals
stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
12.0

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

2.TB 12.002 What is the name for a brief incubation of a tissue with radioactivity during which labeled
amino acids are incorporated into protein?
chase
pulse
pulse-chase
labelard
statin
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

3.TB 12.003 A tissue has been briefly labeled with radiolabeled amino acids. It is then transferred to a
medium containing unlabeled amino acids. This can be done several times with different tissue samples for
varying periods of time. What is the entire procedure called?
chase
pulse
pulse-chase
labelard
statin
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

4.TB 12.004 In a pulse-chase procedure, if the chase is longer, which statement below correctly describes the
location of the radioactively labeled proteins in the cell?
closer to the synthesis site
farther from the nucleus
farther from the synthesis site
closer to the nucleus
farther from the mitochondria
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.2
Page 1

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

5.TB 12.005 Which procedure below would lead to the visualization of the dynamic movements of specific
proteins as they move through a single living cell? The proteins can be seen through the microscope
eyepiece and the cells do not have to be killed for the protein to be detected.
pulse-chase
fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the protein that is to be tracked through the cell
fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the gene encoding the protein to be tracked through the
cell
pulse-chase using fluorescent antibodies
All of these are correct.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

6.TB 12.006 Cells are infected with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strain in which a viral gene (VSVG)
is fused to the green fluorescent protein gene. When the chimeric protein is synthesized, what pathway
does it follow from synthesis until it leaves the cell?
RER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
RER, Golgi complex, viral envelopes, plasma membrane
Golgi complex, RER, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
RER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
RER, mitochondria, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
Ans: A
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

7.TB 12.007 Cells are infected with a virus carrying a temperature-sensitive mutant VSVG gene that encodes
a protein that cannot leave the ER of infected cells grown at restrictive temperatures. Thus, at higher
temperatures, ______________.
VSVG protein heads immediately for the Golgi complex.
VSVG protein cannot leave the ER.
VSVG protein leaves the ER immediately.
All of the manufactured VSVG protein leaves the ER synchronously.
VSVG protein is degraded rapidly and never passes to the Golgi complex.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

A)
B)
C)

8.TB 12.008 Elevated temperatures at which temperature-sensitive mutants do not work are called ________
temperatures.
restrictive
permissive
temperature-sensitive

Page 2

Karp 6e

D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

frame-shift
point
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

9.TB 12.009 When cells are homogenized, the cytomembrane system is broken into fragments, the ends of
which can fuse to form small membranous spheres called ________.
vacuoles
victuals
vesicles
nuclei
endosomes
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

10.TB 12.010 The separation of organelles or vesicles derived from different organelles is called ______.
cell division
mitosis
meiosis
subcellular fractionation
cell ostentation
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

11.TB 12.011 The endomembrane system when homogenized is broken up into vesicles, which are
heterogeneous but similar in size. These vesicles can be purified and, after purification, often retain their
biological activity. They are collectively referred to as _________.
endosomes
microsomes
ribosomes
minisomes
lysosomes
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.2
12.TB 12.012 Enzymes can be purified from the microsomal fraction. They can then be used as antigens to
make antibodies. The antibodies can then be exposed to cells and later visualized in the electron
microscope. What allows them to be seen in the electron microscope?

Page 3

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

attachment of amino acids to the antibody


attachment of gold particles to the antibodies
attachment of nonradioactive amino acids to the antibodies
degradation of the antibodies
shrinkage of the antibodies
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

13.TB 12.013 Studies of cell physiology that occur in test tubes that do not contain whole cells are called
______.
in vivo systems
cell-free systems
test tube systems
onsite systems
cellonic systems
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

14.TB 12.014 You incubate liposomes with a series of purified proteins normally found in the coats of cell
transport vesicles. After adding one of them to the liposome mixture, budding of vesicles from the
liposomes began. What does this mean?
Liposomes cause the protein to denature.
The protein is involved in the initiation of vesicle formation.
The protein is involved in liposome denaturation.
The protein triggers protein synthesis.
The protein causes the entry of water into the liposomes.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

15.TB 12.015 Why are yeast cells often used to study eukaryotic gene mutations affecting secretion and other
cytomembrane processes?
They have only a few genes.
They are small and single-celled and can be cultured easily.
They can be grown as haploid organisms so mutants are easily seen.
Deficiencies in yeast cells caused by mutants are easily detected.
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

Page 4

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

16.TB 12.016 What is the effect on a yeast cell of the presence of a mutant gene involved in vesicle fusion?
The ER shrank.
The Golgi complex expanded greatly.
Cells accumulated expanded ER cisternae.
Cells amassed an excess number of unfused vesicles.
The nucleus became swollen.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

17.TB 12.017 Which of the following statements is evidence that yeast cells are evolutionarily related to the
cells of "higher" organisms, like mammals, and that despite their structural diversity, these cells have
underlying molecular similarities?
Dynamic activities of endomembrane systems are highly conserved.
The endomembrane system processes in all organisms are similar and they are carried out by
remarkably similar proteins.
Some proteins doing similar things in different, often widely divergent, species are interchangeable.
Mammalian cell-free systems can use yeast proteins to facilitate vesicle transport, and normal
mammalian genes can cure yeast biosynthetic pathway mutants.
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

18.TB 12.018 A cellular phenomenon called _________ is a process in which cells produce small RNAs that
bind to specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins.
RNAa
RNAi
RNA interference
cRNAs
RNAi and RNA interference
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)

19.TB 12.019 A cellular phenomenon called RNA interference is a process in which cells produce small
RNAs called _______ that bind to specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into
proteins.
mRNAs
RNAsi
siRNAs
isRNAs

Page 5

Karp 6e

E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

snRNAs
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

20.TB 12.020 A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence
localized in the numerous Golgi complexes of the cell. Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the
endoplasmic reticulum and moves via transport vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence.
What would an experimental cell look like if it contained an siRNA that led to the absence of one of the
proteins involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to the Golgi complex?
1) Fluorescent label is not found in the Golgi complex.
2) The GFP-mannosidase II is denatured so there is no fluorescent label anywhere in the cell.
3) Fluorescent label still translocates the Golgi complex completely.
4) Fluorescent label is found only in the endoplasmic reticulum.
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

21.TB 12.021 A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence
localized in the numerous Golgi complexes of the cell. Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the
endoplasmic reticulum and moves via transport vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence.
If an experimental cell contains an siRNA that leads to the fluorescence being restricted to the endoplasmic
reticulum, with what would the siRNA be likely to interfere?
an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to the Golgi
complex
an rRNA that synthesizes the enzyme
the synthesis of mannosidase II from its mRNA
an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the Golgi complex to
the ER
an mRNA that codes for the enzyme
Ans: A
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

A)
B)

22.TB 12.022 Why is RNAi now used as a strategy for investigating the effect of a missing protein more often
than generating an organism that possesses a mutant gene?
It is easier to synthesize a small RNA than to generate an organism that possesses a mutant gene.
It is easier to generate an organism that possesses a mutant gene than to synthesize a small RNA.

Page 6

Karp 6e

C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Small RNAs are less stable than organisms.


Small RNAs are much more sensitive.
Mutant genes are much easier to synthesize.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

23.TB 12.023 What accounts for the differences in function between the types of ER?
1) the location of the ER
2) the proximity of the ER to the nucleus
3) the protein content of the ER
4) the shape of its component lipids
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

24.TB 12.024 With what structure is the RER often seen to be continuous, as seen by its association with
ribosomes?
the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope
the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
the outer mitochondrial membrane
the outer chloroplast membrane
the Golgi complex
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

25.TB 12.025 What allows smooth and rough vesicles (microsomes) to be readily separated by density
gradient centrifugation?
their size differences
their differences in lipid composition
their differences in color
their differences in density
their differences in water content
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.2 and 12.3

Page 7

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

26.TB 12.026 Which type of cells below is not known for its extensively developed SER?
skeletal muscle cells
kidney tubule cells
steroid-producing endocrine cells
skin cells
both skeletal muscle cells and kidney tubule cells
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

27.TB 12.027 What determines the function of a cell's smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
its lipid content
its polynucleotide content
its protein content
its carbohydrate content
its age
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

28.TB 12.028 Which of the following is a function associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in at
least some cells?
synthesis of steroid hormones
detoxification of many organic compounds, like barbiturates and ethanol
release of glucose into the bloodstream
sequestration of calcium Ca2+ ions within the cisternal space
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

29.TB 12.029 What is one problem created by the detoxifying enzymes of the SER?
They often create compounds that cause excessive weight gain.
They often create compounds that cause excessive weight loss.
They can cause a compound to be converted into a carcinogen.
They can cause the denaturation of an essential enzyme or protein.
They can lead to addiction.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

Page 8

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

30.TB 12.030 Which of the following are enzymes that are involved in detoxification of organic compounds
in the SER of liver cells?
1) oxygen-transferring enzymes
2) oxygenases
3) members of the cytochrome P450 family
4) oxidases
1
2
3
4
1, 2 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

31.TB 12.031 What specific cellular responses are known to be triggered by the regulated release of Ca2+ ions
from the SER?
skeletal muscle cell contraction
secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane
release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
release of the contents of the acrosome from the head of a sperm
skeletal muscle cell contraction
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

32.TB 12.032 What is the arrangement of organelles in a secretory cell from the basal end to the apical end,
an arrangement that reflects the flow of secretory products from synthesis to discharge?
nucleus and RER SER Golgi complex secretory vesicles
Golgi complex nucleus and RER SER secretory vesicles
nucleus and RER Golgi complex SER secretory vesicles
SER nucleus and RER Golgi complex secretory vesicles
secretory vesicles nucleus and RER SER Golgi complex
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

33.TB 12.033 What are the two sites within a cell at which protein synthesis is generally thought to occur?
cytosolic surface of RER and cisternal surface of RER
cisternal surface of RER and free ribosomes
cytosolic surface of RER and free ribosomes
cytosolic surface of RER and cytosolic surface of SER
free ribosomes and cytosolic surface of SER

Page 9

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

34.TB 12.034 Blbel, Sabatini and Dobberstein proposed that the site of protein synthesis is determined by
information contained in the N-terminal portion of the protein, the first part to emerge from the ribosome.
What did they call their proposal?
the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
the Signal Hypothesis
the Posttranslational Hypothesis
the SRP Hypothesis
the Cotranslational Hypothesis
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

35.TB 12.035 What happens to yeast cells that cannot transport proteins into the ER lumen cotranslationally?
They die.
They hibernate.
They survive, but grow more slowly than normal yeast cells.
They divide more frequently.
Their lifespans are lengthened.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

36.TB 12.036 What are the differences between ribosomes that make secretory proteins and those that make
proteins intended for the cytosol?
The ribosomes that make secretory proteins are smaller.
The ribosomes that make cytosolic proteins are larger.
There are no differences between them.
The ribosomes that make secretory proteins are denser.
The ribosomes that secretory proteins have extra subunits.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)

37.TB 12.037 What effect does the binding of the SRP to the growing polypeptide chain and the ribosome
have on protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis accelerates.
Protein synthesis ceases temporarily.
Protein synthesis ceases permanently.

Page 10

Karp 6e

D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Protein synthesis is terminated.


