Electronics Keralam - CIRCUITS

7/13/2015
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POPULARPOSTS
CIRCUITS
100
TOTALPAGEVIEWS
5 4 2 8 3
100
TRANSISTORS
Most of the transistors used in our circuits are BC 547 and BC 557. These are
classified as "universal" or "common" NPN and PNP types with a voltage rating of
about 25v, 100mA collector current and a gain of about 100. Some magazines
use the term "TUP" (for Transistor Universal PNP) or "TUN" (for Transistor
Universal NPN). We simply use Philips types that everyone recognises. You can
use almost any type of transistor to replace them and here is a list of the
equivalents and pinouts:
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CONTENTSred indicates 1100 Transistor Circuits

Adjustable High Current Power Supply
Aerial Amplifier
Alarm Using 4 buttons
Audio Amplifier (mini)
Automatic Battery Charger
http://electronicskeralamonline.blogspot.in/p/circuits.html
Mains Night Light

Make any capacitor value
Make any resistor value
Metal Detector
Model Railway time
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Battery Charger 12v Automatic

Battery Charger Gell Cell
Battery Charger MkII 12v trickle
charger
Battery Monitor MkI
Battery Monitor MkII
Bike Turning Signal
Beacon (Warning Beacon 12v)
Beeper Bug
Blocking Oscillator
Book Light
Buck Regulator 12v to 5v
Camera Activator
Capacitor Discharge Unit MkII (CDU2)
Trains
Capacitor Discharge Unit MkII
Modification
Car Detector (loop Detector)
Car Light Alert
CFL Driver (Compact Fluorescent) 5w
Charger Gell Cell
Charger NiCd
Chip Programmer (PIC) Circuits 1,2 3
Circuit Symbols Complete list of
Symbols
Clap Switch
Code Lock
Colour Code for Resistors all resistors
Constant Current
Constant Current Drives two 3watt
LEDs
Crystal Tester
Dark Detector with beep Alarm
Darlington Transistor
Decaying Flasher
Delay Turnoff turns off a circuit after
a delay
Driving a LED
Fading LED
Flasher (simple) 3 more in 1100
circuits
Flashing Beacon (12v Warning Beacon)
Fluorescent Inverter for 12v supply
FM Transmitters 11 circuits
Gell Cell Charger
Hex Bug
HBridge
High Current from old cells
High Current Power Supply
Increasing the output current
Inductively Coupled Power Supply
Intercom
Latching A Push Button
Latching Relay
LED Detects light
LEDs on 240v
LEDs Show Relay State
NiCd Charger
PhaseShift Oscillator good
design
Phone Bug
Phone Tape3
Phone Tape4 using FETs
PIC Programmer Circuits 1,2 3
Powering a LED
Power ON
Power Supplies Fixed
Power Supplies Adjustable LMxx
series
Power Supplies Adjustable 78xx
series
Power Supplies Adjustable from
0v
Power Supply Inductively
Coupled
PushON PushOFF
PWM Controller
Quiz Timer
Railway time
Random Blinking LEDs
Rectifying a Voltage
Relay protection
Resistor Colour Code
Resistor Colour Code 4, 5 and 6
Bands
Reversing a Motor & 2 & 3
Sequencer
Shake Tic Tac LED Torch
Simple Flasher
Simple TouchON TouchOFF
Switch
Siren
Soft Start power supply
SuperAlpha Pair (Darlington
Transistor)
Sziklai transistor
Telephone amplifier
Telephone Bug
TouchON TouchOFF Switch
Tracking Transmitter
Track Polarity model railway
Train Detectors
Transformerless Power Supply
Transistor Amplifier
Transistor tester Combo2
Vehicle Detector loop Detector
VHF Aerial Amplifier
Vibrating VU Indicator
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Multipliers
Voyager FM Bug
Wailing Siren
Water Level Detector
XtalTester
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Limit Switches
Low fuel Indicator
Low Mains Dropout
Low Voltage cutout
Low Voltage Flasher
Mains Detector
Zapper 160v
1watt LED
1.5 watt LED
3Phase Generator
4 Transistor Amplifier
5v from old cells circuit 1
5v from old cells circuit 2
5v Supply
12v Battery Charger Automatic
12v Flashing Beacon (Warning
Beacon)
12v Supply
12v to 5v Buck Converter
20 LEDs on 12v supply
240v Detector
240v LEDs
RESISTORCOLOURCODE
Seeresistorsfrom0.22ohmto22Minfullcolouratendofbookandanother
resistortable
RECTIFYINGaVoltage
Thesecircuitsshowhowtochangeanoscillatingvoltage(commonly
calledAC)toDC.ThetermACmeansAlternatingCurrentbutitreally
meansAlternatingVoltageastherisingandfallingvoltageproduces
anincreasinganddecreasingcurrent.
ThetermDCmeansDirectCurrentbutitactuallymeansDirector
unchangingVoltage.
TheoutputofthefollowingcircuitswillnotbepureDC(likethatfroma
battery)butwillcontainripple.Rippleisreducedbyaddingacapacitor
(electrolytic)totheoutput.
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DARKDETECTORwithbeepbeepbeepAlarm
Thiscircuitdetectsdarknessandproducesabeepbeepbeep
alarm.Thefirsttwotransistorsformahighgainamplifierwith
feedbackviathe4u7toproducealowfrequencyoscillator.This
providesvoltageforthesecondoscillator(acrossthe1k
resistor)todriveaspeaker.
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3PHASESINEWAVEGENERATOR
Thiscircuitproducesasinewaveandeachphasecanbe
tappedatthepointshown.
TRANSFORMERLESSPOWERSUPPLY
Thiscleverdesignuses4diodesinabridgeto
produceafixedvoltagepowersupplycapableof
supplying35mA.
Alldiodes(everytypeofdiode)arezenerdiodes.
Theyallbreakdownataparticularvoltage.Thefact
is,apowerdiodebreaksdownat100vor400vand
itszenercharacteristicisnotuseful.
Butifweput2zenerdiodesinabridgewithtwo
ordinarypowerdiodes,thebridgewillbreakdownat
thevoltageofthezener.Thisiswhatwehavedone.Ifweuse18vzeners,theoutputwillbe17v4.
Whentheincomingvoltageispositiveatthetop,theleftzenerprovides18vlimit(andtheother
zenerproducesadropof0.6v)Thisallowstherightzenertopasscurrentjustlikeanormaldiode.
Theoutputis17v4.Thesamewiththeotherhalfcycle.
ThecurrentislimitedbythevalueoftheX2capacitorsandthisis7mAforeach100nwheninfull
wave(asperthiscircuit).Wehave1ucapacitance.Theoreticallythecircuitwillsupply70mAbutwe
founditwillonlydeliver35mAbeforetheoutputdrops.ThecapacitorsshouldcomplywithX1orX2
class.The10Risasafetyfuseresistor.
Theproblemwiththispowersupplyisthe"live"natureofthenegativerail.Whenthepowersupply
isconnectedasshown,thenegativerailis0.7vaboveneutral.Ifthemainsisreversed,thenegative
railis340v(peak)aboveneutralandthiswillkillyouasthecurrentwillflowthroughthediodeand
belethal.Youneedtotouchthenegativerail(orthepositiverail)andanyeartheddevicesuchasa
toastertogetkilled.Theonlysolutionistheprojectbeingpoweredmustbetotallyenclosedinabox
withnooutputs.
LEDson240v
Idonotlikeanycircuitconnecteddirectlyto240v
mains.HoweverChristmastresslightshavebeen
connecteddirectlytothemainsfor30years
withoutanymajorproblems.
Insulationmustbeprovidedandthelights(LEDs)
mustbeawayfrompryingfingers.
Youneedatleast50LEDsineachstringto
preventthembeingdamagedviaasurgethrough
the1kresistorifthecircuitisturnedonatthe
peakofthewaveform.AsyouaddmoreLEDsto
eachstring,thecurrentwilldropaverysmall
amountuntileventually,whenyouhave90LEDsineachstring,thecurrentwillbezero.
For50LEDsineachstring,thetotalcharacteristicvoltagewillbe180vsothatthepeak
voltagewillbe330v180v=150v.EachLEDwillseelessthan7mApeakduringthehalf
cycletheyareilluminated.The1kresistorwilldrop7vsincetheRMScurrentis7mA
(7mAx1,000ohms=7v).Norectifierdiodesareneeded.TheLEDsarethe"rectifiers."
Veryclever.YoumusthaveLEDsinbothdirectionstochargeanddischargethecapacitor.
TheresistorisprovidedtotakeaheavysurgecurrentthroughoneofthestringsofLEDsif
thecircuitisswitchedonwhenthemainsisatapeak.
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Thiscanbeashighas330mAifonly1LEDisused,sothevalueofthisresistormustbe
adjustedifasmallnumberofLEDsareused.TheLEDsabovedetectpeakcurrent.
A100ncapwilldeliver7mARMSor10mApeakinfullwaveor3.5mARMS(10mA
peakforhalfacycle)inhalfwave.(whenonly1LEDisineachstring).
Thecurrentcapabilityofacapacitorneedsmore
explanation.Inthediagramontheleftweseea
capacitorfeedingafullwavepowersupply.Thisis
exactlythesameastheLEDson240vcircuit
above.ImaginetheLOADresistorisremoved.
Twoofthediodeswillfacedownandtwowillface
up.ThisisexactlythesameastheLEDsfacingup
andfacingdowninthecircuitabove.Theonly
differenceisthemidpointisjoined.Sincethe
voltageonthemidpointofonestringisthesame
asthevoltageatthemidpointoftheotherstring,
thelinkcanberemovedandthecircuitwilloperate
thesame.
Thismeanseach100nofcapacitancewilldeliver7mARMS(10mApeakoneachhalf
cycle).
Inthehalfwavesupply,thecapacitordelivers3.5mARMS(10mApeakoneachhalfcycle,
butonehalfcycleislostinthediode)foreach100ntotheload,andduringtheotherhalf
cyclethe10mApeakislostinthediodethatdischargesthecapacitor.
YoucanuseanyLEDsandtrytokeepthetotalvoltagedropineachstringequal.Each
stringisactuallyworkingonDC.It'snotconstantDCbutvaryingDC.Infactisitzero
currentfor1/2cyclethennothinguntilthevoltagerisesabovethetotalcharacteristic
voltageofalltheLEDs,thenagradualincreaseincurrentovertheremainderofthecycle,
thenagradualdecreasetozerooverthefallingportionofthecycle,thennothingfor1/2
cycle.BecausetheLEDsturnonandoff,youmayobservesomeflickeringandthat'swhy
thetwostringsshouldbeplacedtogether.
BOOKLIGHT
Thiscircuitkeepstheglobe
illuminatedforafewseconds
aftertheswitchispressed.
