R.K.D.

F INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM. ENGG.

REMOTE CONTROLLED
COLOUR T.V. TRAINER
MODEL CDM101

PRACTICALS
Specifications of Colour T.V.
Safety precautions
1. To Study the Block Diagram and working principle
2. To Study Electronic tuner section
3. To Study Video I.F. Section with circuit diagram
4. To Study Sound I.F. Section with circuit diagram
5. To Study Horizontal Oscillator section with circuit diagra m
6. To Study Vertical Oscillator Section with circuit diagra m
7. To Study Colour Picture Tube Section with circuit diagram
8. To carry out V.I.F. alignment with Sweep Gen erator
9. To carry out S.I.F. alignment with Sweep Ge nerator
10. To measure Video and Audio gain (sensitivity) with Pattern Generator
11. To demonstrate and understand different type s of faults
12. To study faults diagnosis method

SPECIFICATIONS

1. System

: CCIR-B-PAL-G, 625 lines.

2. Power supply

: 230V + 10% AC, 50 Hz.

3. Regulation range

: 100V AC to 275V AC.

4. Power consumption

: 70 watts max.

5. R.F. sensitivity

: 50 micro / volt

6. I.F. Frequency

Vision
Audio

: 38.9 Mhz
: 33.4 Mhz

7. Sound output

: 5.0 watts minimum.

8. Picture Tube size

: 51 cm Diagonal.

9. Tuner Channels

: VHFI- 2 to4, VHF III - 5 to 12,

BAND IV & V - up to 100
S-band and Hyper -band.

10. Program Memory

: 90 programs.

11. RF input impedance

: 75 ohms

12. EHT

: 24 KV maximum.

13. On Screen display for setting of all con trols e.g. Volume, Brightness, Contrast, Colour, Channel and band
selection, Tuning.
14. Audio - Video In sockets.
15. Sections

: Operating unit and Tuner, Remote Receiver, Video I.F., Sound I.F., Colour
decoder, Video amplifier, Horizontal oscillator, Horizontal driver and output,
S.M.P.S, Vertical , Picture tube, Remote transmitter.

16. Controls

: Volume, Brightness, Contrast, Colour, Channel and band selection, Tuning

(Hyper and S-Band tuner).

17. Remote Control functions : Volume, Brightness, Contrast, Colour, Channel selection, Audio mute
18. Standard Accessories

: 1. Trainer Unit
2. A operating/ Service manuals.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not touch the EHT transformer, EHT Cable, Screen Cable and Picture Tube earthing.
2. Do not bring any metal part near to EHT.
3. Keep alert while measuring Voltages and waveforms of EHT, SMPS transformer and Horizontal deflection
Coil of Yoke.
4. Do not touch the PCB with necked feet.
5. Do not touch 230V AC mains connector and degaussing Coil Connector.
6. Do not touch AC Fuse, DC Fuse and rectifier section in SMPS.
7. Do not touch BU208D and BD508A heat sinks and Collector Body.
8. Do not disturb Yoke convergence assembly.
9. Do not connect SMPS Ground and Chassis ground.
10. Measure all Voltage with reference to Chassis ground only unless specified.
11. Do not alter FOCUS PRESET and SCREEN PRESET o n EHT transformer.
12. Do not very +115V preset towards high voltage end.
13. Do not disturb Video coil and AGC preset in VIF section.
14. Do not very H. Hold preset towards High frequency side.
15. Isolate SMPS section by removing +115V & +20V jumper whil e creating faults in smps section.

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Please note that Degaussing

connector is not applicable in
B/W T.V. Trainer

P.S

To 230V, AC
Supply

V1

V2

EHT

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Yoke

Speaker

(9)

PT earthing wire
1 pin connector

Picture fitted in
Cabinet

Anode

EHT final

Two pin
Connector

(8)

(7)

V1 = Yellow connector to Yoke Yellow wire

V2 = Green connector to Yoke Green wire
H1 = Red connector to Yoke Red wire
H2 = Blue connector to Yoke Blue wire
Multi core wire with CRT PCB & Socket to Picture tube
EHT Red wire to PT EHT Anode
2 Core LS wire to EP Socket
1 Pin Earthing wire from PT to CRT PCB 1 Pin Connector
2 Pin PT Degaussing connector from PT to SMPS connector

Connector List

Yellow wire

(1)

Red wire

Green wire

(3)

(4) Blue wire

(5)

(2)

H1 H2

ep socket

Multi core
wire

(6)

CRT pcb

Red thick wire

2 wire LS connector

Connection Diagram for Colour TV Trainer

PT
Degaussing
Coil

PRACTICAL-1
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
The main functions of a Colour T.V. receiver are as under: 1. To select the signals of the channel and to amplify these and convert them into IF Signals.
2. To amplify the video and sound IF Signals, to demodulate the video IF Signals to obtain the composite
Video Signal, to mix the two IF signals to obtain the inter - carrier sound IF Signal and to preamplifier
these.
3. To separate the combined luminance (Y) and chroma signals from the video IF Signals and to amplify
these.
4. To separate the luminance (Y) and chroma i.e. U & V (R -Y and B -Y) Signals from the combined video
Signal.
5. To regenerate sub -carrier signal with phase locking with the sub -carrier burst.
6. To decode the chroma signal to obtain the modulated U and V signals and to demodulate them with the
Help of regenerated reference carrier.
7. To combine the Y, U and V signals (Matrixing) to obtain the colour i.e. R, G and B signals.
8. To amplify them and to give them to the respective cathodes of the colour picture which reproduces these
As colour picture with the help of horizontal and vertical swee ps.
9. To produce horizontal and vertical sweeps synchronized with the respective sync signals and to give them
to the respective deflection coil for producing the sweep.
10. To separate the sound IF signal, to amplify, limit and demodulate them, and t o give them to the
Loudspeaker at sufficient amplitude.
11. To provide power at suitable D.C. voltages for operating various stages, providing supply to various
Electrodes of picture tube and for heating its cathode.
12. To provide infrared remote control operations.
These functions are performed by various stages of the T.V. Receiver, which are explained as under.
The Block diagram sho wing different sections is shown in Fig.1.

ANTENNA

Figure 1

5
5

6A

SECTION NUMBERS ARE SHOWN IN THE CIRCLE

6B

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE COLOUR T.V.

(1) Tuner: The signal received at the antenna are given to the tuner through the balun. The Tuner, which consists o f
two stages -RF amplifier and converter, partly selects the signal of the desired channel, amplifies it and converts
it in to I.F. signals.
The R.F. Amplifier amplifies the signals with the addition of a little noise as possible and gives the m to
the Mixer. The gain of this stage is controlled by A.G.C.
The Converter consists of two stages:
1. Local Oscillator.
2. Mixer.
The Converter changes the frequency of the incoming signals in to the I.F. The Local Osci llator produces
oscillations at a frequency, which is higher than the picture carrier frequency by 38.9 MHz. (Which is the video
I.F.). The mixer mixes the incoming signals and the oscillations. This results in the production of the video I.F.
(38.9 MHz) a nd sound I.F. (33.4 MHz). These IF Frequencies are selected and given to the V.I.F section.
The frequency of the local oscillator is controlled by an arrangement known as Automatic Fine Tuning
(A.F.T.). If the frequency of the local oscillator drifts resu lting in shift in the IFs this arrangement automatic
corrects the oscillator frequency thus automatically correcting the fine -tuning.

(2) Video I.F. (V.I.F.) Section: This section consists of two stages:
(1)
(2)

Preamplifier and
Main Amplifier.
The preamplifier consists of IC SL 1430.
The main Amplifier is based on IC TDA 3541A.
This Section performs following functions: (i) Suppressing the signals of adjacent channels and reducing the level of self -sound signals.
(ii) Amplification of VIF (38.9 MHz) and SIF (33.4MHz) signals.
(iii) Detection of VIF signals to obtain the composite video signal (C.V.D.).
(iv) Mixing of video IF and sound IF Signals to obtain the inter -carrier sound IF signal (5.5MHz)
(v) Producing AGC Voltage and controlling the gain of VIF amplifier.
(vi) Producing delayed AGC Voltage for the tuner.
(vii) Generating AFT Voltage for automatic fine -tuning.
The Saw Filter (BMC389) is used along with tuned circuits to obtain the desired frequency response in
the VIF Section.
The composite video signal (CVD) obtained from this section is given to Chroma section and SIF section.

(3) Sound IF section (S.I.F.): The intercarrier SIF (5.5MHz) is given to the sound section based on IC CA1190, which contains two
sub-sections SIF detection and Sound output amplifier.
The SIF signal, which is frequency modulated is amplified, limited and detected. The detected audio
signal is amplified by output amplifier to drive the loudspeaker.

(4A) Chroma section/Colour Decoder Section (CD): This section consists of two sub -sections: (A) Video buffer amplifier
(B) Chroma Section.

(A) Video Buffer A mplifier: -

The CVD signal obtained from VIF section is given to video buffer amplifier which amplifies this signal
which consists of luminance signal -Y, Chroma signals R-Y and B-Y, horizontal sync signal, vertical sync signal
and the colour sub -carrier burst (colour sync) signal. This stage consists of one transistor. The amplified CVD
signal by video buffer sec tion is given to the (i) Chroma section IC TDA 3561A and (ii) Sync Separator in IC
TDA 1940 F (Horizontal section).

(B) Chroma Section: -

Chroma Section is the most important section in a Colour T.V. Receiver. It extracts the colour signals
from the modulated and coded chroma signal and gives them to the R, G, B Video amplifier output stages.
The main functions of the chroma section are (1) Amplification of chroma signals (with colour killer)
(2) Separating the quadrature modulated chroma sig nals into their constituents i.e. Modulated U & V
Components.
(3) Demodulating the modulated U and V signals with the help of a regenerated sub - Carrier.
(4) Regenerating the sub -carrier to enable demodulation of the U & V modulated signals, which are
Transmitted with suppressed carrier an giving the sub carrier in correct phase to the U & V demodulators.
(5) Obtaining the colour difference signals i.e. R -Y, B-Y, and G-Y, signals from the U & V signals.
(6) Obtaining the colour signals i .e. R,G,and B signals from the colour difference signals and the luminance
signals (Y).
These functions are performed by a number of stages/sub -sections in the chroma section as explained below.
The block diagram of chroma section is shown in fig. 2. It is explained as below.
1. Chro ma Amplifier: This sub-section includes a band pass filter to pass the chroma signals and two amplifiers. It amplifies the
Chroma signals, which consists of th e quadrature modulated U & V signals. The gain of second chrome
amplifier is controlled by the colour control. Also the output of colour killer section is given to the 2 n d
Chroma amplifier to reduce its gain to zero during monochrome (B/W) receptio n.
2. Chro ma Delay Line Decoder: The U & V signals are transmitted on a single sub -carrier. This is known as quadrature modulation. The
function of chroma Delay-line decoder is to separate the modulated U & V components from the quadrate
modulated signals. This decoder utilizes a chroma delay line for separating the modulated U & V
Components. It also electronically average the U & V components of successive lines thus removing phase
Distortions, which may take place on lon g transmission paths.

3. U & V Demodulators: The U & V signals obtained from the decoder are modulated signals with no carrier (thus these contain
the Sidebands but no carrier). Carrier of correct phase and frequency is required for demodulating these signals.
The U & V demodulators consist of balanced demodulators. These demodulate the modulated U & V signals with
the help of the reference sub -carrier given to them by PAL Switch, phase shift and sub -carrier Generator section.
The demodulated U & V signals obtained from the demodulators are given to the matrix Section.

4. Sub-carrier Generator: As the chroma signals are transmitted after suppressing the carrier, reintroduction of the sub -carrier is
Necessary for demodulating these signals. Moreover to obtain the correct colours the regenerated (reference)
Carrier should have the same frequency and phase as that of the sub -carrier at the transmitter.
The sub-carrier generator consists of the sub -carrier oscillator and discriminator (phase detector). The
sub carrier oscillator, which is crystal controlled for high stability, produces oscillations at the desired frequency
(4.43361875 MHz). As even a crystal -controlled oscillator cannot ensure the desired degree of accuracy and
correct phase of the sub -carrier, phase discriminator circuit is used to compare the frequency of the oscillator
with the sub -carrier burst (transmitted on the back -porch of the H. Sync signal) and to synchronize the phase and
frequency of the oscillation with that of this burst.