The ribosome dissociates.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

38.TB 12.038 The SRP and SRP receptor are thought to bind GTP ______ interacting with each other.
while
before
after
before and after
instead of
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

39.TB 12.039 What appears to be the purpose of molecular chaperones like BiP?
They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded proteins and help them attain their native structure.
They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded DNAs and help them attain their native structure.
They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded RNAs and help them attain their native structure.
They recognize and bind unfolded or misfolded carbohydrates and help them lose their native shape.
They transport secretory proteins into secretory vesicles.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

40.TB 12.040 Why is the ER so well-suited and ideally constructed for its role as a port of entry for secretory
proteins?
1) It has a large surface area allowing the attachment of many ribosomes.
2) The ER cisternae lumen favors unfolding and disassembly of proteins.
3) The RER can segregate secretory, lysosomal and cytoplasmic proteins from other newly made
proteins, allowing their modification, and sends them to their final destination.
1
2
3
1 and 3
1, 2 and 3
Ans: A
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3
41.TB 12.041 Why is the ER so well suited and ideally constructed for its role as a port of entry for secretory

Page 11

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

proteins?
1) It has a large surface area allowing the attachment of many ribosomes.
2) The ER cisternae lumen favors the folding and assembly of proteins.
3) The RER provides a place to segregate secretory, lysosomal and plant-cell vacuolar proteins from
other newly made proteins, allowing their modification, and sends them to their final destination.
1
2
3
1 and 3
1, 2 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

42.TB 12.042 How are integral membrane proteins thought to enter the lipid bilayer?
They insert into the membrane from the cytosol after their synthesis is complete.
They insert into the membrane from the RER lumen after their synthesis is complete.
The aqueous translocon channel seems to have a gate that continuously opens and closes, giving each
nascent polypeptide segment a chance to partition itself into the lipid bilayer's hydrophobic core.
It is thought that they burrow into the lipid bilayer.
It is thought that they are enzymatically implanted in the lipid bilayer.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

43.TB 12.043 How is the orientation of membrane proteins in the membrane thought to be accomplished?
After synthesis, an enzyme orients the protein properly.
During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the cytosol.
During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more negative end
faces the cytosol.
During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
After synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the cytosol.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3

A)

44.TB 12.044 What evidence suggests that the translocon, by itself, can properly orient transmembrane
segments?
Studies performed with purified components in cell-free systems show that the translocon, by itself,
is capable of properly orienting transmembrane segments.

Page 12

Karp 6e

B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Reconstituted translocons properly oriented membrane proteins in a natural membrane.


Translocons orient proteins in red blood cells when exposed to them.
Translocons bind to proteins in vitro.
When translocons are missing, membrane proteins are not appropriately oriented.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

45.TB 12.045 How and where is the asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayers initially established?
It is initially established in the Golgi complex during lipid and protein modification.
It is initially established in the ER during lipid and protein synthesis.
It is initially established in the secretory vesicles during lipid and protein modification
It is initially established in the mitochondria by random insertion into the membranes.
All of these are correct.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

46.TB 12.046 Phospholipids are made by integral ER membrane enzymes whose active sites face the cytosol
and they are inserted into the outer (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the ER membrane. How then do lipids destined
for the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane get there?
They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet.
There are enzymes called flippases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet.
They are disassembled on the cytoplasmic side and reassembled on the luminal side.
They move to the cytoplasmic leaflet by osmosis.
There are enzymes called translocases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

47.TB 12.047 Which of the proteins below is(are) not made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER?
peripheral proteins of the inner surface of the plasma membrane
soluble lysosomal proteins
vacuolar enzymes
proteins of the extracellular matrix
All of these are correct.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.3
48.TB 12.048 What always serves as the donor of a sugar to the growing oligosaccharide chain of a
glycoprotein?

Page 13

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

a sugared nucleotide
a nucleotide peptide
a nucleotide sugar
a sugar
ATP
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

49.TB 12.049 What enzyme transfers a block of sugars to asparagine residues of a polypeptide as it enters the
RER?
glycosyltransferase
acid phosphatase
oligosaccharyltransferase
cellulase
glycolase
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

50.TB 12.050 To what residue of a polypeptide are N-linked oligosaccharide chains attached as that
poypeptide enters the RER lumen through the translocon?
arginine
asparagine
serine
threonine
ninhydrin
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

51.TB 12.051 What is responsible for adding sugars to dolichol phosphate?


membrane-bound glycosyltransferases
membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferase
membrane-bound gangliosidase
glycosylsynthetase
peptidyltransferase
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.3
52.TB 12.052 CDG1b results from a deficiency in what enzyme?

Page 14

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

phosphomannose phosphatase
phosphotungstate isomerase
phosphomannose isomerase
phosphatase
phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

53.TB 12.053 What is the effect of CDG1b on cell physiology and what is the treatment that has shown some
promise of being effective?
Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the
treatment.
Mannose is available for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the
treatment.
Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the
treatment.
Mannose is available for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the treatment.
Fructose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of fructose are the
treatment.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

54.TB 12.054 The oligosaccharide block that is added to secretory proteins after they enter the ER lumen goes
through a number of modifications after its attachment. What is the first modification that occurs?
addition of more sugars
addition of glucose
trimming of some sugars from the oligosaccharide block
chemical modification of the sugars on the oligosaccharide chain
both addition of more sugars and addition of glucose
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)

55.TB 12.055 What happens to a newly synthesized glycoprotein after the binding of calnexin or calreticulin
to help the protein correctly complete its folding?
When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide
chain is eventually reduced and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.
When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide
chain is eventually removed enzymatically and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.
The oligosaccharide chain is lengthened.
The oligosaccharide chain is totally degraded.

Page 15

Karp 6e

E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Nothing happens.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

56.TB 12.056 What does the conformation-sensing enzyme GT do if it binds to a misfolded or incompletely
folded glycoprotein?
It degrades the oligosaccharide chain.
It adds a single mannose back to one of the glucose residues at the exposed end of the recently
trimmed oligosaccharide.
It adds a single glucose back to one of the mannose residues at the exposed end of the recently
trimmed oligosaccharide.
It degrades the protein.
It refolds the protein on its own.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

57.TB 12.057 How does GT recognize incompletely folded or misfolded proteins that have been recently
synthesized?
Such proteins display exposed hydrophilic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
Five histidine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
Six arginine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
Such proteins display exposed hydrophobic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
Such proteins display numerous carboxyl groups on their surfaces, which decreases their solubility.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

58.TB 12.058 What do studies suggest governs the "decision" to destroy a defective protein that has been
unable to fold correctly and has been in the ER for an extended period of time?
a fast-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of
a protein
a slow-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of
a protein
a fast-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the
oligosaccharide of a protein
a slow-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the
oligosaccharide of a protein
a slow-acting nuclear enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the
oligosaccharide of a protein
Ans: B

Page 16

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

59.TB 12.059 What is the fate of a misfolded or incompletely folded protein in the ER once one or more of its
mannose residues has been removed from its oligosaccharide chain(s)?
1) The protein can no longer be recycled.
2) The protein is recycled.
3) The protein is sentenced to degradation.
4) The protein continues to be refolded.
1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

60.TB 12.060 Where are misfolded secretory proteins eventually destroyed?


in the RER
in the SER
in the Golgi complex
in the cytosol (cytoplasm)
in the nucleus
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

61.TB 12.061 How do misfolded proteins get to the cytoplasm to be destroyed?


They diffuse freely through the lipid bilayer.
A process called reverse transcription takes proteins back through the translocons they passed through
on their way into the ER lumen.
Proteins are transported back to the cytosol through the translocon that brought them into the ER
lumen or through a separate dislocation channel of uncertain identity.
They diffuse through gap junctions.
An enzyme flips them through the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)

62.TB 12.062 What is responsible for degrading misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm?
polysomes
polyribosomes

Page 17

Karp 6e

C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

proteasomes
peroxisomes
spliceosome
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

63.TB 12.063 Why does the cell use proteasomes to destroy misfolded proteins?
Destruction of misfolded proteins assures that aberrant proteins are not sent to other parts of the cell.
These proteins can be degraded into components that can be used to make polynucleotides.
These proteins are degraded into components that can be used to make polysaccharides.
These proteins are degraded into components that are used to make lipids.
Destruction of misfolded proteins prevents the dissolution of the plasma membrane.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

64.TB 12.064 What happens if misfolded proteins are generated in the ER at a faster rate than they can be
exported to the cytoplasm?
They are degraded in the ER.
They accumulate in the ER.
They accumulate in the Golgi complex.
They are resynthesized in the ER.
They are inserted into the ER membrane.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

65.TB 12.065 The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER is a potentially lethal situation and thus
causes the triggering of what process?
the polysomal response
the posttranscriptional response
the unfolded protein response (UPR)
the proteasomal response
the intracellular protein response
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.3
66.TB 12.066 The ER reportedly contains sensors that monitor the concentration of unfolded or misfolded
proteins in the lumen. One proposal suggests that the sensors are normally kept in an inactive state by
______, particularly ______.

Page 18

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

molecular chaperones, ribosomes


proteasomes, BiP
molecular chaperones, BiP
enzymes, ER
molecular chaperones, Rubisco
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

67.TB 12.067 What happens if the UPR is unsuccessful in relieving the stressful conditions in the cell?
The cell grows.
The cell divides.
The cell-death pathway is triggered and the cell is destroyed.
The cell shrinks.
The cell's temperature is raised.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

68.TB 12.068 The movement of vesicular-tubular carriers (VTCs) farther away from the ER and toward the
Golgi complex occurs along tracks composed of what material?
RNA
DNA
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

69.TB 12.069 What is the name sometimes given to a single Golgi stack in a plant cell?
endosome
dictyosome
ribosome
flagosome
plantosome
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.4
70.TB 12.070 Which part of the Golgi complex is thought to function primarily as a sorting station that
distinguishes between proteins to be shipped back to the ER and those that are allowed to proceed to the

Page 19

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

next Golgi station?


the cis cisternae
the CGN
the medial cisternae
the trans cisternae
the trans-Golgi network
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

71.TB 12.071 What kind(s) of modifications are made in proteins as they move through the Golgi complex?
Amino acids can be added to either end of the polypeptide chain.
Amino acids in the proteins may be chemically altered into nucleic acids.
The protein's carbohydrates are modified by a series of stepwise enzymatic reactions.
Small segments of amino acids can be added into the center of an existing protein.
All of these are correct.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

72.TB 12.072 Which of the following carbohydrates is not synthesized in the Golgi complex?
glycosaminoglycans in the animal extracellular matrix
plant cell wall polysaccharides like pectin and hemicellulose
the carbohydrates of glycolipids
the carbohydrates of glycoproteins
glycogen
Ans: E
Difficulty: Difficult
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

73.TB 12.073 What enzymes are responsible for determining the sequence of sugars added to growing
oligosaccharide chains of membrane proteins or secretory proteins as they travel through the Golgi
complex?
glycosaminocosidases
glycosyltransferases
peptidyltransferases
Rubisco
amylases
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.4

Page 20

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

74.TB 12.074 What sugar is usually removed from the N-linked core oligosaccharide chains on proteins in the
Golgi complex as opposed to the glucose residues trimmed off in the ER?
glucose
galactose
mannose
sialic acid
fucose
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

75.TB 12.075 What determines the sequence of sugar addition to glycoproteins traveling through the Golgi
complex?
Nothing - the sequence is random.
the spatial arrangement of specific glycosyltransferases that contact proteins as they pass through the
Golgi complex
the concentration of sugars in the Golgi complex
the sequence of sugars in the Golgi complex
the sequence of nucleotides in the Golgi complex
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

76.TB 12.076 Which of the models below suggests that the Golgi cisternae are transient structures that form at
the cis face of the stack by fusion of membranous carriers from the ER and ERGIC and that each cisterna
travels through the Golgi complex from the cis to the trans end of the stack, changing in composition as it
progresses?
the cisternal maturation model
the cargo carrying model
the vesicular transport model
the secretory transport model
the chemiosmotic model
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)

77.TB 12.077 Which model of Golgi complex formation suggests that the cisternae of a Golgi stack remain in
place as stable compartments held together by a protein scaffold, while the cargo is shuttled through the
Golgi via vesicles that bud from one compartment and fuse with a neighboring one?
the cisternal maturation model
the cargo carrying model
the vesicular transport model
the secretory transport model

Page 21

Karp 6e

E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

the chemiosmotic model


Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

78.TB 12.078 Vesicles that move through the Golgi complex from the cis-cisternae to the trans-cisternae are
said to move in a(n) __________ direction.
retrograde
anterograde
verigrade
astrograde
bad grade
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

79.TB 12.079 Vesicles that move through the Golgi complex from a trans-donor to a cis-acceptor membrane
are said to move in a(n) __________ direction.
retrograde
anterograde
verigrade
astrograde
awful grade
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.4

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

80.TB 12.080 Most vesicles budding from the Golgi body have a fuzzy, electron-dense coat on their ______
surface. The coat appears to be made of _______.
luminal, protein
cytosolic, protein
luminal, lipid
cytosolic, carbohydrate
cytosolic, lipid
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)