Thereisoneminorfaultin
thecircuit.The10kshould
beincreasedto100kto
increasethe"ON"time.
Thephotoshowsthecircuit
builtwithsurfacemount
components:
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CAMERAACTIVATOR
Thiscircuitwasdesignedforacustomerwhowantedtotriggera
cameraafterashortdelay.
TheoutputgoesHIGHabout2secondsaftertheswitchispressed.
TheLEDturnsonforabout0.25seconds.
ThecircuitwillaccepteitheractiveHIGHorLOWinputandtheswitch
canremainpressedanditwillnotupsettheoperationofthecircuit.
Thetimingcanbechangedbyadjustingthe1Mtrimpotand/or
alteringthevalueofthe470k.
MAKEYOUROWN:
15LEDsonMatrixboard
Thetransformerconsistsof50
turns0.25mmwireconnected
tothepins.
Thefeedbackwindingis20
turns0.095mmwirewith"fly
leads."
1WATTLED
Thiscircuitdrives15LEDstoproducethesamebrightnessasa1wattLED.
Thecircuitconsumes750mWbuttheLEDsaredrivenwithhighfrequency,
highvoltagespikes,andbecomemoreefficientandproduceabrighter
outputthatifdrivenbypureDC.
TheLEDsareconnectedin3stringsof5LEDs.EachLEDhasa
characteristicvoltageof3.2vto3.6vmakingeachchainbetween16vand
18v.ByselectingtheLEDswehaveproduced3chainsof17.5vFiveLEDs
(inastring)hasbeendonetoallowthecircuittobepoweredbya12vbattery
andallowthebatterytobechargedwhiletheLEDsareilluminating.Ifonly4
LEDsareinseries,thecharacteristicvoltagemaybeaslowas12.8vand
theymaybeoverdrivenwhenthebatteryischarging.(Evenupthe
characteristicvoltageacrosseachchainbycheckingthetotalvoltageacross
themwithan19vsupplyand470Rdropperresistor.)Thetransformeris
shownabove.Itiswoundona10mHchokewiththeoriginalwinding
removed.Thiscircuitiscalleda"boostcircuit."Itisnotdesignedtodrivea
single1wattLED(abuckcircuitisneeded).
TheLEDsinthecircuitare20,000mcdwithaviewingangleof30degrees
(manyoftheLEDspecificationsuse"halfangle."YouhavetotestaLEDto
makesureoftheangle).Thisequatestoapproximately4lumensperLED.
The4wattCREELEDclaims160lumens(or40lumensperwatt).Our
designisbetween5060lumensperwattanditisamuchcheaperdesign.
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1.5WATTLED
Thecircuitbelowcanbemodifiedtodrive
upto30whiteLEDs.
TheeffectivenessofaLEDarrayincreases
whentheyarespreadoutslightlyandthis
makesthemmoreefficientthanasingle1
wattor2wattLED.
Thetwomodificationstothecircuitmake
theBC337workharderandthisisthelimit
oftheinductor.Thecurrentconsumptionis
about95mA.
Thewindingdetailsforthetransformerare
shownabove.
30LEDsonMatrixboard
DRIVE20LEDsFROM12vapprox1wattcircuit
ThisisanothercircuitthatdrivesanumberofLEDsorasingle1wattLED.Itisa
"BuckCircuit"anddrivestheLEDsinparallel.Theyshouldbegradedsothatthe
characteristicvoltagedropacrosseachofthemiswithin0.2vofalltheother
LEDs.Thecircuitwilldriveanynumberfrom1to20bychangingthe"sensor"
resistorasshownonthecircuit.Thecurrentconsumptionisabout95mA@12v
andlowerat18v.Thecircuitcanbeputintodimmodebyincreasingthedrive
resistorto2k2.TheUF4004isanultrafast1N4004similartoahighspeed
diode.Youcanuse2x1N4148signaldiodes.
ThecircuitwillnotdrivetwoLEDsinseries
itrunsoutofvoltage(andcurrent)when
thevoltageacrosstheloadis7v.It
oscillatesatapprox200kHz.Buildboththe
20LEDand1wattLEDversionand
comparethebrightnessandeffectiveness.
Thephotoofthe1wattLEDontheleft
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mustbeheatsinkedtopreventtheLED
overheating.Thephotoonthecircuit
diagramshowstheLEDmountedona
heatsinkandtheconnectingwires.
A1wattdemoboardshowingthecomplexstepupcircuitry.
ThisisaBoostcircuittoilluminatetheLEDandiscompletelydifferenttoour
design.Ithasbeenincludedtoshowthesizeofa1wattLED.
ThereasonforaBoostorBuckcircuittodriveoneormoreLEDsissimple.The
voltageacrossaLEDiscalleda"characteristicvoltage"andcomesasanatural
featureoftheLED.Wecannotalterit.TopowertheLEDwithexactlythecorrect
amountofvoltage(andcurrent)youneedasupplythatisEXACTLYthesameas
thecharacteristicvoltage.Thisisverydifficulttodoandsoaresistorisnormally
addedinseries.Butthisresistorwastesalotofenergy.So,tokeepthelosestoa
minimum,wepulsetheLEDwithburstsofenergyatahighervoltageandtheLED
absorbsthemandproduceslight.WithaBuckcircuit,thetransistoristurnedon
forashortperiodoftimeandilluminatedtheLEDs.Atthesametime,someofthe
energyispassedtotheinductorsothattheLEDsarenotdamaged.Whenthe
transistoristurnedoff,theenergyfromtheinductoralsogivesapulseofenergy
totheLEDs.Whenthishasbeendelivered,thecyclestartsagain.
POWERSUPPLIESFIXED:
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Asimplepowersupplycanbemadewithacomponent
calleda"3pinregulatoror3terminalregulator"Itwill
provideaverylowrippleoutput(about4mVto10mV
providedelectrolyticsareontheinputandoutput.
Thediagramaboveshowshowtoconnectaregulatorto
createapowersupply.The7805regulatorscanhandle
100mA,500mAand1amp,andproduceanoutputof
5v,asshown.
Theseregulatorsarecalledlinearregulatorsanddrop
about4vacrossthemminimum.Ifthecurrentflowis1
amp,4wattsofheatmustbedissipatedviaalarge
heatsink.Iftheoutputis5vandinput12v,7voltswillbe
droppedacrosstheregulatorand7wattsmustbe
dissipated.
POWERSUPPLIESADJUSTABLE:
TheLM317regulatorsareadjustableandproducean
outputfrom1.25toabout35v.TheLM317Tregulator
willdeliverupto1.5amp.
POWERSUPPLIESADJUSTABLEusing7805:
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The7805rangeofregulatorsarecalled"fixed
regulators"buttheycanbeturnedintoadjustable
regulatorsby"jackingup"theiroutputvoltage.Fora5v
regulator,theoutputcanbe5vto30v.
POWERSUPPLIESADJUSTABLEfrom0v:
TheLM317regulatorisadjustablefrom1.25toabout
35v.Tomaketheoutput0vto35v,twopowerdiodes
areplacedasshowninthecircuit.Approx0.6vis
droppedacrosseachdiodeandthisiswherethe1.25v
is"lost."
5vPOWERSUPPLY
UsingthetheLM317regulatortoproduce5v
supply(5.04v):
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CONSTANTCURRENT
Thisconstantcurrentcircuitcanbeadjustedtoany
valuefromafewmilliamptoabout500mAthisisthe
limitoftheBC337transistor.
Thecircuitcanalsobecalledacurrentlimitingcircuit
andisidealinabenchpowersupplytopreventthe
circuityouaretestingfrombeingdamaged.
Approximately4visdroppedacrosstheregulatorand
1.25vacrossthecurrentlimitingsection,sotheinput
voltage(supply)hastobe5.25vabovetherequired
outputvoltage.Supposeyouwanttocharge4NiCad
cells.Connectthemtotheoutputandadjustthe500R
potuntiltherequiredchargecurrentisobtained.
Thechargerwillnowcharge1,2,3or4cellsatthe
samecurrent.Butyoumustremembertoturnoffthe
chargerbeforethecellsarefullychargedasthecircuit
willnotdetectthisandoverchargethecells.
TheLM3173terminalregulatorwillneedtobe
heatsinked.
ThiscircuitisdesignedfortheLMseriesofregulatoras
theyhaveavoltagedifferentialof1.25vbetween"adj"
and"out"terminals.
7805regulatorscanbeusedbutthelossesinthe
BC337willbe4timesgreaterasthevoltageacrossit
willbe5v.
CONSTANTCURRENTDRIVESTWO3WATTLEDs
Thisconstantcurrentcircuitisdesignedtodrivetwo3
wattLuxeonLEDs.TheLEDsrequire1,000mA(1Amp)
andhaveacharacteristicvoltagedropacrossthemof
about3.8v.Approximately4visdroppedacrossthe
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LM317Tregulatorand1.25vacrossthecurrentlimiting
resistors,sotheinputvoltage(supply)hastobe12.85v.
A12vbatterygenerallydelivers12.6v.
TheLM317T3terminalregulatorwillneedtobe
heatsinked.
ThiscircuitisdesignedfortheLMseriesofregulatoras
theyhaveavoltagedifferentialof1.25vbetween"adj"
and"out"terminals.
5vFROMOLDCELLScircuit1
Thiscircuittakestheplaceofa78L053terminalregulator.Itproducesa
constant5v@100mA.Youcanuseanyoldcellsandgetthelastoftheir
energy.Usean8cellholder.Thevoltagefrom8oldcellswillbeabout10vand
thecircuitwilloperatedowntoabout7.5v.Theregulationisverygoodat10v,
onlydroppingabout10mVfor100mAcurrentflow(the78L05has1mVdrop).
Asthevoltagedrops,theoutputdropsfrom5vonnoloadto4.8vand4.6von
100mAcurrentflow.Thepotcanbeadjustedtocompensateforthevoltage
drop.ThistypeofcircuitiscalledaLINEARREGULATORandisnotvery
efficient(about50%inthiscase).Seecircuit2belowforBUCKREGULATOR
circuit(about85%efficient).
Theregulatorconnectedtoa12vbattery
Theregulatorconnectedtoa9v
battery
pack
Thebatterysnapplugsintothe
pinsonthe5vregulatorboard
withtheredleadgoingtothe
negativeoutputoftheboardas
thebatterysnapisnow
DELIVERINGvoltagetothe
circuityouarepowering.
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Acloseupoftheregulator
module
5vFROMOLDCELLScircuit2
ThiscircuitisaBUCKREGULATOR.Itcantaketheplaceofa78L053
terminalregulator,butitismoreefficient.Itproducesaconstant5v@upto
200mA.Youcanuseanyoldcellsandgetthelastoftheirenergy.Usean8
cellholder.Thevoltagefrom8oldcellswillbeabout10vandthecircuitwill
operatedowntoabout7.5v.Theregulationisverygoodat10v,onlydropping
10mVforupto200mAoutput.
