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36-104

Session 2002
CIGR

COMBINED EFEECT OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS OF HIGH

VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES ON METALLIC PIPELINES

by
R.M.RADWAN*

R.Y.AMER
Cairo University

A.M.EMAM

(Egypt)

ABSTRACT
The increasing capacity of modern electricity supply
systems as well as the higher voltages and currents have
been matched by an over-spreading networks of earth
return circuits (pipelines, cables, etc.) close to the
high voltage installations. Several workers have studied
the effect of electric and magnetic fields separately, but
in this paper it is intended to study the electric and
magnetic effects of high voltage T.L. on metallic
pipelines simultaneously. The combined effect depends
on the conditions of power system (normal or fault
conditions) and the operating power factor. A laboratory
model is built to verify some of the theoretical results. A
computer program is designed to calculate the induced
voltage on metallic pipelines due to electric and
magnetic field effects separately then the combined
effect is calculated for different power factors. Also the
effect of coating the pipeline, with a thin film of
insulating material, is investigated.
Keywords: Electric Field Magnetic Field Pipelines
Line Charges Induced Voltage.

system). The surface charges distributed on the surface

of each subconductor are simulated by line charges
located at the center of the subconductor. The surface
charges distributed on the surface of the pipeline are
simulated by Np unknown infinite line charges
uniformly distributed around fictitious cylinder of radius
RF inside the pipeline and coaxial with it. The aircoating material interface is to be simulated by:
- Nd unknown infinite line charges uniformly distributed
around fictitious cylinder of radius Rd inside the
coating material and coaxial with the pipeline.
- Na unknown infinite line charges uniformly distributed
around fictitious cylinder of radius Ra outside the
coating material and coaxial with the pipeline. The
simulation is shown in figure (1).

Na
Coating
material

Ra

Np

1-ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECT CALCULATIONS:

In this work the charge simulation method is used to
compute the induced voltage in metallic pipelines. All
calculations in this section use two-dimensional
analysis. All conductors are considered to be infinitely
long lines and parallel to flat earth. The metallic
pipeline is assumed to be parallel to the transmission
lines and coated by insulating material. Each phase of
the EHV transmission line consists of one or more
subconductors in a bundle (two in case of 220 kV
transmission system and three for 500 kV transmission

Nd

Rf

Rd

Figure (1) The pipeline simulation

The choice of numbers and location of the simulating
charges are reached by following a long process of
iterative optimization [1,2].

*Roshdy Radwan - Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University

In order to determine the simulating charges, a system

of equations is formulated by imposing the following
boundary conditions:
a-The potential of the contour points on the phases is
c and is given by:
N3

Q j Pij = c

(1)

j=1

b-The potential of the contour points on the surface of

sky wires must be zero.
N3

Q j Pij = 0

(2)

j=1

c-The potential of the contour points on the pipeline

surface is unknown, but is constant and is equal to p
N2 +Np

N3 + Na

j=1

j= N 3 +1

(3)

Q j Pij + Q j Pij = p

d-The total charges on the pipeline surface must be zero

N2 + Np

(4)

Qj =0

j= N 2 +1

e-The potential is continuous on the air-coating material

interface
N2 +Np
N3 + Na
N3
Q j Pij = Q j Pij + Q j Pij
j=1

j=1

computed pipeline voltage under a typical 500kV and

220kV Egyptian T.L. with configuration shown in Fig.2
(a & b) respectively. It is noticed that the computed
pipeline voltage increases with decreasing the heights of
T.L. conductors (Fig. (3) and Fig. (7)) where the
pipeline becomes in higher electric fields. It is noticed
also that the computed pipeline voltage increases with
increasing the pipeline height(Hp) (Fig. (4) and Fig. (8))
where the effect is similar to decreasing the conductor
height. Figures (5) and (9) show that the pipeline
voltage increases with increasing its diameter and
keeping the distance between the pipeline bottom end
and the ground constant at 0.7m. This is again explained
to be due to the movement of the pipeline into a higher
electric field. Fig. (6) shows the computed pipeline
voltage for the 220kV T.L. under all possible
transposition cases. It is noticed that the maximum
induced voltage occurs at transposition abc/abc where
the induced pipeline voltage for the two T.L. circuits
tends to add to each other. For example the pipeline
voltage is twice that for other transpositions at the
center of transmission lines.

12.

