CHNG I

CAC LOAI HP CHAT VO C

1. TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA OXIT, KHAI QUAT VE S PHAN LOAI OXIT
- Oxit la hp chat cua oxi vi mot nguyen to hoa hoc khac.
- Ten cua oxit kim loai: TEN CUA NGUYEN TO KIM LOAI (kem theo hoa tr) + OXIT.
V du: Fe2O3 ten la sat (III) oxit.
- Ten cua oxit phi kim:
TEN CUA NGUYEN TO PHI KIM (kem theo tien to ch so nguyen t) + OXIT.
V du: P2O5 ten la iphotpho pentaoxit.
- Cac tien to: mono la mot, i la hai, tri la ba, tetra la bon, penta la nam
1.1 Phan loai oxit
- Oxit baz: la nhng oxit tac dung vi dung dch axit tao thanh muoi va nc.
V du: Na2O, CaO, FeO
- Oxit axit: la nhng oxit tac dung vi dung dch baz tao thanh muoi va nc.
V du: CO2, SO2, SO3
- Oxit lng tnh: la nhng oxit co the tac dung vi dung dch baz va tac dung vi
dung dch axit tao thanh muoi va nc.
V du: Al2O3, ZnO
- Oxit trung tnh: oxit khong tao muoi, la nhng oxit khong tac dung vi axit, baz,
nc. V du: CO, NO
1.2 Tnh chat hoa hoc cua oxit
a) Oxit baz
- Tac dung vi nc: mot so oxit baz (Na2O, CaO, K2O, BaO..) tac dung vi nc tao
thanh dung dch baz kiem.
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
- Tac dung vi axit: oxit baz tac dung vi axit tao muoi va nc.
Na2O + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit axit: mot so oxit baz (Na2O, CaO, K2O, BaO..) tac dung vi oxit
axit tao thanh muoi
Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3
b) Oxit axit
Chu y: oxit axit ngoai cach goi ten nh tren con cach goi la: ANHIDRIC cua axit tng
ng.
V du: SO2 anhidric sunfur (axit tng ng la H2SO3 axit sunfur)
- Tac dung vi nc: nhieu oxit axit tac dung vi nc tao thanh dung dch axit (tr
SiO2 khong tan trong nc)
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
- Tac dung vi baz kiem: oxit axit tac dung vi baz kiem tao muoi va nc.
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit baz: mot so oxit axit tac dung vi oxit baz tao thanh muoi.
CaO + CO2 CaCO3

c) Oxit lng tnh

- Tac dung vi axit:
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl + 3H2O
- Tac dung vi bazo:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
d) Oxit trung tnh
- Tham gia phan ng oxi hoa kh
2NO + O2 2NO2 (peoxit nito)
3CO + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO2
2. MOT SO OXIT QUAN TRONG
2.1 Canxi oxit
- Cong thc hoa hoc: CaO.
- Phan t khoi: 56
- Ten goi thong thng: voi song
a) Tnh chat vat ly
Chat ran, mau trang, nhiet o nong chay khoang 25850C.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc
Canxi oxit la mot oxit baz.
- Tac dung vi nc tao thanh canxi hidroxit Ca(OH)2, phan ng voi toi.
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
- Tac dung vi axit
CaO + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit axit
CaO + CO2 CaCO3
c) ng dung
- Dung trong cong nghiep luyen kim.
- Nguyen lieu cho cong nghiep hoa hoc.
- Kh chua at trong trot.
- X l nc thai cong nghiep, sat trung, diet nam.
d) San xuat
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2.2 Lu huynh ioxit
- Cong thc hoa hoc: SO2
- Phan t khoi: 64
- Ten goi thong thng: kh sunfur
a) Tnh chat vat ly
Chat kh khong mau, mui hac, oc, nang hn khong kh.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc
Lu huynh ioxit la mot oxit axit.
- Tac dung vi nc tao thanh axit sunfur H2SO3
SO2 + H2O H2SO3

