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1.1 Introduction:
In a large number of industrial applications, it is required to convert a dc voltage to a
different dc voltage level, often with a regulated output. To perform this task, a dc-dc
converter is needed. A dc-dc converter directly converts a dc voltage of one level to another.
It can be used to step-down (buck), or step-up (boost) a dc voltage source. Higher switching
frequency would reduce the size of the filter used.
Equivalent circuit
The rate of change of inductor current is a constant, indicating a linearly increasing inductor
current. The preceding equation can be expressed as
Again, the rate of change of inductor current is constant, and the change in current is
For continuous current, the inductor current must remain positive. To determine the boundary
between continuous and discontinuous current, Imin is set to zero resulting in
The converter consists of dc input voltage source VS, controlled switch S, inductor L,
diode D, filter capacitor C, and load resistance R. With the switch on, the inductor current
increases while the diode is maintained off. When the switch is turned off, the diode provides
a path for the inductor current. Note the polarity of the diode that results in its current being
drawn from the output. The condition of a zero volt-second product for the inductor in steady
state yields
VS DT Vo (1 D )T
C min
DVo
Vr Rf
DESIGN PROBLEM:
Vs = 24 V
D = 0.4
R = 5 Ohm
L = 20 uH
C = 80 uF
f = 100 kHz
Limitation = 0 V to 36 V(by simulation)
Output Voltage:
Vo
D
VS
1 D
Vo = -16Volt.
Inductor Current:
VsD
IL = ( R( 1D )2
= 5.33 A
Ripple current:
IL=
ILmax=
VsDT
L
IL+
=4.8 A
IL
2
= 7.33 A
IL
ILmin= IL 2 = 2.93 A
Output voltage ripple:
D
Vo= RCF
= 0.01=1%
Inductor Design:
Type
: Power Inductor
Inductance
: 20uH
Maximum DC current
Core Material
Maximum DC resistance
: 7.8Amps
: Powdered Iron Core
: 26mOhm
Ki
15
10
1
5
8
10
5
8
5
Peak overshoot
-34
-34
-34
-34
-34
-34
-34
-34
-34
Settling time
0.032
0.052
0.093
0.068
0.055
0.053
0.092
0.060
0.089
Thus if Kp, Ki values are increased or decreased Overshoot remains the same.
When Ki value is increased and Kp value decreased further Settling time decreases.
The above table is achieved by trial and error method.
To further decrease the peak overshoot Derivative controller can be added.
Vs = 24;
D = Vo/(Vo+ Vs);
L = 20E-6;
C = 80E-6;
Lf = L*f;
Cf = C*f;
A = [0 -1/Lf; 1/Cf -1/(R*Cf)];
x0 = [D*Io; Vo];
tf = 50;
tic
[t,X] = ode23(@bukboost,[0 tf],x0);
toc;
IL = X(:,1);
VC = X(:,2);
subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,IL),grid
axis([0 tf 0 20])
title('Inductor Current')
subplot(2,1,2),plot(t,VC),grid
axis([0 tf 0 120])
title('Output Voltage')
xlabel('cycles')
end
function dx = bukboost(t, x)
global A D Cf Lf Vs
iL = x(1);
vC = x(2);
B = [(vC+Vs)/Lf; -iL/Cf];
u = 0.5*(1-sign(t-fix(t)-D));
dx=A*x+B*u;
end
Tic starts a stopwatch timer to measure performance. The function records the internal time at
execution of the tic command. Display the elapsed time with the toc function.
APPLICATIONS:
Battery-powered systems:
In battery powered systems , where the input voltage can vary widely, starting at full charge
and gradually decreasing as the battery charge is used up. At full charge, where the battery voltage
may be higher than actually needed by the circuit being powered, a buck regulator would be ideal to
keep the supply voltage steady. However as the charge diminishes the input voltage falls below the
level required by the circuit, and either the battery must be discarded or re-charged; at this point the
ideal alternative would be the boost regulator. Hence buck boost converter will be the preferred choice
In Solar PV for MPPT:
Buck/Boost converters make it possible to efficiently convert a DC voltage to either a lower
or higher voltage. Buck/Boost converters are especially useful for PV maximum power tracking
purposes, where the objective is to draw maximum possible power from solar panels at all times,
regardless of the load.