INCREASINGTHEOUTPUTCURRENT
Theoutputcurrentofall3terminalregulatorscanbe
increasedbyincludingapasstransistor.Thistransistorsimply
allowsthecurrenttoflowthroughthecollectoremitterleads.
Theoutputvoltageismaintainedbythe3terminalregulator
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butthecurrentflowsthroughthe"passtransistor."This
transistorisapowertransistorandmustbeadequately
heatsinked.
Normallya2N3055orTIP3055isusedforthisapplicationas
itwillhandleupto10ampsandcreatesa10amppower
supply.Theregulatorcanbe78L05asallthecurrentis
deliveredbythepasstransistor.
SOFTSTART
Theoutputvoltageofa3terminalregulatorcanbe
designedtoriseslowly.Thishasverylimitedapplication
asmanycircuitsdonotlikethis.
TURNOFFDELAY
These4circuitsareallthesame.Theysupplypowertoaproject
forashortperiodoftime.YoucanselecteitherPNPorNPN
transistorsorDarlingtontransistors.Theoutputvoltagegradually
diesandthiswillwillproduceweirdeffectswithsomeprojects.
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LEDDETECTSLIGHT
TheLEDinthiscircuitwilldetectlighttoturnontheoscillator.Ordinary
redLEDsdonotwork.ButgreenLEDs,yellowLEDsandhighbright
whiteLEDsandhighbrightredLEDsworkverywell.
TheoutputvoltageoftheLEDisupto600mVwhendetectingverybright
illumination.
WhenlightisdetectedbytheLED,itsresistancedecreasesandavery
smallcurrentflowsintothebaseofthefirsttransistor.Thetransistor
amplifiesthiscurrentabout200timesandtheresistancebetween
collectorandemitterdecreases.The330kresistoronthecollectorisa
currentlimitingresistorasthemiddletransistoronlyneedsaverysmall
currentforthecircuittooscillate.Ifthecurrentistoohigh,thecircuitwill
"freeze."
Thepiezodiaphragmdoesnotcontainanyactivecomponentsandrelies
onthecircuittodriveittoproducethetone.AdifferentLED
TRAINDETECTORS
Inresponsetoareaderwhowantedto
parallelTRAINDETECTORS,hereisa
diodeORcircuit.Theresistorvalueson
eachdetectorwillneedtobeadjusted
(changed)accordingtothevoltageof
thesupplyandthetypesofdetector
beingused.Anynumberofdetectors
canbeadded.SeeTalkingElectronics
websitefortraincircuitsandkits
includingAirHorn,CapacitorDischarge
Unitforoperatingpointmotorswithout
overheatingthewindings,Signals,
PedestrianCrossingLightsandmany
more.
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TRACKPOLARITY
Thiscircuitshowsthepolarityofatrack
viaa3leggedLED.TheLEDiscalled
dualcolour(ortricolour)asitshowsred
inonedirectionandgreenintheother
(orangewhenbothLEDsare
illuminated).
DECAYINGFLASHER
InresponsetoareaderwhowantedaflashingLEDcircuitthatsloweddown
whenabuttonwasreleased,theabovecircuitincreasestheflashratetoa
maximumandwhenthebuttonisreleased,theflashratedecreasestoa
minimumandhalts.
SIMPLEFLASHER
Thissimplecircuitflashesaglobeatarate
accordingtothevalueofthe180Rand
2200uelectrolytic.
LATCHINGRELAY
ToreducethecurrentinbatteryoperatedequipmentarelaycalledLATCHING
RELAYcanbeused.ThisisarelaythatlatchesitselfONwhenitreceivesapulse
inonedirectionandunlatchesitselfwhenitreceivesapulseintheotherdirection.
Thefollowingdiagramshowshowthecoilmakesthemagnetclickinthetwo
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directions.
Tooperatethistypeofrelay,thevoltagemustbereversedtounlatchit.Thecircuit
aboveproducesastrongpulsetolatchtherelayONandtheinputvoltagemust
remainHIGH.The220ugraduallychargesandthecurrentfallstoaverylowlevel.
Whentheinputvoltageisremoved,thecircuitproducesapulseintheopposite
directiontounlatchtherelay.
Thepulselatchingcircuitabove
canbeconnectedtoa
microcontrollerviathecircuitatthe
left.Theelectrolyticcanbe
increasedto1,000utocaterfor
relayswithalowresistance.
IfyouwanttolatchanordinaryrelaysoitremainsONafterapulse,thecircuits
abovecanbeused.PowerisneededallthetimetokeeptherelayON.
LatchingRelaysareexpensivebuta5vLatchingRelay
isavailablefrom:ExcessElectronicsfor$1.00asa
surplusitem.Ithas2coilsandrequiresthecircuitatthe
left.A5vLatchingRelaycanbeuseon12vasitis
activatedforaveryshortperiodoftime.
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Adoublepole(ordinary)relayandtransistor
canbeconnectedtoprovideatoggleaction.
Thecircuitcomesonwiththerelayde
activatedandthecontactsconnectedsothat
the470uchargesviathe3k3.Allowthe470u
tocharge.Bypressingthebutton,theBC547
willactivatetherelayandthecontactswill
changesothatthe3k3isnowkeepingthe
transistorON.
The470uwilldischargeviathe1k.Afterafewsecondstheelectrowillbe
discharged.Ifthepressbuttonisnowpushedforashortperiodoftime,the
transistorwillturnoffduetotheelectrobeingdischarged.
Asinglecoillatchingrelaynormally
needsareversevoltagetounlatch
butthecircuitattheleftprovides
forwardandreversevoltagebyusing
2transistorsinaverycleverH
design.
ThepulseONandpulseOFFcan
beprovidedfromtwolinesofthe
microcontroller.
Anormalrelaycanbeactivatedbya
shorttoneanddeactivatedbya
longtoneasshownviathecircuiton
theleft.Thiscircuitcanbefoundin
"27MHzLinks"Page2.
toIndex
LATCHINGAPUSHBUTTONalsocalled:PUSHON
PUSHOFF
Whenthecircuitisturnedon,capacitorC1chargesvia
thetwo470kresistors.Whentheswitchispressed,the
voltageonC1ispassedtoQ3toturniton.Thisturnson
Q1andthevoltagedevelopedacrossR7willkeepQ1
turnedonwhenthebuttonisreleased.
Q2isalsoturnedonduringthistimeanditdischarges
thecapacitor.Whentheswitchispressedagain,the
capacitorisinadischargedstateandthiszerovoltage
willbepassedtoQ3turnitoff.ThisturnsoffQ1andQ2
andthecapacitorbeginstochargeagaintorepeatthe
cycle.
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REVERSINGAMOTOR1
Thereareanumberofwaystoreverseamotor.Thefollowingdiagramsshowhow
toconnectadoublepoledoublethrowrelayorswitchandasetof4pushbuttons.
Thetwobuttonsmustbepushedatthesametimeortwodoublepolepushswitches
canbeused.
SeeHBridgebelowformorewaystoreverseamotor.
Addinglimitswitches:
Thewaythe
dpdtrelaycircuit(above)worksisthis:
Therelayispoweredbysay12v,viaaMAINSWITCH.Whentherelayisactivated,
themotortravelsintheforwarddirectionandhitsthe"uplimit"switch.Themotor
stops.WhentheMAINSWITCHisturnedoff,therelayisdeactivatedandreverses
themotoruntilitreachesthe"downlimit"switchandstops.TheMAINSWITCH
mustbeusedtosendthemotortothe"uplimit"switch.
REVERSINGAMOTOR2
AUTOMATICFORWARDREVERSE
Thefollowingcircuitallowsamotor(suchasatrain)to
travelintheforwarddirectionuntilithitsthe"uplimit"
switch.Thissendsapulsetothelatchingrelayto
reversethemotor(andendstheshortpulse).Thetrain
travelstothe"downlimit"switchandreverses.
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Ifthemotorcanbeusedtoclickaswitchormovea
slideswitch,thefollowingcircuitcanbeused:
REVERSINGAMOTOR3
Ifthetraincannotphysicallyclicktheslideswitchinboth
directions,viaalinkage,thefollowingcircuitshouldbe
used:
Whenpowerisapplied,therelayisnotenergisedandthe
trainmusttraveltowardsthe"uplimit."Theswitchis
pressedandtherelayisenergised.TheNormallyOpen
contactsoftherelaywillcloseandthiswillkeeptherelay
energisedandreversethetrain.Whenthedownlimitis
pressed,therelayisdeenergised.
Ifyoucannotgetatriplepolechangeoverrelay,usethe
followingcircuit:
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BATTERYMONITORMkI
Averysimplebatterymonitorcanbemadewitha
dualcolourLEDandafewsurrounding
components.TheLEDproducesorangewhenthe
redandgreenLEDsareilluminated.
ThefollowingcircuitturnsontheredLEDbelow
10.5v
TheorangeLEDilluminatesbetween10.5vand
11.6v.
ThegreenLEDilluminatesabove11.6v
BATTERYMONITORMkII
Thisbatterymonitorcircuituses3separateLEDs.
TheredLEDturnsonfrom6vtobelow11v.
Itturnsoffabove11vand
TheorangeLEDilluminatesbetween11vand13v.
Itturnsoffabove13vand
ThegreenLEDilluminatesabove13v
LOWFUELINDICATOR
Thiscircuithasbeendesignedfromarequestbya
reader.Hewantedalowfuelindicatorforhis
motorbike.TheLEDilluminateswhenthefuel
gaugeis90ohms.Thetankisemptyat135ohms
andfullatzeroohms.Toadaptthecircuitforan80
ohmfuelsender,simplyreducethe330Rto150R.
(Thefirstthingyouhavetodoismeasurethe
resistanceofthesenderwhenthetankisamply.)
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QUIZTIMER
Thiscircuitcanbeusedtoindicate:"fastestfingerfirst."
IthasaglobeforeachcontestantandonefortheQuiz
Master.
Whenabuttonispressedthecorrespondingglobeis
illuminated.
TheQuizMasterglobeisalsoilluminatedandthe
cathodeofthe9v1zenerseesapproxmidrailvoltage.
Thezenercomesoutofconductionandnovoltage
appearsacrossthe120Rresistor.Nootherglobescan
belituntilthecircuitisreset.
TRACKINGTRANSMITTER
Thiscircuitcanbeusedtotracklotsofitems.
Ithasarangeof200400metresdependingon
theterrainandtheflashingLEDturnsthecircuit
ONwhenitflashes.Thecircuitconsumes5mA
whenproducingacarrier(silence)andlessthan
1mAwhenoff(backgroundsnowisdetected).