- Tac dung vi bazo

Ca(OH)2 + SO2 CaSO3 + H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit bazo tao thanh muoi sunfit (=SO3)
CaO + SO2 CaSO3
c) ng dung
- San xuat axit sunfuric: SO2 SO3 H2SO4
- Tay trang bot go trong cong nghiep giay.
- Diet nam, moc va dung lam chat bao quan thc pham.
d) ieu che - San xuat
- ieu che trong phong th nghiem
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
hoac Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2
- San xuat
ot chay lu huynh trong khong kh S + O2 SO2
hoac ot quang pirit sat (FeS2): 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
3. TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA AXIT
- Axit la hp chat ma phan t gom co mot goc axit lien ket vi mot hay nhieu
nguyen t hidro.
- Hoa tr cua goc axit bang so nguyen t hidro
- Axit khong co oxi: ten axit = axit + ten phi kim + HIDRIC
V du: HCl ten la axit clohidric
- Axit co oxi va phi kim ng vi hoa tr cao nhat: ten axit = axit + ten phi kim + IC
V du: HNO3 ten la axit nitric
- Axit co oxi va phi kim ng vi hoa tr thap: ten axit = axit + ten phi kim +
V du: HNO2 ten la axit nitr
Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Dung dch axit lam oi mau qui tm thanh o.
- Tac dung vi kim loai: tr dung dch axit HNO3, H2SO4 am ac, cac dung dch
axit tac dung vi kim loai ng trc hidro tao thanh muoi va giai phong H2.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
- Tac dung vi bazo: axit tac dung vi bazo tao thanh muoi va nuc. Phan ng nay
la phan ng trung hoa
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit baz: axit tac dung vi oxit baz tao thanh muoi va nc.
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
- Tac dung vi muoi: axit tac dung vi muoi tao thanh axit mi va muoi mi. ieu
kien phan ng: Muoi mi ket tua hoac axit mi yeu hn axit ban au
HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3
4. MOT SO AXIT QUAN TRONG

4.1 Axit clohidric

- Cong thc hoa hoc: HCl
- Phan t khoi: 36,5
- Ten goi: axit clohidric
- Dung dch axit clohidric am ac la dung dch bao hoa hidro clorua, co nong o
khoang 37%.
Tnh chat hoa hoc: axit clohidric la mot axit manh.
- Dung dch axit clohidric lam oi ma qui tm thanh o.
- Tac dung vi kim loai ng trc hidro tao thanh muoi clorua va giai phong H2.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
- Tac dung vi baz tao thanh muoi clorua va nc.
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit baz tao thanh muoi clorua va nc.
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
4.2 Axit sunfuric
- Cong thc hoa hoc: H2SO4
- Phan t khoi: 98
- Ten goi: axit sunfuric
a) Tnh chat vat ly
Chat long khong mau, sanh nh dau thc vat, khong bay hi, de tan trong nc va
toa rat nhieu nhiet. Nguyen tac pha loang axit sunfuric la rot t t axit sunfuric am
ac vao nc.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Axit sunfuric loang
+ Dung dch axit sunfuric loang lam oi mau quy tm thanh o.
+ Tac dung vi kim loai ng trc hidro tao thanh muoi sunfat va giai phong H2.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
+ Tac dung vi baz tao thanh muoi sunfat va nc.
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O
+ Tac dung vi oxit baz tao thanh muoi sunfat va nc.
CaO + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O
+ Tac dung vi muoi tao thanh axit mi va muoi mi
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl
- Axit sunfuric ac, nong
+ Dung dch axit sunfuric am ac, nong lam oi mau quy tm thanh o.
+ Tac dung vi kim loai hau het cac kim loai tao thanh muoi sunfat va khong giai
phong H2
Cu + 2H2SO4ac, nong CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
+ Tac dung vi baz tao thanh muoi sunfat va nc.

Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O

+ Tac dung vi oxit baz tao thanh muoi sunfat va nc.
CaO + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O
+ Axit Sunfuric ac rat hao nc
c) San xuat
S + O2 SO2
2SO2 + O2
2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
- Nhan biet axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat: Dung BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2 hoac Ba(OH)2 tao ket
tua BaSO4. e phan biet axit va muoi sunfat, co the dung Mg, Zn, axit tao ra kh
con muoi th khong tao kh.
5. TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA BAZ
- Baz la hp chat ma phan t gom co mot nguyen t kim loai lien ket vi mot hay
nhieu nhom hidroxit (OH).
- Hoa tr cua kim loai bang so nhom hidroxit
- Ten baz = ten kim loai (them hoa tr, neu kim loai co nhieu hoa tr) + hidroxit
V du: NaOH: natri hidroxit Fe(OH)2: sat (II) hidroxit
Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Dung dch baz kiem lam oi mau qui tm thanh xanh

- Dung dch baz kiem lam dung dch phenolphtalein khong mau thanh mau hong

- Tac dung vi axit: baz tac dung vi axit tao thanh muoi va nc. Phan ng nay
goi la phan ng trung hoa.
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit axit: baz kiem tac dung vi oxit axit tao thanh muoi va nc.
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 CaSO3 + 2H2O
- Tac dung vi muoi: bazo kiem tac dung vi muoi tao thanh bazo mi va muoi mi.
ieu kien phan ng: muoi ban au tan va san pham co ket tua
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + CaCO3
- Baz khong tan b nhiet phan huy: tao thanh oxit va nc.
Cu(OH)2 Cu0 + H2O
6. MOT SO BAZ QUAN TRONG
6.1 Natri hidroxit
- Cong thc hoa hoc: NaOH
- Phan t khoi: 40
- Ten goi: natri hidroxit
a) Tnh chat vat ly