81.TB 12.081 What components below are selected for transport by vesicles originating in the Golgi
complex?
all of the other answers
secretory proteins

Page 22

Karp 6e

C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

lysosomal proteins
proteins required to dock the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
proteins required to target the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

82.TB 12.082 How do protein coats select the cargo molecules to be carried by the vesicles they help to form?
They electromagnetically attract the correct cargo proteins.
The protein coats have a specific affinity for the cytosolic tails of integral membrane proteins that
reside in the donor membrane.
The coats have a specific affinity for the luminal tails of integral membrane proteins that reside in the
donor membrane.
The coat proteins directly attach to the cargo proteins in the lumen of the forming vesicles.
The coat proteins attach to the extracellular matrix.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

83.TB 12.083 The coat of vesicles that transport materials around the cell interior ___________.
is composed of two distinct protein layers
possesses an outer cage or scaffolding that forms the framework for the coat
possesses an inner layer of adaptors that serves primarily to bind the vesicle's cargo
possesses adaptors that are able to select specific cargo molecules
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

84.TB 12.084 Which coated vesicles move materials in a retrograde direction from the ERGIC and Golgi
stack backwards toward the ER?
COPII-coated vesicles
COPI-coated vesicles
clathrin-coated vesicles
cadmium-coated vesicles
both COPII-coated vesicles and COPI-coated vesicles
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.5
85.TB 12.085 Clathrin-coated vesicles ___________.
1) move materials from the TGN to endosomes, lysosomes and plant vacuoles

Page 23

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

2) move materials from the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic compartments along the endocytic
pathway
3) have been implicated in trafficking from endosomes and lysosomes
1
2
3
1 and 2
1, 2 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

86.TB 12.086 What mediates the interaction between integral membrane proteins to be transported in COPIIcoated vesicles and the COPII-coat?
ER export signals in the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins
ER export signals in the cytosolic tails of integral ER membrane proteins
ER export signals in ER phospholipids that interact with the membrane proteins
ER export signals in carbohydrates on the cytosolic tails of integral ER membrane proteins
ER export signals in carbohydrates on the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

87.TB 12.087 What GTP-binding protein plays a regulatory role by initiating vesicle formation and by
regulating the assembly of the vesicle's COPII coat?
Sar1
Gar1
ARF1 (adenosylation ribose factor)
Ras
Src
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

88.TB 12.088 To what site does Sar1 bind after it binds to GTP?
the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane
the cytosolic leaflet of the Golgi membrane
the luminal leaflet of the Golgi membrane
the cytosolic leaflet of the ER bilayer
the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium

Page 24

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

12.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

89.TB 12.089 Which protein(s) below is(are) recruited to the COPII coat by Sar1-GTP?
ARF1
Sec23
Sec32
Sec24
both Sec23 and Sec24
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

90.TB 12.090 Sec23 and Sec24 bind together to form a "banana-shaped" dimer. What is the purpose of this
dimer?
Because of its linear shape, it firms up the membrane.
Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it further bend
into a curved bud.
Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it disintegrate.
The dimer stabilizes the Golgi complex membrane.
The dimer joins with other dimers to form a remarkably stable cage.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

91.TB 12.091 What is the primary adaptor protein of the COPII coat that interacts specifically with the ER
export signals in the cytosolic tails of membrane proteins that are destined to traffic on to the Golgi
complex.
ARF1
Sec23
Sec24
Sec31
Sec13
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

92.TB 12.092 What subunit(s) of the COPII coat bind(s) to the vesicle membrane to form the outer structural
cage of the protein coat?
Sec31
Sec24
Sec23
Sec13
both Sec31and Sec13

Page 25

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

93.TB 12.093 What allows the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits to form cages of varying diameter,
thus accommodating vesicles of varying size?
a degree of flexibility built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
a degree of rigidity built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
a degree of extensibility built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
a protein between Sec13 and Sec31 that allows free rotation
Sec24, which provides a cushion between the Sec13 and Sec31 subunits
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

94.TB 12.094 What happened to COPI-coated vesicles within the cell when the cell was treated with GTP
analogues that could not be hydrolyzed?
They accumulated in the nucleus.
They accumulated in the cytoplasm.
They fused into one giant vesicle that was seen in the cytoplasm.
They decreased substantially in number in the nucleus.
They decreased substantially in number in the cytoplasm.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

95.TB 12.095 What GTP-binding protein is associated with the formation of the COPI coat on COPI-coated
vesicles?
Sar1
Arf Arf
ARF1 (adenosylation ribose factor)
Ras
Src
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5
96.TB 12.096 Which of the following is a mechanism that is thought to be responsible for maintaining
proteins in a particular organelle, like the ER or the Golgi complex?
1) retention of molecules resident in an organelle that are excluded from transport vesicles
2) destruction of proteins that find their way mistakenly into transport vesicles
3) retrieval of molecules that have left the compartment in which they normally reside

Page 26

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

4) solubilization in the cytoplasm and refolding by chaperonins


1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

97.TB 12.097 Which of the following are not likely to enter transport vesicles?
1) secretory proteins
2) lysosomal enzymes
3) soluble proteins that are part of large complexes
4) membrane proteins with short transmembrane domains
1
2
3
4
3 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

98.TB 12.098 What is usually the retrieval signal for ER integral membrane proteins, like the SRP receptor?
KKXX at the C-terminus of the protein
KDEL at the C-terminus of the protein
KDEL at the N-terminus of the protein
KKXX at the N-terminus of the protein
KXEL at the C-terminus of the protein
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

99.TB 12.099 Where in the Golgi complex does most protein sorting occur?
the medial cisternae
the TGN
the CGN
the cis network
the pre-Golgi network
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy

Page 27

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

100.TB 12.100 What are the recognition signals for lysosomal enzymes that allow them to be localized
correctly in lysosomes?
Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated glucose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

101.TB 12.101 What would happen if the enzyme that adds phosphate groups to the appropriate mannose
residues on the carbohydrate chains of lysosomal enzymes were defective?
Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to lysosomes.
Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to peroxisomes.
Lysosomal enzymes would continue through the Golgi complex to secretory vesicles and would
eventually be secreted.
Lysosomal enzymes would be degraded.
Lysosomal enzymes would be retained in the ER.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

102.TB 12.102 What is responsible for recognizing lysosomal enzymes and localizing them to the lysosomes?
1) mannose 6-phosphate receptors
2) MPRs
3) integral membrane proteins that span the TGN membranes
4) intraGolgi receptors that reside in the TGN lumen
1
2
3
1, 2 and 3
4
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)

103.TB 12.103 What is the general name for a molecule that physically links two different types of materials?
enzymes
adaptors
structural proteins

Page 28

Karp 6e

D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

receptors
polynucleotides
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

104.TB 12.104 Lysosomal enzymes are transported from the TGN in vesicles coated with what protein?
clathrin
lysozyme
dynamin
acid phosphatase
COPII
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

105.TB 12.105 Which GTP-binding protein is associated with clathrin-coated vesicles and helps to initiate the
formation of the coat?
Sar1
Raf Raf1
ARF1 (adenosylation ribose factor)
Ras
Src
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

106.TB 12.106 What happens to the clathrin coat once the vesicle has budded from the Golgi body?
It is lost.
It is strengthened.
It is rearranged.
It is thickened.
It swells.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)

107.TB 12.107 What is thought to direct the movement of vesicles through the cytoplasm to their final
destination?
microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

Page 29

Karp 6e

D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

collagen
keratin
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

108.TB 12.108 What would happen to the movement of vesicles toward their eventual target if a microtubule
inhibitor like colchicine were added to the cells?
The vesicles would disintegrate.
The vesicles would move faster.
Vesicle movement would slow or stop.
Vesicles will shrink.
Vesicles will swell.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

109.TB 12.109 What appears to be an early step in the process of vesicle fusion to its target compartment?
swelling of the vesicle
shrinkage of the vesicle
tethering of vesicles to the target compartment by extended, fibrous proteins
a change in charge at the vesicle surface
dissociation of many lipids from the vesicle membrane
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

110.TB 12.110 Which of the following describes a group of so-called tethering proteins that mediate the initial
contacts between a transport vesicle and its target membrane like a Golgi cisterna?
1) rod-shaped, fibrous proteins that can form a molecular bridge between the two membranes over a
considerable distance
2) rod-shaped, globular proteins that can form a molecular bridge between the two membranes over a
considerable distance
3) large, multiprotein complexes that appear to hold the two membranes in closer proximity
4) small, individual proteins that appear to hold the two membranes in closer proximity
1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium

Page 30

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

12.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

111.TB 12.111 How do Rabs appear to associate with membranes?


via microtubules
via filaments
via a lipid anchor
via intermediate filaments
via vimentin filaments
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

112.TB 12.112 When Rabs have bound to GTP, what do they do?
They fuse membranes directly.
They pass through the membrane.
They recruit specific cytosolic tethering proteins to specific membrane surfaces.
They denature specific membrane proteins.
They fuse to the nuclear membrane.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

113.TB 12.113 What circumstantial evidence supports the proposed role of the Rabs in recruiting cytosolic
tethering proteins to specific membrane surfaces?
With over 60 Rab genes identified in humans, Rabs constitute the most diverse group of proteins
involved in membrane trafficking.
Rabs have the potential of giving each cell compartment a unique surface identity.
Different Rabs have been found to be associated with different membrane compartments.
The preferential localization of Rabs allows them to recruit the proteins involved in targeting
specificity.
All of these are correct statements that support the proposed role of the Rabs.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)

114.TB 12.114 In addition to their key role in vesicle targeting by recruiting specific cytosolic tethering
proteins to specific membrane surfaces, Rabs also play a key role in ________.
1) regulating the activities of numerous proteins involved in other aspects of membrane trafficking
2) regulating the aspects of motor proteins that move membranous vesicles through the cytoplasm
3) regulating metabolic processes
1
2
3

Page 31

Karp 6e

D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

1 and 2
1, 2 and 3
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

115.TB 12.115 The interaction between the membranes of vesicles and their target compartment is mediated by
which proteins below?
ARF1s
SNAREs
SNARFs
Sar1s
Rafs
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

116.TB 12.116 SNAREs vary in structure quite a bit, but all of them contain a common domain. Where is this
domain located, of what is it composed and what is it called?
in the lumen, 60 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
in the lumen, 60 70 nucleotides that form a complex with another SNARE motif
in the cytosol, 60 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
in the cytosol, 60 70 amino acids forming a complex with another SNARE coil
in the cytosol, 60 70 carbohydrates forming a complex with another SNARE motif
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

117.TB 12.117 What are the two functional categories of SNAREs?


v-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
t-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs
v-SNAREs and er-SNAREs
er-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)

118.TB 12.118 Where are v-SNAREs and t-SNARES found, respectively?


incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding, in target compartment membranes
in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding
in target compartment membranes, in target compartment membranes

Page 32

Karp 6e

D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion, in target compartment membranes
in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

119.TB 12.119 What is thought to dissociate the 4-stranded SNARE complex by attaching to the SNARE
bundle and, using energy from ATP hydrolysis, twisting it apart?
a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called NSF
a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called ARF1
a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called Rab
a cylindrical, cytosolic protein called NSF
a cylindrical, cytosolic protein called ARF1
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

120.TB 12.120 What determines the specificity of vesicle fusion to a target membrane?
interactions between tethering proteins alone
interactions between Rabs alone
interactions between specific combinations of interacting proteins, including tethering proteins, Rabs
and SNAREs assembled at that site in the cell
interactions between SNAREs alone
a single protein in the membrane of the particular vesicle and target membrane
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

121.TB 12.121 The process of membrane fusion and subsequent content discharge is called ______ and is
usually triggered by a release of ______.
exocytosis, K+ ions
exocytosis, Ca2+ ions
endocytosis, Ca2+ ions
endocytosis, K+ ions
secretion, K+ ions
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

A)

122.TB 12.122 Synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane in a neuron is regulated by what calciumbinding protein found in the membrane of the synaptic vesicle?
synaptin