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BIKETURNINGSIGNAL
Thiscircuitcanbeusedtoindicateleftandrightturnonamotor
bike.Twoidenticalcircuitswillbeneeded,oneforleftandonefor
right.
PHONETAPE3
Thiscircuitcanbeusedtoturnonataperecorderwhenthe
phonelinevoltageislessthan15v.Thisistheapproximate
voltagewhenthehandsetispickedup.SeePhoneTape1and
PhoneTape2in200TransistorCircuitseBook(circuits1
100).Whenthelinevoltageisabove25v,theBC547isturnedon
andthisrobsthebaseofthesecondBC547ofthe1.2vitneedsto
turnon.
Whenthelinevoltagedrops,thefirstBC547turnsoffandthe10u
chargesviathe47kandgraduallythesecondBC547isturnedon.
ThisactionturnsontheBC338andtheresistancebetweenits
collectoremitterleadsreduces.Twoleadsaretakenfromthe
BC338tothe"rem"(remote)socketonataperecorder.Whenthe
leadispluggedintoataperecorder,themotorwillstop.Ifthe
motordoesnotstop,asecondremoteleadhasbeenincluded
withthewiresconnectedtheoppositeway.Thisleadwillwork.
Theaudioforthetaperecorderisalsoshownonthediagram.
Thiscircuithastheadvantagethatitdoesnotneedabattery.It
willworkona30vphonelineaswellasa50vphoneline.
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PHONETAPE4
Thiscircuitisidenticalinoperationtothecircuitabovebutuses
FET's(FieldEffectTransistors.
15vzenersareusedtopreventthegateofeachFETfromrising
above15v.
AFEThastwoadvantagesoveratransistorinthistypeofcircuit.
1.Ittakesverylittlecurrentintothegatetoturniton.Thismeans
thegateresistorcanbeveryhigh.
2.ThevoltagedevelopedacrosstheoutputofaFETisverylow
whentheFETisturnedon.Thismeansthemotorinthetape
recorderwilloperateatfullstrength.
Thiscircuithasnotbeentestedandthe10kresistor(inserieswith
thefirst15vzener)createsalowimpedanceandthecircuitmaynot
workonsomephonesystems.
SEQUENCER
Thiscircuithasbeenrequestedbyareader.Hewantedtohaveadisplayon
hisjacketthatran9LEDsthenstoppedfor3seconds.
Theanimatedcircuitshowsthissequence:
Notethedelayproducedbythe100uand10kproduces3secondsbythe
transistorinhibitingthe555(takingpin6LOW).Learnmoreaboutthe555
seethearticle:"The555"onTalkingElectronicswebsitebyclickingthetitle
ontheleftindex.SeethearticleonCD4017.See"ChipDataeBook"onTE
websiteintheleftindex.
HBRIDGE
Thesecircuitsreverseamotorviatwoinputlines.Both
inputsmustnotbeLOWwiththefirstHbridgecircuit.If
bothinputsgoLOWatthesametime,thetransistorswill
"shortout"thesupply.Thismeansyouneedtocontrolthe
timingoftheinputs.Inaddition,thecurrentcapabilityof
someHbridgesislimitedbythetransistortypes.
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Thedrivertransistorsarein"emitterfollower"modeinthis
circuit.
TwoHBridgeson
aPCboard
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BridgeusingDarlingtontransistors
TOUCHONTOUCHOFFSWITCH
ThiscircuitwillcreateaHIGHontheoutputwhentheTouchPlateistouched
brieflyandproducealowwhentheplateistouchedagainforaslightlylonger
periodoftime.Mosttouchswitchesrelyon50Hzmainshumanddonotwork
whenthehumisnotpresent.Thiscircuitdoesnotrelyon"hum."
TOUCHONTOUCHOFFSWITCH
SIMPLETOUCHONTOUCHOFFSWITCH
ThiscircuitwillcreateaHIGHontheoutputwhen
theTouchPlateistouchedbrieflyandproducea
lowwhentheplateistouchedagain.
SHAKETICTACLEDTORCH
Inthediagram,itlookslikethecoilssitonthetablewhilethemagnethasitsedgeon
thetable.Thisisjustadiagramtoshowhowthepartsareconnected.Thecoilsactually
sitflatagainsttheslide(againstthesideofthemagnet)asshowninthediagram:
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Theoutputvoltagedependson
howquicklythemagnetpasses
fromoneendoftheslidetothe
other.That'swhyarapid
shakingproducesahigher
voltage.Youmustgettheend
ofthemagnettofullypass
thoughthecoilsothevoltage
willbeamaximum.Thatswhy
theslideextendspastthecoils
atthetopandbottomofthe
diagram.
Thecircuitconsistsoftwo600
turncoilsinseries,drivinga
voltagedoubler.Eachcoil
producesapositiveandnegativepulse,eachtimethemagnetpassesfromoneendof
theslidetotheother.
Thepositivepulsechargesthetopelectrolyticviathetopdiodeandthenegativepulse
chargesthelower
electrolytic,viathelowerdiode.
Thevoltageacrosseachelectrolyticiscombinedtoproduceavoltageforthewhite
LED.Whenthecombinedvoltageisgreaterthan3.2v,theLEDilluminates.The
electrolyticshelptokeeptheLEDilluminatedwhilethemagnetstartstomakeanother
pass.
FADINGLED
ThecircuitfadestheLEDONandOFFatan
equalrate.The470kchargingand47k
dischargingresistorshavebeenchosento
createequalonandofftimes.
MAINSNIGHTLIGHT
Thecircuitilluminatesacolumnof10white
LEDs.The10upreventsflickerandthe100R
alsoreducesflicker.
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RANDOMBLINKINGLEDS
ThiscircuitblinksasetofLEDsinarandompatternaccordingtotheslight
differencesinthethreeSchmittTriggeroscillators.TheCD4511isBCDto7
segmentDriver
HEXBUG
ThisisthecircuitfromaHEXBUG.Itisasurfacemountbugwith6legs.The
pagermotorisdrivenbyanHBridgeand"walks"toawallwhereafeeler
(consistingofaspringwithastiffwiredownthemiddle)causesthemotorto
reverse.
Intheforwarddirection,bothsetsoflegsaredrivenbythecompoundgearbox
butwhenthemotorisreversed,theleftlegsdonotoperateastheyare
connectedbyaclutchconsistingofaspringloadedinclinedplanethatdoesnot
operateinreverse.
Thiscausesthebugtoturnaroundslightly.
Thecircuitalsorespondstoaloudclap.Thephotoshowsthe9transistorsand
accompanyingcomponents:
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HEXBUGCIRCUIT
InclinedDogClutch
HEXBUGGEARBOX
HexBuggearboxconsistsofacompoundgearboxwithoutput"K"(eccentricpin)
drivingthelegs.Youwillneedtoseetheprojecttounderstandhowthelegs
operate.
Whenthemotorisreversed,theclutch"F"isahousingthatisspringloadedto
"H"anddrives"Hviaasquareshaft"G".Gearwheel"C"isanidlerandthe
centreof"F"isconnectedto"E"viatheshaft.When"E"reverses,thecentreof
"F"consistsofadrivinginclinedplaneandpushes"F"towards"H"inaclicking
motion.Thusonlytherightlegsreverseandthebugmakesaturn.When"E"is
driveninthenormaldirection,thecentreof"F"drivestheoutercasing"F"viaan
actioncalledan"InclinedDogClutch"and"F"drives"G"viaasquareshaftand
"G"drives"H"and"J"isaneccentricpintodrivethelegs.
ThedrawingofanInclinedDogClutchshowshowtheclutchdrivesinonlyone
direction.Inthereversedirectionitridesupontherampand"clicks"onceper
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revolution.Thespring"G"inthephotokeepsthetwohalvestogether.
PWMCONTROLLER
This555basedPWMcontrollerfeaturesalmost0%to100%pulsewidthregulationusingthe
100kvariableresistor,whilekeepingtheoscillatorfrequencyrelativelystable.Thefrequency
isdependentonthe100kpotand100ntogiveafrequencyrangefromabout170Hzto
200Hz.
LIMITSWITCHES
Thiscircuitdetectswhenthewaterlevelislowandactivatessolenoid(or
pump)1for5minutes(adjustable)toallowdirtywatertobediverted,
beforefillingthetankviasolenoid2.
WAILINGSIREN
Thiscircuitproducesapenetrating(deafening)up/downsiren
sound.
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MODELRAILWAYTIME
HereisasimplercircuitthanMAKETIMEFLYfromourfirstbookof100transistor
circuits.
Forthosewhoenjoymodelrailways,theultimateistohaveafastclocktomatchthe
scaleofthelayout.Thiscircuitwillappearto"maketimefly"byrevolvingtheseconds
handonceevery6seconds.Thetimingcanbeadjustedbytheelectrolyticsinthe
circuit.Theelectronicsintheclockisdisconnectedfromthecoilandthecircuitdrives
thecoildirectly.Thecircuittakesalotmorecurrentthantheoriginalclock(1,000
timesmore)butthisistheonlywaytodothejobwithoutasophisticatedchip.
ModelRailwayTimeCircuitConnectingthecircuittotheclockcoil
Forthosewhowantthecircuittotakelesscurrent,hereisaversionusingaHex
SchmittTriggerchip:
ModelRailwayTimeCircuitusinga74c14HexSchmittChip
SLOWSTARTSTOP
Tomakeamotorstartslowlyand
slowdownslowly,thiscircuitcan
beused.Theslideswitch
controlstheaction.The
Darlingtontransistorwillneeda
heatsinkifthemotorisloaded.
SlowStartStopCircuit
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VOLTAGEMULTIPLIERS
Thefirstcircuittakesasquarewave(anyamplitude)anddoublesitminus
about2vlossesinthediodesandbaseemitterofthetransistors.
Thesecondcircuitmustrisetoatleast5.6vandfalltonearly0.4vforthe
circuittowork.Alsotheriseandfalltimesmustbeveryfasttopreventboth
transistorscomingonatthesametimeandshortcircuiting.
ThethirdcircuitdoublesanACvoltage.TheACvoltagerises"V"volts
abovethe0vrailand"V"voltsbelowthe0vrail.
CLAPSWITCH
ThiscircuittogglestheLEDseachtimeitdetectsaclaportaporshort
whistle.
Thesecond10uischargedviathe5k6and33kandwhenasoundis
detected,thenegativeexcursionofthewaveformtakesthepositiveend
ofthe10utowardsthe0vrail.Thenegativeendofthe10uwillactually
gobelow0vandthiswillpullthetwo1N4148diodessotheanodeends
willhaveneartozerovoltsonthem.
Asthevoltagedrops,thetransistorinthebistablecircuitthatisturned
on,willhave0.6vonthebasewhilethetransistorthatisturnedoff,will
havezerovoltsonthebase.Astheanodesofthetwosignaldiodeare
broughtlower,thetransistorthatisturnedon,willbegintoturnoffand
theothertransistorwillbegintoturnonviaits100uand47k.Asitbegins
toturnon,thetransistorthatwasoriginallyturnedonwillgetless"turn
on"fromits100uand47kandthusthetwoswitchoververyquickly.The
collectorofthethirdtransistorcanbetakentoabuffertransistorto
operatearelayorotherdevice.
INTERCOM
Hereisa2stationintercomusingcommon8Rminispeakers.The"press
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totalk"switchesshouldhaveaspringreturnsotheintercomcanneverbe
leftON.Thesecrettopreventinginstability(motorboating)withahighgain
circuitlikethisistopowerthespeakerfromaseparatepowersupply!You
canconnectanextrastation(ortwoextrastations)tothisdesign.
WARNINGBEACON
Hereisa12vWarningBeaconsuitableforacaror
truckbreakdownonthesideoftheroad.Thekey
totheoperationofthecircuitisthehighgainofthe
Darlingtontransistors.Thecircuitmustbekept
"tight"(thickwires)tobesureitwilloscillate.
AcompletekitsofpartsandPCboardcosts$5.00
pluspostagefrom:TalkingElectronics.Email
HEREfordetails.
PHASESHIFTOSCILLATORalsocalledSINEWAVEOSCILLATOR
Thiscircuitproducesasinewaveverynearlyequaltorailvoltage.
Theimportantfeatureistheneedfortheemitterresistorand10ubypass
electrolytic.Itisamostimportantfeatureofthecircuit.Itprovides
reliablestartupandguaranteedoperation.For6voperation,the100kis
reducedto47k.
Thethree10ncapacitorsandtwo10kresistors(actually3)determine
thefrequencyofoperation(700Hz).
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The100kand10kbasebiasresistorscanbereplacedwith2M2
betweenbaseandcollector.
Thistypeofcircuitcanbedesignedtooperatefromabout10Hztoabout
200kHz.
BLOCKINGOSCILLATORalsocalledFLYBACKOSCILLATOR
Thecircuitproduceshighvoltagepulses(spikes)ofabout40vpp(when
theLEDisnotconnected),atafrequencyof200kHz.Thesuperbright
LEDontheoutputabsorbsthepulsesandusestheenergytoproduce
illumination.ThevoltageacrosstheLEDwillbeabout3.6v
ThewindingtothebaseisconnectedsothatitturnsthetransistorON
harderuntilitissaturated.Atthispointthefluxcannotincreaseany
moreandthetransistorstartstoturnoff.Thecollapsingmagneticfieldin
thetransformerproducesaveryhighvoltageandthat'swhywesaythe
transformeroperatesinFLYBACKmode.
Thistypeofcircuitwilloperatefrom10kHztoafewMHz.
LOWVOLTAGEFLASHER
Thiscircuitflasheswhenthevoltage
dropsto4v.Thevoltage"setpoint"can
beadjustedbychangingthe150konthe
baseofthefirsttransistor.
POWERON
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ThisLEDilluminatesforafewseconds
whenthepoweristurnedon.Thecircuit
reliesonthe47udischargingintotherest
ofthecircuitsothatitisunchargedwhen
thecircuitisturnedonagain.
CARLOOPDETECTOR
A25cmdiacoil(consistingof40turnsand12turns)is
placedinthecentreofadriveway(betweentwosheetsof
plastic).Whenavehicleisdrivenoverthecoil,itrespondsby
thewaveformcollapsing.Thisoccursbecausethetank
circuitmadeupofthe40turnsisreceivingjustenough
feedbacksignalfromthe12turnstokeepitoscillating.When
metalisplacednearthecoil,itabsorbssomeofthe
electromagneticwavesandtheamplitudedecreases.This
reducestheamplitudeinthe12turnsandtheoscillations
collapses.Thesecondtransistorturnsoffandthe10kpulls
thebaseofthethirdtransistor(anemitterfollower)tothe6v
railandturnsontheLED.
ALARMUSING4BUTTONS
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Toopenthelock,buttonsS1,S2,S3,andS4mustbepressedinthisorder.Theymustbe
pressedformorethan0.7secondsandlessthan1.3seconds.
ResetbuttonS5anddisablebuttonS6arealsoincludedwiththeotherbuttonsandifthe
disablebuttonispressed,thecircuitwillnotacceptanycodefor60seconds.Eachofthe3v3
zenerscanbereplacedwithtworedLEDsandthiswillshowhowyouareprogressingthrough
thecode.MakesuretheLEDsarenotvisibletootherusers.
toIndex
AUDIOAMPLIFIER(mini)
Thisprojectiscalled"mini"
becauseitssizeissmallandthe
outputissmall.
Itusessurfacemount
technology.
HOWTHECIRCUITWORKS
Theoutputispushpulland
consumeslessthan3mA(with
nosignal)butdrivesthe
earpiecetoaveryloudlevel
whenaudioisdetected.
ThewholecircuitisDCcoupledandthismakesitextremelydifficulttosetup.
Basicallyyoudon'tknowwheretostartwiththebiasing.Thetwomostcriticalcomponentsare
8k2betweentheemitterofthefirsttransistorand0vrailandthe470Rresistor.
The8k2acrossthe47usetstheemittervoltageontheBC547andthisturnsiton.The
collectorisdirectlyconnectedtothebaseofaBC557,calledthedrivertransistor.Boththese
transistorsarenowturnedonandtheoutputoftheBC557causescurrenttoflowthroughthe
1kand470Rresistorssothatthevoltagedevelopedacrosseachresistorturnsonthetwo
outputtransistors.Theendresultismidrailvoltageonthejoinofthetwoemitters.
The8k2feedbackresistorprovidesmajornegativefeedbackwhilethe330ppreventshigh
frequencyoscillationsoccurring.
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Thiscircuitwilloperateatwosolenoidpoint
motorandpreventitoverheatingand
causinganydamage.Thecircuitproduces
energytochangethepointsandceasesto
provideanymorecurrent.Thisiscarried
outbytheswitchingarrangementwithinthe
circuit,bysamplingtheoutputvoltage.
IfyouwanttocontrolthepointswithaDPDT
toggleswitchorslideswitch,youwillneed
twoCDU2units.
HOWTHECIRCUITWORKS
Thecircuitissuppliedby16vACorDCandthediodeontheinputisusedto
rectifythevoltageifACissupplied.Ifnothingisconnectedtotheoutput,thebase
oftheBD679ispulledhighandtheemitterfollows.Thisiscalledanemitter
followerstage.Thetwo1,000uelectrolyticschargeandtheindicatorLEDturnson.
Thecircuitisnowready.
WhentheMainorSidingswitchispressed,theenergyfromtheelectrolyticsis
passedtothepointmotorandthepointschange.Astheoutputvoltagedrops,the
emitterfollowertransistoristurnedoffandwhentheswitchisreleased,the
electrolyticsstarttochargeagain.
Thepointmotorcanbeoperatedviaa
DoublePoleDoubleThrowCentreOff
toggleswitch,providingtheswitchis
returnedtothecentrepositionafterafew
secondssothattheCDUunitcancharge
up.
CAPACITORDISCHARGEUNITMkII(CDU2)modification
Ifyourtransformerdoesnotsupply15vACto16vAC,youcanincreasetheinput
voltagebyaddinga100uto220uelectrolyticand1N4004diodetotheinputto
createavoltagedoublingarrangement.Youcanalsochangeoneorboththe
1,000uelectrolyticsfor2,200u.Thiswilldeliveramuchlargerpulsetothepoint
motorandguaranteeoperation.
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PHONEBUGseealsoPhoneTransmitter1and2(1100circuits)
Thiscircuitconnectstoanormalphonelineandwhenthevoltagedropstoless
than15v,thefirsttransistoristurnedoffandenablesthesecondtransistorto
oscillateatapprox100MHzandtransmitthephoneconversationtoanearbyFM
radio.
CODELOCK
Thiscircuitturnsonarelaywhenthecorrectcodeisenteredon
the8wayDIPswitches.TwodifferenttypesofDIPswitches
areshown.
Keepthetopswitchoffandnocurrentwillbedrawnbythe
circuit.
Thereare256differentcombinationsandbecausethe
combinationisinbinary,itwouldbeverydifficultforaburglarto
keepupwiththesettingsoftheswitches.
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LEDSSHOWRELAYSTATE
ThegreenLEDindicatestherelay
isnotenergisedandtheredLED
showstherelayisenergised.
VOLTAGEDOUBLER
Thisisavoltagedoublercircuitfromabicycledynamodesignfoundontheweb.Thedynamo
produces6vACandchargesa3.3FARADsupercapvia2diodesandanelectrolytic.Asyou
willsee,C2,D3andD4arenotneededandcanberemoved.
Thisishowthecircuitworks.
ThevoltageatthemidpointofdiodesD1andD2canfallto0.6vandrisetorailvoltageplus
0.6vwithoutanycurrentbeingsuppliedfromthedynamo.
Whenthevoltagerisesmorethan0.6v
aboverailvoltage,thedynamoneedsto
delivercurrentandthiswillallowtherail
voltagetoincrease.Westartwiththe
dynamoproducingnegativefromtheleft
sideandpositiveontherightside.
Theleftsidewillfallto0.6vbelowthe0v
railandtherightsidewillchargeC1andC2
willsimplyriseinexactlythesamemanner
aswedescribedtheleftsideofthedynamo
beingabletorise.
SupposeC1chargestoabout7v(whichit
willbeabletodoafterafewcycles).The
voltagefromthedynamonowreversesand
theleftsideispositiveandtherightsideis
negative.Therightsideisalreadysittingat
apotentialof7v(viaC1)andastheleftsideincreases,itraisestherailvoltagehigherbyan
amountthatcouldbeashighas7vminus0.6v.
Theactualrailvoltagewillnotbeashighasthisasthe3.3Faradcapacitorwillbecharging,but
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ifenergyisnottakenfromthecircuititwillrisetonearly14vorevenhigheraccordingtothe
peakvoltagedeliveredbythedynamo.
Whenthedynamoisdeliveringenergytothepositiverail,itis"pushingdown"ontheC1and
someofitsstoredenergyisalsodelivered.Thismeansitwillhavealowervoltageacrossit
whenthenextcyclecomesaround.C2,D3andD4arenotneededandcanberemoved.Infact,
C1willalwayshaverailvoltageonitduetothe47resistor,sothevoltagedoublingwillstartas
soonasthedynamooperates.
AdjustableHighCurrentRegulatedPowerSupply
Therearetwowaystoadda2N3055(TIP3055)asthepass
transistorforahighcurrentpowersupply.Thisishandyas
mosthobbyistswillhaveoneoftheseintheirpartsbox.
RLmustbelowenoughtoguaranteeatleasta30mA.Itcan
beaseparateresistororpartoftheactualload.
INDUCTIVELYCOUPLEDPOWER
SUPPLY
ThiscircuitisfromanInterplakModelPB12
electrictoothbrush.
Acoilinthechargingbase(alwaysplugged
inandon)couplestoamatingcoilinthe
handunittoformastepdowntransformer.
TheMPSA44transistorisusedasan
oscillatoratabout60kHzwhichresultsin
muchmoreefficientenergytransferviathe
aircorecouplingthanifthesystemwererun
at50or60Hz.Theamplitudeofthe
oscillationsvarieswiththefullwaverectified
100Hzor120HzunfilteredDC.
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Thebatterychargerisnothingmorethana
diodetorectifythesignalfromthe120turn
coilinthechargingbase.Thusthebatteryis
inconstanttricklechargeaslongasthe
handunitisinthebase.Thebatterypackis
apairof600mAhrAANiCdcells.
POWERINGALED
Sometimestheoutputofagatedoesnothavesufficient
currenttoilluminateaLEDtofullbrightness.
Herearetwocircuits.ThecircuitsilluminatetheLEDwhen
theoutputsignalisHIGH.Bothcircuitsoperatethesame
andhavethesameeffectonloadingtheoutputofthegate.
NiCdBATTERYCHARGER
ThisNiCdbatterychargercanchargeupto8NiCdcellsconnected
inseries.Thisnumbercanbeincreasedifthepowersupplyis
increasedby1.65vforeachadditionalcell.IftheBD679ismounted
onagoodheatsink,theinputvoltagecanbeincreasedtoa
maximumof25v.Thecircuitdoesnotdischargethebatteryifthe
chargerisdisconnectedfromthepowersupply.
UsuallyNiCdcellsmustbechargedatthe14hourrate.Thisisa
chargingcurrentof10%ofthecapacityofthecellfor14hours.This
appliestoanearlyflatcell.Forexample,a600mAhcellischarged
at60mAfor14hours.Ifthechargingcurrentistoohighitwill
damagethecell.Thelevelofchargingcurrentiscontrolledbythe1k
potfrom0mAto600mA.TheBC557isturnedonwhenNiCdcells
areconnectedwiththerightpolarity.IfyoucannotobtainaBD679,
replaceitwithanyNPNmediumpowerDarlingtontransistorhaving
aminimumvoltageof30vandacurrentcapabilityof2A.Bylowering
thevalueofthe1ohmresistorto0.5ohm,themaximumoutput
currentcanbeincreasedto1A.
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CRYSTALTESTER
Thiscircuitwilltestcrystalsfrom1MHzto30MHz.Whenthecrystal
oscillates,theoutputwillpassthroughthe1ncapacitortothetwo
diodes.Thesewillchargethe4n7andturnonthesecondtransistor.
ThiswillcausetheLEDtoilluminate.
LOWVOLTAGECUTOUTThiscircuitwilldetectwhenthevoltage
ofa12vbatteryreachesalowlevel.Thisistopreventdeep
dischargeormaybetopreventavehiclebatterybecoming
dischargedtoapointwhereitwillnotstartavehicle.Thiscircuitis
differenttoanythingpreviouslypresented.IthasHYSTERESIS.
Hysteresisisafeaturewheretheupperandlowerdetectionpoints
areseparatedbyagap.
Normally,thecircuitwilldeactivatetherelaywhenthevoltageis10v
andwhentheloadisremoved.Thebatteryvoltagewillriseslightly
byaslittleas50mVandturnthecircuitONagain.Thisiscalled
"Hunting."Theoff/ontiminghasbeenreducedbyaddingthe100u.
Buttopreventthistotallyfromoccurring,a10Rto47Risplacedin
theemitterlead.Thecircuitwillturnoffat10vbutwillnotturnback
onuntil10.6vwhena33Risintheemitter.
Thevalueofthisresistorandtheturnonandturnoffvoltageswill
alsodependontheresistanceoftherelay.
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toIndex
THEDARLINGTONTRANSISTORNormallyasingletransistorstage
producesagainofabout100.
Ifyourequireaveryhighgain,twostagescanbeused.Two
transistorscanbeconnectedconnectedinmanywaysandthe
simplestisDIRECTCOUPLING.Thisisshowninthecircuitbelow.An
evensimplermethodistocombinetwotransistorsinonepackageto
formasingletransistorwithveryhighgain,calledDARLINGTON
TRANSISTOR.
Theseareavailableas:
BD679NPNDarlington
2N6284NPNDarlington
BC879NPNDarlington
BC880PNPDarlington
TIP122NPNDarlington
TIP127PNPDarlington
ThesedevicesconsistoftwoNPNorPNPtransistorsbutthesame
resultcanbeobtainedbyusingaPNP/NPNpair.Thisiscalleda
Sziklaipair.Thisarrangementwillhavetobecreatedwithtwo
separatetransistors.
TheDarlingtontransistorcanalsobereferredtoas:
"SuperTransistor,SuperAlphaPair,Sziklaipair,Complementary
Pair,
Darlingtontransistorshaveagainof1,000to30,000.Whenthegain
is1,000:1aninputof1mAwillproduceacurrentof1ampinthe
collectoremittercircuit.
TheonlydisadvantageofaDarlingtonTransistoristheminimum
voltagebetweencollectoremitterwhenfullysaturated.Itis0.6vto
1.5vdependingonthecurrentthroughthetransistor.
Anormaltransistorhasacollectoremittervoltage(whensaturated)of
0.2vto0.5v.Thehighervoltagemeansthetransistorwillheatup
moreandrequiresgoodheatsinking.Inaddition,aDarlington
transistorneeds1.2vbetweenbaseandemitterbeforeitwillturnon.
ASziklaipaironlyrequires0.6vforittoturnon.
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PICPROGRAMMERThesimplestprogrammertoprogramPICchipsisconnectedtoyourcomputer
viatheserialport.Thisisa9pinplug/socketarrangementcalledaSUBD9withthemaleplugonthe
computerandfemaleonaleadthatplugsintothecomputer.
Thesignalsthatnormallyappearonthepinsareprimarydesignedtotalktoamodembutweusethe
voltagesandthevoltagelevelstopoweraprogrammer.ThevoltagesonthepinsareOnorOff.On
(binaryvalue"1")meansthepinisbetween3and25volts,whileOff(binaryvalue"0")meansitis
between+3and+25volts,dependingonthecomputer.Butmanyserialportsproducevoltagesof
only+8vand8Vandtheprogrammercircuitusesthistoproduceavoltageofabout13.5vtoputthe
PICchipintoprogrammingmode.Thisistheminimumvoltagefortheprogrammertowork.Any
computerswithalowervoltagecannotbeused.That'swhythecircuitlookssounusual.Itis
combiningvoltagestoproduce13v5.
Herearetwocircuits.
ThefirstcircuitisusedinourPICPROGRAMMER12partsproject.
Circuit2usesmorecomponentstoproducethesameresultandcircuit3useslesscomponents.
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FLUORESCENTINVERTERThesimplecircuitwill
driveuptotwo20wattfluorotubesfroma12vsupply.
Thecircuitalsohasabrightnessadjustmenttoreduce
thecurrentfromthebattery.SeeFluorescentInverter
articleformoredetails.
ZAPPER160vThisprojectwillgiveyouaREALSHOCK.It
producesupto160vandoutputsthisvoltageforaveryshortperiodof
time.
ThecomponentsaretakenfromanoldCFL(CompactFluorescent
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Lamp)asthetransistorsarehighvoltagetypesandthe1u5electro
@400vcanalsobetakenfromtheCFLaswellastheferritecorefor
thetransformer.
TheCFLhasa1.5mHchokewithaDCresistanceof4ohms.This
resistanceistoolowforourcircuitandthewireisremovedandthe
corerewoundwith50turnsforthefeedbackwindingand300turnsof
0.1mmwiretoproduceawindingwitharesistanceofabout10ohms
fortheprimary.
Theoscillatoris"flyback"designthatproducesspikesofabout160v
andthesearefedtoahighspeeddiode(two1N4148diodesinseries)
tochargea1u5electrolytictoabout160v.Ifyouputyourfingers
acrosstheelectrolyticyouwillhardlyfeelthevoltage.Youmightgeta
verytinytingleattheendofyourfingers.
Butifthisvoltageisdelivered,thenturnedoff,yougetanenormous
shockandyoupullyoursfingersoffthetouchpads.
That'swhattheotherpartofthecircuitdoes.Itturnsonahighvoltage
transistorforaveryshortperiodoftimeandthisiswhatmakesthe
circuitsoeffective.
TELEPHONEAMPLIFIERThisamplifiercircuitisusedinall
hometelephonestoamplifythesignalfromthelinetothe
earpiece.Thevoltageistakenfromthelineviaabridgethat
deliversapositiverail,nomatterhowthephonewiresare
connected.
Atransformerisusedtopickoffasignalfromthephoneline
andthisispassedthrougha22ntotheinputoftheamplifier.
Negativefeedbackisprovidedbya15kand1n2capacitor.
Theoperatingpointfortheamplifierissetbythe100kpotand
thisservestoprovideaneffectonthegainoftheamplifier
andthusthevolume.
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VHFAERIALAMPLIFIERThis
amplifiercircuitcanbeusedtoamplify
VHFtelevisionsignals.Thegainis
between5dBand28dB.300ohmtwin
feedercanbeusedfortheIn/Out
leads.
CARLIGHTSALERT
Thiscircuitwillalertthedriverifthelightshave
beenlefton.Awarningsoundwillbeemitted
fromthe12vbuzzerwhenthedriver'sdooris
openedandthelightsareon.
MAINSDETECTOR
Thiscircuitdetectsthe"Active"wireof110vACor240vAC
viaaprobeanddoesnotrequire"continuity."Thismakesit
asafedetector.
Itusesthecapacitanceofyourbodytocreatecurrentflow
inthedetectingpartofthecircuitandthesensitivitywill
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dependonhowyouholdthe
insulatingcaseoftheproject.No
componentsofthecircuitmustbe
exposedasthiswillresultin
ELECTROCUTION.
SIMPLESTFMBUG
ThiscircuitisthesimplestFMcircuityoucanget.Ithasno
microphonebutthecoilissoMICROPHONICthatitwill
pickupnoisesintheroomviavibrationsonatable.
Thecircuitdoesnothaveanysectionthatdeterminesthe
frequency.Inthenextcircuitandallthosethatfollow,the
sectionthatdeterminesthefrequencyofoperationiscalled
theTUNEDCIRCUITorTANKCIRCUITandconsistsofa
coilandcapacitor.Thiscircuitdoesnothavethisfeature.
Thetransistorturnsonviathe47kandthisputsapulse
throughthe15turnwinding.Themagneticfluxfromthis
windingpassesthroughthe6turnwindingandintothe
baseofthetransistorviathe22ncapacitor.Thispulseis
amplifiedbythetransistorandthecircuitiskeptactive.
Thefrequencyisdeterminedbythe6turncoil.Bymoving
theturnstogether,thefrequencywilldecrease.Thecircuit
transmitsat90MHz.Ithasaverypoorrangeand
consumes16mA.Thecoiliswoundona3mmdrilland
uses0.5mmwire.
AGOODONETRANSISTORCIRCUIT
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This
circuitusesaTUNEDCIRCUITorTANKCIRCUITto
createtheoperatingfrequency.Forbestperformancethe
circuitshouldbebuiltonaPCboardwithallcomponents
fittedclosetoeachother.Thephotobelowshowsthe
componentsonaPCboard:
ANIMPROVEDDESIGN
Thisdesignusesa"slugtunedcoil"tosetthefrequency.Thismeanstheslugcan
bescrewedinandoutofthecoil.Thistypeofcircuitdoesnotofferany
improvementinstabilityoverthepreviouscircuit.(Inlatercircuitswewillshow
howtoimprovestability.Themainwaytoimprovestabilityistoadda"buffer"
stage.Thisseparatestheoscillatorstagefromtheoutput.)
Theantennaisconnectedtothecollectorofthetransistorandthis"loads"the
circuitandwillcausedriftifthebugistouched.Therangeofthiscircuitisabout
200metresandcurrentconsumptionisabout7mA.Themicrophonehasbeen
separatedfromtheoscillatorandthisallowsthegainofthemicrophonetobeset
viathe22kresistor.Loweringtheresistorwillmakethemicrophonemore
sensitive.Thiscircuitisthebestyoucangetwithonetransistor.
MORESTABILITY
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Ifyouwantmorestability,theantennacanbetappedoffthetopofthetankcircuit.
Thisactuallydoestwothings.Itkeepstheantennaawayfromthehighlyactive
collectorandturnsthecoilintoanautotransformerwheretheenergyfromthe8
turnsispassedtoasingleturn.Thiseffectivelyincreasesthecurrentintothe
antenna.Andthatisexactlywhatwewant.
Therangeisnotasfarbutthestabilityisbetter.Thefrequencywillnotdriftas
muchwhenthebugisheld.Asthetapistakentowardsthecollector,theoutput
increasebutthestabilitydeceases.
2TRANSISTORCIRCUIT
Thenextprogressivestepistoaddatransistortogivetheelectretmicrophone
moresensitivity.TheelectretmicrophonecontainsaFieldEffectTransistorand
youcanconsiderittobeastageofamplification.That'swhytheelectret
microphonehasaverygoodoutput.
Afurtherstageofamplificationwillgivethebugextremelygoodsensitivityandyou
willbeabletopickupthesoundofapindroppingonawoodenfloor.
Manyofthe1transistorcircuitsoverdrivethemicrophoneandthiswillcreatea
noiselikebaconandeggsfrying.Themicrophone'susedbyTalkingElectronics
requirealoadresistorof47kfora6vsupplyand22kfora3vsupply.Thevoltage
acrossthemicrophoneisabout300mVto600mV.
Onlyaverysimpleselfbiasingcommonemitterstageisneeded.Thiswillgivea
gainofapprox70fora3vsupply.Thecircuitbelowshowsthisaudioamplifier,
addedtotheprevioustransmittercircuit.Thiscircuitisthebestdesignusing2
transistorsona3vsupply.Thecircuittakesabout7mAandproducesarangeof
about200400metres.
Fivepointstonoteinthecircuitabove:
1.Thetankcircuithasafixed39pandisadjustedbya210ptrimmer.Thecoilis
stretchedtogetthedesiredpositiononthebandandthetrimmerfinetunesthe
location.
2.Themicrophonecouplingisa22nceramic.Thisvalueissufficientasits
capacitivereactanceat34kHzisabout4kandtheinputtotheaudiostageisfairly
high,asnotedbythe1Monthebase.
3.The1ubetweentheaudiostageandoscillatorisneededasthebasehasa
lowerimpedanceasnotedbythe47kbasebiasresistor.
4.The22nacrossthepowerrailsisneededtokeeptherails"tight."Itsimpedance
at100MHzismuchlessthanoneohmanditimprovestheperformanceofthe
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oscillatorenormously.
5.Thecoilinthetankcircuitis5turnsofenameledwirewithaircore.Thesecret
tolongrangeishighactivityintheoscillatorstage.Thetankcircuit(madeupof
thecoilandcapacitorsacrossit)willproduceavoltagehigherthanthesupply
voltageduetotheeffectknownas"collapsingmagneticfield"andthisoccurs
whenthecoilcollapsesandpassesitsreversevoltagetothecapacitor.The
antennaisalsoconnectedtothispointanditreceivesthishighwaveformand
passestheenergytotheatmosphereaselectromagneticradiation.
WhenthecircuitistightlyconstructedonaPCboard,thefrequencywillnotdrift
verymuchiftheantennaistouched.
THEVOYAGER
Theonlywaytogetahigheroutputfromtwotransistorsisto
increasethesupplyvoltage.
ThefollowingcircuitisavailablefromTalkingElectronicsasa
surfacemountkit,withsomecomponentsthroughhole.The
projectiscalledTHEVOYAGER.
Alltheelementsofgooddesignhave
beenachievedinthisproject.The
circuithasaslightlyhigheroutput
thanthe3vcircuitabove,butmostof
thevoltageislostacrosstheemitter
resistorandnotconvertedtoRF.The
mainadvantageofthisdesignis
beingabletoconnecttoa9vbattery.
Inatechnicalsense,abouthalfthe
energyiswastedasthestages
actuallyrequireabout4v5vfor
maximumoutput.
HANDHELDMICROPHONE
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Thiscircuitissuitableforahandheldmicrophone.Itdoes
nothaveanaudiostagebutthatmakesitidealasa
microphone,topreventfeedback.Theoutputhasabuffer
stagetokeeptheoscillatorawayfromtheantenna.This
givestheprojectthegreatestamountofstabilityrather
thanthehighestsensitivity.
INCREASINGTHERANGE
Toincreasetherange,theoutputmustbeincreased.Thiscanbe
donebyusinganRFtransistorandaddinganinductor.This
effectivelyconvertsmoreofthecurrenttakenbythecircuit(from
thebattery)intoRFoutput.Theoutputisclassifiedasanuntuned
circuit.ABC547transistorisnotsuitableinthislocationasitdoes
notamplifysuccessfullyat100MHz.ItisbesttouseanRF
transistorsuchas2N3563.
MORERANGE
Moreoutputcanbeobtainedbyincreasingthesupplyvoltageand
addingacapacitoracrosstheinductorintheoutputstagetocreate
atunedoutput.
The530pmustbeadjustedeachtimethefrequencyofthebugis
changed.Thisisbestdonewithafieldstrengthmeter.SeeTalking
ElectronicsFieldStrengthMeterproject.
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Atunedoutputstagedeliversmoreoutput
The2N3563iscapableofpassing15mAinthebufferstageand
about30%isdeliveredasRF.Thismakesthetransmittercapable
ofdeliveringabout22mW.
EMITTERTAP
Thefollowingcircuittapstheemitteroftheoscillatorstage.The
collectorortheemittercanbetappedtoproduceaboutthesame
results,howevertappingtheemitter"loads"theoscillatorless.The
47pcapacitorisadjustedto"pickoff"thedesiredamountofenergy
fromtheoscillatorstage.Itcanbereducedto22por10p.
Tappingtheemitteroftheoscillatortransistor
GOINGFURTHER
Thenextstagetoimprovetheoutput,matchesthe
impedanceoftheoutputstagetotheimpedanceofthe
antenna.
Theimpedanceoftheoutputstageisabout1kto5k,
andtheimpedanceoftheantennaisabout50ohms.
Thiscreatesanenormousmatchingproblembutone
effectivewayiswithanRFtransformer.
AnRFtransformerissimplyatransformerthat
operatesathighfrequency.Itcanbeaircoredor
ferritecored.Thetypeofferriteneededfor100MHzis
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F28.Thecircuitaboveusesasmallferriteslug2.6mmdiax6mmlong,F28material.
Tocreateanoutputtransformerforthecircuitabove,wind11turnsontotheslugand
4turnsoverthe11turns.Theferritecorewilldotwothings.Firstlyitwillpassahigh
amountofenergyfromtheprimarywindingtotheantennaandsecondlyitwill
THERFTRANSFORMERpreventharmonicspassingtotheantenna.
Thetransformer
approximatelydoublestheoutputpowerofthe
transmitter.
WATERLEVELDETECTOR
Thiscircuitcanbeusedtoautomaticallykeeptheheader
tankfilled.Itusesadoublepolerelay.
BATTERYCHARGERworld'ssimplestautomaticcharger
Thisistheworld'ssimplestautomaticbatterycharger.
Itconsistsof6components,whenconnectedtoa12vDCplugpack.Theplugpackmust
producemorethan15vonnoload(whichmostplugpacksdo.)Analternative15v
transformerandacentretappedtransformerisalsoshown.Acentretappedtransformer
isreferredtoas:15vCT15vor15015
Therelayandtransistorarenotcriticalasthe1kpotisadjustedsotherelaydropsoutat
13.7v.
Theplugpackcanbe300mA,500mAor1Aanditscurrentratingwilldependonthesize
ofthe12vbatteryyouarecharging.
Fora1.2AHgelcell,thechargingcurrentshouldbe100mA.However,thischargeris
designedtokeepthebatterytoppedupanditwilldelivercurrentinsuchshortbursts,that
thechargingcurrentisnotimportant.
Thisappliesifyouarekeepingthebatteryconnectedwhileitisbeingused.Inthiscase
thechargerwilladdtotheoutputanddeliversomecurrenttotheloadwhilechargingthe
battery.Ifyouarechargingaflatcell,thecurrentshouldnotbemorethan100mA.
Fora7AHbattery,thecurrentcanbe500mA.Andforalargerbattery,thecurrentcanbe
1Amp.
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SETTINGUP
Connectthechargertoabatteryandplaceadigitalmeteracrossthebattery.Adjustthe
1kpotsotherelaydropsoutassoonasthevoltagerisesto13.7v.
Placea100R2wattresistoracrossthebatteryandwatchthevoltagedrop.
Thechargershouldturnonwhenthevoltagedropstoabout12.5v.Thisvoltageisnot
important.
The22ustopstherelay"squealing"or"hunting"whenaloadisconnectedtothebattery
andthechargerischarging.Asthebatteryvoltagerises,thechargingcurrentreduces
andjustbeforetherelaydropsout,itsquealsasthevoltagerisesandfallsduetothe
actionoftherelay.The22upreventsthis"chattering".
ToincreasetheHysteresis:Inotherwords,decreasethevoltagewherethecircuitcuts
in,adda270Racrossthecoiloftherelay.Thiswillincreasethecurrentrequiredbythe
transistortoactivatetherelayandthusincreasethegapbetweenthetwoactivation
points.Thepullinpointonthepotwillbehigherandyouwillhavereadjustthepot,but
thedropoutpointwillbethesameandthusthegapwillbewider.
Inourcircuit,thecutinvoltagewas11.5vwitha270Racrosstherelay.
Note:Nodiodeisneededacrosstherelaybecausethetransistorisneverfullyturnedoff
andnobackEMF(spike)isproducedbytherelay.
BATTERYCHARGERMkIIaverysimpledesigntokeepabattery"toppedup."
Thisisaverysimplebatterychargertokeepabattery"nearlyfullycharged."
Itconsistsof7components,whenconnectedtoa12v18vDCplugpack.Theplugpack
mustproducemorethan15vonnoload(whichmost12vplugpacksdo.)
Fora1.2AHgelcell,uptoa45Ahrcarorboatbattery,thischargerwillkeepthebattery
toppedupandcanbeconnectedformanymonthsasthebatterywillnotlosewaterdue
to"gassing."
Theoutputvoltageis13.2vandthisisjustenoughtokeepthebatteryfromdischarging,
butwilltakeaverylongtimetochargeabattery,ifitisflatbecauseabatteryproducesa
"floatingcharge"ofabout13.6vwhenitisbeingcharged(atareasonablecurrent)and
thischargerisonlydesignedtodeliveraverysmallcurrent.
Thereisaslightdifferencebetweena"oldfashioned"carbattery(commonlycalled"an
accumulator")andasealedbatterycalledaGelCell.Thecompositionoftheplatesofa
gelcellissuchthatthebatterydoesnotbeginto"gas"untilahighvoltageisreached.
Thatiswhyitcanbetotallyclosedandonlyhasrubberbungsthat"pop"ifgasathigh
pressuredevelopsduetogrossovercharging.That'swhythechargingvoltagemustnot
betoohighandwhenthebatteryisfullycharged,thechargingcurrentmustdroptoa
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verylowlevel.
GELLCELLBATTERYCHARGER
Thiscircuitwillchargegellcellbatteriesat300mAor
650mAor1.3A,dependingontheCURRENTSENSING
resistorinthe0vrail.Adjustthe5kpotfor13.4voutand
whenthebatteryvoltagereachesthislevel,thecurrent
willdroptoafewmilliamps.Theplugpackwillneedtobe
upgradedforthe650mAor1.3Achargecurrent.Thered
LEDindicateschargingandasthebatteryvoltagerises,
thecurrentflowdecreases.Themaximumisshown
belowandwhenitdropsabout5%,theLEDturnsoffand
thecurrentgraduallydropstoalmostzero.
TRANSISTORTESTERCOMBO2
ThiscircuitusesanICbutithasbeenplacedinthiseBookasitisatransistortester.
ThecircuitusesasingleICtoperform3tests:
Test1:Placethetransistorinanyorientationintothethreeterminalsofcircuit1(below,left)
andaredLEDwilldetectthebaseofaPNPtransistoranagreenLEDwillindicatethebaseof
anNPNtransistor.
Test2:Younownowthebaseleadandthetypeoftransistor.PlacethetransistorinTest2
circuit(topcircuit)andwhenyouhavefittedthecollectorandemitterleadscorrectly(maybe
havetoswapleads),theredorgreenLEDwillcomeontoproveyouhavefittedthetransistor
correctly.
Test3:ThetransistorcannowbefittedintheGAINSECTION.SelectPNPorNPNandturnthe
potuntiltheLEDilluminates.ThevalueofgainismarkedonthePCBthatcomeswiththekit.
Thekithasezyclipsthatclipontotheleadsofthetransistortomakeiteasytousetheproject.
Theprojectalsohasaprobeatoneendoftheboardthatproducesasquarewavesuitable
forallsortsofaudiotestingandsomedigitaltesting.
Projectcost:$22.00fromTalkingElectronics.
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LOWMAINSDROPOUT
Thiscircuitwillturnoffadeviceifthemaindropsbyasay
15v.Theactualvoltageisadjustable.Thefirstthingto
rememberisthis:ThecircuitdetectsthePEAKvoltageand
thisisthevoltageofthezenerdiodes.
For240vmains,thepeakis338v.
Foravoltagedropofabout12v(RMS),thezenerdiodes
needtohaveacombinedvoltageof320v(youwillneed6x
47v+1x20v+1x18v).The10kresistorwillhaveabout
18vacrossitandthecurrentwillbenearly2mA.The
wattagewillbe36mW.
Foravoltagedropofabout27v(RMS),youwillneed
zenersforatotalof300vbyusing6x47v+1x18v.The
voltageacrossthe10kresistorwillbe38vandthecurrent
willbenearly4mA.Thewattagedissipatedbythe10k
resistorwillbe150mW.
The10upreventsverysharpdipsordropsfromactivating
thecircuit.
Asthevoltagedrops,thisdropinvoltagewillbepassed
directlytothetopofthe10kresistorandasthevoltage
drops,thecurrentintothebaseofthetransistorwillreduce.
Thiscurrentisamplifiedbythetransistorandwhenitisnot
sufficienttokeeptherelayactivated,itwilldropout.
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PROTECTINGTHECONTACTSOFARELAY:
Thecontactsofarelaycanbeprotectedfromthedamaging
effectsofreversinganactuator.Thecircuitshowsa
doublepoledoublethrowrelaydrivinganactuator.The4
"bridgediodes"aroundtheactuator"squelch"thebackemf
fromdamagingthecontacts.
4TRANSISTORAMPLIFIER:
ThiscircuitisfullydocumentedinTheTransistorAmplifier
asFig105.
VibratingVUIndicator
Thiscircuitcanbeusedtomonitortheoutputofastereotowarnwhenthelevelis
toohigh.Theoutputisapagermotorandwillvibratesoyoudon'thavetokeep
watchingVUlevels.Thefirsttwotransistorsareconnectedsoanoverloadineither
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channelwilltriggerthepagermotor.
NopowerswitchisneededasalltransistorsareturnedOFFwhennoaudioisbeing
detected.
CFLDRIVER
Thiscircuitwilldrivea5wattCompact
FluorescentLampfrom12v:
MORECIRCUITSTOBEADDEDHERE:
to
CircuitSymbols
The list below covers almost every symbol you will find on an electronic circuit diagram. It allows
you to identify a symbol and also draw circuits. It is a handy reference and has some symbols that
have never had a symbol before, such as a Flashing LED and electroluminescence panel.
Once you have identified a symbol on a diagram you will need to refer to specification sheets to
identify each lead on the actual component.
The symbol does not identify the actual pins on the device. It only shows the component in the
circuit and how it is wired to the other components, such as input line, output, drive lines etc. You
cannot relate the shape or size of the symbol with the component you have in your hand or on the
circuitboard.
Sometimes a component is drawn with each pin in the same place as on the chip etc. But this is
rarely the case.
Most often there is no relationship between the position of the lines on the circuit and the pins on
the component.
Thats what makes reading a circuit so difficult.
This is very important to remember with transistors, voltage regulators, chips and so many othe r
components as the position of the pins on the symbol are not in the same places as the pins or
leads on the component and sometimes the pins have different functions according to the
manufacturer. Sometimes the pin numbering is different according to the component, such as
positive and negative regulators.
These are all things you have to be aware of.
You must to refer to the manufacturers specification sheet to identify each pin, to be sure you
have identified them correctly.
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Colin Mitchell
CIRCUIT SYMBOLSSome additional symbols have been added to the following list. See Circuit
Symbols on the index of
Talking Electronics.com
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toIndex
ICPINOUTS
The following list covers just a few of the IC's on the market and these are the "simple" or "basic" or
"digital" or "opamp" IC's suitable for experimenting.
When designing a circuit around an IC, you have to remember two things:
1. Is the IC still available? and
2. Can the circuit be designed around a microcontroller?
Sometimes a circuit using say 3 or 4 IC's can be redesigned around an 8pin or 16pin microcontroller
and the program can be be kept from prying eyes due to a feature called "code protection." A
microcontroller project is more uptodate, can be cheaper and can be reprogrammed to alter the
features.
This will be covered in the next eBook. It is worth remembering as it is the way of the future.
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Alltheresistorcolours:
Thisiscalledthe"normal"or"3colourband"(5%)range.Ifyouwantthe4
colourband(1%)series,referto
TalkingElectronicswebsiteandclick:Resistors1%ontheleftindex.Oryoucan
usethetablebelow.
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MAKEANYRESISTORVALUE:
Ifyoudon'thavetheexactresistorvalueforaproject,don't
worry.Mostcircuitswillworkwithavalueslightlyhigherorlower.
Butifyouwantaparticularvalueanditisnotavailable,hereisa
chart.
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Use2resistorsinseriesorparallelasshown:
Required
R1
Value
Series/
Parallel
R2
Actual
value:
10
4R7
4R7
9R4
12
10
2R2
12R2
15
22
47
14R9
18
22
100
18R
22
10
12
22
27
22
4R7
26R7
33
22
10
32R
39
220
47
38R7
47
22
27
49
56
47
10
57
68
33
33
66
82
27
56
83
Thereareotherwaystocombine2resistorsinparallelorseries
togetaparticularvalue.Theexamplesabovearejustoneway.
4R7=4.7ohms
MAKEANYCAPACITORVALUE:
Ifyoudon'thavetheexactcapacitorvalueforaproject,don't
worry.Mostcircuitswillworkwithavalueslightlyhigherorlower.
Butifyouwantaparticularvalueanditisnotavailable,hereisa
chart.
Use2capacitorsinseriesorparallelasshown."p"is"puff"but
canbe"n"(nano)or"u"(microfarad).
Required
C1
Value
Series/
Parallel
C2
Actual
value:
10
4p7
4p7
9p4
12
10
2p2
12p2
15
22
47
14p9
18
22
100
18p
22
10
12
22
27
22
4p7
26p7
33
22
10
32p
39
220
47
38p7
47
22
27
49
56
47
10
57
68
33
33
66
82
27
56
83
Thereareotherwaystocombine2capacitorsinparallelor
seriestogetaparticularvalue.Theexamplesabovearejustone
way.4p7=4.7p
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Electronics Keralam - CIRCUITS

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Electronics Keralam - CIRCUITS

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7/13/2015

CONTENTSred indicates 1100 Transistor Circuits

Mains Night Light

Battery Charger 12v Automatic

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