5. Phase Shift: As the quadrate modulation is used for transmitting the chroma signals, the sub -carrier used for
modulating The U signal has a 90 -degree phase shift for demodulating the U signals the phase of the sub -carrier
given to the U demodulator should also have a 90 -degree phase shift. The phase shift stage shifts the phase of the
sub-Carrier given to the U demodulator by 90 degree.
6. Bistable multivibrator and PAL switch: As in PAL system the phase of the V signals is reversed on alternate lines. To demodulate these the phase
of the sub -carrier given to the V demodulator should also be reversed on alternate lines. The bistable
Multivibrator along with PAL switch is used to reverse the phase of the sub -carrier oscillations given to the
V demodulator on alternate lines.
The Bistable multivibrator which has two positions is operated by the Indent signal obtained from the
burst Signals. This in turn operates the PAL switch. The PAL switch gives the sub -carrier to the V -demodulator
as it is in one position and reverses its phase in the other position.
7. Colour Killer: Colour killer is used to block the chroma amplifier on b lack and white transmission. This is controlled by
the colour burst signal and on black and white transmission, when the colour burst IS absent; it biases the
chroma amplifier to cut -off. Thus it prevents any spurious signals getting through the chr oma section, which
can cause coloured sno w on the picture tube screen.
8. Burst-gate: 8 to 10 cycles of the sub -carrier are transmitted on the back porch of the line sync (H. Sync) signals.
These signals are used for synchronizing the regener ated sub-carrier as well as also for obtaining the Identifying
(indent) signal for the phase reversed V lines.
To separate these signals a part of the CVD signal is given to the burst gate. The burst gate which is
controlled by the line (horizont al) sync pulses allows the signals to pass only during the burst period. Thus it
separates the burst signal.
9

9. Matrix: Matrix sub -section consists of amplifier stages along with voltage combining and dividing networks. This
section obtains back the primary colour signals (i.e. and B signals) from the chroma (i.e. & V) signals and the
luminance signals (Y) given to it. (The Y signal is obtained from CVD signal, available from video buffer, by
passing it through sub -carrier trap ).The primary colou r signals R,G,B obtained from the matrix section are given
to the output Video Amplifiers circuit.
(4) Horizontal Oscillator and sync separator: This section is based on IC TDA 1940F. It consists of Horizontal Oscillator and sync Separator section.
(A) Sync Separator: -

Composite colour signal (CCS) available from Video buffer in Chroma section is given to the sync
separator. It separates the composite sync (Combined H.sync and V.sync) from the CCS signal. The H.Sync
signal is obtained from composite sync by differentiati on. The V sync. is obtained from composite sync signal by
Integration.
The separated H. Sync signal is given to H. Oscillator for synchronizing the phase and the frequency of H.
Oscillator in IC TDA 1940F. The separated V.sync signal is given to V. Oscil lator section (IC TDA 1675A) for
synchronizing the phase and the frequency of V. Oscillator.
(B) Horizontal Oscillator: -

H. Oscillator produces oscillations at the horizontal sweep rate (15625 Hz). The phase and frequency of
this oscillation is maintained in synchronization with the help of H. Sync signal. A discriminator circuit is
used for comparing the phase and frequency of these oscillations with the sync signals and correcting these.
The output of H. Oscillator section is given to the horizontal driver stage in the EHT section.
The muting circuit is also provided in this section. The mute output signal is given to sound section for
putting sound off under no signal condition.
(5) Vertical Oscillator and output: This section is based on the IC TDA 1675A. It consists of vertical Oscillator and output section. The
V.Osc. Produces oscillations at the vertical sweep rate. This is further amplified by vertical output section to
drive the vertical deflection coils. The phase and frequency of the V. Oscillator is synchronized by the V.Sync.
Signal, receiving from sync separator. It also provides vertical retrace blanking output signal.
(6B) Output Video Amplifiers section: This section consists of three identical stages, one each for the colours R, G, and B. Each of these stages
utilizes a transistor in R -C coupled circuit. These amplifies colour signals at suitable level for driving the
colour picture tube. Their outputs are given to the respectiv e cathodes of the colour picture tube.
(6) Picture Tube section: The colour picture tube stage consists of the picture tube along with its accessories i.e. the deflection coil
assembly and colour purity and centring magnets placed on its neck. The col our picture tube displays the R,G and
B signals given to its cathodes in the form of the colour picture with the help of the two sweeps given to the
deflection coil assembly. The colour picture tube used is precision -in-line (PIL) type Full Flat Square Tub e
(FFST).

10

(7) Horizontal Driver and EHT Section: (A) Horizontal Driver: The output voltage obtained from the oscillator is not sufficient to drive the horizontal output stage. A
driver is therefore, used between the oscillator and output stage. This stage is based on a transistor BF393 in
transformer -coupled circuit.
(B) Horizontal Output stage (EHT Stage): The EHT stage drives current of saw -tooth waveform through the horizontal deflection coil with the help
of the drive obtained from the driver stage. The following voltages are also obtained from the EHT stage.
(i)

DC Voltage of about 25 KV for giving t o the final anode of the picture tube (EHT).

(ii) DC Voltage of about 5 KV for giving to the focusing anode of the Picture tube (Vfc).
(iii) DC Voltages of about 500 volts for giving to the accelerating anode (screen) (Vacc).
(iv) DC voltage of about 150 V Volts for giving to the collectors of the R, G, B output transistors.
(v) DC Voltage of 12V, 25V, for operating the various stages.
(vi) AC voltage of about 6.3 volts for giving to the heater of the picture tube.
The transistor BU208D is used in the EHT stage. An autotransformer known as EHT transformer having
several windings is used with this transistor to obtain the different d.c. Voltages as also to match the output
Impedance of the transistor wi th that of the horizontal deflection coil.
(8) Switch Mode Power Supply section (SMPS): The SMPS provides +115V DC and +20V DC supply. As the performance of colour TV receivers depends
Largely on the supply voltage, the supply voltage has been stabilized to maintain it very close to the Nominal
Voltage. 33V DC voltage is also generated from 115V to provide it to Tuner section.
BD508A is used as a switching transistor. SMPS has high efficiency than the Linear Regulated power
Supply. Hence i t is used in colour TV receiver.
(9) Remote Receiver Section: This section is based on three ICs. It provides different operational keys to operate the remote colour
T.V.viz. tuning control (+/ -), Volume control (+/ -), Channel selection control ( +/-), Store & Function
Control. The main command IC decodes the decoded infrared signals received from the remote transmitter
Section and provides necessary control signals to different sections. The memory IC is used to memories the
Present analog value of Brightness, Contrast, Colour, Volume, Tuning voltage in selected program position.
(10) Remote Transmitter Section: This section is based on single IC. It provides decoded infrared signals according to keys pressed to the
Remote receiver section for operating the colour TV from a distance.

*********************

11

PRACTICAL-2
AIM: To study working of Electronic Tuner Section.
Theory:

(A) Tuner: The Electronic tuner consists of RF amplifier, local oscillator and mixer. It receives RF input signal
from the antenna via balun at the input socket. It gives IF output which is gi ven to VIF Section. Tuner AGC
signal is also given to the tuner from VIF section to control its gain. AFT signal is given to tuner from VIF
Section for Automatic fine -tuning. +12.0V is supplied to the tuner pin 4. The desired band of the tuner is
selected by giving
LB, HB and UB Voltage from OPU/RR section for the selection of Band I, Band III and Band UHF respectively.
Also tuning voltage (TU) is given from the OPU/RR for tuning the desired channel in the selected band. C101,
C102, are capacitors for +12V, and AGC signals respectively. C106, C107, C108, are decoupling capacitors for
UB, HB and LB signals respectively.

The RF input comes to RF amplifier via Antenna and Balun transformer. The RF amplifies this signal
with Maximum Signal to Noise ratio. Local Oscill ator generates the sine wave oscillation of the frequency equal
to R.F. Channel frequency (higher side) plus 33.15MHz. This local frequency and R.F. Signal from the RF
amplifier
is heterodyned in mixer stage to produce IF signal.

E.g. for channel no. 5 (174MHz to 181MHz),

Local Osc. Frequency is 181 + 33.15 = 214.15 MHz.
Picture carrier frequency = 174.00 + 1.25 = 175.25 MHz.
Sound carrier frequency = 175.25 + 5.50 = 180.75 MHz.
By hetrodying in mixer, output frequency of mixer are
214.15 MHz - 175.25 = 38.9 MHz (Picture I.F.) and
214.15 MHz - 180.75 = 33.4 MHz (Sound I.F.).
The Composite I.F. signal is produced at the output of tuner.

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12

13

PRACTICAL-3
AIM: To study working of Video I.F. section.
Theory: This section is based on following ICs.
1. Preamplifier IC SL 1430.
2. SAW Filter - BMC389A.
3. V.I.F. IC TDA 3541A.
(1) Preamplifier stage-SL 1430: In the V.I.F. stage, SAW Filter is used instead of c onventional coil traps to make alignment simple. But
the SAW filter introduces the 15 dB loss of VIF Signal. To nullify this loss the preamplifier IC201 -SL 1430 is
used. It receives the VIF signal from tuner output at pin 5 Via C203 (1n), L201, and C201 (1 5pf). C201 (15pf)
and C203 (1n) are coupling capacitors. L201 provides input impedance matching at 38.9 MHz frequency. This
enables necessary channel bandwidth for the small signal that is applied to the amplifier. +12V supply to the
IC201 is given at pin 1. C216 (470/16) and C215 (10n) are decoupling capacitors for +12V supply. The amplified
output is obtained from pins 2 and 3 and fed to the SAW filter.
(2) SAW Filter BMC 389A: The SAW Filter BMC 389A causes 46 dB attenuation at 31.9 MHz and 40 dB at 40.4 MHz to suppress
channel beat signals. The pass band also suffers attenuation of the order of 15 dB in the filter and thus explains
the need for a preamplifier. The signal feeds at pins 2 and 4 and output becomes available at pins 1 and 5 to be
applied to the IC TDA 3541.
(3) V.I.F. IC-TDA 3541A. : It consists of follo wing stages: 1. Three stages wide band IF amplifier.
2. Synchronous video demodulator (detector).
3. Video Pre-amplifier.
4. AGC detector and noise inverter.
5. White spot inverter.
6. AFT Synchronous demodulator.
7. AFT Output amplifier.
8. Reference amplifier.
The V.I.F. Signal from output pins 1 and 5 of SAW filter is applied at pin 1 and 16 to the IC TDA 3541A
via coupling capacitor C204 (10n). The load resistor R201 (820E) ensure s stability of the TDA 3541A. This input
VIF signal is amplified by the three stage wide band IF amplifier. The maximum overall gain of the amplifier is
58 dB resulting in a typical sensitivity of 100uV at 38.9MHz at the onset of AGC. C205 (10n) connected across
pin 2 and 15 decreases gain at higher frequencies beyond the IF band by progressive negative feedback. The gain
of IF section is AGC controlled over a range of 64 dB in order to take care of the wide range of input signal
levels. The amplified IF si gnal is given to the synchronous detector. Such a detector is superior to conventional
peak detector circuits in terms of noise -free performance at weak signals, better linearity of the detected output,
lower intermodulation between sound and chroma carrie rs and lower carriers leakage at the output. The reference
signal for the demodulator is generated by the tank circuit L203 and C210 (68pf) in L203.
The composite video signal from the demodulator output is fed to the video preamplifier. This ampl ifies
the signal to the desired level and converts the differential signal to a single ended video output with negative
going sync.
The intercarrier sound signal is tapped from the video output (Pin12) and fed to the SIF section (i.e. IF
Signal). An intercarrier sound trap consisting of L205 and L202 together with R205 (2K2) attenuates sound IF
signal thus preventing its passage to video, chroma and other circuits.

19

20

In order to prevent false AGC action and to limit the video signal amplitude during presence of noise, a
noise inverter circuit is incorporated into the video amplifier stage. After noise inversion, the video signal is
applied to the AGC circuit t o derive required AGC voltages. The voltage across C206 (22n) at pin 14 indirectly
controls current through the IF amplifiers and controls the IF stage gain. When the sync tip level of the video
signal exceeds the reference level set in the AGC comparator, the capacitor discharges there by reducing the
AGC voltage at pin 14. This in turn reduces current through the IF amplifiers, thus reducing the gain. The AGC
control Voltage at pin 14 is compared with voltage at pin 3 to generate delayed AGC voltage (Tune r AGC)
required for the tuner at pin 4. The amount of delay can be adjusted by varying voltage at pin 3 by preset Pr201
(10K preset). For VCR operation pin 14 is grounded to turnoff the video output emitter follower. This presents a
high impedance at pin 1 2 and avoids overloading of the external video signal.
To obtain optimum performance from the synchronous demodulator it is essential that the reference IF is
maintained at the correct value. For this, the AFT corrects any effect of slight mist uning of the reference tuned
circuit. The AFT circuit generates current which varies in proportion to any deviation for the nominal frequency
of the IF input to the IC. This current is converted into an AFT control voltage at pins 5 and 6 from there fed to
the AFT pin of the tuner. The AFT signal can be switched OFF by shorting AFT SW.
Composite Video signal is also available as Video Out signal at Video out socket.