Page 33

Karp 6e

B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

synaptogenin
calmodulin
calcitonin
synaptotagmin
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

123.TB 12.123 Based on what is known about the involvement of calcium ions in exocytosis, what should
happen if Ca2+ ions are injected into a cell?
Secretion stops.
Wholesale exocytosis of secretory product occurs.
Wholesale endocytosis of secretory product occurs.
Wholesale exocytosis of nuclear contents occurs.
Endocytosis rates are accelerated.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

124.TB 12.124 Which of the following enzymes are typically found in lysosomes?
hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)
oxidoreductases
transferases
lyases
ligases
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

125.TB 12.125 Which pH below would be most likely to favor the operation of a lysosomal enzyme?
12.5
7.6
4.5
11.3
6.5
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.6

A)
B)

126.TB 12.126 What is thought to shield lysosomal membranes against attack by their enclosed enzymes?
DNA
basic RNA

Page 34

Karp 6e

C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

carbohydrate chains attached to integral membrane proteins


carbohydrate chains attached to peripheral membrane proteins
the lipid bilayer itself
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

127.TB 12.127 What happens to the breakdown products of materials brought into many single-celled
organisms from the extracellular environment?
They are used as nutrients and are released to the extracellular space.
They are used as nutrients and are released into the cytoplasm.
Peptides produced during digestion are posted on the cell surface.
They are used to build the nuclear envelope and are released into the cytoplasm.
They are maintained within the lysosome and used for building new lysosomes.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

128.TB 12.128 What happens to the breakdown products of bacteria brought into mammalian phagocytic cells
(like macrophages and neutrophils) from the extracellular environment?
They are used as nutrients and are released to the extracellular space.
They are used as nutrients and are kept in the lysosome.
Peptides produced during digestion are posted on the phagocytic cell's surface.
They are used to build the nuclear envelope and are released into the cytoplasm.
They are maintained within the lysosome and used for building new lysosomes.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

129.TB 12.129 What is it about lysosomes that initially deactivates most ingested bacteria?
low pH
high pH
neutral pH
lysosomal carbohydrate content
lysosomal lipid content
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

A)

130.TB 12.130 What is the name of the structure in the sperm head that is a specialized lysosome whose
contents are released extracellularly to digest the egg's outer covering?
spermosome

Page 35

Karp 6e

B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

dictyosome
actinosome
acrosome
disovacrosome
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

131.TB 12.131 What process is responsible for organelle turnover in the cell and carries out the regulated
destruction of the cell's own organelles for the purpose of recycling the components of which they are
made?
autolysis
autophagolysosome
apoptosis
autophagy
autonomy
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

132.TB 12.132 Once an organelle to be destroyed, like a mitochondrion, has been surrounded with a double
membrane, what is the name of the structure that has been produced?
autophagolysosome
phagolysosome
bacteriophage
phagosome
autophagosome
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

133.TB 12.133 Once an organelle to be destroyed, like a mitochondrion, has been surrounded with a double
membrane, the outermost of the two membranes fuses with a lysosome. What is the resultant structure
called?
autophagolysosome
phagolysosome
bacteriophage
phagosome
autophagosome
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

Page 36

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

134.TB 12.134 You are working on a project in which you block autophagy in a particular portion of the brain
of a laboratory animal. What happens to these animals?
1) Nothing happens since nerve cells are so long-lived.
2) That region of the nervous system experiences a massive loss of nerve cells.
3) There is slight, but not dangerous damage, to the organelles and proteins of the nerve cells.
4) There is continuous damage to the proteins and organelles of these long-lived cells.
1
2
3
4
2 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

135.TB 12.135 Once the digestive process in an autophagolysosome is completed, the organelle is called a(n)
_____. If its contents are not eliminated from the cell by exocytosis and are instead retained within the
cytoplasm indefinitely, it is called a(n) _______.
lipofuscin granule, residual body
residual body, autophagosome
residual body, lipofuscin granule
lipofuscin granule, autophagosome
autophagosome, lipofuscin granule
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.6

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

136.TB 12.136 Which of the following are proposed functions of autophagy?


It plays a role in organelle turnover.
It is used to cannibalize organelles when a cell is deprived of nutrients.
It protects organisms against intracellular threats like abnormal protein aggregates and invading
bacteria.
It plays a role in the regulated destruction of the cell's own organelles and their replacement.
All of the other answers are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.6
137.TB 12.137 Which of the following is not a function of plant cell vacuoles?
1) a temporary storehouse for many cell solutes and macromolecules
2) distributes toxic compounds to cytoplasm
3) generates high turgor pressure that pushes outward against the cell wall and maintains cell shape

Page 37

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

4) site of intracellular digestion in a plant cell


1
2
3
4
2 and 4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.7

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

138.TB 12.138 The two separate (basic) categories of uptake of extracellular materials into cytoplasmic
vesicles are ______ and ______.
phagocytosis, exocytosis
pinocytosis, exocytosis
phagocytosis, endocytosis
pinocytosis, endocytosis
exocytosis, endocytosis
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

139.TB 12.139 The uptake of relatively large particulate matter into the cell is called _________.
endocytosis
phagocytosis
autophagy
exocytosis
pinocytosis
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

140.TB 12.140 The uptake of fluid (both specific and non specific), dissolved solutes and suspended
macromolecules is called ________.
endocytosis
phagocytosis
autophagy
exocytosis
pinocytosis
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

Page 38

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

141.TB 12.141 The vesicle containing material taken into the cell by phagocytosis is called a(n) _________.
phagocytosome
vacuolosome
phagosome
phagolysosome
exosome
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

142.TB 12.142 What drives the engulfment of particulate material by phagocytosis?


contractile activities of the actin-containing microfilaments that underlie the plasma membrane
contractile activities of the tubulin-containing microtubules that underlie the plasma membrane
contractile activities of the actin-containing microfilaments that underlie the mitochondrial membrane
contractile activities of the myosin-containing microfilaments that underlie the plasma membrane
contractile activities of the tubulin-containing microtubules that underlie the mitochondrial
membrane
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

143.TB 12.143 If you treated a macrophage with colchicine (a microtubular inhibitor), what would be likely to
happen to the rate of phagocytosis? What would be likely to happen to the rate of phagocytosis if you
treated the macrophage with an inhibitor of microfilament contractile activities?
Nothing would happen after colchicine exposure. The rate would rise after cytochalasin B exposure.
The rate would drop after colchicine exposure. Nothing would happen after cytochalasin B exposure.
Nothing would happen after colchicine exposure. The rate would drop after cytochalasin B exposure.
The rate would rise after colchicine exposure. Nothing would happen after cytochalasin B exposure.
Nothing would happen after treatment with either inhibitor.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

144.TB 12.144 Which of the following strategies is used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium
responsible for tuberculosis, to avoid being destroyed by phagocytosis
The bacterium crystallizes the enzymes in the phagolysosome.
The bacterium inhibits fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome.
The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but neither the acidic pH nor the lysosomal enzymes
can destroy it.
The bacterium produces proteins that destroy lysosomal membrane integrity so that the bacterium can
escape into the cell cytosol.
The bacterium neutralizes the enzymes in the lysosome.

Page 39

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

145.TB 12.145 Which of the following is a difference between the coats of COPII- and clathrin-coated
vesicles?
The inner layer of adaptor proteins of COPII-coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of
clathrin-coated vesicles do not overlap.
The outer scaffold subunits of the clathrin lattice of coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those
of the COPII lattice of coated vesicles do not overlap.
The outer scaffold subunits of the COPII lattice of coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of
the clathrin lattice of coated vesicles do not overlap.
The outer scaffold subunits of the clathrin lattice of coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those
of the COPII lattice of coated vesicles do not overlap.
The clathrin-coated vesicles have three distinct layers, while the COPII-coated vesicles have two
distinct layers.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

146.TB 12.146 Which of the following strategies is used by Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes
meningitis, to avoid being destroyed by a lysosome's fusion with the phagosome in which it was ingested?
The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but the acidic pH cannot destroy it.
The bacterium inhibits fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome.
The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but the lysosomal enzymes cannot destroy it.
The bacterium produces proteins that destroy lysosomal membrane integrity so that the bacterium can
escape into the cell cytosol.
The bacterium neutralizes the enzymes in the lysosome.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

147.TB 12.147 What types of molecules below can a cell internalize by receptor-mediated endocytosis?
hormones and growth factors
enzymes
bloode-borne proteins carrying certain nutrients
hormones and growth factors and enzymes
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.8
148.TB 12.148 Substances that enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis bind receptors that collect in

Page 40

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

specialized domains of the plasma membrane called ______.


coated vesicles
coated pits
RME pits
gap junctions
tight junctions
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

149.TB 12.149 The three-legged assembly of protein chains that makes up a clathrin molecule and that can
assemble into a network of polygons resembling a honeycomb is called a(n) _____.
trigeminy
triskeleton
trigellium
triskelion
triskellium
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

150.TB 12.150 The best-studied adaptors that participate in the formation of the coated pits and coated vesicles
of clathrin-mediated endocytosis are the _____ adaptors.
COPII
GGA
AP2
clathrin
COPI
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

151.TB 12.151 What molecules do the AP2 adaptors of the clathrin coat connect?
GGA adaptors and clathrin molecules
the cytoplasmic tails of specific membrane receptors and clathrin molecules
the luminal tails of specific membrane receptors and clathrin molecules
the clathrin molecules and cargo molecules
cargo molecules and the cytoplasmic tails of specific membrane receptors
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Page 41

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

152.TB 12.152 Which molecule below is a GTP-binding protein that is required for the release of a clathrincoated vesicle from the membrane on which it was formed?
AP2
GGA
clathrin
dynamin
opsonin
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

153.TB 12.153 Which of the following has not been identified as a phosphoinositide?
PI(3)P
PI(4)P
PI(5)P
PI(6)P
PI(3,4)P2
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

154.TB 12.154 Which of the following has not been identified as a phosphoinositide?
PI(3,4)P2
PI(3,5)P2
PI(3,4,5)P3
PI(1,3,4)P3
PI(4,5)P2
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

155.TB 12.155 The phosphorylated rings of phosphoinositides are recognized and bound by particular proteins.
Where are the phosphorylated rings located?
They reside in the membrane interior.
They are found in lysosomes.
They reside at the membrane surface.
They reside inside the clathrin coat.
They reside inside the COPII-coat.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

Page 42

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

156.TB 12.156 What helps to give different membrane compartments their own unique surface identity?
the different proteins contained within them
the different phosphoinositides concentrated in the different membrane compartments
the different surface nucleotides in each one
the different shapes of the different membrane compartments
the degree of concentration of the contents of the membrane compartments
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

157.TB 12.157 The inner leaflet of the plasma membrane contains elevated levels of _____, which plays an
important role in the recruitment of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, like dynamin and
AP2.
PI(4,5)P2
PI(4)P
PI(3,5)P2
PI(3,4)P2
PI(5)P
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

158.TB 12.158 The inner leaflet of the plasma membrane contains elevated levels of PI(4,5)P2, which plays an
important role in the recruitment of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, like ______ and
______?
AP3, dynamin
AP2, dynamin
TGN, dynamin
AP2, clathrin
clathrin, dynamin
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

159.TB 12.159 Lipid species like the phosphoinositides can have a dynamic regulatory role because _______.
it can be rapidly formed by enzymes localized at particular places within the cell
it can be rapidly formed by enzymes localized at particular times within the cell
it can be rapidly destroyed by enzymes localized at particular places within the cell
it can be rapidly destroyed by enzymes localized at particular times within the cell
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium

Page 43

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

12.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

160.TB 12.160 About what time does PI(4,5)P2 disappear from a site of endocytosis?
about the time the coated pit forms
about the time the coated vesicle is pinched away from the plasma membrane
when the ligand binds to the receptors
well after the vesicle has pinched away from the plasma membrane
as the coated pit rounds into a larger coated pit
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

161.TB 12.161 Which phosphoinositide is localized at early endosomes and intraluminal vesicles of late
endosomes?
PI(4,5)P2
PI(4)P
PI(3,5)P2
PI(3)P
PI(5)P
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