Chat ran, khong mau, hut am manh, tan nhieu trong nc va toa nhiet.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc : natri hidroxit la mot baz tan trong nc.
- Dung dch natri hidroxit lam oi mau qu tm thanh xanh
- Dung dch NaOH lam dung dch phenolphtalein khong mau thanh mau hong.
- Tac dung vi axit tao thanh muoi va nc.
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit axit tao thanh muoi va nc
2NaOH + SO2 Na2SO3 + 2H2O
- Tac dung vi muoi tao thanh muoi mi va bazo mi
2NaOH + CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
d) ng dung
- San xuat xa phong, giay,...
- Che bien dau mo.
- San xuat t nhan tao
e) ieu che - San xuat
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
2Na + H2O 2NaOH + H2
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + CaCO3
ien phan dung dch muoi an am ac (co mang ngan)
2NaCl + 2H2O
2NaOH + Cl2+ H2
Chu y: nhan biet natri hidroxit bang qui tm hoac dung dch phenolphtalein.
6.2 Canxi hidroxit
- Cong thc hoa hoc: Ca(OH)2
- Phan t khoi: 74
- Ten goi: canxi hidroxit
- Ten thong thng: voi toi
a) Tnh chat hoa hoc : canxi hidroxit la mot baz tan trong nc.
- Dung dch canxi hidroxit lam oi mau qui tm thanh xanh
- Dung dch Ca(OH)2 lam dung dch phenolphtalein khong mau thanh mau hong
- Tac dung vi axit tao thanh muoi va nc.
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit axit tao thanh muoi va nc
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 CaSO3 + 2H2O
- Tac dung vi muoi tao thanh muoi mi va bazo mi
Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH
b) ng dung
- Lam vat lieu xay dng, kh chua, kh trung...
- Bao ve moi trng: kh chat thai.

Chu y: nhan biet canxi hidroxit bang qui tm hoac dung dch phenolphtalein.
c) ieu che
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
7. THANG pH
- pH = 7: trung tnh.
- pH < 7: axit.
- pH > 7: baz.
8. TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA MUOI
- Muoi la hp chat ma phan t gom nguyen t kim loai lien ket vi goc axit
V du: NaCl, KCl, NaNO3,
- Trong hp chat muoi: tong so hoa tr kim loai = tong so hoa tr goc axit (van da
vao quy tac hoa tr).
V du: Fe2(SO4)3: tong so hoa tr kim loai la 2.III = 6,
tong so hoa tr cua goc axit: 3.II = 6
- Ten muoi = ten kim loai (them hoa tr, neu kim loai co nhieu hoa tr) + goc axit
V du: goc axit la: NO3 ten nitrat, NaNO3: muoi natrinitrat
- Phan loai muoi: Muoi trung hoa (trong goc axit khong co hidro),
Muoi axit (trong goc axit co hidro)
V du: NaNO3, NaCl, KCl,... muoi trung hoa
NaHSO4, NaHCO3,... muoi axt
Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Tac dung vi mot so kim loai tao thanh muoi mi va kim loai mi. ieu kien phan
ng: muoi ban au tan va kim loai mi yeu hn kim loai ban au
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
- Tac dung vi axit tao thanh axit mi va muoi mi. ieu kien phan ng: muoi mi
ket tua hoac axit mi yeu hn va de bay hi hn axit phan ng
Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
- Tac dung vi baz kiem tao thanh baz mi va muoi mi. ieu kien phan ng:
muoi ban au phai tan va san pham co ket tua
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 NaOH + CaCO3
- Tac dung vi dung dch muoi tao thanh 2 muoi mi. ieu kien phan ng: 2 muoi
ban au tan va san pham phai tao ra ket tua
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
- Mot so muoi b phan huy nhiet o cao
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
9. MOT SO MUOI QUAN TRONG
9.1 Natri clorua

