CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 POWER ELECTRONICS

Power electronics is the field of electrical engineering related to the use of semiconductor
devices to convert power from the available source to that required by a load. The load may be
AC or DC, single-phase or three-phase, and may or may not need isolation from the power
source. The power source can be a DC source or an AC source (single-phase or three-phase with
line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz), an electric battery, a solar panel, an electric generator or a
commercial power supply. A power converter takes the power provided by the source and
converts it to the form required by the load. The power converter can be an AC-DC converter, a
DC-DC converter, a DC-AC inverter or an AC-AC converter depending on the application.
Anmppt is used for extracting the maximum power from the pv, wind and fuel cell module and
transferring that power to the load. A dc/dc converter (steps up/ step down) serves the purpose of
transferring maximum power from the hybrid energy module to the load. A dc/dc converter acts
as an interface between the load and the modules shown in below figure. By changing the duty
cycle the load impedance as seen by the source is varied and matched at the point of the peak
power with the source so as to transfer the maximum power.
The buckboost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude
that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. Two different topologies are
called buckboost converter. Both of them can produce a range of output voltages, from an
output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to almost zero.
Bidirectional inverter is used to convert the Dc supply from hybrid source to the AC supply for
Ac grid and also it will convert the AC supply form the Ac grid to the dc supply to the DC gird.

1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT

1.2.1 Project Overview
A single-phase bidirectional inverter with two buck/boost maximum power point trackers
(MPPTs) for dc-distribution applications. In a dc-distribution system, a bidirectional inverter is
required to control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid, and to regulate the dc bus to a
certain range of voltages. , the MPPT topology is formed with buck and boost converters to
operate at the dc-bus voltage around 380 V, reducing the voltage stress of its followed inverter.
In the proposed system without battery back-up can be employed for renewable energy source
for better stabilization to the distribution system. The system can be tested with ac motor load.
Closed loop PID control is also provided to achieve the desired output voltage. The Simulation is
done with the help of MATLAB Software using Simulink.
1.2.2 Report Layout
Chapter 1: Basically is an introduction of the project. This chapter explains about DC/DC
Converter, PV Cell, wind mill, fuel cell, and MPPT algorithms and also provides motivation
and objective of the project.
Chapter 2:Focuses on literature review of the project based on journals and other references.
Chapter 3:Focuses on analysis of existing and proposed methods.
Chapter 4: Mainly focused on methodologies for the development and
Implementation of Buck and Boost converter using MPPT algorithms Applications
Details on the progress of the project are explained in this chapter
Chapter 5:Focuses on Simulation Implementation and Design Results of the proposed model
Chapter 6:hardware Implementation and Design Results of the proposed model
Chapter 7: Focuses on application and advantages of the proposed MPPT Algorithm.
Chapter 8: concludes overall the project.

1.3 MOTIVATION
Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly important recently with focus turning
towards clean electricity generation. In particular, photovoltaic (PV), wind energy and fuel cell
systems are is the most promising and attractive renewable energy sources due to their low
operational and maintenance costs, pollution free power generation, long life cycles, and noise
free operation. Prior to installation, performance and efficiency of solar power conditioning
systems have to be evaluated. Moreover, experimental validation and verification of solar power
conditioning systems under a wide range of different environmental and load conditions have to
be done.
Solar or PV cells are used to directly convert sunlight into dc power. PV cells exhibit nonlinear
output current-voltage characteristic. This current-voltage curve is characterized with a unique
maximum power point (MPP) and depends on environmental conditions. Accordingly, a
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is required in solar power conditioning
systems in order to maximize the generated output power.
The employed used renewable energy for better stabilization. So in this project it is proposed a
MPPT based power management system for parallel connected PV arrays and wind mill by
integrating buck-boost dc-dc converter with single phase inverter.
1.4 OBJECTIVE
The objective of the project is to develop a MPPT based power management system for parallel
connected renewable energy source by integrating buck-boost dc-dc converter with single phase
bidirectional converter.

Fig: 4.1 Block diagram of MPPT System

Therefore MPPT techniques are needed to maintain the PV arrays operating at its MPPT. Many
MPPT techniques have been proposed in the literature; examples are the Perturb and Observe
(P&O) methods Incremental Conductance (IC) methods.
4.1.1 How Maximum Power Point Tracking Works

The optimization or maximum power point tracking comes in. Assume your battery is low, at
12 volts. A MPPT takes that 17.6 volts at 7.4 amps and converts it down, so that what the
battery gets is now 10.8 amps at 12 volts. Now you still have almost 130 watts, and everyone
is happy. For 100% power conversion you would get around 11.3 amps at 11.5 volts, but you
have to feed the battery a higher voltage to force the amps in. And this is a simplified
explanation - in actual fact the output of the MPPT charge controller might vary continually to
adjust for getting the maximum amps into the battery.

FIG: 4.2 maximum power points.

On the left is a screen shot from the Maui Solar Software "PV-Design Pro" computer program
(click on picture for full size image). If you look at the green line, you will see that it has a
sharp peak at the upper right - that represents the maximum power point. What an MPPT
controller does is "look" for that exact point, then does the voltage/current conversion to
change it to exactly what the battery needs. In real life, that peak moves around continuously
with changes in light conditions and weather.
A MPPT tracks the maximum power point, which is going to be different from the STC
(Standard Test Conditions) rating under almost all situations. Under very cold conditions a
120 watt panel is actually capable of putting over 130+ watts because the power output goes
up as panel temperature goes down - but if you don't have some way of tracking that power
point, you are going to lose it. On the other hand under very hot conditions, the power drops you lose power as the temperature goes up. That is why you get less gain in summer.