162.TB 12.162 Which phosphoinositide is localized at the TGN, secretory granules and synaptic vesicles?
PI(4,5)P2
PI(4)P
PI(3,5)P2
PI(3)P
PI(5)P
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

163.TB 12.163 Which phosphoinositide is localized at the late endosome boundary membrane?
PI(4,5)P2
PI(4)P
PI(3,5)P2
PI(3)P
PI(5)P
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

Page 44

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

164.TB 12.164 Typically, receptors for hormones or growth factors are destroyed during endocytosis, leading
to a reduction in the cell's sensitivity to further stimulation by that particular hormone or growth factor.
This is a mechanism by which cells regulate their ability to respond to extracellular messengers. What is it
called?
receptor annihilation
receptor down-regulation
super-signaling
endocytotic assignation
receptor up-regulation
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

165.TB 12.165 Signaling receptors are usually marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction by the
covalent attachment of a "tag" to the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor while it resides at the cell surface.
What is the name of the "tag"?
ubiquitin
transferrin
opsonin
chaperonin
complexin
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

166.TB 12.166 Which endosomes are typically located near the peripheral region of the cell?
late endosomes
early endosomes
medial lysosomes
medial endosomes
intellosomes
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

167.TB 12.167 Which endosomes are typically located in the more interior part of the cell, near the nucleus?
late endosomes
early endosomes
medial lysosomes
medial endosomes
intellosomes

Page 45

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

168.TB 12.168 Which endosome serves as a sorting station that directs different types of receptors and ligands
along different pathways?
late endosomes
early endosomes
medial lysosomes
medial endosomes
intellosomes
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

169.TB 12.169 What are the differences between early and late endosomes?
Early endosomes exchange their Rab5 proteins for Rab7 proteins as they transform into late
endosomes.
Late endosomes have a population of vesicles crowding their interior; early endosomes do not.
Late endosomes exhibit a lower pH than early endosomes.
In late endosomes, the outer boundary membrane has budded inward on its lumenal surface creating a
group of vesicles.
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

170.TB 12.170 Late endosomes are also referred to as _______.


multivertiginous bodies
multivesicular bodies
MVBs
multivesicular bodies and MVBs
lateosomes
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)

171.TB 12.171 Once they are in a lysosome, what happens to signaling receptors and other membrane
macromolecules that possess attached ubiquitin tags and what happens to transported materials like
cholesterol?
Membrane receptors/macromolecules with attached ubiquitin tags and transported materials are all
destroyed.
Membrane receptors/macromolecules with attached ubiquitin tags are processed for delivery to the

Page 46

Karp 6e

C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

cytosol and transported materials are destroyed.


Membrane receptors/macromolecules with attached ubiquitin tags are destroyed and transported
materials are processed for delivery to the cytosol.
Membrane receptors/macromolecules with attached ubiquitin tags and transported materials are all
processed for delivery to the cytosol.
Membrane receptors/macromolecules with attached ubiquitin tags and transported materials are all
activated.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

172.TB 12.172 What recognizes ubiquitinated signaling receptors and sorts them into the membranes that give
rise to the internal vesicles of the late endosomes?
ESCRT complexes
CREST complexes
ESCORT complexes
RESCT complexes
lysosomes
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

173.TB 12.173 What leads to the degradation of the contents of late endosomes by lysosomal enzymes?
secretion of lysosomal enzymes into late endosomes
transport of lysosomal enzymes into late endosomes through specialized pore complexes
fusion of late endosomes containing intralumenal vesicles with a lysosome.
fusion of early endosomes with lysosomes; late endosomes lowering their internal pH activating the
enzymes
late endosomes synthesizing lysosomal enzymes that then degrade the contents
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

174.TB 12.174 A single copy of a large protein appears in the single layer of phospholipids that covers an LDL
particle; the protein binds specifically to LDL receptors on cell surfaces. What is the name of the protein?
large LDL particle B-100
LDLenin
apolipoprotein B-100
apolipoprotein A-1
statin
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy

Page 47

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

12.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

175.TB 12.175 Where do LDL particles eventually end up after being endocytosed?
in a late endosome that fuses with a lysosome
in the nucleus
in a late endosome
in an early endosome
in the Golgi body
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

176.TB 12.176 LDL receptors are found mostly on the outer surface of cells even in the absence of ligand.
Where specifically on the cell surface are they found?
randomly distributed
in the coated pits
everywhere but the coated pits
around the cilia
in the cell wall
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

177.TB 12.177 People with Niemann-Pick type C disease suffer from what defect?
They lack one of two lysosomal enzymes.
They cannot degrade HDL particles.
They cannot degrade LDL particles.
They lack one of the proteins needed to transport cholesterol out of lysosomes.
Their LDL receptors are nonfunctional.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

178.TB 12.178 Drugs that lower blood LDL levels are referred to as _______.
olefins
statins
ancestrins
cholestrins
cholestrans
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

Page 48

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

179.TB 12.179 The drugs that lower LDL concentration in the blood function by ________.
blocking a key cholesterol-degrading enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
activating a key cholesterol-degrading enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
blocking a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
activating a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
blocking a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA oxidase
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

180.TB 12.180 What protein is associated with HDL particles?


Large LDL particle B-100
LDLenin
apolipoprotein B-100
apolipoprotein A-1
statin
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

181.TB 12.181 Which of the following organelles imports proteins through one or more outer boundary
membranes?
the nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
peroxisomes
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

182.TB 12.182 How many subcompartments do peroxisomes have into which an imported protein can be
placed?
1
2
3
4
3 or 4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

Page 49

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

183.TB 12.183 Proteins destined for the peroxisomal membrane possess a(n) ________.
1) peroxisomal location signal
2) PTS
3) mPTS
1
2
3
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

184.TB 12.184 Proteins destined for the peroxisomal matrix possess a(n) ________.
1) peroxisomal targeting signal
2) PTS
3) mPTS
1
2
3
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

185.TB 12.185 Where does the PTS receptor bind to peroxisome-destined proteins?
in the nucleus
in the cytoplasm (cytosol)
in the mitochondrion
in the peroxisome
in the RER
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

186.TB 12.186 Which of the following organelles imports proteins in their native, folded conformation?
mitochondria
chloroplasts
peroxisomes
nuclei
lysosomes

Page 50

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.9
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

187.TB 12.187 How many mitochondrial subcompartments exist into which proteins can be delivered?
1
2
3
4
5
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

188.TB 12.188 Which of the following is a mitochondrial subcompartment into which proteins can be
delivered?
outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM)
inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM)
intermembrane space
matrix
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

189.TB 12.189 The targeting sequence of mitochondrial-matrix proteins is found at the molecule's N-terminus
and includes a number of positively charged residues. What is this targeting sequence called?
PTS
mPTS
signal peptide
presequence
mitochondrial targeting signal
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)

190.TB 12.190 The N-terminal targeting sequence of mitochondrial-matrix proteins is ultimately removed by
_______ following import into the matrix.
signal peptidase
mitochondrial processing peptidase
mitochondrial processing lipase
mitochodrial signal peptidase

Page 51

Karp 6e

E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

mitochondrial signalase
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

191.TB 12.191 What kind of molecule has been implicated in preparing polypeptides for mitochondrial uptake,
including those that specifically direct mitochondrial proteins to the cytosolic surface of the outer
mitochondrial membrane?
proteases
aggregases
molecular chaperones
carbohydratase
pronases
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

192.TB 12.192 The outer mitochondrial membrane contains a protein import complex, the _________ that
includes ________ and protein-lined ________ through which unfolded polypeptides are translocated
across the outer mitochondrial membrane.
TOM complex, receptors that recognize and bind mitochondrial proteins, channels
TIM complex, receptors that recognize and bind mitochondrial proteins, channels
TOM complex, receptors that recognize and bind the outer mitochondrial membrane, channels
TIM complex, receptors that recognize and bind the outer mitochondrial membrane, channels
importer, receptors that recognize and bind mitochondrial proteins, channels
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

193.TB 12.193 The pore-forming protein of the TOM complex is a -barrel protein, like other outer
mitochondrial membrane, integral proteins. What does this tell us about the origin of the outer
mitochondrial membrane?
It is evidence that the outer mitochondrial membrane evolved from the ancestral bacterium's cell
wall.
It is evidence that the outer mitochondrial membrane evolved from the ancestral bacterium's flagellae
It suggests that the outer mitochondrial membrane evolved from the ancestral bacterium's outer
membrane.
It suggests that the inner mitochondrial membrane evolved from the ancestral bacterium's outer
membrane.
It suggests that the outer mitochondrial membrane evolved from the ancestral bacterium's inner
membrane.
Ans: C

Page 52

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Difficulty: Difficult
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

194.TB 12.194 Proteins destined for the inner mitochondrial membrane or the mitochondrial matrix must pass
through the _________.
TOM complex
TIM complex
at least one protein-lined channel
intermembrane space
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

195.TB 12.195 The _______ binds integral proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane and inserts them into
lipid bilayer and the ______ binds matrix proteins and translocates them completely through the inner
mitochondrial membrane into the aqueous matrix compartment.
TIM complex, TOM complex
TOM complex, TIM complex
TIM22 complex, TIM23 complex
TIM23 complex, TIM22 complex
TOM complex, TIM23 complex
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

196.TB 12.196 What powers the movement of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix?
electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane acting on the positively-charged targeting
signal
electric potential across the outer mitochondrial membrane acting on the positively-charged targeting
signal
ATP
GTP
electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane acting on the negatively-charged targeting
signal
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.9
197.TB 12.197 One mechanism suggested for chaperone action in getting mitochondrial matrix proteins into
the matrix involves the chaperone binding repeatedly to the mitochondrial matrix protein as it protrudes
into the matrix and at each stage preventing it from diffusing backward out of the matrix. This mechanism
has been called ______.

Page 53

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion
osmotic diffusion
biased diffusion
unbiased diffusion
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

198.TB 12.198 When a mitochondrial chaperone helps a mitochondrial matrix protein into the matrix by biased
diffusion, the chaperone is said to be acting as a(n) ______.
Brownian motion
biased diffuser
Brownian ratchet
misratchet
unbiased diffuser
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

199.TB 12.199 How many subcompartments are there in chloroplasts into which proteins can be delivered?
1
2
6
5
4
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

200.TB 12.200 Which list below names the compartments into which chloroplast proteins must be imported?
inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes,
thylakoid lumen
inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intercristal space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes,
thylakoid lumen
inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the cytoplasm, thylakoid
membranes, thylakoid lumen
inner and medial chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, thylakoid
membranes, thylakoid lumen
inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, cristae membranes,
thylakoid lumen
Ans: A

Page 54

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Difficulty: Difficult
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

201.TB 12.201 The outer and inner chloroplast membranes contain distinct translocation complexes named
________, respectively, that work together during protein import.
Toc and Tic complexes
Tic and Toc complexes
Tick and Tock complexes
Tock and Tick complexes
Tock and Tic complexes
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

202.TB 12.202 Most proteins destined for the chloroplast are synthesized with a removable ________ called
the ______.
N-terminal sequence, signal peptide
C-terminal sequence, transit peptide
N-terminal sequence, transit peptide
C-terminal sequence, signal peptide
mid-chain sequence, transit peptide
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

203.TB 12.203 Proteins that are destined to be translocated through the chloroplast envelope into the stroma
must have a transit peptide including _______.
a thylakoid transfer domain
a thylakoid lumen domain
a transit peptidase
a stroma-targeting domain
a matrix-targeting domain
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

204.TB 12.204 What removes the stroma-targeting domain and where does the removal occur?
a processing peptide synthase, stroma
a processing peptidase, stroma
a processing peptidase, thylakoid membrane
a processing peptidase, thylakoid lumen
a stromase, stroma

Page 55

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

205.TB 12.205 Many of the proteins that reside within the thylakoid membrane are encoded by chloroplast
genes and synthesized on __________.
ribosomes floating in the stroma
ribosomes bound to the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane
ribosomes bound to the inner chloroplast membrane
ribosomes inside the thylakoid disks
cytoplasmic ribosomes
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
12.9