- Cong thc hoa hoc: NaCl

- Phan t khoi: 58,5
- Ten goi: natri clorua
- Ten thong thng: muoi an
a) Trang thai t nhien
Hoa tan trong nc bien hoac ket tinh trong cac mo muoi.
b) Cach khai thac
- Cho bay hi nc bien se thu c muoi ket tinh.
- Mo muoi: khai thac mo va tinh che.
c) ng dung
- Trong cong nghiep hoa chat
- Trong cong nghiep thc pham...
Chu y: nhan biet NaCl bang dung dch AgNO3 tao ket tua trang AgCl.
9.2 Kali nitrat
- Cong thc hoa hoc: KNO3
- Phan t khoi: 101
- Ten goi: kali nitrat
- Ten thong thng: diemtieu
a) Tnh chat
- B phan huy thanh kali nitrit va giai phong kh oxi.
2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
- KNO3 co tnh oxi hoa manh.
b) ng dung
- Che tao thuoc no en
- Lam phan bon
- Lam chat bao quan trong thc pham.
10. PHAN BON HOA HOC
- Phan bon hoa hoc la nhng hp chat cha cac nguyen to hoa hoc can thiet cho
thc vat phat trien.
- Nhng loai phan c ban:
+ Phan am: cac muoi co cha nguyen to nit (N): ure CO(NH2)2; NH4NO3,...
+ Phan lan: cac muoi co cha nguyen to photpho (P): Ca3(PO4)2; Ca(H2PO4)2,...
+ Phan kali: cac muoi kali: KNO3, KCl,...
+ Phan vi lng: la phan bon co cha mot lng nho cac nguyen to can thiet cho s
phat cua thc vat nh bo, mangan,.
11. IEU CHE CAC LOAI HP CHAT VO C
a. ieu che oxit

Phi kim + oxi

Nhiet phan axit (axit mat nc)

Kim loai + oxi

Nhiet phan muoi

Oxit

Oxi + Hp cht

Nhiet phan bazo khong tan

Kim loi mnh + Kim loi yu

VD: 2N2 + 5O2 2N2O5

4HNO3 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2

3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4

Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O

CuS + 3O2 2CuO + 2SO2

b. ieu che axit
Oxit axit + nc

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

Phi kim + hidro

Axit

Muoi + axit manh

VD: P2O5 + H2O H3PO4
NaCl + H2SO4

Cl2 + H2

NaHSO4 + HCl

2HCl

2NaCl + H2SO4

Na2SO4 + 2HCl

c. ieu che bazo

Kim loi + nc

Kiem + dd muoi

Bazo

Oxit bazo + nc
VD: 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

ien phan dd mui co mang ngan

6NaOH + Fe2(SO4)3 3Na2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)3

Na2O + H2O NaOH

2KCl + 2H2O

2KOH + H2 + Cl2

d. ieu che hidroxit lng tnh

Muoi cua nguyen to lng tnh + NH4OH (hoac kiem va u) Hidroxit lng tnh + Muoi mi

VD: AlCl3 + NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3

ZnSO4 + 2NaOH (va u) Zn(OH)2 + Na2SO4
e. ieu che muoi
T n chat

T hp chat
Axit + Bazo

Kim loai + Axit

Kim loai + Phi kim
Kim loai + dd muoi

Axit + Oxit bazo

Muoi

Oxit axit + Oxit bazo

Muoi axit + Oxit bazo
Muoi axit + Bazo
Axit + dd muoi
Kim + dd muoi
Dd muoi + dd muoi

CHNG II

KIM LOAI

- n chat la chat do mot nguyen to hoa hoc cau tao nen.

- n chat co 2 loai la: kim loai va phi kim.
I. Tnh chat vat ly cua kim loai
- dang t do va ieu kien thng la chat ran (tr thuy ngan la chat long).
- Tnh deo: kim loai co the ren, keo si, dat mong
- Tnh dan ien
- Tnh dan nhiet: kim loai co tnh dan ien tot thng dan nhiet tot.
- Tnh anh kim: ng dung lam o trang sc.
II. Tnh chat hoa hoc cua kim loai
1. Tac dung vi phi kim
Phan ln kim loai tac dung vi oxi tao thanh oxit, vi phi kim tao thanh muoi.
a) Tac dung vi oxi
K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al

Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg

Ag, Pt, Au

- Phan ng khong eu kien. - Phan ng khi nung.

Khong phan ng
- ot: chay sang.
- ot: khong chay, tr sat.
4Na + O2 2Na2O
b) Kim loai khi un nong vi lu huynh tao thanh sunfua kim loai.
Fe + S FeS
c) Tat ca cac kim loai eu phan ng vi Clo
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
2. Day hoat ong cua kim loai
- Ngi ta sap xep day hoat ong kim loai nh sau:
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg, Pt, Au
- Tnh kim giam dan t trai sang phai.
- Cac kim loai manh nh: K, Na, Ca tac dung vi nc nhiet o thng tao thanh
kiem va kh H2.
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
3. Kim loai tac dung vi axit
- Nhng kim loai ng trc hidro trong day hoat ong hoa hoc tac dung vi dung
dch axit tao muoi va kh hidro (tr axit HNO3 va H2SO4 am ac).
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Chu y: cac kim loai nhieu hoa tr se tao muoi hoa hoa tr thap.
V du: sat co hoa tr II va III nhng: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
4. Kim loai tac dung vi dung dch muoi tao thanh muoi mi va kim loai mi.
- T Mg ve sau trong day hoat ong hoa hoc, kim loai ng trc ay kim loai
ng sau ra khoi dung dch muoi.
Fe + CuS FeS + Cu