12.

j= N 3 +1

or
N3

j= N 2 + N p +1

Q j Pij =

Pipeline

N3 + N a

(5)

Q j Pij

j= N 3 +1

f-The normal flux density is continuous on the aircoating material interface

N2 +Np
N3
Q j Fn ij =
Q j Fn ij +
j=1

30.

Dp

19.1

Hp

j= N 2 + N p +1

N2 + Np

N3 + Na

j=1

j= N 3 +1

Q j Fn ij +

Q j Fn ij

Dimensions in meters

(6)

Where N2 is the number of simulating charges that

simulate the phases subconductors and the skywires,
N3=N2+Np+Nd, Fnij is the normal field component to
the pipeline, r is the relative permittivity of the coating
material. Qj is the simulating line charges for the phases
subconductors, pipelines, coating material inside the
coating and coating material in air for j=1~N2, N2+1~
N2+Np, N2+Np+1~ N3 and N3+1~N3+Na respectively.
Pij is the potential coefficient.
1.2-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure (2-a) The Egyptian 500kV T.L. tower

6.7

.. 5.1
..

6.6

.. 5.4

..
..

10.2

Pipeline

9.2

..

Dp
15.7

A computer program was built to solve the equations (1)

to (6) to compute the pipeline voltage. The results show
that the pipeline voltage is not appreciably affected by
the coating material thickness and its permittivity so all
computations are made at 2mm coating thickness and 5
relative permittivity. Fig. (3) through Fig. (9) show the

Hp
Dimensions in meters

Figure (2-b) The Egyptian 220kV T.L. tower

Pipeline voltage, Volt

Pipeline voltage, Volt

10000
H=10m
H=12m
H=14m
H=16m
H=19.1m

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

Hp=0.5m
Hp=1m
Hp=2m

6000
4000
2000
0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

Dp=0.6m
Dp=0.8m

3000
2000
1000
0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

100

Figure (5) Pipeline voltage near 500kV T.L. at different

pipeline diameter (Dp), H=14.5m,pipeline bottom
height=0.7m
Pipeline voltage, Volt

0
20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

100

Figure (7) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different

lower conductors heights (H), Dp=0.6m, Hp=1m
10000
8000

Hp=0.5m

6000

Hp=1m
Hp=2m

4000
2000
0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

100

Figure (8) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different

pipeline height (Hp), Dp=0.6m, H=10.95m
Pipeline voltage, Volt

Pipeline voltage, Volt

6000
4000

2000

100

Figure (4) Pipeline voltage near 500kV T.L. at different

pipeline height (Hp), Dp=0.6m, H=14.5m

5000

4000

Pipeline voltage, Volt

Pipeline voltage, Volt

12000
8000

H=15.7m
H=12m
H=10.95m
H=6.2m

6000

100

Figure (3) Pipeline voltage near 500kV T.L. at different

conductors height (H), Dp=0.6m, Hp=1m

10000

8000

5000
Dp=0.6m

4000

Dp=0.8m

3000
2000
1000
0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

100

Figure (9) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different

pipeline diameter (Dp), H=10.95m,pipeline bottom
height=0.7m
2-MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT CALCULATIONS

5000
4000

abc/a'b'c'
abc/b'c'a'

3000

abc/c'a'b'

2.1 GENERAL

2000
1000
0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

100

Figure (6) Pipeline voltage near 220kV T.L. at different

possible transposition cases, H=10.95m, Dp=0.6m,
Hp=1m

Calculations of the voltage appearing on the pipeline

due to magnetic field effect is normally worked out in
two steps [3-7]:
-determination of the electromotive forces (EMF)
induced along the pipeline.
-calculation of voltages to earth in response to the
induced EMFs.

2.2-DETERMINATION OF THE EMF

Two different situations in power network have to be
considered: fault and normal (balanced) conditions.
The induced EMF in fault conditions are calculated by
the formula[3,4 ]:
E=-Zm I K
(7)
where
Zm=mutual impedance per unit length of the circuit
phase conductor /earth and pipeline/earth (/m).
I= Inducing current (A).
E=EMF induced per unit length.
K = screening factor due to earth wires [3 ].
Zm is given by Carson-Clem formula [3,4] which is:

x starts at the starting point of parallelism (end 1).

L= length of pipeline (m).

Zm= 0 f ( /4+ j ln[1.85/( d)]

(/m)
0
where
=

0= magnetic permeability of air=4 x10-7

f =frequency (Hz)
=Soil resistivity (.m)
d=Geometrical distance between conductors (m).

Fig. (11) through Fig.(13) show the pipeline end

voltage for a pipeline of 1km length and 0.3m radius
located near the 500kV and 220kV transmission lines.
Fig. (11) shows the pipeline end voltage during a single
line to ground fault in the outermost phase (the most
severe conditions)with a s.c. current of 10kA for the
500kV T.L. and for lower conductor of the 220kV T.L.
It is noticed that the maximum pipeline end voltage
occurs when the pipeline is directly beneath the faulted
phase (5.4m and 12m for 220kV and 500kV T.L.
respectively) where the distance between the pipeline
and the faulted phase is minimum. It is noticed also that
the pipeline end voltage for the 220kV T.L. is higher
than that for the 500kV T.L. where the heights for the
computed phases are 15.7m and 19.1m at the towers
respectively. Fig.(12) shows the pipeline end voltage
for balanced currents of 1kA. It is noticed that the
pipeline end voltage is not exactly zero(4 volt) for the
500kV T.L. at the center of T.L., i.e. incomplete
cancellation of the three phase induced voltage. This is
due to the different distances between the pipeline and
the phases conductors at this position. Fig. (13) shows
the pipeline end voltage for the 220 kV T.L. for
various transposition cases. It is noticed that the pipeline
voltage for transposition abc/abc is twice that for the
other two cases at the center of T.L., where the induced
EMFs tend to cancel each other for the later cases.

.
f
By the same way, the induced EMF in normal operation
can be calculated by:
(9)
E=Z Ip+Zm Ie
Where Z represents an equivalent mutual impedance
between the HV lines and the circuit pipeline/earth.
Ip= the amplitude of the line current
Zm=the mutual impedance per unit length of the circuit
earth wire/earth and pipeline/earth
Z Ip= the EMF induced in the pipeline due to the
current of the three phases a,b,c
Zm Ie= the induced EMF due to the current Ie in the
earth wire.
this formula is valid for d 90

2.3- CALCULATION OF PIPE LINE VOLTAGE

The pipeline is assumed to be extended for a few
kilometers beyond the parallel route without earthing as
shown in Fig. (10).
+
Pipeline voltage
end 1

Pipeline
I

E
(1 e L )
2
end 2
HV line

(1 e L )
2
Figure (10) The pipeline near the HV line
The pipeline voltage at any point along the pipeline
length is given by [3,5,7 ] :
E ( L x )
e x )
V(x)=
(e
(10)
2

circuit.
z, y are the impedance and admittance per unit length of
the circuit pipeline-earth respectively.
The maximum and minimum of this voltage occurs at
the ends of the pipeline
and is equal to
E
L

(1 e
) see Fig. (10).
2
2.4-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

500kV
220kV

Pipeline end voltage,

Volt

(8)

= zy =propagation coefficient of the pipeline earth

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

100

Figure (11) The pipeline end voltage near the 500kV

and 220kV T.L. during single line to ground fault
(If=10kA)

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

100

Pipeline end voltage,

Volt

end 2, 500 kV
end 1, 500 kV
end 2, 220 kV
end 1, 220 kV

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

Figure (12) The pipeline end voltage near the 500kV

and 220kV T.L. during balanced currents (Ip=1kA)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

7000

abc/a'b'c'
abc/b'c'a'
abc/c'a'b'

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T .L (m)

100

Figure (14) The combined pipeline voltage at both ends

of the pipeline for 500kV and 220kV T.L.
7000
6000

Pipeline end voltage,

Volt

Pipeline end voltage, Volt

500kV
220kV

p.f=0.3

5000

p.f=0.1

4000
3000
2000
1000

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T .L (m)

100

Figure (13) The pipeline end voltage near 220kV T.L.

during balanced currents for different transposition
cases (Ip=1kA).
3- COMBINED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC
FIELD EFFECTS
In computation of both electric and magnetic field
effects, the pipeline voltage is computed as a phasors
(magnitude and angle w.r.t. the system voltage in the
case of electric effect and w.r.t. the line current in the
case of magnetic effect). The induced pipeline voltage
to earth due to magnetic effect is referred to the system
voltage using the power factor (p.f.). Since the induced
voltages due to electric and magnetic fields become
referred to the same reference (system voltage) both are
summed to obtain the combined effect (the total induced
voltages in the pipeline). Fig. (14) shows the combined
pipeline voltage at both ends of the pipeline for the
500kV and 220kV T.L. under a single line to ground
fault of 10kA on the outer most phase with p.f.=0.3. It is
noticed that
both induced electric and magnetic
voltages are approximately added to each other at the
end of parallelism point (end 2) and subtracted at the
starting point of parallelism (end 1). Fig. (15) shows the
effect of p.f. on the combined voltage for the 500kV
T.L. It is noticed that the combined voltage does not
appreciably change for the normal s.c. p.f.s at fault
conditions. The combined voltage in case of balanced
load conditions is approximately equal to the electric
field effect only where the magnetic field effect is very
small.

0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance from the center of T .L (m)

100

Figure (15) The combined pipeline end voltage for the

500kV T.L. at different p.f.s.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
A laboratory model was built to verify the calculated
results. The model represents a line having a conductor
of 1cm diameter and 5m length and a metallic pipeline
of 2.54cm outer diameter and 5m length. The conductor
and pipeline heights from ground level are 53cm and
18cm respectively. Fig. (16) shows the measured and
calculated values of the induced pipeline voltage due to
electric field effect for an applied voltage of 5kV to the
conductor. It is noticed that the measured values agree
with the calculated values, with a maximum error of
7%. Fig. (17) shows the measured and calculated values
of the induced pipeline voltage due to magnetic field
effect for a current of 414A in the conductor. It is
noticed that the maximum error between the calculated
and measured values is about 48% and this may be due
to the inaccuracy of measuring very small induced
1000

Pipeline voltage, Volt

Pipeline end voltage,

Volt

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Vcalculated

800

Vmeasured

600
400
200
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

0.8

Figure (16) The measured and calculated pipeline

voltage due to electric field effect (Vn=5kV)

Pipeline voltage, Volt

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Vcalculated
Vmeasured

0.2

0.4

0.6

Distance from the center of T.L (m)

Figure (17) The measured and calculated pipeline
voltage due to magnetic field effect (I=414A)
voltage (mV) and external field effects. It should be
mentioned that the laboratory model is a single phase
model. However the calculation procedure is the same
as that for the three phase systems .
4-CONCLUSIONS
1-The maximum induced voltage on pipelines due to
simultaneous electric and magnetic fields may be
less or greater than that due to electric field only.
2-The induced voltage due to the electric field is more
significant at small distances between the pipelines
and T.L., while at large distances the induced voltage
due to magnetic field is predominant.
3-The induced voltage due to magnetic fields at normal
conditions is very small and can be neglected, while
under short circuit conditions it has relatively large
values.
4- Coating of pipelines by an insulating material does
not affect the value of the voltage induced by the
electric fields.

5- The maximum pipeline voltage for the double circuit

transmission line occurs when the two circuits of the
T.L. have the same sequence.
REFERENCES:
[1]Mazen Abdel-salam and Abdallah Al-shehri,
Induced Voltages on Fence Wires and Pipelines
by AC Power Transmission Lines,IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, vol.30, No.2, March/April,
1994, pp.341-349.
[2]M.Abdel-Slam, H.Anis, A. El-Morshedy and
R.Radwan, High Voltage Engineering: Theory and
Practice, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2000,
pp.25-30
[3]Cigres working group 36.02,Guide on The
Influence of High Voltage AC Power Systems on
Metallic Pipelines, Cigr 1995.
[4]Uno Jonsson,Kjell Isaksson and Bernt Hansson,
AC Potentials Induced by Power Lines in Gas
Pipelines, Middle East power system conference
Mepcon 89-paper no. EE19-104,Cairo,Egypt.
[5]F.P. Dawalibi and R.D. Southey Analysis of
Electrical Interference From Power Lines to Gas
Pipelines, part 1:Computation Methods, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, July
1989.
[6]Earl L. Kirkpatrick Basic Concepts of Induced AC
Voltages on Pipelines, Material Performance, Vol.
24, No. 7, July 1995, p14-18.
[7]H.J.Haubrich, B.A.Flechner and W.Machcynski A
Universal Model For the Computation of the
Electromagnetic Interference on Earth Return
Circuits, IEEE transaction on Power Delivery,
Vol.9, No. 3, July 1994.