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21

PRACTICAL-4
AIM: To study working of Sound I.F. Section.
Theory: The IC CA 1190 is a complete sound IC. It includes a multistage If amplifier - limiter, FM detector, DC
volume control and an audio power amplifier. A regulated power supply is also provided for feeding various
stages in the IC. This reduces unwan ted coupling between the stages to a minimum.
The SIF signal from the VIF IC TDA 3541A -pin 12 is fed to the pin 1 of CA 1190 after suitable impedance
matching between the output of the VIF Section and the input of CA1190. This IF signal after suf ficient
amplification and limiting is available at pin 6 for detection. After detection detected audio signal is amplified
by A.F. Power amplifier to deliver the required power to the loudspeaker.
The S.I.F. signal is fed to the pin 1 of IC CA 1 190 via current limiting resistor R308 (330E) and Ceramic
filter L301 (SFE5.5Mb). Ceramic filter provides filtering of unwanted video frequencies present in the input
signal. It offers a 3 dB band width of about 150 KHz to SIF signal. C301 (47n) provides fi ltering of high
frequency noise and low frequency ripple of voltage at pin 2 i.e. decoupling. R301 (4E7) and C317 (47n)
provides decoupling to SIF amplifier. Pin 4,5 and 12,13 are heatsink tabs which are grounded. The SIF signal
after sufficient amplificat ion and limiting is available at pin 6 for detection. C316 (10pf) and C320 (68pf)
(internal in L302) and L302 provides F.M. demodulation by forming a differential peak detector. After detection,
the detected audio signal is amplified by A.F. power amplifi er to deliver the required power to the LS at pin 11.
C302 (10/16) provides decoupling for voltage at pin 8. The DC volume control is provided in the IC301. The DC
voltage at pin 8 decides the audio gain i.e. works as volume control. Here volume control si gnal from OPU/RR
section is given to pin 8 through current limiting resistor R309 (2K2). R306 (22K), R304 (47E) and C311
(100/16) decide the gain of audio amplifier by providing -Ve feedback at pin 9. C313 (100pf) and C314 (1n)
provide high frequency compe nstation for AC signal. C307 (4n7) provides necessary deemphasis. R305 (1E) and
C315 (0.22u) are used for loudspeaker impeance compensation at higher frequency at pin 11. Also C312 (470/16)
connected to pin 11 couples the output signal to LS. The muting si gnal applied at pin 2 from H. Osc. Section
keeps LS off during no signal condition or while channel selection. This IC provides 5.0 watts output.
The external Audio input can be connected at Audio IN socket. This signal is connected at pin 7 of IC
CA1190 through limiting coupling resistor and capacitor ( 1K, 47K and 2.2/16). The internal audio is also
available at Audio Out socket through IC pin 16 via coupling resistor 1K and capacitor 10n for audio recording.

23

24

PRACTICAL-5
AIM: To study working of Horizontal oscillator section.
Theory :
This section is based on IC TDA 1940F. It contains following stages as sho wn.
(1) Sync Separatior.
(2) Horizontal oscillator
(3) Muting facility
(4) Sandcastle pulse generator
(5) VCR Operation
(6) Start Circuit.
(1) Sync Separator: The Horizontal Sync and Vertical Sync pulses are separated by two independent differential sync
separators. This is done by setting two different clamp levels independent of Sync pulse amplitude. The
separation level of Horizontal sync separation is set at about 50% of sync pulse amplitude. Similarly, separation
level for frame sync is chosen to the blanking level. For this, different D.C. Levels are chosen at pin 8, 10 and 12
of IC TDA 1940F through R621 (27K) and R618 (47K), which provide D.C. Supply to the input circuits of the
two sync separators. The negative going composite colour signal (CCS) is applied via R603 (2K2) at pin 11 t hat
distributes it to the sync separators and noise getting circuit. The noise suppressor is activated at predetermined
voltage level to block passage of any spiked noise pulses. The separated horizontal sync pulses are fed to the
first phase loop comparator, which is designed to synchronize the phase and frequency of the horizontal
oscillator. However, the composite sync is applied via pin 9 to the integrator circuit R606 (5K6) and C603
(47n/100) to provide V.Sync pulses to be fed to the V.Osc. IC TDA 1675 .
(2) Horizontal Oscillator and Frequency Control: The Voltage controlled H. Oscillator produces a saw tooth output at 15625 Hz. The frequency is
determined by the low-loss styroflex Capacitor C605 (10n st) connected at pin 15. The precise control of ph ase
and frequency of this oscillator is affected through two -phase lock loop circuits and a coincidence detector. The
H. Oscillator synchronization is obtained by the first phase comparator whose pull -in-range and control slope is
externally adjusted via R -C networks connected at pin 6, 13 and 16. The preset Pr601 is H.hold .pn36 frequency
control. The second phase control comparator compares the line fly back pulses applied at pin 3 (from EHT) via
resistor R602 (68K) with the internally generated saw tooth output from the oscillator and keeps phase of the
reproduced picture at its correct position. The picture phase position can be adjusted externally by preset Pr602
through which D.C. voltage is fed to the comparator at pin 17.
(3) VCR (AV) Operation: The coincidence detector compares the line drive pulses (formed by the output pulse shaper) with the
horizontal sync pulses to ensure that drive output from pin 2 is in correct phase relationship with the period of
horizontal fly back pulses. In addition the coincidence detector controls feeding of H.Sync pulses to the first
comparator via a gate pulse circuit. The external components connected at pin 5 determine time constant for
optimum operation of the coincidence detector and through that of the phase comparators. However, for non standard, signals like from a VCR, a different time -constant is necessary for a stable picture. For this, the
program channel AV is selected. When this channel selected IC in OPU/RR section provides + 12V dc at
VCRSW signal which is applied at pin 5 through R 601 (2K7), C615 (4n7), R631 (6K8) and D601( 1N4148). This
+12Vdc forward biases diode D601 (1N 4148) to connect R 601 (2K7), C615 (4n7) and R631 (6K8) in parallel to
reduce the time constant.
(4) Sandcastle Pulse Genera tion: The sandcastle pulse generator combines vertical fly back pulse (V.BLK) and H.Oscillator output pulses to
form sandcastle pulses that are fed from pin 4 to chroma IC i.e. CD section.

26

27

(5) Sound Muting: The coincidence detector output is also fed to the muting circuit whose output is connected from pin 7 to
the base of transistor Q601 (BC 158B) via R622 (39K). In the absence of any TV signal there is no output to the
muting circuit. This causes drop in voltage at pin 7 that is enough to conduct to turn on Q601. The resulting
collector current provide about 6V on pin 2 of sound IC CA1190 which turns of volume. Thus with no RF input
or during channel selection there is no noise ou tput (i.e. no sound of sno w) from the loudspeaker.
(6) Start Circuit: When TV set is switched ON, +18V D.C. supply is given to the collector of start transistor Q602 (BC
147B). The emitter is at zero Volts. Hence Q602 conducts and some voltage is available at the emitter i.e. at IC
supply pin 14. Hence some EHT will be generated and +12V will be available from the EHT. So the emitter is
now at +12V DC and Q602 becomes off. This, not only means less power drawn from the mains but
interdependence of Horizontal and vertical oscillator voltages helps in maintaining aspect ratio at its correct
value.

*******************

28

PRACTICAL-6
AIM: To study working of Vertical oscillator section.
Theory: This
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

Section is based on the IC TDA 1675A. It contains follo wing stages: Vertical Oscillator
Ramp generator
Buffer
Guard Circuit
V. Sync Circuit
V. Blanking
V. Preamplifier
V. Output and prote ction.

The V.Sync pulses are applied to pin 5 through potential divider circuit R426 (10K) and R425 (4K7). The
V.oscillator frequency is determined by V. Hold Preset Pr403 (4K7 Pr), resistors R401 (12K), R409 (1K)
connected between pins 4 and 6 and capacitor C401 (0.15u) across pin 3 and 4. The saw tooth frequency at 50Hz
is adjusted by V. Hold preset. The amplitude of this saw tooth output is set by a R423 (270K) and V.Height
preset Pr401 (220K pr), which determine bias voltage on the oscillator ci rcuit.
The pins 9 and 10 are for ramp generator and buffer amplifier. The dc supply for charging ramp capacitor
C411 (0.1u) is obtained from EHT (V.stab signal) through resistor divider network R422 (10K) and R421 (390K)
and fed to pin 9 via R418 ( 1M5). Any beam current variations affect dc voltage obtained from EHT and hence
width of the raster. This also changes the height of the raster because dc supply to the ramp generator is
proportional to the focus anode voltage. Thus, a fixed aspect ratio i s maintained despite voltage fluctuations at
the mains or EHT ckt. A parabolic voltage is developed across C412 (0.1u) and fed back to the ramp circuit to
obtain linear deflection. The preset Pr402 (100K pr) connected to pin 10 via R416 (56K) is varied to control
amplitude of feedback voltage for a linear deflection of the beam i.e. Pr402 works a V.linearity control.
The output stage receives drive from the preamplifier and feeds necessary current from pin 1 (V1) to the V.
deflecting coils. To preve nt any shift in the raster position on the screen, only AC current is allowed to flow
through the field coils by inserting coupling capacitor C406 (1000u/25) in series. The output circuit is completed
to pin 8 (ground) of .pn41
The IC through the small fe ed back resistance R413 (1E5) that is grounded. The overall linearity and
stabilization of operation is obtained by both ac and dc feedbacks. The small ac voltage that develops across
R413 on current flo w is shaped by the network consisting of R414 (270E), C407 (47/25) and R415 (1K) and fed
at pin 12, which is connected to the input circuit of preamplifier. Similarly a small dc voltage that occurs across
the coupling capacitor C406 is feedback at pin 12 via R412 (2k2).
The resistance R407 (470E) that shunts the deflection coils is to prevent any high frequency oscillations that
may occur during retrace. The capacitor C402 (0.22/100) and R403 (2E7) form a high frequency shunt path from
output pin 1 to ground agains t any instability of operation in the deflection circuit. The resistor divider network
R408 (1K2) and R411 (1K2) from +25V dc supply connects a fixed dc voltage at the lower end of vertical coils.
The vertical position can be changed by altering these resi stors. The +25V dc supply from the EHT is given to
pin 14 via R405 (10E,1/2W) and via diode D401 (1N 4002) at pin 2 and through dropping resistor R406 (3K3) to
pin 13. The voltage regulator from pin 14 distributes to supply to various stages in the IC. The output amplifier
receives dc supply from diode D401 (1N 4002) where capacitor C405 (47/25) boost up voltage to be available
during retrace intervals. It is necessary to apply a large dc voltage at the beginning of retrace to counter the back
emf voltage induced in the coils because it is only then that a smooth and fast retrace becomes possible. The
capacitor C404 (0.1u) is for high frequency bypass when retrace occurs. V. Retrace blanking (V.BLK) pulses are
available at pin 13 and fed to pin 18 of TDA 194 0F for forming sandcastle pulses.
*******************
33

34

PRACTICAL-7
AIM: To study working of Colour Decoder Section.
Theory: This section is based on the IC TDA 3561A.
This IC consists of following sections: 1. Chroma amplifier
2. Automatic colour control (ACC)
3. Colour killer
4. Gated burst amplifier
5. Burst phase discriminator
6. Subcarrier reference oscillator
7. PAL Switch
8. Burst phase identification
9. Phase shift
10. Pulse shaper
11. U & V demodulator
12. RGB matrix
13. Luminance signal processing (external to IC)
14. PAL delay line (external to IC)
15. Beam current limiting (external)
16. Chorma band pass amplifier (external to IC)
17. Video buffer (external to IC)
18. External data insertion.
19. Output signal clamping and blanking.
The composite video signal (CVD) from the IC TDA 3541A (VIF section) is given to the video buffer
transistor Q860 (BC 147B). The output signal is available at the emitter of Q860. From the emitter this
composite colour signal (CCS) is given to thr ee paths.
1. Directly to horizontal osc. and sync separator section for separating H.sync, V.sync and colour burst.
2. To separate chroma signal from CCS and to give it to IC pin 3 after passing it to suitable band pass
traps.
3. To obtain luminance signal (Y) to give it to IC pin 10 after passing it through colour
Sub carrier trap and luma delay line.
(A) Chroma Signal Path :
The CCS signal available at the emitter of Q860 is given to the chroma band -pass trap consistin g of R852
(4K7), C851 (15pf), R853 (2K2), C853 (22pf) and L853. After proper chroma band shaping it is given to the pin
3 of IC-TDA3561 through coupling capacitor -C857 (22nDC).
(B) Luminance Signal Path:
The CCS signal available at the emitter of Q860 is given to the RC network consisting of R860 (270E),
C861 (220pf), R862 (330E) and R863 (270E) for proper attenuation and band shaping to provide only Y signal.
C860 (27pf) and L860 provides trap for 4.43 MHz chroma subcarrier signal to prevent it t o reaching Luminance
signal input-pin 10 of IC. The Luminance signal delay is required as chroma signal passes through complex
circuit and reaches later than Y signal, hence Y signal is delayed so as to reach both luminance and chroma
signals at the same i nstance at the modulating electrodes of the picture tube. Thus Y delay is necessary to avoid
blurring of colours at the edges of various objects in the reproduced picture. Hence Y delay line DL1 is used to
provide delay of @330ns to Y signal.
35