Chu y: ieu kien thng cac kim loai Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na phan ng vi nc tao baz
va giai phong kh hidro.
III. Nhng kim loai quan trong
1. Nhom
- K hieu hoa hoc: Al
- Nguyen t khoi: 27
- Ten goi: nhom
a) Tnh chat vat ly
Nhom la kim loai mau trang bac, co anh kim, khoi lng rieng d = 2,7g/cm3, nong
chay 660oC, de dat mong, dan nhiet, dan ien tot ch kem hn ong va bac
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc
Nhom la kim loai ng trc hidro.
- Tac dung vi phi kim.
2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3
- Tac dung vi axit HCl, H2SO4 loang giai phong kh hidro
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
- Tac dung vi axit HNO3 loang tao kh N2O
8Al + 30HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O
- Al khong tac dung vi axit HNO3 va H2SO4 ac nguoi.
- Tac dung vi muoi.
2Al + 3ZnCl2 2AlCl3 + 3Zn
- Tnh chat ac biet cua nhom la tac dung vi dung dch baz giai phong kh
hidro.
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
c) San xuat
ien phan nong chay quang boxit co thanh phan chu yeu la Al2O3
2Al2O3

4Al + 3O2

d) ng dung
- Dung lam day dan ien..
- o dung gia nh..
2. Sat
- K hieu hoa hoc: Fe
- Nguyen t khoi: 56
- Ten goi: sat
a) Tnh chat vat ly
Sat la kim loai mau trang hi xam, khoi lng rieng d = 7,9g/cm3, nong chay
1539oC, co tnh nhiem t.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc: sat la kim loai ng trc hidro.
- Tac dung vi phi kim.

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Fe + S FeS
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
- Tac dung vi axit HCl, H2SO4 loang giai phong kh hiro
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
- Tac dung vi axit HNO3 loang tao kh NO
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
- Fe khong tac dung vi axit HNO3 va H2SO4 ac nguoi.
- Tac dung vi muoi.
Fe + CuCl2 FeCl2 + Cu
3. ieu che kim loai
- Dung kim loai ng trc ay kim loai ng sau ra khoi dung dch muoi.
Fe + CuCl2 FeCl2 + Cu
- ien phan nong chay oxit tng ng
2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
- Dung CO kh oxit tng ng
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
IV Hp kim cua sat
1. Gang
Gang la hp kim cua sat vi cacbon trong o ham lng cacbon 2 6%, ngoai ra
con mot so nguyen to khac.
- Gang co hai loai: gang xam va gang trang.
- San xuat: dung CO kh quang sat nhiet o cao.
2. Thep
Thep la hp kim cua sat vi cacbon trong o ham lng cacbon nho hn 2%, ngoai
ra con mot so nguyen to khac. Neu cac nguyen to khac la Ni, Cr ta co thep khong r
(inox).
- San xuat: oxi hoa gang e loai phan ln cacbon, mangan, silic, photpho lu huynh.
- FeO co trong quang se oxi hoa cacbon, mangan, silic, photpho lu huynh thanh
cac oxit. Chung tach ra khoi gang di dang xi hoac kh thai.
V. An mon kim loai
1. The nao la an mon kim loai
S pha huy kim loai do tac dung hoa hoc cua moi trng goi la s an mon kim loai.
2. V sao kim loai b an mon
Nguyen nhan: kim loai tac dung vi nhng chat ma no tiep xuc trong moi trng.
Nhng yeu to anh hng en an mon kim loai:
- Thanh phan cac chat trong moi trng.
- Nhiet o cua moi trng.
3. Bao ve kim loai khoi s an mon
- Khong cho kim loai tiep xuc vi moi trng.

- Che tao nhng hp kim t b an mon hoa hoc

DAY HOAT ONG HOA HOC CUA KIM LOAI

K
+ O2:
K

Na Ba

Ca Mg Al

nhiet o thng
Na

Ba

Ca

Mg

Na

Ba

Ca

Fe

Ni

Sn Pb

Cu Hg Ag

nhiet o cao
Al

Tac dung vi nc
K

Zn

Zn

Fe

Ni

Sn

Pb

Na

Ba

Ca

Au

kho phan ng
H

Cu

Hg

Ag

Pt

Au

Pt

Au

Khong tac dung vi nc nhiet o thng

Mg

Al

Zn

Fe

Ni

Sn

Pb

Cu

Tac dung vi cac axit thong thng giai phong Hydro

K

Pt

Mg

Al

Zn

Fe

Ni

Sn

Hg

Ag

Khong tac dung

Pb

Cu

Hg

Ag

Pt

Au

Kim loai ng trc ay kim loai ng sau ra khoi muoi

K

Na

Ba

Ca

Mg

H2, CO khong kh c oxit

Al

Zn

Fe

Ni

Sn

Pb

Cu

Hg

Ag

Pt

Au

kh c oxit cac kim loai nay nhiet o cao

Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng tr-c Mg phn ng vi nc nhit th-ng to thnh dd Kim
v gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c nhng
khng gii phng Hidro.
ngha ca dy hot ng ho hc
K Na Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb

H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

- Dy -c sp xp theo chiu gim dn tnh hot ng ho hc (t tri sang phi)

- Mt s kim loi va tc dng c vi axit v vi nc: K, Na, Ba, Ca
Kim loi + H2O Dung dch baz + H2
- Kim loi va tc dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz: (Be), Al, Zn, Cr
2A + 2(4 - n)NaOH + 2(n - 2)H2O 2Na4 - nAO2 + nH2
V d:
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2+ 3H2
2Al + Ba(OH)2 + 2H2O Ba(AlO2)2 + 3H2
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Zn + Ba(OH)2 BaZnO2 + H2
- Kim loi ng trc H tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 long to mui v gii
phng H2.

Kim loi + Axit Mui + H2

L-u : Kim loi trong mui c ho tr thp (i vi kim loi a ho tr)
- K t Mg tr i kim loi ng truc y c kim loi ng sau ra khi mui ca
chng theo quy tc:
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh cht oxi ho yu + cht kh yu.
L-u : nhng kim loi u dy (kim loi tc dng c vi nc) th khng tun theo quy tc
trn m n xy ra theo cc buc sau:
Kim loi kim (hoc kim th) + H2O Dung dch baz + H2
Sau : Dung dch baz + dung dch mui Mui mi + Baz mi (*)
iu kin (*): Cht to thnh phi c t nht 1 cht kt ta (khng tan)
V d: cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO4.
Tr-c tin: Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
Ba(OH)2 + CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 + BaSO4
c bit: Cu + 2FeCl3 CuCl2 + 2FeCl2
Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 CuSO4 + 2FeSO4
CHNG III

PHI KIM

S LC VE BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

I. Tnh chat cua phi kim
- n chat la chat do mot nguyen to hoa hoc cau tao nen.
- n chat co 2 loai la: kim loai va phi kim.
1. Tnh chat vat ly cua phi kim
- dang t do va ieu kien thng phi kim ton tai ca 3 trang thai: ran, long, kh.
V du: trang thai ran: cacbon; trang thai long: brom; trang thai kh: oxi.
- Phi kim thng khong co anh kim, khong dan nhiet, khong dan ien (neu co th
rat kem)
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc cua kim loai
2.1 Tac dung vi kim loai
- Tac dung vi kim loai tao thanh muoi.
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
Fe + S FeS
- Oxi tac dung vi kim loai tao thanh oxit.
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
2.2. Phi kim tac dung vi hidro
2H2 + O2 2H2O
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
H2 + S H2S
2.3. Phi kim loai tac dung vi oxi

Nhieu phi kim tac dung vi oxi tao ra oxit.

C + O2 CO2
S + O2 SO2
Chu y:
- Trong cac phi kim flo hoat ong manh nhat, sau o la oxi va clo.
- S, P, C, Si.. la nhng phi kim hoat ong yeu hn.
III. Nhng phi kim quan trong
1. Clo Cl (M = 35,5)
- K hieu hoa hoc: Cl
- Nguyen t khoi: 35,5
- Cong thc phan t: Cl2
- Ten goi: clo
a) Tnh chat vat ly
- Clo la chat kh mau vang luc, mui hac.
- Clo nang hn khong kh.
- Clo t tan trong nc.
- Clo la kh oc, khi ht nhieu co the t vong.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc: clo la phi kim hoat ong manh.
- Tac dung vi kim loai. Kim loai nhieu hoa tr cho hoa tr cao nhat.
-

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Tac dung vi hidro.
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Khong tac dung trc tiep vi oxi.
Tnh chat ac biet cua clo la tac dung vi nc va vi baz
H2O + Cl2 2HCl + HClO (axit hipoclor)
Hon hp Cl2 ,HCl, HClO tan trong nc goi la nc clo. Nc clo co tnh hoa hoc
manh, tiet trung, tay mau v:
HClO HCl + O
Va oxi nguyen t co hoat tnh manh:
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Hon hp san pham nay goi la nc Javen, nc Javen cung co tnh tay mau, tiet
trung v NaClO (natri hipoclorit) la chat oxi hoa manh.
ieu che trong san xuat:

2NaCl + 2H2O
2. Cacbon
- K hieu hoa hoc: C
- Nguyen t khoi: 12
- Ten goi: cacbon
a) Tnh chat vat ly

Cl2 + H2 + 2NaOH

Cacbon co 3 dang thu hnh la: Kim cng, than ch va cacbon vo nh hnh. Cacbon
vo nh hnh co tnh hap phu cao.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc
Cacbon vo nh hnh la mot phi kim hoat ong yeu
- Tac dung vi kim loai phan ng rat kho khan.
2C + Ca CaC2
- Tac dung vi hidro phan ng rat kho khan
C + 2H2
CH4
- Chay trong oxi va toa nhiet.
C + O2 CO2
- Tnh chat ac biet cua cacbon la tnh kh, nhiet o cao cacbon kh nhieu oxit
kim loai thanh kim loai t do.
3C + Fe2O3 3CO + 2Fe
c) ng dung
- Kim cng lam o trang sc, dao cat kieng..
- Than ch: lam ien cc, ruot but ch..
- Than vo nh hnh: nhien lieu, chat hap phu..
3. Silic Si (M = 28)
Silic la nguyen to pho bien th hai tren trai at (sau oxi) thng gap silic trang thai
hp chat nh cat (SiO2), cac silicat t nhien nh at set..
- Tnh chat vat ly: silic la chat ran, kho nong chay, dan ien kem.
- Tnh chat hoa hoc: silic hoat ong yeu
+ Tac dung vi oxi nhiet o cao.

IV
1.

a)

b)

Si + O2 SiO2
- ng dung: trong cong nghiep gom, s, xi mang, thuy tinh...
Cac oxit cua cacbon
Cacbon oxit
- K hieu hoa hoc: CO
- Phan t khoi: 28
- Ten goi: cacbon oxit
Tnh chat vat ly
Cacbon oxit la chat kh khong mau, t tan trong nc, nhe hn khong kh, rat ben vi
nhiet. CO la kh oc (v CO ket hp vi chat hemoglobin trong mau thanh hp chat
ben, lam cho hemoglobin mat tac dung van chuyen kh oxi i khap c the ngi va
ong vat)
Tnh chat hoa hoc: CO la oxit trung tnh, CO la chat kh
- CO khong tac dung vi axit, kiem nhiet o thng.
- CO khong tao muoi.

- CO kh c nhieu oxit kim loai nhiet o cao tao thanh kim loai t do.
CO + FeO Fe + CO2
- CO chay trong oxi:
2CO + O2 2CO2
d) ng dung
- Lam nhien lieu, chat kh..
- Nguyen lieu trong cong nghe hoa.
2. Cacbon ioxit
- K hieu hoa hoc: CO2
- Phan t khoi: 44
- Ten goi: cacbon ioxit hay anhidric cacbonic
- Ten thong thng: kh cacbonic
a) Tnh chat vat ly
Cacbon ioxit la chat kh khong mau, khong mui, nang hn khong kh. CO2 khong duy
tr s song va s chay.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc: CO2 la oxit axit, co ay u tnh chat hoa hoc cua mot oxit axit.
- Tac dung vi nc: CO2 tac dung vi nc tao thanh dung dch axit H2CO3
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
- Tac dung vi baz: CO2 tac dung vi baz tao muoi va nc.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
- Tac dung vi oxit baz: CO2 tac dung vi oxit baz tao thanh muoi.
CO2 + CaO CaCO3
c) ieu che trong phong th nghiem:
CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
d) ng dung
- Cha chay
- Bao quan thc pham, ...
- Pha che nc uong co ga, san xuat soda..
V. Axit cacbonic va muoi cacbonat
1. Axit cacbonic H2CO3, M = 62
- Axit cacbonic la mot axit yeu.
- Dung dch H2CO3 lam qui tm chuyen thanh mau o nhat.
- H2CO3 khong ben b phan huy thanh CO2 va nc.
H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
2. Muoi cacbonat: co 2 loai muoi: muoi cacbonat axit va muoi cacbonat trung hoa.
- Muoi cacbonat trung hoa c goi la muoi cacbonat
V du: Na2CO3, CaCO3,
- Muoi cacbonat axit c goi la muoi hidrocacbonat

V du: NaHCO3, KHCO3,

a) Tnh chat vat ly
Cac muoi cacbonat tan gom: K2CO3, Na2CO3 ... cac muoi cacbon oxit. Cac muoi
cacbonat cua kim loai hoa tr II khong tan.
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc: muoi cacbonat la mot muoi vo c.
- Tac dung vi axit tao thanh CO2, nc va muoi mi
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
- Tac dung vi baz tao thanh baz mi va muoi cacbonat mi khong tan.
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + CaCO3
- Tac dung vi dung dch muoi tao thanh 2 muoi mi, ieu kien phan ng: phai tao
ra muoi ket tua.
Na2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 2NaNO3 + CaCO3
- Mot so muoi b phan huy nhiet o cao
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
c) ng dung: dung lam nguyen lieu san xuat voi, xi mang..
VI. Silic ioxit SiO2 la oxit axit khong tan trong nc.
- Khong tac dung vi nc.
- Tac dung vi oxit baz tan tao thanh muoi silicat.
Na2O + SiO2 Na2SiO3
- Tac dung vi kiem tao thanh muoi silicat.
2NaOH + SiO2 Na2SiO3 + H2O
VII. S lc ve bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc
1. Nguyen tac sap xep cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan
Nguyen tac sap xep cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan, sap xep cac nguyen to theo
chieu tang dan cua so ien tch hat nhan.
2. Cau tao bang tuan hoan
Bang tuan hoan bieu dien s tng quan gia cac nguyen to hoa hoc theo so ien tch
hat nhan, gom 2 dang chnh:
- Bang ngan gom 8 cot.
- Bang dai gom 16 cot.
Sau ay ch quan tan en bang dai gom 16 cot.
a) O nguyen to
Bang tuan hoan co khoang 110 o, moi o xep mot nguyen to.
- Moi o cho biet: so hieu nguyen t, k hieu, ten va nguyen t khoi cua nguyen to.
- So hieu nguyen t la so th t cua nguyen to trong bang he thong tuan hoan. So
hieu nguyen t co tr so bang so n v ien tch hat nhan va bang so electron trong
nguyen t.
V du: o th 11, xep nguyen to natri (Na). Ta co:
+ So hieu nguyen t = so proton = so electron = 11

+ K hieu hoa hoc: Na

+ Ten nguyen to: natri
+ Nguyen t khoi: 23
b) Chu k
Chu k gom cac nguyen to ma nguyen t cua chung co cung so lp electron va c
xep thanh hang theo chieu tang dan ien tch hat nhan.
- So th t cua chu k bang so lp electron trong nguyen t cua cac nguyen to
nam trong chu k.
V du: chu k II, tat ca cac nguyen t eu co 2 lp electron.
- Trong bang tuan hoan gom 7 chu k (moi chu k la mot hang).
- Tr chu k I, cac chu k con lai eu bat au la kim loai kiem va ket thuc la kh
hiem.
V du: chu k 3: bat au la kim loai kiem Na va ket thuc la kh tr: Ar (agon)
c) Nhom
Nhom gom cac nguyen to ma nguyen t cua chung co so electron lp ngoai cung
bang nhau va c xep thanh cot theo chieu tang dan cua ien tch hat nhan nguyen
t.
So th t cua nhom bang so electron lp ngoai cung cua nguyen t cua cac nguyen to
trong nhom.
V du: nguyen t cua cac nguyen to nhom II, co 2 electron lp vo ngoai cung.
2. S bien oi tnh chat cua nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan
a) Trong mot chu k
Khi i t au chu k en cuoi chu k theo chieu tang dan ien tch hat nhan, ta co:
- So electron ngoai cung cua nguyen t tang dan t 1 en 8 (tr chu k 1)
- Tnh kim loai cua nguyen to giam dan, ong thi tnh phi kim tang dan. Co ngha
au chu k la kim loai manh (kim loai kiem), cuoi chu k la phi kim manh
(halogen: flo, clo..), ket thuc chu k la kh hiem.
V du: chu k 3: au chu k la kim loai kiem Na (kim loai manh) cuoi chu k la phi
kim manh clo, ket thuc chu k la kh hiem agon (Ar)
b) Trong mot nhom
Khi i t tren xuong theo chieu tang ien tch hat nhan, ta co: so lp electron cua
nguyen t tang dan, tnh kim loai cua cac nguyen to tang dan, ong thi tnh phi kim
giam dan.
4. Y ngha cua bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc
- Biet v tr cua nguyen t suy ra cau tao nguyen t va tnh chat cua nguyen to.
V du:nguyen to A co so th t la 11 trong bang he thong tuan hoan. T v tr nay
ta biet:
+ Nguyen to A co so hieu nguyen t la 11, o la Na.
+ ien tch hat nhan cua nguye t bang +11, so electron chuyen ong

xung quanh hat nhan la 11e.

+ Nguyen to A chu k 3, do o co 3 lp electron.
+ Nguyen to A nhom I co 1e lp vo ngoai cung, nguyen to A au chu k nen
co tnh kim loai manh.
- Biet cau tao nguyen t suy ra v tr va tnh chat cua nguyen to.
+ Nguyen to B, co 4 lp electron, co 1e lp ngoai cung.
+ T o ta biet nguyen to A chu k IV, nhom 1. Nguyen to B la kali (K)
CHNG IV

HIDROCACBON VA NHIEN LIEU

I. Khai niem ve hp chat hu c va hoa hoc hu c
1. Khai niem ve hp chat hu c
- