R. Leccio, E. Miguel, J. Molinos, P.G.

Obnimaga,
K. Salvador, A.M. Tutor

Introduction
II. Objectives
III. History
IV. Uses and Economics
V. Manufacture of Pulp
VI. Paper Manufacture
VII. Structural Boards
VIII. Conclusion
IX. References
I.

Several attributes of paper, including its

pedagogic and packaging value makes pulp and
paper industry uniquely positioned among the
manufacturing industries.
In addition to its economic benefits, the
consumption of paper has cultural value
resulting from its function in the recording and
dissemination of information. Because of this,
pulp and paper consumption rates have been
used as an indicator of a nation's socioeconomic
development.

 Paper and board consumption by world regions

Per Capita Distribution:

World: 55 kg
USA: 300 kg
Africa: 7 kg

SOURCE: FAO

PAPER PRODUCING
FACTORY

PAPER MAKING
MACHINERY

This report generally aims to present the paper and

pulp industry. It will also present importance of the pulp and
paper industry to the other industries which uses its
products.
Specific objectives are to:
a. present the importance of the industry, uses and
economics.
b. present the raw materials used and the processes
involved in the manufacture of the final products.
c. give the applications of the derived products from the
pulp and paper industry.

2500 and
2000 BC

14th Century

105 AD

14th Century

Bambooproduced papers

Papyrus Writings

Guttenbergs
Press

Rag and Linen Papers

1799

Fourdrinie machine

1884

1853

1857
Tilghman
Sulfite Process

Burgess and Watt

Soda Process

Dahl
Kraft Process

Pulp and paper production

worldwide from 1980 to 1993

Paper and paperboard consumption as an

indicator of economic development

Top pulp producer countries

Raw Materials
Cotton and linen rags, once the major sources of fibers for paper have

now been largely supplanted by fibers from wood. Both hard

(deciduous) and soft (coniferous) wood are used to make pulp, but
softwood is preferred because the fibers are longer. Bark cannot be
used because it is not fibrous and is difficult to bleach. Bark is removed
at the pulp mill by one of two debarking methods. The first abrades off
the bark utilizing friction between pulpwood logs tumbled about in a
rotating, cylindrical drum. Stationary drums using cams to move the
logs about utilize the same principle. The bark is carried away in a
stream of water, strained out, and usually burned. The more generally
used method is hydraulic debarking. Recovered bark is often
compressed before burning to reduce the water content and facilitate
combustion.

Pulping Process
All processes used for pulping have the same goal to release the

fibrous cellulose from its surrounding lignin while keeping the

hemicelluloses and celluloses intact, thereby increasing the yield of
useful fibers.
There are many processes and variations of basic processes which can
be used for making pulp from wood. The major processes are: sulfate
or kraft process, groundwood and thermomechanical process,
semichemical process, and sulfite process. There are also a host of
new processes (solvent, oxygen, catalytic, and enzymatic processing)
that have been suggested. Most are technically possible but
economically unfeasible.

Pulping Process
All processes used for pulping have the same goal to release the

fibrous cellulose from its surrounding lignin while keeping the

hemicelluloses and celluloses intact, thereby increasing the yield of
useful fibers.
There are many processes and variations of basic processes which can
be used for making pulp from wood. The major processes are: sulfate
or kraft process, groundwood and thermomechanical process,
semichemical process, and sulfite process. There are also a host of
new processes (solvent, oxygen, catalytic, and enzymatic processing)
that have been suggested. Most are technically possible but
economically unfeasible.

Types of Pulp Processing

Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping

Soda Pulping
Sulfite Pulping
Semichemical, or NSSC, Pulping
Mechanical Pulping

Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping

is an alkaline process by which most pulp is presently made
material added to the cooking liquor for the kraft process is
Na2SO4

 Soda Pulping
Same as kraft process; the difference is the

chemical solution used white liqour

a procedure similar to that used for sulfate
pulp, except that the dissolving agent is
NaOH/Na2CO3

Sulfite Pulping
Products :
Sulfite pulp
Waste sulfite liquor
Despite the high quality pulp, the quantity of pulps produced
using this process is diminishing due to the water pollution it
causes.
Woods used: spruce, hemlock, balsam

Two principal types of reactions in a sulfite process:

(1)
(2)

sulfonation and solubilizing of lignin with bisulfate

hydrolytic splitting of the cellulose-lignin complex

Magnesium Bisulfite Process

sulfur is melted

oxidized to SO2

SO2 is cooled
quickly

digester is heated
with direct stream

washing of pulp
with fresh water

the digester is filled

with chips

weak red
liquor/cooking is
evaporated and
burnt MgO, SO2

absorption of gas
in water

MgO is slaked and

pumped to the
cooling and acid
tower

Magnesium Bisulfite Process

SO2 fresh SO2
liquor

drying

pulp screening

milk of lime is
added to neutralize
the mass

the relatively pure

pulp is
concentrated in
thickeners

bleaching

Waste of Sulfite Liquor

Sodium-based
Recovery process is complex

Calcium-based
Ca or S cannot be recovered or reused
Ammonium-based
Ammonia cannot be recovered

Magnesium-based
Most preferred, convenient and simple to handle

Uses of sulfite waste liquor:

Vanillin from lignin
Tanning materials
Road binders
Core binders
Food yeast

MECHANICAL PULPING

Mechanical pulps are produced by grinding wood

against a stone or between metal plates, thereby
separating the wood into individual fibers

The shearing action breaks cellulose fibers

The resulting pulp is weaker than chemically separated

pulps

Methods

Stone Groundwood Pulping (SGW)

Refiner Mechanical Pulping (RMP)
Thermomechanical Pulping (TMP)
Chemi-Mechanical Pulping (CMP)
Chemi-Thermomechanical Pulping (CTMP)

Stone Groundwood Pulping

Oldest and historically most common mechanical

method

Fibers are removed from short logs by pressing them

against a rotating abrasive cylinder.

Groundwood (soft coniferous species such as spruce and

balsam) is used chiefly for cheaper grades of paper and
board where permanency is not required.

Involves no chemical treatment.

Stone Groundwood Pulping

Refiner Mechanical Pulping

Wood chips or sawdust are fed through the center of a

disc refiner, where they are shredded into finer pieces as
they are pushed out through progressively narrower bars
and grooves.

Refiner Mechanical Pulping

Thermomechanical Pulping

A modification of RMP is thermomechanical pulping

(TMP)

Chips are steamed before and during refining, usually

under pressure.

Cleaner and stronger compared to groundwood pulp

Thermomechanical Pulping

Chemi-Mechanical Pulping /
Chemi-Thermomechanical Pulping

Earliest Method:
Pre-steaming logs before boiling them in chemical
pulping liquors, then grinding them in stone grinders
to produce chemi-groundwood pulps

Modern Method:
Uses disc refiners with chemical treatment (e.g.,
sodium bisulphite, sodium hydroxide) either prior to,
during or after refining.

Chemi-Mechanical Pulping /
Chemi-Thermomechanical Pulping

Referred either:

Chemi-mechanical pulps (CMP)

Carried out at atmospheric pressure

Chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP),

Carried out at elevated pressure.

New Pulping Processes

Solvent Pulping
uses a variety of solvents such as ethanol, phenol, and
other delignifying solvents that contain no sulfur.
Holopulping
uses chlorine dioxide as pulping agent.
Straight oxygen and nitric acid pulping
have also been suggested as a new pulping process.

Other Processes:

Secondary Fiber Pulping

Rag Pulping

Dissolving Pulp

Secondary Fiber Pulping

Employs repulping of recycled paper.

Secondary fiber is worth 5 times its value as waste paper.

Multi-ply cylinder board is the largest single use of

secondary fiber.

Secondary Fiber Pulping

Six Major Grades:
Chipboard
Mill board
Folding boxboard
Combination Manila board
Container board
Setup board

Rag Pulping

Cotton (in the form of rags or cotton linters) is the oldest

material used for making paper.

Major source of raw materials from textile

manufacturing plants and clothing manufacturers.

Paper made from rags has much longer storage life than
that made of wood fiber.

Dissolving Pulp

Posttreatment of high-quality sulfite pulp with

sodium hydroxide or from pre-hydrolyzed sulfate
pulp.

Used to make cellulose derivatives (essentially pure

-cellulose).

Cotton linters are used as its raw material since it is

almost pure -cellulose.

Wet Process
Pulps lack in desirable properties
Proper surface
Opacity

Strength
Feel

Beating
The paper is stronger, denser, more
uniform, more opaque and less porous.
Fiber bonds are increase

Refining
Pulp is deformed, defibered and dispersed,
but not cut.
Conical refiner or Jordan engine is the
frequently used refiners.

Jordan engine

Conical Refiner

Filler
Gives the paper a smoother surface, more
whiteness and improved printability and
opacity
Naturally occurring
Talc and special clays

Manufactured materials
Titanium dioxide, precipitated calcium

carbonate and some silico-aluminates

Sizing
Improves resistance from liquid
Stock sizing
forms a gelatinous film on the fiber which

loses its hydration water to produce a

hardened surface
commonly used sizing is rosin soap from tall
oil

Sizing
Tub sizing
applied to paper to produce a firm

nonporous surface
common tub sizes are modified starches and
plastic materials
improves the ability of paper to take ink well,
resist moisture and withstand erasure

Wet process paper machines

Two types
Fourdrinier machine
Cylinder machine

Both machines form the paper by draining

water from a dilute fiber mix through a fine
screen

Fourdrinier Machine

Fourdrinier Machine

Cylinder Machine

Cylinder Machine

Dry Process
Because of the cost and complexity of
drying equipments, dry process is put into
consideration. Pilot plants were built to
study paper making by dry processes.
However, difficult problems of the process
have not been resolved.

Specialty Papers
Papers are classified according to broad use.
Special industrial papers are those not
falling into the specific broader use
category.

Specialty Papers
These papers are the following:

cigarette;
filter;
glassine;
food containers such as paper plates, cans, cups,
and wrappers coated with plastic or aluminium foil;
Sanfordized bag material called Clupak; vegetable
parchment;
wallpaper
surfaced-waxed paper

Papermakers are currently working with

textile manufacturers to develop paper
suitable for disposable surgical gloves and
bed sheets. Cost of these materials is lower
than that of conventional woven cloth.

Fiber Boards
used for furniture but also in paneling.

Particle Boards
used in subflooring, core stock for veneered furniture and decorative

paneling

Paper Based Laminates

are used in the building industry and decorations

Manufacture

Paper and pulp industry occupies an important position in the economy

for its extended role in industrialization and social sector development.
The industry today can be divided into two main sectors according to the
types of products manufactured. Pulp is generally manufactured in large
mills in the same regions as the fiber harvest (i.e., mainly forest regions).
Most of these mills also manufacture paper - for example, newsprint,
writing, printing or tissue papers; or they may manufacture paperboards.
Separate converting operations are usually situated close to consumer
markets and use market pulp or paper to manufacture bags,
paperboards, containers, tissues, wrapping papers, decorative materials,
business products and so on.

Austin, G. T. (1984). Shreves Chemical Process

Industries. McGraw Hill Inc.
Forest Industries (2013). Global Paper
Consumption is Growing. Retrieved from
http://www.forestindustries.fi/industry/paper_car
dboard_converted/paper_pulp/Global-paperconsumption-is-growing-1287.html
Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety
(1994). Pulp and Paper Industry. Retrieved from
http://www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt72e.htm.