The colour, brightness and contrast voltages are given from OPU/RR section to potential dividers across the
common +12V supply with each supplying an adjustable voltage to its associated pins 6,11 and 7 respectively.
Also nominal black level preset Pr802 is connected at pin 11. The output from the chroma amplifier appears on
pin 28 from where it is connected to the externally mounted PAL delay line and its associated components. Pr601
is colour amplitude control. L880 is chroma phase alignment coil. The U & V signals (R -Y and B -Y) that become
available at the output of delay line, adder and subtractor circuitry are fed back into the IC via pins 21 and 22
and from there to the B -Y and R-Y demodulators in the IC. The Chroma delay line seperates B -Y and R-Y
modulated signals from combined chroma signal. The 4.43 MHz reference oscillator signal required by the two
modulators is derived by an external crystal (Xtal X875 -8.86 MHz) connected across pins 25 and 26. The 8.86
MHz signal is inverted to obtain another 8.86MHz source 180 degree out of phase with it. Both the signals are
then divided by a factor of two to obtain two independent outputs at 4.43 MHz at 90 degree phase shift with each
other.
The IC pin details are as under.
Pin 1 - +12V supply

C898 (100/16) and C856 (22n) are decoupling capacitors for +12V supply.
Pin 2 - Control voltage for identification -

The H/2 identification or detector circuit. C896 (0.33u) is used to pr oduce this

control voltage.

Pin 3 - Chroma input signal Pin 4 - Reference Voltage ACC Detector -

A decoupling capacitor C895 (0.33) is provided at this pin to produce reference ACC

voltage.

Pin 5 - Control Voltage ACC -

The ACC is obtained by synchronous detection of the burst followed by a peak detector. For good -noise
Immunity C894 (2.2/16) is connected between pin 4 and 5.
Pin 6 - Colour (saturation) control -

R921 (39K), R920 (10K) and R922 (39K) is potential divider to limit the control voltage range between
2 to 4V. C920 (1/16) is for decoupling. When this pin is connected to the +12V, through colour SW, the
colourkiller circuit is over -ruled so that colour signal is visible on the screen for adjustment of C875.
Pin 7 - Contrast Control

R916 (390k), R917 (680K), R915 (120K) is potential divider to limit the control voltage range from 2 to
4V. The output signal is suppressed when control voltage is 1V or less. If the signal surpasses the level of 9V,
the peak white (beam current) limiter circuit becomes active and reduces the output signal by discharging C915
(1/16) via an internal current sink. Q900 (BC147B) works as beam current limiting transistor (in EHT section).
When beam stabilization signal ( which depend on EHT output as explained in EHT section) increases certain
level, the collector voltage of Q900 increases beyond 9V, which is given to the IC Pin 7 for reducing the output
for preventing PT Cathodes from destroying.
Pin 8 - Sandcastle and Field Blanking Input:

The Sandcastle and field blanking input is given to this pin, from pin 4 of IC TDA
1940F in
H.Osc.section. A gate pulse separator circuit inside the Ic separates and routes burst and Blanking Pulses to
corresponding circuits. If the amplitude of sandcastle pulse is between 2V to 6.5V it indicates that transmission
is black and
white. Then no RGB signals are available at 12, 14 and 16. However, when the pulse amplitude
exceeds 7.5V the burst gate and clamping circuits are activ ated. The higher
part of sandcastle pulse should
start just after the sync pulse to prevent clamping
of video signal on Sync pulses.
Pin 9 - Video - Data sw itching:

In normal operation this pin is connected to ground via R892 (1K). During ON Scree n
display signal
the insertion circuit is activated through this pin by an input pulse
of magnitude between 1 and 2V of OSD. In
this condition, the internal RGB signals are
switched off and the inserted signals (OSD) are applied to the
output amplifier.
Pin 10 - Luminance Signal Input:

It must have amplitude between 0.45V To 5V (peak to peak) at nominal contrast.

35

36

Pin 11 - Brightness Control :

The black level clamp of RGB outputs can be met by the voltages on this pin 11. R911
(68K), R910 (3K3),
R912 (27K) is potential divider to limit the brightness voltage
between 1 to 2.5V. C9 (1/16) is the decoupling
capacitor. Pr802 (10K pr) i s nominal
black level control preset.
Pin 12 - Red output signal (VDR)
Pin 14 - Green output signal (VDG)
Pin 16 - Blue output Signal (VDB)
Pin 13 - Input for external R input signal.
Pin 15 - Input for external G input signal.
Pin 17 - Input for external B input signal.

These pins 13,15,17 are left open, as they are not used.
Pin 18 - Black level clamp for B signal.

C891 (0.1u) is black level clamp capacitor for Red colour.

Pin 19 - Black level clamp for G signal.

C892 (0.1u) is black level clamp capacitor for Green colour.

Pin 20 - Black level clamp for R signal.

C893 (0.1u) is black level clamp capacitor for Blue colour.

Pin 21 & 22 - Inputs (B -Y) and (R-Y) demodulators

The voltage level of these signals is automatically fixed to the required level by
means of burst phase
detector and ACC generators which are connected to pins 21 and 22.
R884 (220E), R885 (220E) are biasing
resistors at pin 21 and 22. C883 (22n) is
coupling capacitors to couple chroma output signals from pin 28 to
chroma delay line.
Pin 23 & 24 - Burst phase detector outputs :

At these pins the output of burst detector (inside the IC) is filtered by C877 (0.1u). The filter circuit has
Suitable time constant for adequate catching. R876 (1K) and C
876 (22/16) provide this time constant.
Pin 25 & 26 - Reference subcarrier Oscillator:

The frequency of the reference subcarrier oscillator is adjusted by variable capacitor C87 5 that is in series
with 8.86 MHz crystal connected between pins 25 and 26 of the
oscillator circuit.
Pin 27 - Ground Pin:
Pin 28 - Output of chroma Amplifier:

Both burst and chroma signals are available at this pin. It is fed to the PAL -delay
line circuit to obtain U
and V signal. Pr901 (470E Pr) is colour amplitude control
preset. L880 is chroma phase Coil. L881 is chroma
input coil. C881 (22n) is chroma -coupling capacitor to chroma delay line.
Emitter bias

The transistor Q930 (BC147B) is a constant current source, which develops emitter bias (E.Bias) at R931
(68E) to provide it to VDA section. R932 (1K), R933 (330E) are
its biasing resistors. R930 (180E) is the
collector load resistor.
******************

42

PRACTICAL-8
AIM: To study working of S.M.P.S. Section.
Theory: The main function of this section is to provide isolated + 115V and +18V DC supply from 230V AC mains.
The S.M.P.S. section consists of five processes.
1. Generation of +330V DC.
2. Switching Action.
3. Controlling Action.
4. Starting of switching Action.
5. Output Voltage rectification
(1) Generation of +330V DC: The ac mains voltage is applied from remote receiver section through relay and protection fuse F801 (2A).
The capacitors C801 (0.1u), C802 (0.1u), bifilar inductor M801 (EMI Filter) form a - Filter configuration to
prevent mains side interferenc e entering the SMPS circuit. It also prevents the pollution of ac mains by spiked
pulses generated in the switching transistor Q804 (BU 508A). This EMI consists of two small inductors wound on
the same core and mutually coupled in such a direction that mag netic field produced by the each cancel out. The
ac main is also fed to degaussing coils through PTC thermistor for demagnetizing picture tube structure every
time the receiver is switched ON.
The mains supply is rectified by a bridge circuit forme d by diodes D801 to D804 (1N4007) and a dc voltage
about +330V is developed across the filter capacitor C807 (100u/400). C803 to C806 (4n7/400) are high
frequency noise bypass capacitors for D801 to D804. The fusible resistor R802 (3E3/5W) limits in -rush current
to a safe value at the time of switching ON.
(2) Switching Action: The switching transistor Q804 (BU 508A) and SMPS transformer M802 constitute the blocking oscillator
that is set to operate at a frequency close to 15 KHz. The positive feedback for sustained oscillations is obtained
by rectifying the voltage induce d across the winding (9 -10). The feedback current complete its path from pin 9
via base emitter junction of Q804, R816 (1E, 1/2W), R817 (22E,1/2W) and Diode D808 (BA159) to other end
(pin 10) of the winding. The resistor R817 (22E, 1/2W) and R816 (1E, 2W) limit the base current to a safe
maximum value. The transistor Q804 passes a rising current through winding (1 -7) from +330V supply given
through fuse F802 (1A fuse) during its ON period. The current completes its path from +330V (+ve terminal) to
SMPS ground (-Ve terminal) via fuse F802 (1A), drive winding (1 -7), collector to emitter of Q804, R816 and
R815 (2E2, 1/2W). The resistor R815 produces a small -ve feedback to suppress collector current peaks.
Similarly, series network C812 (1n5/2KV) and R818 ( 33E, 5W) is to quench any high voltage peaks across the
switching transistor. The energy stored in the primary winding (1 -7), when Q804 conducts, is transferred to load
circuits through secondary windings (6 -5) and (6-4). The transfer occurs during OFF p eriods of Q804 when
polarity of induced voltages is +ve at upper ends of these windings.
(3) Controlling Action : The regulation is obtained by controlling ON period of Q804 by removing base drive to it for varying
intervals. This is done by clo sing the PNPN Switch formed by transistor Q802 (BC158B) and Q803 (BC147B)
with signals from the load sensing winding (11 -12). Normally the base of Q802 is held at +Ve potential with
reference to its collector by a dc voltage derived from 30V supply line an d D805 (8.2V) zener. The control
(error) signal is obtained from the load sensing winding (11 -12) by rectifying it with diode D807 (BA159) and
C809 (10/63). The +ve voltage is applied to the base of error amplifier transistor Q801 (BC147B) via R806
(6K8), Preset Pr801 (1Kpr) and R807 (2K7). The zener D805 (8.2v Zener) passes current through R809 (8K2) to
develop a fixed voltage 8.2V across it. It serves as reference voltage to the error amplifier. The base to emitter
bias for Q801 is set by varying Pr801 to such a value that it passes only a small collector current under normal
output load conditions. The ensuing collector current develops only a small +ve voltage across R808 (1K8). This
43

voltage is given to the base of Q802 (BC158B) via R812 (10K) and R813 ( 6K8) potential divider. Hence Q802 is
OFF. Hence Q803 is also OFF and feedback is continuously applied to the base of Q804 from the drive winding
(9-10).
During fluctuations in load or line supply voltage, the error voltage changes and this affect s base drive to
the error amplifier Q801 with excess energy in the transformer windings, the error signal increases, and Q801
drives more and collector current increases hence its collector voltage reduces. Hence Q803 and Q802 becomes
ON i.e. there is a short across between the emitter of Q803 and Q802 and C811 +ve terminal. The capacitor C811
which was earlier charged by diode D811 (BA159) to the voltage across winding (9 -10), now discharges to pass
current through Q802 and Q803. The sudden discharge of C8 11 causes two things. The voltage at emitter of Q802
drops to near zero and Q802 and Q033 becomes open. With near short across C811, the feedback winding is
almost short circuited via R815, R808 and R817 thereby removing base drive to Q801. This reduces O N time of
the switching transistor to counteract excess energy stored in the windings. Such a situation can continue for
several oscillator cycles to balance energy transfer from primary to secondary. The error voltage continuously
monitors output voltage to provide excellent voltage regulation on the load side.
(4) Start of switching Action: On turning on the set, switching action of Q804 starts with base bias supplied via +330V supply to the base
of Q804 via R819 (330K, 1/2W) when there is no f eedback voltage of its emitter. While frequency of switching
gradually picks up with feedback from drive winding (9 -10) the base bias given bo +330V is stopped.
(5) Output Voltage Rectification: +115V and +18V D.C. Supply are obtained by rectifying output pulses available across secondary winding
(5-6 and 4-6) by D809 (BA159) & C816 (100/250) and D810 (BA159) & C817 (1000/25) respectively. +33V is
also derived from +115V supply by R720 (12K , 2W) and C709 (100/40). C709 IS decoupling/filter capacitor for
+33V. This +33V is given to RR section for tuner.
(6) Prevention of Interference: The input circuit to the a.c. mains is suitably designed to filter out high harmonic components and prevent
passage of interfering pulses either way. To quench high voltage pulse that may damage Q804 a network consists
of C812 and R818 is connected between its collector and emitter. This also prevents any frequency oscillations
by dissipating excess ene rgy in R818. Since the SMPS frequency is not synchronized with the line oscillator,
careful shielding of power supply components is necessary.
******************

44

45

PRACTICAL-9
AIM: To study working of Colour Picture tube Section.
Theory: The picture consists of three gun Red, Blue and Green. The R, G, B outputs from VDA is applied to
respective cathode of the gun.
i.e. B output to blue cathode BK (pin 11)
G output to Green cathode GK (Pin 6)
R output to Red cathode RK (Pin 8)
Pin 9 and 10 are the filament pins. Filament Voltage 6.3V ac from EH T Section is applied to pin 10. pin 9 is
grounded for filament voltage return path.
Pin 5 is control grid (G1). The Horizontal blanking pulses (H. BLK) obtained from the EHT section are
applied to pin 5 through current limiting resistor R2 (1K). C 5 (100pf) is high frequency bypass capacitor for H.
BLK signal.
Pin 7 is the screen grid (i.e. Accelerating grid -G2). Accelerating Voltage V.ACC about (100V to 300V) is
applied from EHT Section through R3 (1K) and C1 (33n/630V). R3 is current limit ing and C1 is high frequency
bypass capacitor for V.acc.
Pin 1 is the focus grid (G3). About 5.9 KV Voltage (VFC) is given to the focus grid from EHT Section for
focusing purpose. The deflection yoke is situated at the neck of picture tube along wi th purity and convergence
magnets.
About 25KV EHT Voltage is supplied at the EHT connection (Final Anode of PT) from the EHT Section.
The Vertical and Horizontal sweep is applied to V. deflection and H. deflection coil from V. Osc. and EHT
Section respectively for deflection of Beam.
H1-H2 is H. deflection coils and V1 -V2 is V. deflection coils. Aquadag coating of the colour picture tube is
earthed to high voltage ground of EHT (i.e. EHT pin 5). C5 is also connected to High Voltage Ground i .e. control
grid voltage is at high voltage reference. Spark gaps are used at each pin of tube to bypass high voltage sparking
etc.
******************

45

46

PRACTICAL-10
Aim: To measure Test Point Voltages for different sections.
Readings: All voltage are DC voltage measured by DMM except mentioned.
(1) Main Voltages: 1. +115V Output from SMPS
2. +18 V Output from SMPS
3. +12 V Output from EHT
4. +25 V Output from EHT
5. +150V Output from EHT
7. Q714 (BF393) Collector + 60V.
8. +330V DC at Fuse F802 with reference to bridge rectifier ground
(2) Voltages of different sections: 1.

Tuner section: -

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2.

AFT
AFT SW
UB
LB
TU
HB
TU AGC
+12V
IF O/P

5.2
0.0 When AFT SW is ON.
10.6 if Band UHF selected.
10.6 if Band I Selected.
0 to 33.0 depending upon the channel selected.
10.6 if Band III Selected.
2.7 to 8.2
12.1
0.20

2. V.I.F. Section: -

(A) I C SL 1430
Pin

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

+12V supply
IF O/P
IF O/P
X
IF I/P
Ground
X
X

12.1
5.7
5.8
X
3.0
0.0
X
X

(B) IC TDA 3541A/2541A

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

IF Input
Decoupling
Tuner AGC starts
Tuner AGC
AFT Output
AFT Switch
AFT Coil
VD coil
VD Coil
AFT coil
+12V Supply
CVD O/P
Ground
IF AGC/ VCR switch

4.8
4.8
1.0
1.3
5.9
0.0
3.9
7.9
7.9
3.9
12.1
4.0
0.0
6.5
60

15. Decoupling
16. IF Input

4.8
4.8

(3) SIF Section: (A) IC CA 1190

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

SIF Input
SIF Input
Decoupling
HS Tab
HS Tab
FM detection
FM detection
Volume control
Gain
Fre. Compensation
Audio output
HS Tab
HS Tab
+18V Supply
Feed back
Deemphasis

3.2
3.2
3.1
X
X
2.5
2.5
3.5 (1.8 at full volume)
9.4
0.7
9.3
X
X
18.4
9.4
9.4

(5) H.Oscillator section: (A) IC TDA 1940F

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Ground
H.O/P
HFB
SCP
VCR SW
Mute
V.Sync
CCS
+12V supply
H. Osc. Fre.
H.position
V.BLK

0.0
1.3
-0.2
1.7
1.9
0.0
11.5
5.8
1.5
4.5
3.8
6.6
5.0
11.1
5.4
5.6
5.0
0.2

(B) Mute Transistor: -

1. Q601

2. Start Transistor
Q602

(6) V.osc. Section: ( A) TDA 1675A

1. V1
2. 3. V.osc. Fre.
4. V.osc. Fre.

Collector 0.1
Base
11.5
Emitter
11.5
Collector 18.5
Base
10.1
Emitter
11.5

13.8
24.5
3.4
0.5
61

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

V.Sync
V.osc. Fre.
Height
Ground
V.Stab
V. Linearity
V.BLK
+25V Supply
-

0.4
0.5
6.8
0.0
3.5
4.5
4.3
4.2
1.1
24.5
1.6

6A. Chroma Section: (A) IC TDA 3561 A

Pin
1. +12V supply
2. Indent control Voltage
3. Chroma Input
4. Reference ACC
5. Control Voltage ACC
6. Colour control
7. Contrast control
8. SCP
9. Video data SW
10. Luminance Y signal input
11. Brightness control
12. Red output
13. Red ex-input
14. Green output
15. Green ex-input
16. Blue output
17. Blue ex-input
18. Black level clamp for Blue
19. Black level clamp for
Green
20. Black level Clamp for Red
21. B-Y
22. R-Y
23. Burst phase detector
24. Burst Phase detector
25. Subcarrier Osc.
26. Subcarrier Osc.
27. Ground
28. Amplified chroma output

12.0
3.2
2.6
4.7
3.8
1.8 to 4.0
1.8 to 4.0
1.7
0.1
1.8
1.8 to 4.0
4.0
5.6
4.0
5.6
4.0
5.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
2.6
2.6
9.8
9.8
10.3
2.1
0.0
8.0

(B) Transistors

1. Video buffer Q860

(BC 547B)

Collector 12.1V
Base
4.0V
Emitter
3.4V

2. Emitter Bias
Q930 (BC 547B)

Collector 9.5V
Base
3.1V
Emitter 2.4V

(6B) VDA Section: (A) Transistors

1. Red O/P transistor

Q 11

Collector 63.0
Base
3.0
62

Emitter

2.4

2. Green O/P transistor

Q 21

Collector 64.0
Base
3.0
Emitter 2.4

3. Blue O/P transistor

Q 31

Collector 60.5
Base
3.0
Emitter 2.4

(7) EHT Section: 1. +115V Supply Input

2. +18 V Supply Input
3. +12 V Output
4. +25 V Output
5. +150V Output
6. F1 Output
7. F2 Output
8. HFB Output
9. H.BLK Output
10. HVR Output
11. Beam stab output
12. Vacc (g2) output
13. H. Drive
14. BU 208D Collector
15. BU 208D Base
16. BF 393 Collector

115.0
18.5
12.4
24.5
152.0
6.0 V AC
0.0
17V AC
7.7V AC
-22.0
0.7
10 0.0
1.5
250V AC To be measured by Analog Multimeter only
0.6V AC To be measured by Analog Multimeter only
65V DC To be measured by Analog Multimeter only

(A) Transistors

1. Beam Current limit

Q900 (BC 147B)

Collector 2.3V
Base
0.0V
Emitter 0.7V

(8) SMPS Section: (A) Transistors

All voltages to be measured with respect to pin 11 of SMPS Xmer i.e cathode of Diode D805
(8.2V Zener diode)

Q801 BC 147B

Q802 BC 158B

Q803 BC 147B

Q804 BU 508A

(9) Picture Tube Section: Pin

1. Focus grid
2. X
3. X
4. X
5. Control grid
6. Green Cathod e
7. Screen Grid
8. Red cathode
9. Filament 1

Collector
Base
Emitter
Collector
Base
Emitter
Collector
Base
Emitter
Collector
Base
Emitter

g3
X
X
X
g1
GK
g2
RK
f1

11.4
9.2
8.5
0.1
4.9
1.1
0.7
0.1
0.0
340 VAC To be measured by Analog Multimeter only
-2.2
0.2

5.0 KV DC
X
X
X
7.7 V AC
64
100
63
6.0V AC
63

10. Filament 2
11. Blue Cathode

f2
BK

0.0
60
Main Test Point Signals

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

IF I/P
CVD
SIF
AFT
TU AGC
LS
H.O/P
V.Sync
HFB
CCS
SCP
V1
V2
V BLK
VDR
VDB
VDG
E.BIAS
R
G
B

0.2
4.0
4.0
5.9
1.1 to 8.2
6.5 VAC with full volume.
1.5
1.1
18V AC
3.8
1.7
14.0
13.5
1.1
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.4
63.0
64.0
60.0
****************

64

65

66

67

68

PRACTICAL-11
Aim: - To demonstrate and understand the faults of a Colour TV Receiver.
Faults can be created either:
(1) by removing jumpers connecting the different sections.
(2) by removing or shorting particular component.
(3) by misadjusting internal or external or external controls.
Note: - Remember that, every time switch off the trainer when removing or connecting any jumper or
Component. Readjust any control /preset/coil if it was disturbed, to see the fault as per alignment
Method given in
Procedure: -

Any one fault can be created by many ways.

Follo wing faults can be demonstrated by removing ANY of the given jumpers.

Jumpers to be disconnected.

Fault

(A). S.M.P.S. Section: (1)

1. +115V and +18V supply

No Raster, No Picture, No Sound

(2)

1. +115V jumper

No Picture, No Raster, Sound O.K.

(3)

1. Reduce +115V supply by

Pr801 by rotating it
Anticlockwise

Less Height and Width.

(4)

1. Increase +115V supply

By rotating preset
Pr801 clockwise

More Height, Width and brightness

(5)

1. +33V jumper

No operation of remote receiver

(B). Vertical Section: (6)

1. V1 jumper
2. +25 V jumper

Straight H.Line

(7)

1. V2 jumper

Curved H.Line

(8)

1. Rotate Preset Pr401.

Less or more Height

(9)

1. Rotate Pr402

Vertical Linearity improper

(10) 1. V.Lin. Jumper

Vertical fold over

(11) 1. V.Sync jumper

2. Rotate Preset Pr403

V.Sync loss i.e.

Picture rolling vertically.

(12) 1. V.BLK jumper

Retrace lines with picture

(13) 1. Remove J1 or J2 jumper

Vertical Center position of picture improper

79

(14) 1. Interchange V1 and V2

Wires of Picture tube

Vertical scene reversed

(C). Horizontal Section: (15)

1. HFB jumper

Horizontal phase shift

(16)

1. Rotate Preset Pr601

H.Sync loss i.e.

(17)

1. CCS jumper

V.Sync , H.sync and loss of colour picture.

Picture rolling diagonally.

(18)

1. Rotate Pr602

Horizontal Centre position of picture not proper

(19)

1. Keep mute switch in

off position

Snow sound will be heard during no station

(20)

1. Remove +12V ju mper

No Raster

(D). E.H.T. Section: (21) 1. H1 or H2 jumper

Vertical Line

(22)

1. H. Drive jumper

No raster, R728 burns.

(23)

1. Rotate Linearity Coil

Magnet.

Less or more width

(24)

1. Remove Beam stab

Jumper J3

Excessive Contrast

(25)

1. Interchange H1 and H2
Wires of Picture tube

Horizontal scene and letters reversed

(26)

1. Rotate Screen pot on

EHT Xmer

White level and Brightness increases or decreases

(27)

1. Rotate Focus pot on

EHT Xmer

Picture defocuses.

(28)

1. Remove H.BLk jumper

Half picture black.

(E). Video Amplifier Section: (29) 1. +150 V jumper

Retrace Lines

(30)

1. VDR jumper
2. R jumper

No Red Colour in the picture

(31)

1. VDB jumper
2. B jumper

No Blue Colour in the picture

(32)

1. VDG jumper
2. G jumper

No Green Colour in the Picture

(33)

1. Rotate Pr25

Green colour increases or decreases in Black

level of B/W picture

(34)

1. Rotate Pr15

Red colour increases or decreases in Black

level of B/W picture
80

(35)

1. Rotate Pr35

Blue colour increases or decreases in Black

level of B/W picture

(36)

1. Rotate Pr21

Green colour increases or decreases in Wh ite

level of B/W picture

(37)

1. Rotate Pr11

Red colour increases or decreases in White

level of B/W picture

(38)

1. Rotate Pr31

Blue colour increases or decreases in White

Level of B/W picture

(39)

1. Remove J9

Red colored (tinted) picture with retrace Lines

(40)

1. Remove J10

Green Colored picture with retrace lines

(41)

1. Remove J8

Blue colored picture with retrace lines

(F). Colour Decoder Section: (42) 1. Rotate C875

B/W Picture O.K. but no Colour

(43)

1. Rotate Pr901.

Colour decreases or increases

(44)

1. Rotate Pr802

Black level of picture changes

(45)

1. Jumper J4

Colour and B/W picture shifted i.e. blurred edges

(46)

1. Jumper J6

No colour

(47)

1. Jumper J7

Improper colour

(48)

1. SCP jumper

No raster, only pickup when jumper touched

(49)

1. E.Bias jumper

No raster, only pickup when jumper touched

(50)

1. Rotate L853

Colour sharpness changes

(51)

1. Rotate L860

Colour spots in B/W transmission

(52)

1. Rotate L880

Venetian blind line increase in picture

(53)

1. Keep Colour Switch

in ON position

Actual information about whether colour is present

or not displayed on screen

(G). Video I.F. Section: (54) 1. CVD jumper (J1)

Raster O.K., Sound O.K., No Picture

(55)

1. Rotate Pr201 anticlockwise

Snowy Picture/Weak picture

(56)

1. Rotate Video detector Coil

Sound/Picture mismatch

(57)

1. Rotate Video detector Coil

Color in picture vanishes

(58)

1. Rotate AFT Coil

Range of AFT action reduces

(59)

1. Rotate AFT Coil

Sound/Picture mismatch occurs

(60)

1. Keep AFT Switch

AFT action vanishes

81

in OFF position
(61)

1. Rotate Pr201 fully Clockwis e

Black sync disturbed Picture due to overgain.

(62)

1. Rotate Sound trap coil L202

Sound bars occurs in weak transmission

(63)

1. Rotate input coil L201

Picture become sno wy in transmission

(64)

1. IF jumper

(H). Sound I.F. and Audio a mplifier Section: (65) 1. SIF jumper

Weak or no picture

Weak or No sound

(66)

1. Detune L302.

Distorted Sound

(67)

1. Detune L302.

Less Sound

(68)

1. Rotate Preset 100k

in OPU/RR section

Sound cannot be reduced by Volume control

(69)

1. Remove jumper at Pin 3

of IC301 -CA1190

Sound Distorted

(70)

1. Remove jumper at Pin11

of IC301 -CA1190

Sound Distorted

(I). Tuner Section: (71) 1. +12V jumper to Tuner

Only sno w, No Picture, No Sound

(72)

1. Remove AFT jumper

AFT action vanishes

(73)

1. Remove AGC jumper

Picture becomes snowy

(74)

1. Remove LB jumper

Band I channels not possible to

Tune

(75)

1. Remove HB jumper

Band III channels not possible to tune

(76)

1. Remove UB jumper

UHF channels not possible to tune

(77)

1. Remove TU jumper

No channel possible to tune on any band

(J). Remote Receiver Section: (78) 1. Remove G -OSD jumper

No green signal on OSD

(79)

1. Remove R-OSD jumper

No Red signal on OSD

(80)

1. Remove B-OSD jumper

No Blue signal on OSD

(81)

1. Remove Relay jumper

No operation of S.M.P.S.

(82)

1. Remove CON jumper

No operation by Contrast + or -

(83)

1. Remove BRT jumper

No operation by Brightness + or -

(84)

1. Remove COL jumper

No operation by Colour + or -

(85)

1. Remove VOL jumper

No operation of Volume + or 82

83

84

85

CHAPTER - 35
GLOSSARY OF THE TECHNICAL WORDS.
APERTURE MASK:
A metal plate with accurately formed holes, placed closely behind the phosphor -dot coated screen in a
colour T.V. picture tube. Its function is to ensure that each of the three electron beams strike only the desired
colour phosphor dot associated with the beam. This is also known as s hadow mask.
ACC:
Automatic Colour Control.
AFC:
Automatic Frequency Control - An arrangement for automatically controlling the frequency of an
oscillator against some reference. In television this term is used mainly with reference to the checking and
correcting the frequency of the line oscillator.
AFT:
Automatic Fine Tuning - An arrangement normally used in colour T.V. receivers to automatically check
and correct the frequency of the local oscillator in the tuner. This ensures that the video IF re mains at the
correct value and eliminates the need of frequent adjustment of the manual fine -tuning control.
APC:
Automatic Phase Control - This refers to the arrangement used in colour television receivers for checking
and correcting the phase of the regenerated colour sub -carrier.
ACTIVE LINES:
The television image lines actually visible on screen of picture tube. Number of lines per picture are 625.
Out of these approximately 585 are active, the remaining occur during the vertical retrace period, when the
viewing tube is blanked out.
ADJACENT CHANNEL:
The channel immediately above or below the reference channel.
ALIGNMENT:
Adjustment of tuning circuits so that they respond to the designed frequency or band of frequencies.
AQUADAG COATING:
It is the conductive graphite coating on inside glass wall of picture tube funnel or bell, that extends from
face plate or screen to about halfway into the narrow neck. This coating acts as final anode.
ASPECT RATIO:
Ratio of width to height of picture frame.
ATTENUATION:
Term used to denote a decrease of signal magnitude.
AUDIO:
Current or frequencies corresponding to sound waves.
AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL:
The purpose of automatic frequency control (AFC) in a television receiver is to keep phas e and frequency
of receivers horizontal oscillator synchronized with phase and frequency of incoming sync pulses
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL:
A circuit arrangement, which adjusts the gain of a receiver and keeps the output relatively constant, in
spite of variations in strength of input at aerial.
109

AUTOMATIC VOLUME CONTROL:

A circuit to maintain audio output level to a pre -set value.
BRIGHTNESS:
The sensation whereby, to the human eye, an area (or an object) appears to emit varying levels of light
from black to gray to brilliant white.
BALUN:
An impedance -matching device for antennas; used between transmission.
BANDWIDTH :
The difference, expressed in Hz between two frequencies that are the upper and the lower limits of a band of
frequencies.
BAR GENERATOR :
A generator for producing pulses equally separated in time that are synchronized so they produce a
stationary bar pattern on a television screen for test purpose.
BEAM :
The stream of electrons passing from the cathode to the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube.
BLACKER THAN BLACK REGION:
The portion of video signal above the black level. It contains the synchronizing pulses.
BLANKING:
The process of applying negative voltage to the control grid of cathode -ray tube to cut off the e lectron
beam during the retrace or fly back period.
BLOOMING:
Increase in picture size due to over -sweeping because of reduced high voltage to final anode of CRT.
BOOST SUPPLY:
A high voltage D.C. supply produced in horizontal output section. This booste d B + Voltage is commonly
used for horizontal output tube, vertical oscillator and first anode of picture tube.
BRIGHTNESS CONTROL :
A control in a television receiver that varies the average illumination of the image, on screen by varying
the bias on the cathode-ray tube.
CAMERA:
An equipment used in television transmitting station in which the image of the scene to be televised is
converted into equivalent electrical impulses.
CARONA:
A point at high potential can ionize the surrounding air to produce a visible corona effect, which is light
blue in colour. This causes loss to power.
CARRIER:
A suitable wave for carrying signals (audio or video) to long distances without wire. In TV stations radio
frequencies work as carriers for audio or video frequen cy signal.
CASCODE AMPLI@@ER:
An amplifier circuit using twin -triode tube (or two transistors) to provide better gain and less noise.
CATHODE :
The electron-emitting electrode of an electron tube.

110

CATHODE FOLLOWER :
It is essentially a grounded plate a mplifier in which plate is at ac ground. The circuit is generally
operated as a class A amplifier, the output of which appears across the unbiased cathode resistor. This introduces
degeneration (negative geed back) and prevents the circuit from producing a voltage gain. The grid circuit draws
no grid current and presents high input impedance. The load impedance, which may by anywhere from 50 to
20,000 ohms, presents low output impedance. This circuit them become ideal for matching a high impedance
source to a lo w impedance load.
CATHODE-RAY-TUBE:
In cathode-ray-tube (CRT) a ray or beam of electrons emitted from cathode and it strikes face plate or
screen, which is coated with fluorescent material. The picture tube of a TV receiver is cathoderay tube.
CHANNEL:
A band of frequencies including the assigned carrier frequency within which a station is required to keep
its modulated carrier signal in order to prevent interference with stations on adjacent channels.
CLAMPING:
Keeping one amplitude at consta nt level, e.g., the blanking level can be clamped at grid cut off voltage
for picture tube. The clamping function is really the same as D.C. insertion or D.C. Restoration.
CHASSIS:
Assembled parts on a metal frame or base, not including the housing or cab inet. Also, the metal frame
itself.
CHOKE COIL :
It limits the flow of alternating current while allowing direct current to pass.
CHROMINANCE:
A colour term defining the hue and saturation of a colour.
CHROMINANCE SIGNAL :
The U and V side -bands of the modulated colour sub -carrier. These carry information pertaining to the
hue and saturation of the colour but no information regarding the brightness.
COLOUR BURST:
A synchronizing signal consisting of about 10 cycles of colour subcarrier oscillator in th e transmitter
(frequency 4.43 MHz approx in PALB system). It is transmitted during the back -porch of the line sync signals
and is used to synchronise the colour sub -carrier oscillator in the colour TV receiver.
COLOUR CONTROL:
Also known as chroma control, is a control provided on colour TV receivers with which the saturation of
colours in a colour picture can be adjusted.
CCVS:
Composite Colour Video Signalsor composite video signal in colour TV receivers. These include th e
luminance signals, coded chroma signals, sync signals and the colour sub -carrier burst.
COLOUR EDGING:
Extraneous colours appearing at the edges of coloured objects and differing from the true colours in the
object.
COLOUR PICTURE TUBE:
A device for displaying colour pictures in colour television receivers. Three types of colour picture tubes
have been developed so far - Delta-gun or shadow-mask, precision-in-line and the Trinitron. The precision -inline (PIL) colour picture tubes are being used in th e colour TV receiver being manufactured in our country.

111

COLOUR SUB-CARRIER:
A carrier with a frequency of 4.43361875 MHz (in PAL -B system, and normally approximated as 4.43
MHz). It serves to position the colour signal side bands in the video frequency spectrum of colour TV signal.
COLOUR SUB-CARRIER OSCILLATOR:
A stable 4.43 MHz oscillator used to generate the colour sub -carrier.
COLOUR TELEVISION SYSTEMS:
Compatible colour TV systems developed for the transmission and reception of colour TV. Three systems
have been developed so far - NTSC, PAL and SECAM.
NTSC SYSTEM:
This system was devised in the U.S.A. in the year 1950 and was first introduced there in the year 1953. It is
named after the committee National Television Systems Committee specially formed for this purpose.
This was the first colour television broadcasting system in the world to be nationally standardized and
successfully exploited commercially. The main features of this system are 1. The three colour signals i.e. R.G. and B signals are combined in suitable proportions
to obtain the
luminance (Y) signal.
2. Luminance signal and two colour signals are combined to obtain two colour signals I and Q.
3. These are quadrature modulated on a colour subcarrier and only the side bands are
obtained which are
transmitted with the luminance and sync signals.
4. Colour burst is transmitted on the back porch of the lines sync pulse.
The other systems PAL and SECAM are refinements of this system.
PAL:
Phase Alteration by Line - This system is a refinement of the NTSC system and has been adopted in our
country. This system was developed in the Federal Republic of Germany and was introduced in the year 1967.
In this system the three colour signals i.e. R, G and B signals obtained from the colour camera are processed
to obtain the luminance signal Y. The luminance and two colour signals are combined to obtain U and V
signals. These signals are also Quadrature modulated on a colour sub -carrier (frequency 4.43 M Hz approx in the
system adopted in our country) and the side bands are transmitted along with the rest of the video signals.
A specialty of this system is that one of the two colour different signals - namely V signal is reversed in
polarity during alternate lines.
This has an advantage that phase distortions which may take place in long transmission links and can result
in errors of hue of the received Picture can be corrected electronically at the receiving end.
SECAM:
This is abbreviation of the Fren ch term Sequential Colour A Memoire This system was developed in
France and this is also a refinement of the NTSC system but its principle is entirely different from the PAL
system. Main features of this system are: (i) Transmission of only one of the two colour different signals at a time. Thus if the red difference signal is
Transmitted on one line the blue difference signal is transmitted on the other line and the sequence is
repeated. At the receivers a delay line (with a delay of one line period) is used as a line memory device to
produce of both the colour signals simultaneously.
(ii) A different weight age factor (from the one used in the PAL system) is used.
(iii) The sub -carrier is frequency modulated by the colour di fference signals.
COMPATIBILITY:
In colour TV that characteristic of the system, which permits the reception of the colour transmission in
black and white on an ordinary monochrome receiver and full colour in colour receivers. It also permits the
receptio n of black and white transmission in colour TV receivers.

112

COMPLEMENTRY COLOUR:
A colour formed by subtracting a sample colour from white light. For example if red is subtracted leaving
green and blue the complementary colour (of red) is cyan (bluish -green).
CONTRAST CONTROL:
It is a control provided in television receivers, which controls the level of video signals given to the
cathode/cathodes of the picture tube. In colour TV receivers, it controls the level of the corresponding black and
white (luminance) signals only.
CONVERGENCE:
The cross over of the three electron beams of a three -gun tricolor picture tube. This occurs at the plane of
the aperture mask.
CONVERGENCE MAGNET ASSEMBLY:
An assembly of disc magnets placed on the neck of picture tube. In PIL Picture tubes this assembly
consists of two four -pole and two six-pole magnetized discs placed at a certain distance behind the defelection
coil unit. The convergence of the colours can be adjusted in the central portion of the colour picture tubes with
these magnets.
CABINET:
The wood, metal or plastic housing in which electronic equipment is placed.
CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION:
Television signals which are transmitted over a closed circuit and received only by interconnected
receivers; such as for industrial or surgical instruction purposes.
COMMUNITY TV:
In areas where reception is poor, a single antenna system is connected by means of coaxial cables and
amplifiers to various receivers in a community.
COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL:
The complete video signal and the blanking and synchronizing signals.
CONTRAST :
The range of light and dark values in a picture. For example, in a high -contrast picture there would be
intense blacks and whites, whereas, a low contrast picture would contain only various shades of grey.
CONVERTER :
The selection of a super heterodyne receiver that changes frequency of incoming signals to a lower
frequency kno wn as the intermediate frequency.
CORE:
The material or space about which a coil is wound.
DECODER:
The circuitry in a colour TV receiver which transforms the detected colour signal into a form suitable to
drive the colour picture tube being used.
DELAY LINE:
A time delay device consisting of an actual or artificial transmission line, its purpose in colour T V receivers
is to ensure the coincidence of the luminance (Y) and the chrominance (U and V) signals.
A second delay line is also used in PALD receivers in the PAL delay line decoder circuit. It provides a
delay of one line period (64 micro seconds).

113

DYNAMIC CONVERGENCE VOLTAGE :

In some picture tubes - particularly the tri -gun delta picture tubes, a composite horizontal and vertical
voltage is used to ensure correct convergence of the three beams over the entire surface of the picture tube.
DAMPER DIODE:
The Damper Diode conducts immediately after horizontal retrace to damp the oscillations in horizontal
scanning current, which would otherwise produce thin white vertical lines in raster. Also damper action produces
boost supply for anode of horizont al amplifier tube. Finally the damper current, provides horizontal scanning for
the left side of raster that is why, damper diode is also called an efficiency diode.
DEFLECTION YOKE:
An assembly of one or more electromagnets to produce deflection one or m ore electron beams.
DEMODULATION:
See detection.
DETECTION:
The process of obtaining the desired intelligence from a modulated carrier.
DETECTOR:
Stage in which demodulation or detection takes place.
DIFFERENTIATOR:
It is an RC circuit with a short tim e content, in which the voltage across R is called differentiated output
because its amplitude can change instantaneously, in either polarity.
DIPOLE ANTENNA:
A half-wave Hertz antenna, usually of two quarter -wave elements insulated from each other, which add to
provide hald wave length. It is the basic antenna in television.
DISCRIMINATOR :
An FM detector circuit.
DROPPING RESISTOR:
A resistor used to decrease the voltages in a circuit.
EFFICIENCY DIODE:
Damper diode is also called efficiency diode, be cause when it is conducting it provides horizontal
scanning from extreme left to one -third of the length.

ELECTRON BEAM:
Electrons from cathode of a CRT are not allowed to diverge but instead these electrons are forced to
converge in a narro w beam.
EQUALISING PULSES :
In television signals, the two pulse trains of 6 pulses, each which occur just before and just after a
vertical synchronizing pulse. Equalizing pulses are short duration pulses. Interval between two adjacent pulses
corresponds to horizontal scanning cycle. This is meant to keep horizontal deflection oscillator is being ready
for reversal of direction of current.
FEED BACK:
The process of returning portion of the signal voltage to preceding point of the circuit.
FEEDER :
A wire or set of wires supplying energy from a source to load, e.g. from antenna to television receiver.

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FIDELITY :
The degree with which a system, or a portion of a system accurately reproduces at its output the essential
characteristics of the signal which is impressed upon its input.
FIELD:
In case of interlack scanning, the area covered during one vertical sweep is called field. In this scanning
system, a frame is divided into two fields namely the odd lines field and even lines field.
FILAMENT:
The resistance wire through which current is sent in a vacuum tube to produce the heat required for
electron emission.
FILTER:
1. A network designed to separate ripples from rippled D.C.
2. A substance that absorbs or blocks certain colours of light while allo wing other to pass.
FINE TUNING CONTROL:
A control on the receiver that varies the frequency of the local oscillator over a small range to
compensate for drift and permit accurate adjustment to a stations carrier frequency.
FLYBACK:
Retrace, or return time; the pe riod during which an electron beam that has concluded one scanning
sequence returns to the starting point.
FM DETECTOR:
FM detector in a TV receiver recovers audio information from frequency modulated sound IF signal. For
this FM detector has tuned circui t that gives different output voltage for frequency swings above and below
center.
FOLDED DIPOLE:
An antenna consisting of two half -wave elements arranged paralled to one another and with their ends
connected together.
FORWARD AGC:
In this method, the transistor gain is decreased by increasing the forward bias at the base, towards
saturation. Thus if positive voltage at base of an NPN transistor is increased then its gain decreases.
FRAME:
The complete picture or scene to be scanned is called frame. It consists of 625 horizontal scanning lines.
FRAME SECTION:
Vertical section in a television system.
FREQUENCY:
The number of complete cycles an alternating electric current, a sound wave or a vibrating object
undergoes per second.
FREQUENCY MODULATION:
See modulation.
FRONT END:
The RF amplifier, mixer, and local oscillator stages in a TV receiver are on an individual subclasses
called the Front end or RF tuner.
GAIN:
In an amplifier stage or system, the ratio of output to input, sometimes expressed in decibels.

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GHOST:
In television, an undesired duplicate image appearing a fraction of an inch to one side of the desired
image, due to reception of a reflected signal along with the signal coming directly from the television station.
GRAY SCALE:
In a test pattern, a scale that illustrates uniform changes in signal amplitude from white, progressing
through gray values in equal steps to black.
GROUND :
The chassis of a receiver when it serves as the return path for signal circuits.
HUE:
The dominant wavelength of light representing the colour of an object. It is the redness, blueness or
greenness of an object.
HEATER:
See Filament.
HEIGHT CONTROL:
The control in a television receivers that adjusts the picture size in a vertical direction.
HETERODYNE:
Pertaining to the production of sum and difference frequencies and their associated harmonics, by
combining two frequencies.
HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY:
Also called fly back supply, this voltage is generated as an inducted voltage during the fast horizontal
retrace. The resultant voltage is stepped up by horizontal output transformer. The rectified output is the D.C.
voltage for final anode of picture tube.
HOLD CONTROL:
A TV receiver has vertical hold control. The vertical hold control adjusts the frequency of vertical
oscillator close enough to 50 Hz so that is locked by incoming sync pulses.
HUM:
A lo w audio frequency, having the same frequency as that of the power supply or a harmonic thereof,
introduced into the signal paths by inductions, leakage, or in sufficient filtering, and heard in the back ground or
a received radio programme or appearing across a television image in the form or one or two horizontal bars.
HYBRID RECEIVERS:
In this type, the deflection circuits generally use power tubes, while the signal circuits use transistors and
ICs. These receivers usually have filaments connected in series chain.
ICONOSCOPE:
A camera tube in which a beam of high -velocity electrons scans a photo emissive mosaic which is capable
of storing an electrical charge pattern.
IGNITION INTERFERENCE:
Interference produced by auto -ignition sparks or other ignition discharges.
IMAGE:
A reproduction of a person, object or scene, such as that produced by a television receiver.
IMPEDANCE:
The total opposition a circuit of fers to the flo w of alternating current at a particular frequency.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING:
For maximum transfer of energy from a source to a circuit or component, impedance matching is
necessary.
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IMPREGNATE:
To treat a component so as to make it moisture-resistant by filing the excess space in its container with a
material such as a wax or pitch.
INDOOR ANTENNA:
A receiving antenna system located entirely inside a building.
INFRA-BLACK REGION:
The portion of the video signal above the black leve l. It contains the synchronizing pulses.
INSULATING TAPE:
Tape impregnated with insulting material, usually adhesive, and used to cover joints.
INSULATATION :
Any material that has a sufficient high electrical resistance, like mica, porcelain rubber, bakelite.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC):
An IC has transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors integrated on a signal chip.
INTEGDRATOR (OR INTEGRATED OUTPUT):
Integrator is a lo w pass filter consisting of an RC circuit and the output is taken across C. In t his case a
shunt capacitor can be considered a bypass for high -frequency components of the input. In general, the integrated
waveform does not have instantaneous changes in amplitude and cannot reverse in polarity.
INTERCARRIER SOUND :
The RF sound carrier is 5.5 MHz above the picture carrier. All television receivers use 5.5 MHz as
frequency of sound IF signal. This 5.5 MHz signal is called the intercarrier sound carrier at 33.4 MHz with
picture carrier at 38.4 MHz in video detector.
INTERCOMMUNICATION S YSTEM:
An amplifier that provides two -way communication between two or more points.
INTERFERENCE:
Disturbance in radio or television reception caused by undesired signals, stray currents from electrical
apparatus, etc.
INTERLACED SCANNING:
In television, a system in which even lines of the image are scanned during one downward sweep of the
scanning beam and remaining odd lines are scanned during the next do wnward sweep of the scanning beam.
INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY:
The frequency produced by the heterodyne process, equal to the difference between the frequency of the
local oscillator and the incoming Signal. The process takes place in converter stage of radio receiver and tuner
stage of a TV receiver.
IRON-CORE TRANSFORMAR:
A transformer in which iron make s up part of all of the path for magnetic lines of force travelling through
the transformer windings.
JITTER:
Distortion in a received television or facsimile picture caused by momentary errors in synchronization
between scanner and recorder.
KEYED AGC:
The AGC circuit employing fly back pulses from horizontal output circuit for keying or gating the AGC
rectifier into conduction. The video signal is also coupled into the rectifier to provide AGC voltage proportional
to signal strength. However, the AGC st age is generally biased to cut off so that it conducts only for the short
time when both inputs (fly back pulses and sync pulses) are present at the same time.
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KEYSTONE DISTORTION:
A form of distortion in which the television image takes the shapes of a t rapezoid, because the electron
gun is not at right angles to the mosaic. This makes the electron path to the top of the picture longer than that to
the bottom, and consequently the sweep is wider at the top than at the bottom.
KILOCYCLE:
One thousand cycles.
LUMINANCE:
See brightness.
LIGHTNING ARRESTER:
A protective device used to save building or equipments or antennas from lightning.
LIMITER:
A net-work whose output is constant for all inputs above a critical value.
LINE SECTION:
Horizontal Section.
LINEARITY:
In a television, the uniform distribution of picture elements along a line or over the total area of the
image.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR:
The function of local oscillator is to generate unmodulated sine -wave voltage, or cw output, to beat wit h
the RF signal in the mixer. For each television channel, the oscillator produces only one frequency needed to
convert the RF picture and RF sound signals to the IF signals of the receiver.
LOUD SPEAKER:
An electro acoustic transducer usually intended to radiate acoustic power effectively at a distance in air.
LOWER SIDEBAND:
The lower of two frequencies or two groups of frequencies produced by an amplitude -modulation process.
MATRIX:
A combination of voltage combining and dividing networks and amplifie r stages. It is used in colour TV
receivers to obtain red, green and blue signals from the received luminance and chrominance signals (in some
receivers the matrix provides only the colours difference signals i.e. R -Y, B-Y and G-Y signals).
MAST
A vertical pole or structure supporting an antenna.
MATCHING:
Connecting two circuits or parts together in such a way that their impedances are equal.
MATCHING TRANSFORMER:
A transformer for matching impedances, of two or more circuits.
MEAN CARRIER FREQUENCY:
The resting frequency or assigned carrier frequency of a frequency modulation transmission system.
MISMATCH:
The condition in which the impedance of a source is not equal to impedance of the connected load.
MIXER:
A device that permits combining the output signals of two or more signal sources in any desired
proportion before these signals are fed to the input of the main IF amplifier. Also called a mixer first
detector.
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MODULATOR :
An electronic device, which superimposes the information (audio or video) over the carrier.
MODULATION:
The process in which the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a wave (kno wn as carrier wave) is varied with
time in accordance with another wave (kno wn as signal wave).
MODULE:
An assembly of functionally associated parts so arranged as to be mounted together to function as a
system or subsystem.
MOIRE EFFECT:
The effect of poor interlacing is more prominent if the picture has diagonal lines. These diagonal lines
appear to be interwoven. This effect is called moir effect or fish- tailing.
MONOCHROME SIGNAL:
1. In monochrome television, a signal wave for controlling the luminance values in the picture.
2. In colour television, that part of the signal wave which has major control of the luminance values
of the picture, whether displayed in colour or in monochrome.
MULTI-BAND ANTENNA:
An antenna that can be used with satisfactory results on a number of frequency bands.
NATURAL FREQUENCY:
In an undamped body or system, the frequency at which oscillations will continue after the applied force
has been removed.
NEGATIVE TRANSMISSION:
Negative transmission means that changes toward white in the picture decrease the amplitude of the AM
picture carrier. An advantage of negative transmission is that noise pulses in the transmitted RF signal increase
the carrier amplitude toward black, which makes noise less obvious in the picture.
NOISE:
1. Undesired sound. By extension, any unwanted disturbance within a useful frequency band such as
Undesired electric waves in any transmission channel or device.
2. Unintelligible signals in communication system which tend the interfere with proper reception of
the desired signals or speech. More loosely, noise is
sometimes used as synonymous with the power
Which causes noise.
3. Unwanted energy (or the voltage produced), usually of random character, present in a transmission
System due to any cause.
NOISE INVERTER :
Also called noise gate, this circuit inverts the polarity of noise pulses by reversing the polarity of its
video signal. The purpose is to cancel noise pulses in the video signal to AGC or sync separator stage.
NON-LINEARITY:
The crowding of television picture elements in the horizontal direction or crowding of lines at top or
button due to a distortion of the sweep saw -tooth.
OUT OF SYNC :
Not synchronized. Television reception, in which the lines or frame sweeps or both are not in step with
transmitted signals.
OVER LOADED PICTURE :
The picture has reversed black -and-white values and i s out of sync. The picture is out of sync
horizontally and vertically because the sync pulses are either compressed or lost completely with the severe
amplitude distortion.

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PRIMARY COLOURS:
Three colours out of which no mixture of any two can produce th e third. In colour TV these are the
additive primary colours - red, blue and green.
PURITY COIL:
An electro magnetic device placed about the neck of a three -gun (delta-gun) tri-colour picture tube. Its
function is to control the angle at which the three b eams approach the aperture mask. Its correct adjustment
produces pure colours of Red, Green and Blue on the screen.
PURITY MAGNETS:
Two magnetized discs placed on the neck of picture tube (along with the four pole magnetized discs).
Their correct location helps in getting colour purity on the screen.
PEAKING COIL :
A small coil placed in an amplifying circuit to increase response at certain frequencies, specifically, as
resonated peaking coils used in a video amplifier for high frequency compensation, in most cases, has resistor
connected across.
PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE:
The voltage amplitude between the maximum positive and maximum negative peaks of an ac signal. For a
sine wave, this is twice the peak voltage or is 2.82 times the rms voltage.
PEDESTAL:
The signal introduced into the complex video signal at or above the black level, used to blank out video
signals during retrace period.
PENCIL BEAM:
Emission, from an antenna, having the form of a narrow conical beam.
PICTURE ELEMENT:
In a television sys tem, the smallest portion of a picture or scene that is individually converted into an
electric signal.
PICTURE TUBE:
See Cathode-Ray-Tube.
PINCUSHION DISTORTION:
If deflection is not uniform at the edges of raster, compared with the centre the raster wi ll not have
straight edges, and if the scanning lines are bowed inward, this fault is called pincushion distortion.
PLUG-IN:
1. Act of connecting equipment into an electrical circuit by inserting a plug into a jack.
2. Also, a term applied to a component, which is inserted in a socket or connector.
PORTABLE RECEIVER:
A completely self-contained radio receiver having the loudspeaker, batteries, and a loop antenna built
into a compact carrying case. Terminals are sometimes provided for e xternal antenna and ground connections.
POTENTIOMETER:
A three-terminal resistor with one or more sliding contacts, which function as adjustable voltage divider.
QUADRATURE MODULATION:
A system for modulating two signals simultaneously on a single carrier enabling simultaneous transmission
of two signals.
This method is used in the NTSC and PAL Colour TV System for transmitting the two colour difference
signals (U and V in PAL System). For this the colour subcarrier is split in two parts which diffe r by 90 degree.
One of these is modulated by the U signal and the other by V signal. The two are then combined providing the
Quadrature modulated chroma signal.
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RASTER:
The illuminated rectangular area scanned by the electron beam in a picture tube visibl e when the
brightness control is turned up with no signal.
RATED OUTPUT:
The power, voltage or current a device will provide when operated under specified conditions.
RATIO DETECTOR:
An FM detector that uses a pair of diodes connected in such a manner th at the audio output is
proportional to the ratio of the FM voltages applied to the two diodes.
REFERENCE BLACK LEVEL:
The picture signal level corresponding to specified maximum limit for black peaks.
RELAY STATION:
A radio TV station which acts as an in termediate station is transmitting communication signals from one
fixed station to another.
REMOTE CONTROL:
Control of any device from a distance.
REPEATER:
An amplifying station used to boost the strength of signal on long distance lines.
RESOLUTION:
In television, a measure of the ability to delineate picture detail.
RESONANCE:
In a circuit containing both inductance and capacitance a condition in which the inductive reactance is
equal to an cancels out the capacitive reactance.
RETRACE:
The path travelled by an electron beam from the end of one line or field to the start of the next line or
field.
RETRACE LINE:
The line traced by the electron beam in a cathode -ray tube in going from the end of the one line or field
to the start of the next line or field.
REVERSE AGC:
In this method, the transistor gain is decreased by reducing the forward bias at the base toward cut off.
RF AMPLIFIER:
The main purpose of a RF amplifier in a TV receiver is to provide enough RF signal into the mixer. This
makes signal-to-noise ratio high enough to produce a picture without visible snow.
RF TUNER:
See front end.
RIPPLE:
The ac components from a dc power supply arising from sources within the power supply.
SATURATION:
Degree, to which a colour is pure, undiluted with white light. A fully saturated colour does not have any
white in it.

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SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATION:
In a colour TV receiver, the process of separately detecting the U and V side bands of the chroma signal.
This requires the colour subcarrier along wit h the balanced demodulators.
SAWTOOTH:
A voltage or current wave form that rises linearly to its peak and then drops rapidly back to its starting
level.
SCANNING :
The process of successively converting the amount of light present in each of the picture elements that
makes up the total area of a picture or scene into electrical signal for television or facsimile transmission. Also,
the reverse process at the receiver.
SCOPE :
A cathode ray oscilloscope.
SCREEN:
The surface of a cathode -ray tube upon which the visible pattern is produced. Also a shield.
SCREEN GRID:
A grid placed between a control grid and an anode, and usually maintained at a fixed positive potential.
SECOND ANODE:
The electrode in a cathode ray tube that is maintained at a constant positive potential and used to
accelerate the electron beam.
SERRATED PULSES:
A series of equally spaced pulses within a pulse signal. For example, the vertical sync pulse is serrated in
order to keep the horizontal sweep circuits in step during the vert ical sync pulse interval.
SHIELD:
Material used to suppress the effect of an electric or magnetic field within or beyond definite regions.
SHIELDED CABLE:
One or more insulated conductors surrounded by a metallic braid of tape covering.
SIDEBAND ATTENUATION:
Attenuation in which the transmitted amplitude of some component or components of a modulated signal
(excluding the carrier) is smaller than that produced by the modulation process.
SIGNAL:
A radio wave or alternating current that carries intelligence of any form.
SNOW:
Effect of random noise on the reproduced picture. It has the appearance of a grainy, speckled pattern
super imposed on the picture.
SOLID-STATE DEVICES:
Also called semiconductor devices, these include diodes, transistors and integrated circuits (ICs). The
semiconductor elements germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) are generally used.
SOUND BAR:
The audio in the video produces wide horizontal bars in the picture that move in step with the audio
modulation and disappear when the re is no voice or music.
SOUND TAKE-OFF:
At the output of video detector in a TV receiver, a 5.5 MHz wavetrap is a sound take -off circuit. This
resonant tuned circuit filters out the 5.5 MHz sound IF signal from video frequencies.
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SPARKING:
Intentional or accidental spark discharges, as between contacts of a relay or switch.
SPARK GAPCAPACITOR:
These combine the functions of a bypass capacitor and spark gap. These are generally used at the
electrodes of a picture tube. The purpose of the spark gap is to bypass any arc produced in the picture tube, to
prevent damage to the transistor amplifiers by voltage surges.
STAGGERED TUNING:
Tuning of interstate coupling circuits of a video if amplifier to different frequencies within a desired pass
band. Staggered tuning is used to give broadband response.
STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER:
A transformer in which the secondary winding has fewer turns than the primary, so that the secondary
delivers a lower voltage than is applied to the primary.
SUPERHIGH FREQUENCY:
A frequency in the band between 3000 MHz and 30,000 MHz.
SUPERIMPOSE:
To put one another, as television images, in such a way that they both are seen, intermingled.
SYNC CLIPPER:
In television, a vacuum tube or transistor circuit that is biased so as to re move the sync signals from the
composite video signal.
SYNC SEPARATOR:
See sync clipper.
SYNCHRONIZATION:
The process of keeping the image -reconstructing action of a television receiver in step with the
corresponding action at the transmitter.
TEARING :
An undesirable effect in a received television picture in which groups of lines are displaced, giving the
appearance of a torn picture caused by unstable horizontal synchronization.
TEST PATTERN:
In order to adjust a television system and compare perform ances, a standard picture in the form of a test
pattern is transmitted.
THERMISTOR:
A thermistor is a temperature sensitive resistor (resistance decreases with temperature) employed in such
a manner as to cause that property to perform some desired function.
TUNER:
See front end.
TUNING :
The process of varying the inductance or capacitance in a coil -capacitor circuit to provide resonance at a
desired frequency.
U SIGNAL :
A part of the chroma signal in the PAL system. It is derived from the B -Y signal; U = .493 (B -Y).

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UNDAMPED OSCILLATION:
Oscillation of an electromagnetic wave whose energy source contently restores losses incurred by the
load or resulting from radiations.
UNDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA:
A antenna which radiates most of its power in o ne direction.
V SIGNAL:
A part of the chroma signal in the PAL system. It is derived from the R -Y signal; V = .877 (R -Y).
VARIAC :
A transformer whose output voltage can be varied over a wide range by means of a switch and a series of
taps.
VERTICAL BLANKING PULSE:
In television, a pulse transmitted at the end of each field to cut off the cathode -ray beam of CRT while it
is returning to start of next field, i.e. during vertical retrace.
VERTICAL HOLD CONTROL:
The control is a television receiver that adjusts the frequency of the vertical sweep oscillator.
VERTICAL LINEARITY CONTROL:
In television, control provided for adjustment of the uniformity of distribution of picture elements in a
vertical direction.
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY:
A frequency in the band between 30 MHz and 300 MHz.
VIDEO:
For transmission of a picture, the camera tube converts the visual information into electrical signal
variation called video signal. Video is Latin for see.
VIDICON:
A camera tube in which a charge -density pattern i s formed by photoconduction and stored on that surface
of the photoconductor which is scanned by an electron beam, usually of low -velocity electrons.
WAVEFORM:
The shape of a wave as shown graphically, usually with reference to changes in voltage or current.
WAVETRAP:
It is a series or parallel LC tuned circuit to attenuate a specific frequency.
WIDTH CONTROL:
The control on a television receiver whereby the horizontal dimension of the picture is adjusted to fill
the picture tube.
Y SIGNAL:
The luminance part of the colour signals (luminance signal). It contains the information about the brightness
part of picture but no colour information. By itself it can reproduce the black and white picture.
This signal is normally derived from the R, G and B c olour signals
Y = 0.3R +0.59G +0.11B
YOKE:
See deflection Yoke.
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