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

206.Human Perspectives Question 12.001


What acts as an address directing lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes?
a lysosomal peptide
mannose-6-sulfate residues on the enzyme
mannose-6-phosphate residues on the enzyme
a signal peptide on the enzyme
a stroma transfer peptide on the enzyme
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
Human Perspectives

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

207.Human Perspectives Question 12.002


I-cell disease is typified by __________.
lysosomes bloated with undegraded materials
the production of normal levels of lysosomal enzymes without the mannose 6-phosphate residues
normally present
lysosomal enzymes being secreted by the cell because they have not been targeted to lysosomes
a deficiency in N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

A)
B)

2012.Human Perspectives Question 12.003


Pompe disease causes the accumulation of _______ in lysosomes because of the missing enzyme, ______.
Its symptoms are swelling of ______ and irreversible damage to cells and tissues.
undigested glycogen, -glucosidase, lysosomes
digested glycogen, -glucosidase, lysosomes

Page 56

Karp 6e

C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

undigested glycogen, -glycogenase, mitochondria


undigested glycogen, -glycosidase lysosomes
digested glycogen, -glucosidase, testes
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

209.Human Perspectives Question 12.004


In general, diseases that result from a deficiency of a single lysosomal enzyme are called ________.
lysosomal dissociation disorders
Tay-Sachs Disease
lysosomal storage disorders
ancestral disorders
ancestral lysosomal disorders
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
Human Perspectives

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

210.Human Perspectives Question 12.005


Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme _______, an enzyme that degrades ______.
N-hexosaminidase A, the GAG GM2
-N-hexosaminidase B, the ganglioside GM2
-N-hexosaminidase A, the ganglioside GM2
-N-hexocarboxylase A, the GAG GM2
protease, the ganglioside GM2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

211.Human Perspectives Question 12.006


Why does glucocerebrosidase taken into macrophages by receptor-mediated endocytosis end up in
lysosomes?
The enzyme travels through the cytoplasm to get to lysosomes.
The enzyme denatures and then goes through a channel into lysosomes.
Lysosomes are the natural target of enzymes taken into macrophages by endocytosis.
Lysosomes adsorb glucocerebrosidase to their surfaces.
Lysosomes pick up the enzyme from mitochondria.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
Human Perspectives

Page 57

Karp 6e

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

212.Human Perspectives Question 12.007


Why does targeting glucocerebrosidase to lysosomes in macrophages serve as a treatment for Gaucher's
disease?
Glucocerebrosidase is normally denatured in the lysosomes.
Glucocerebrosidase is delivered to the precise sites in the cell where the deficiency is manifested,
thus correcting the deficit.
Glucocerebrosidase denatures the cytoplasm from its location in the lysosomes correcting the deficit.
Glucocerebrosidase binds to the outer lysosome surface and breaks down glycogen in the cytoplasm.
Glucocerbrosidase is supposed to digest most of the enzymes in the lysosome.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
Human Perspectives

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

213.Human Perspectives Question 12.008


Fabry disease is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme ________.
-galactosidase A
-galactosidase A
-galactosidase B
glucocerebrosidase
glucoenterosidase
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

214.Human Perspectives Question 12.009


Treatment of lysosomal storage diseases with enzyme replacement therapy involves _______.
targeting functional copies of the missing enzyme to the precise cell sites where the deficiency is
manifested
targeting mutant copies of the missing enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
targeting functional copies of another enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
administration of small molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of substances that accumulate
in the disease
administration of large molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of substances that accumulate
in the disease
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

A)
B)
C)

215.Human Perspectives Question 12.010


Treatment of lysosomal storage disorders with substrate reduction therapy involves _______.
targeting functional copies of the missing enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
targeting mutant copies of the missing enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
targeting functional copies of another enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested

Page 58

Karp 6e

D)
E)

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

administration of small molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of the substances that
accumulate in the disease
administration of large molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of the substances that
accumulate in the disease
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

Ans:

216.Human Perspectives Question 12.011


Explain how lysosomes become bloated in patients who suffer from I-cell disease.
Lysosomal enzymes in I-cell patients lack the mannose 6-phosphate residues that are needed to target
them to lysosomes. Thus, lysosomal enzymes are synthesized at normal levels, but they are secreted
instead of being targeted to lysosomes. When molecules that are usually broken down in the
lysosomes get there, they are not degraded because the enzymes are missing from the lysosome. As a
result, these molecules build up in the lysosomes since they are not degraded, causing them to
become bloated with undegraded materials.
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

Ans:

217.Human Perspectives Question 12.012


What is responsible for the deficiency in I-cell disease patients in which the lysosomal enzymes do not
carry the normal mannose phosphate residues that target them to lysosomes?
These patients possess a deficiency in the enzyme, N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase, which
adds phosphate groups to mannose residues on lysosomal enzymes, while they are being processed in
the Golgi complex.
Difficulty: Easy
Human Perspectives

Ans:

218.Human Perspectives Question 12.013


What is a lysosomal storage disease?
A lysosomal storage disease arises when an enzyme usually found in the lysosomes is absent or is
mutated so that it does not function properly. The substrate that it usually degrades builds up in the
lysosomes, causing the organelle to swell and leading to irreversible cell and tissue damage. Over 40
such diseases have been described, and each is characterized by the deficiency of a single lysosomal
enzyme and the corresponding accumulation of undegraded substrate.
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

Ans:

219.Human Perspectives Question 12.014


You wish to target a purified enzyme to the lysosomes of macrophages. How might you accomplish this?
If you treat the oligosaccharides of the enzyme with glycosidases so that mannose residues are
exposed as terminal sugars, they may be recognized by receptors on macrophage surfaces. If they are

Page 59

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

recognized, they will be ingested by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Since the natural target site of
materials brought into the cell by endocytosis is the lysosomes, the enzymes might be delivered
efficiently to lysosomes, thus correcting the deficiency. This form of enzyme replacement therapy
has actually been used successfully in many cases.
Difficulty: Difficult
Human Perspectives

Ans:

220.Human Perspectives Question 12.015


What disease is characterized by malfunctioning or missing -glucosidase? What role does -glucosidase
play in cell physiology?
Malfunctioning or missing -glucosidase causes Pompe disease. Since a-glucosidase is missing in
patients suffering from Pompe disease and undigested glycogen accumulates in the lysosomes of
people with this disease, the enzyme must play a major role in glycogen hydrolysis. As a result of the
accumulation of glycogen, the lysosomes swell and cause irreversible damage to the cell and tissues.
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

Ans:

221.Human Perspectives Question 12.016


You work in a lab that does tests on blood samples for patients who are thinking of having children and
want some genetic counseling. One of the samples exhibits a deficiency in the enzyme -Nhexosaminidase A, such that the patient's cells exhibit only half the normal level of the enzyme. What
would be your assessment of the patient's situation?
The lowered level of the enzyme -N-hexosaminidase A suggests that one of the genes this patient
carries for this enzyme may be faulty. Thus, the patient may be a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease and if
his partner is also a carrier, they may have a 25% chance of having a child who suffers from TaySachs disease.
Difficulty: Difficult
Human Perspectives

Ans:

222.Human Perspectives Question 12.017


For what tissues and organs is enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage diseases likely to be less
effective and why is this the case?
It is unfortunate that many lysosomal storage diseases affect the central nervous system. The cells of
the central nervous system are unable to take up circulating enzymes because of the blood-brain
barrier. Thus, enzyme replacement therapy is not effective in the central nervous system.
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

Ans:

223.Human Perspectives Question 12.018


Approaches other than enzyme replacement therapy for treatment of lysosomal storage diseases have
shown some promise. What are they and how do they work?
It is referred to as substrate reduction therapy. Small-molecular-weight drugs like Zavesca are
Page 60

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

administered to inhibit the synthesis of the substances that accumulate in the disease. Another
approach, although risky, is bone marrow (or cord blood) transplantation. It has proved relatively
successful in treating some of these diseases. It is thought that the foreign transplanted cells, which
contain normal copies of the gene in question, secrete a limited amount of the normal lysosomal
enzyme. Some of these enzyme molecules are then taken up by the patient's own cells, which lessens
the impact of the enzyme deficiency.
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives

Ans:

224.Critical Thinking Question 12.001


You are observing a cell process in which small vesicles continually merge with the cell membrane. A
number of different treatments known to influence the secretion of specific materials seems to have no
effect on the process. What type of secretion appears to be occurring?
It looks like constitutive secretion since known regulatory treatments have little effect.
Difficulty: Easy
12.1

Ans:

225.Critical Thinking Question 12.002


A tissue that secretes a number of proteins is exposed in culture to radiolabeled amino acids for a very short
period of time and then fixed immediately and prepared for autoradiography. What is seen after the
autoradiograms are prepared?
Exposed silver grains are seen over the rough ER where the amino acids are incorporated into
proteins.
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

Ans:

226.Critical Thinking Question 12.003


What recently developed technique allows scientists to follow with their own eyes the dynamic movements
of specific proteins as they occur within the living cell?
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a small protein from a certain jellyfish, which emits a green
fluorescent light. The DNA encoding GFP can be fused to the gene to be studied. The resultant
composite DNA can be introduced into cells and once there, the chimeric (composite) protein
consisting of GFP fused to the end of the protein to be studied can be expressed. Generally, the GFP
fused to the protein to be studied functions normally as does the protein to which it is attached.
Furthermore, the movement of the studied protein through the cell is unaffected as well. Wherever
the protein is transported through the cell, it can be visualized via the attached GFP.
Difficulty: Medium
12.2
227.Critical Thinking Question 12.004
You homogenize a liver cell and isolate from it vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. When
their biochemistry is analyzed, they are found to contain oxygenases. From what type of ER are they

Page 61

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

derived?
They contain oxygenases, suggesting that they may be derived from liver SER, which carries out
detoxification of organic compounds like ethanol and barbiturates.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3

Ans:

228.Critical Thinking Question 12.005


In carrying out a pulse-chase experiment, radiolabel appears first over the ER in the basal portion of the
cell. It moves next to the Golgi apparatus located centrally. Next, the radiolabel appears in the cell's apical
region near a number of small cytoplasmic vesicles. What kind of cell is this?
It is a secretory cell.
Difficulty: Medium
12.2

Ans:

229.Critical Thinking Question 12.006


You homogenize a cell and isolate from it vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. When their
biochemistry is analyzed, they are found to have the ability to synthesize testosterone. From what type of
ER are they derived?
They are derived from SER, since they are capable of synthesizing a steroid like testosterone, a job
often identified with SER.
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

Ans:

230.Critical Thinking Question 12.007


What is the name of a cellular phenomenon in which cells produce small RNAs that bind to specific
mRNAs and inhibit their translation into proteins? What are the small RNAs that bind to these specific
mRNAs called?
It is called RNA interference or RNAi. siRNAs.
Difficulty: Easy
12.2

Ans:

231.Critical Thinking Question 12.008


What information does the use of siRNAs provide?
They can be used to determine and identify which genes are involved in a particular cellular process.
If an siRNA interferes with a process like a step in the secretory pathway, the protein product of the
inhibited mRNA (and the gene to which it is complementary) is likely to be involved in that step.
Difficulty: Medium
12.2
232.Critical Thinking Question 12.009
You attach the DNA coding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the gene for an enzyme normally found

Page 62

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

in the Golgi complex (omgase) after its synthesis in the rough ER. Neither protein loses its activity after
the chimeric (composite) protein is produced. In a control cell synthesizing the GFP-omgase composite
protein, the fluorescence of GFP is seen to be localized in the numerous Golgi complexes of the cell. On
the other hand, a cell that contains siRNA molecules caused a redistribution of the omgase-GFP composite
protein into the ER, so that no fluorescence reaches the Golgi complex. What is the most likely explanation
for this result? A number of different siRNAs (130) have been found to interfere with the secretory
pathway in a similar study involving mannosidase II. What percentage of them generated a phenotype
similar to that described above?
The presence of the complementary siRNAs most likely led to a phenotype caused by the absence of
at least one of the proteins involved in the transport of omgase from the ER to the Golgi complex. Of
the 130 different siRNAs, 31 (23.8%) generated a phenotype similar to the one described.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

Ans:

233.Critical Thinking Question 12.010


The mRNA for a well-known secretory protein is isolated and placed in a test tube in the presence of all the
substances required for in vitro protein synthesis. The sequence of the protein produced in vitro is then
compared to the sequence of the purified secretory protein. The sequences of the two proteins are not the
same. What is the explanation?
A short expanse of hydrophobic amino acids (the signal peptide) was removed from the N-terminal
end of the polypeptide in the intact cell.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3

Ans:

234.Critical Thinking Question 12.011


A scientist isolates two specific mRNAs. One codes for the enzyme fowlase, an enzyme that is involved in
digestion in chickadees; the other codes for the quail enzyme quailase that is involved in cellular
carbohydrate metabolism. Both mRNAs are placed in a test tube with RER vesicles stripped of their
ribosomes, free ribosomes and precursors for protein synthesis. When the protein synthesis reaction is
complete, fowlase is found inside the vesicles; quailase is found in the liquid portion of the test tube outside
the vesicles. What can one conclude about the two proteins?
Fowlase is a secretory protein; quailase is a domestic protein that is not secreted and stays in the cell
cytoplasm.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3
235.Critical Thinking Question 12.012
Which of the following sequences is most likely to be part of a signal peptide of a secretory protein? Refer
to the diagram of amino acid R groups in your text for help.
a) - lys - arg - glu - gly - phe - gly - lys - glu b) - gly - asp - met - glu - asp - gly - lys - arg c) - arg - leu - asp - lys - phe - glu - arg - pro d) - leu - gly - met - leu - phe - met - leu - phe -

Page 63

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

e) - arg - arg - lys - asp - glu - met - gly - asp


d) - leu - gly - met - leu - phe - met - leu - phe Difficulty: Medium
12.3

Ans:

236.Critical Thinking Question 12.013


Radioactive phospholipid precursors are exposed to growing cells in a brief pulse. After a chase with
nonlabeled phospholipid precursors, it is clear that the label appears first over the endoplasmic reticulum.
Some time later, the label appears in the cell membrane after being seen in the Golgi complex and
cytoplasmic vesicles. To what conclusion do the data lead you?
Membrane lipids appear to be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, after which they move to the
Golgi apparatus and then to vesicles, which contribute the phospholipids to the membrane upon
exocytosis.
Difficulty: Medium
12.3

Ans:

237.Critical Thinking Question 12.014


As a secretory protein is transported through the RER membrane, a block of sugars is transferred from a
lipid molecule embedded in the membrane to an amino acid on the protein. The block of sugars is
identified as an N-linked oligosaccharide. Which amino acid on the secretory protein is most likely to
serve as the acceptor for the oligosaccharide?
An asparagine residue of the protein is most likely to serve as the point of attachment.
Difficulty: Easy
12.3

Ans:

238.Critical Thinking Question 12.015


A cell is given radioactive precursors of the outer sugars on the core oligosaccharide chain that is
transferred to a secretory protein as it enters the endoplasmic reticulum. In pulse chase experiments,
exposed silver grains appear over the endoplasmic reticulum early on, but later there are no exposed silver
grains seen over the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus where the proteins are known to have
gone next. What does this experiment suggest?
The terminal sugars are added to the protein upon entering the ER, but they are removed before the
protein reaches the Golgi apparatus, probably in the ER.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2

Ans:

239.Critical Thinking Question 12.016


You have isolated from a cell vesicles that are shown to be derived from the Golgi apparatus. They take up
a large amount of osmium tetroxide when stained and contain little nucleotide diphosphatase activity.
These vesicles also contain a few proteins typical of the endoplasmic reticulum. Is it possible to determine
where in the Golgi body these vesicles originated? Explain your answer.
Since the Golgi apparatus is not uniform in composition, such a determination should be possible.

Page 64

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Cis Golgi membranes typically take up osmium tetroxide better than other parts of the Golgi, but
should contain little or no nucleotide diphosphatase, since this enzyme is normally found at the trans
face. The presence of a few ER proteins also suggests that the vesicles are probably from the cis
Golgi since some ER proteins can be taken there from the ER. They will, however, be recycled back
to the ER before they get to the trans face.
Difficulty: Medium
12.4

Ans:

240.Critical Thinking Question 12.017


A scientist is studying the movement of vesicles between different cellular compartments. She starts by
treating the cells with a number of known inhibitors of cellular activities. One of them greatly increases the
number of fuzzy-coated vesicles. What is a possible explanation? The effect of the inhibitor can be
reversed if intracellular GTP is added in large amounts. What might explain this?
The inhibitor could inhibit some action of the adenosylation ribose factor (ARF), like binding or
hydrolysis of GTP. This could allow the formation of fuzzy-coated vesicles, but prevent their
disassembly at the appropriate time. If increased intracellular GTP can reverse the inhibition, it
suggests that the inhibitor might be a GTP analog that binds to ARF and thus a competitive inhibitor
of this process. Increasing the concentration of GTP (the normal ligand) reverses this competitive
inhibition.
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

Ans:

241.Critical Thinking Question 12.018


A protein that is normally secreted is genetically engineered by altering the gene that encodes it. The part
of the gene encoding the KDEL sequence is removed from the C-terminus and two stop-transfer sequences
are inserted in the middle of its gene. When the altered gene is reinserted into the cells, what happens?
The protein is no longer found in the cisternal space. Instead, it is found in the membrane since the
stop-transfer sequences prevent it from passing completely through the channel into the cisternae. It
will also travel via the biosynthetic pathway to the cell membrane if it lacks the KKXX sequence that
restricts such proteins to the ER membranes.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5

Ans:

242.Critical Thinking Question 12.019


A protein is isolated and the sequence of its oligosaccharide chains determined. The chains are found to be
O-linked oligosaccharides. Where were the sugars added to the protein chain?
O-linked oligosaccharides are assembled totally within the Golgi apparatus, therefore the sugars in
this protein were added to the protein in the Golgi apparatus.
Difficulty: Medium
12.4
243.Critical Thinking Question 12.020

Page 65

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

A molecule called aequorin fluoresces when it binds Ca2+ ions. If you are observing an aequorin-injected
cell that normally secretes certain proteins, what should you observe in that cell just prior to its secretion of
these proteins?
You should see the cell fluoresce, since the release of Ca2+ ions triggers secretion. Some of these ions
will bind to aequorin causing it to fluoresce.
Difficulty: Medium
12.5

Ans:

244.Critical Thinking Question 12.021


An organelle whose interior exhibits a low pH is identified. It is irregularly shaped and contains acid
phosphatase. What is it most likely to be?
A lysosome
Difficulty: Easy
12.6

Ans:

245.Critical Thinking Question 12.022


You are studying the effects of a number of treatments on the nervous system of a particular species of lab
animal. One of the treatments is able to block the process of autophagy and it can be administered with
enough precision to localize the treatment to a particular portion of the brain. What effect does such a
treatment have on the animal's brain and what do the results suggest?
When treated in this fashion, the specific region of the nervous system receiving the treatment
experiences a massive loss of nerve cells. This exhibits the importance of autophagy in protecting
brain cells from the continuous damage to proteins and organelles that is experienced by these longlived cells.
Difficulty: Medium
12.6

Ans:

246.Critical Thinking Question 12.023


Plant cells are exposed to an inhibitor of H+-ATPase in the tonoplast membrane. What will the immediate
effect be?
Since the enzyme pumps H+ ions into the plant's large, central vacuole, disabling it will be likely to
raise the pH inside the vacuole.
Difficulty: Medium
12.7

Ans:

247.Critical Thinking Question 12.024


If amoebae are treated with cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, phagocytosis stops. Why
is this so?
The process of phagocytosis is driven by microfilaments, which are made up of actin. Cytochalasin
B inhibits their polymerization and thus phagocytosis as well.
Difficulty: Difficult

Page 66

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

12.8

Ans:

248.Critical Thinking Question 12.025


An infant, who is unable to acquire antibodies properly from his mother's breast milk, is born. Tests
determine that he makes receptors for the antibodies and that they efficiently bind the antibodies, yet they
are not exactly like normal receptors. What is a possible explanation for the inability to take up the
antibodies.
It is possible that while the antibody receptors can bind their ligand, they are unable to localize to the
coated pits to facilitate internalization.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

249.Critical Thinking Question 12.026


What is the function of the Sec24 protein that is associated with the COPII coat? With what does it interact
specifically? What functions do the Sec13 and Sec31 proteins perform?
Sec24 functions as the primary adaptor protein of the COPII coat. Also, when forming a bananashaped dimer with Sec23, it provides additional pressure on the membrane surface, due to its curved
shape, to help it further bend into a curved bud. It interacts specifically with the ER export signals in
the cytosolic tails of membrane proteins that are destined to move on to the Golgi complex. Sec13
and Sec31 are subunits of the COPII coat that bind to the membrane to form the outer structural cage
of the protein coat. The Sec13-Sec31 cage assembles into a relatively simple lattice in which each
vertex is formed by the convergence of four Sec13-Sec31 legs. A certain degree of flexibility is built
into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits that allow them to form cages of varying
diameter, thus accommodating vesicles of varying size.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

250.Critical Thinking Question 12.027


What are the similarities between the coats of COPII- and clathrin-coated vesicles? How do the two coats
differ?
Both coats contain two distinct layers, an outer geometric scaffold and an inner layer of adaptor
proteins. The structures of the outer scaffolds are very different. The subunits of the clathrin lattice
(three-legged clathrin complexes) overlap extensively, whereas those of the COPII lattice (rod-like
Sec13-Sec31 complexes) do not overlap at all. Whether there is a functional basis for these two
different types of construction strategies is open to speculation.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

251.Critical Thinking Question 12.028


What is thought to mediate the initial contacts between a transport vesicle and its target membrane, like a
Golgi cisterna? Describe the two groups of tethering proteins.
The initial contacts between a transport vesicle and its target membrane are thought to be mediated
by so-called tethering proteins. One group of tethering proteins is characterized by rod-shaped,

Page 67

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

fibrous proteins that are capable of forming a molecular bridge between the two membranes over a
considerable distance (50 200 nm). The second group is composed of large multiprotein complexes
that appear to hold the two membranes in closer proximity.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

252.Critical Thinking Question 12.029


What type of lipid molecule is known to play an important role in the recruitment of proteins, like dynamin
and AP2, which are involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis? What part of the molecule can be
recognized and bound by particular proteins? Why are these molecules able to play such a dynamic
regulatory role?
Certain types of phosphoinositides. The phosphorylated rings of these phosphoinositides are found at
the surface of the membrane where they can be recognized and bound by proteins involved in the
process they initiate. These molecules can be rapidly formed and destroyed by enzymes that are
localized at particular places and times within the cell.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

253.Critical Thinking Question 12.030


Which phosphoinositide is localized at early endosomes and intraluminal vesicles of late endosomes?
Which phosphoinositide is localized at the TGN, secretory granules and synaptic vesicles? Which
phosphoinositide is localized at the late endosome boundary membrane?
PI(3)P. PI(4)P. PI(3,5)P2.
Difficulty: Easy
12.8

Ans:

254.Critical Thinking Question 12.031


How do early endosomes mature into late endosomes? How is this population of vesicles formed? What
name is often given to late endosomes because of the population of vesicles located inside the endosome?
They do so progressively. The transformation from an early to a late endosome is apparently
characterized by a decrease in pH, an exchange of Rab proteins (from Rab5 to Rab7) and a major
change in the internal morphology of the structures in which a population of vesicles is created that
crowds the interior of the late endosome. The outer boundary membrane of the endosome forms buds
on its lumenal surface that invaginate inward. Multivesicular bodies (or MVBs).
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

255.Critical Thinking Question 12.032


What are the functions of housekeeping receptors in the endocytic pathway? What is the function of
signaling receptors in the endocytic pathway? How do the fates of housekeeping and signaling receptors
generally differ?
Housekeeping receptors in the endocytic pathway are responsible for the uptake of materials that will

Page 68

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

be used by the cell, like transferrin and LDL receptors, which mediate the delivery to cells of iron and
cholesterol, respectively. Signaling receptors are responsible for binding extracellular ligands that
carry messages that change the activities of the cell, like hormones (e.g., insulin) and growth factors
(e.g., EGF). These ligands bind to the surface receptor and signal a physiologic response inside the
cell. Housekeeping receptors typically deliver their bound materials to the cell and then return to the
cell surface for additional rounds of uptake. Endocytosis of the signaling receptors often results in
the destruction of the receptor, a process called receptor down-regulation. This leads to a reduction in
the sensitivity of the cell to further stimulation by the hormone or growth factor. Receptor downregulation is a mechanism by which cells regulate their ability to respond to extracellular messengers.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

256.Critical Thinking Question 12.033


How are signaling receptors typically marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction? What evidence
demonstrates ubiquitin's role in the internalization of membrane proteins?
Signaling receptors are typically marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction by the covalent
attachment of a tag to the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor while it resides at the cell surface. The tag
is a small protein called ubiquitin. Membrane proteins that are not normally subjected to endocytosis
become internalized if they are made to carry an added ubiquitin.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Ans:

257.Critical Thinking Question 12.034


Receptors that are taken up by endocytosis are transported in vesicles to an early endosome, which serves
as a sorting station that directs different types of receptors and ligands along different pathways. What
happens to housekeeping receptors and their ligands after they have been taken up by endocytosis and
transported to an early endosome? What happens to signaling receptors after they have been taken up by
endocytosis and transported to an early endosome?
Housekeeping receptors typically dissociate from their bound ligands as a result of the high H+
concentration of the early endosomes. The receptors are then concentrated into specialized tubular
compartments of the early endosome, which represent recycling centers. Vesicles that bud from these
tubules carry receptors back to the plasma membrane for additional rounds of endocytosis. Released
ligands become concentrated into a sorting compartment before being dispatched to a late endosome
and ultimately to a lysosome, where final processing occurs. With their attached ubiquitin tags,
signaling receptors do not recycle back to the membrane. The ubiquitinated signaling receptors are
recognized by a series of protein complexes (called ESCRT complexes) that sort the receptors into
the membranes that give rise to the internal vesicles of late endosomes. Ultimately, late endosomes
containing these intralumenal vesicles fuse with a lysosome, which leads to the degradation of the
contents of the endosome by lysosomal enzymes.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8
258.Art Question 12.001

Page 69

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

In the figure below, what would happen to the rate at which the constitutive pathway was working if the
regulated secretory pathway received stimuli that slowed down the rate of secretion?

Ans:

Nothing should happen. The rate should remain fairly constant, since this pathway is not responsive
to regulation.
Difficulty: Medium
12.1
259.Art Question 12.002
What would happen if the experiment in the figure below were not carried out as a pulse-chase experiment?
Instead, imagine that the radiolabeled amino acids remain in contact with the cells for increasingly longer
periods of time. What is different, if anything, about the data collected and why is the pulse-chase
technique better?

Page 70

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

The cell would gradually fill up with radiolabeled proteins so that most of the cell would give a
positive signal with autoradiography. The pathway followed by these proteins would thus be
obscured. Pulse-chase experiments keep the labeled proteins traveling in a sea of nonlabeled proteins,
which cannot be seen with autoradiography. Thus, the location of the radiolabeled molecules through
time can be clearly seen.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.2
260.Art Question 12.003
On average, how long after the beginning of a 3-minute pulse with radiolabeled amino acids does it take for
proteins to be maximally concentrated in the Golgi complex, according to the figure below?

Page 71

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

It takes ~20 minutes, a 3-minute pulse followed by a 17-minute chase.


Difficulty: Medium
12.2
261.Art Question 12.004
In the figure below, why does the experimental procedure call for the cells to be cultured initially at 40C
followed by a 10-minute incubation at 32C?

Ans:

The VSV virus was being used to study the movement of proteins through the cytoplasmic membrane
system. The strain of the virus used was a temperature sensitive mutant with respect to the VSVG
gene; the gene was also fused to the gene for the green fluorescent protein so that the gene product
could be tracked as it moved through the cell. At high temperatures (40C), the newly synthesized
VSVG-GFP protein is restricted to the ER because of the temperature sensitive mutation. When the
temperature is lowered to 32C, the VSVG-GFP protein can begin to travel through the cytoplasmic
membrane system due to the lower temperature. In this way, the temperature sensitive mutant allows
the events in the cell to be synchronized, so that the protein movement through the cell is easier to
observe; the synchrony achieved using this technique is enhanced over that obtained when the pulsechase protocol is employed.

Page 72

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Difficulty: Difficult
12.2
262.Art Question 12.005
In the figure below, a homogenization step is shown. Why is homogenization carried out? Why, when
isolating membrane-bound organelles from a cell, would you usually need to use an isotonic rather than
hypotonic homogenization medium?

Ans:

The purpose of homogenization is to break open the cells to get at the intracellular organelles. If the
medium were hypotonic, most of these membrane-bound organelles would lyse, making their intact
isolation by centrifugation impossible and essentially pointless.
Difficulty: Medium
12.2
263.Art Question 12.006
What is the purpose of the flattened, stacked cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum shown in the
figure below?

Page 73

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

The flattened cisternae allow the cell to maximize the surface area of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. This allows more efficient protein synthesis by providing a larger surface area over which
it can occur.
Difficulty: Medium
12.3
264.Art Question 12.007
The figure below shows the SER of a Leydig cell in the testes where steroid hormones are synthesized.
What steroid is most likely to be made in those cells?

Ans:

Testosterone
Page 74

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Difficulty: Easy
12.3
265.Art Question 12.008
In the figure below, which organelles are located in the basal end of the cell? Which organelles are found in
the apical end of the cell? Where is the Golgi body found?

Ans:

The nucleus and the rough ER are localized in the basal end of the cell. The secretory granules are
found in the apical end of the cell. The Golgi body is found in the central portion of the cell between
the nucleus and the secretory granules.
Difficulty: Medium
12.3
266.Art Question 12.009
As depicted in the figure below, why is it practical for the SRP to temporarily stop further synthesis of the
nascent polypeptide? What is the name of the enzyme that cleaves off the signal peptide of the protein
being translocated into the RER?

Page 75

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

If synthesis continued, the nascent chain would be much longer and the signal would be obscured
somewhat by the longer chain. Furthermore, since different ribosomes would take different lengths
of time to reach the RER, the nascent chain would be a different size in each case. This would
needlessly complicate the mechanism. By having the SRP stop synthesis, all ribosomes and their
nascent polypeptide chains are the same despite the varying lengths of their journeys to the RER.
The enzyme is called signal peptidase.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3
267.Art Question 12.010
In the figure below, what prevents the growing polypeptide chain of an integral membrane protein from
passing all the way through the translocon?

Ans:

The nascent polypeptide enters the translocon as if it were a secretory protein. However, the entry of
the hydrophobic transmembrane sequence into the translocon blocks further translocation through the
channel. The lateral "gate" in the channel continually opens and closes. This gives each segment of
the nascent polypeptide an opportunity to partition itself according to its solubility properties into
either the aqueous compartment within the translocon channel or the surrounding hydrophobic core
of the lipid bilayer. Those segments of the nascent polypeptide that are sufficiently hydrophobic will
spontaneously "dissolve" into the lipid bilayer and ultimately become transmembrane segments of an
integral membrane protein.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.3
268.Art Question 12.011
The asymmetric addition of oligosaccharide groups to secretory and integral membrane proteins is depicted
in the figure below. If integral membrane proteins had some sugars on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma

Page 76

Karp 6e

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

membrane, on which end of the integral protein would these sugars have to have been added?

Ans:

They would have been added onto the portion of the integral protein facing the cytoplasm.
Difficulty: Medium
12.3
269.Art Question 12.012
According to the figure below, which membrane has a phosphatidylcholine content of greater than 50%?

Page 77

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

The endoplasmic reticulum membrane


Difficulty: Easy
12.3
270.Art Question 12.013
According to the figure below, on which surface of the ER are the earliest sugars added to dolichol
phosphate? From which compartment are the latter sugars obtained?

Ans:

The earliest sugars are added on the cytosolic face of the ER. Dolichol phosphate with its initial
sugars attached then flips to the other side of the ER where the rest of the sugars are added. The
latter sugars are added to the earlier sugars on the luminal side of the ER. However, they are
obtained one at a time from the cytosol by attachment to dolichol phosphate, which then flips through
the membrane to donate this single sugar to the early ones before flipping back through the
membrane to pick up another sugar.
Difficulty: Medium
12.3
271.Art Question 12.014
A pathway for adding specific sugars is depicted in the figure below. An individual lacks functional
galactosyltransferase, which is responsible for adding galactose residues to N-acetylglucosamine residues
on the growing oligosaccharide chain that had been added in the medial Golgi complex. What will happen
to the oligosaccharide chain normally found on the proteins that pass through the Golgi?

Page 78

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

These proteins will probably have oligosaccharide chains that are shorter or that possess sequences
noticeably different from normal. Since galactosyltransferase is missing in this individual, galactose
cannot be added to the N-acetylglucosamine residues added to the oligosaccharide chain in the
medial Golgi complex. Without the galactose on the chain, none of the subsequent sugar residues can
be added, which shortens the chain and prevents the addition of sialic acid residues to the missing
galactose residues and any other residues that would normally be added subsequent to the addition of
galactose.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.4
272.Art Question 12.015
According to the figure below, what appears to be the purpose of COPII-coated vesicles?

Page 79

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

COPII-coated vesicles mediate transport from the ER to the ERGIC and the Golgi complex.
Difficulty: Easy
12.5
273.Art Question 12.016
In the figure below, what would happen if GTP were added in large excess over the GTP analog GTPyS?

Page 80

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

If GTP were added in large enough excess, the COPI-coat would disassemble because the GTP would
replace the nonhydrolyzable analogue bound in the coat. The GTP would bind to the adenosylation
ribose factor (ARF1), one of eight proteins in the coat. After binding to GTP, the ARF would
hydrolyze it, which would trigger coat disassembly.
Difficulty: Difficult
12.5
274.Art Question 12.017
According to the figure below, what kind of vesicle is involved in the recycling of membranes back to the
ER?

Page 81

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

COPI-coated vesicles
Difficulty: Easy
12.5
275.Art Question 12.018
The figure below shows the sequence of events involved in the targeting of lysosomal enzymes to
lysosomes. What would happen if the phosphorylation of mannose residues on prospective lysosomal
enzymes were blocked? What are thought to be the two roles of the mannose-6-phosphate receptors?

Page 82

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Probably, the intended lysosomal enzymes would be secreted along with secretory proteins, since the
receptors for lysosomal enzymes would not be able to recognize them. The mannose-6-phosphate
receptors are thought to interact specifically with the lysosomal enzymes on the luminal side of the
vesicle and they are also thought to interact specifically with adaptors on the cytosolic surface of the
vesicle.
Difficulty: Medium
12.5
276.Art Question 12.019
According to the figure below, if a person has a genetic disease that results in faulty receptors for lysosomal
enzymes, what would be the effect on this person's physiology? Might this person have a medical
problem?

Page 83

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

The lysosomal enzymes will not be recognized by their receptors in the TGN membrane.
Consequently, the enzymes will not be directed to lysosomes and will probably be secreted
extracellularly. Once the lysosomal enzymes are secreted, they will be likely to damage surrounding
extracellular components. Thus, there might be a medical problem. Furthermore, they might have
problems resembling lysosomal storage diseases, since they will be unable to break down properly
the molecules usually degraded by lysosomes.
Difficulty: Medium
12.5
277.Art Question 12.020
According to figure below, what happens to housekeeping receptors in the membrane after they are
internalized along with the endocytic vesicles? What typically happens to signaling receptors in the
membrane after they are internalized along with endocytic vesicles?

Page 84

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

Housekeeping membrane receptors are usually sent back to the plasma membrane. Signaling
receptors are typically transported to late endosomes along with their ligands; most are then
destroyed.
Difficulty: Medium
12.8
278.Art Question 12.021
According to the figure below, what happens to a phagosome soon after it enters a cell?

Page 85

Karp 6e

Ans:

Chapter 12: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking

It meets up with a primary lysosome to form a phagolysosome.


Difficulty: Medium
12.8

Page 86

También podría gustarte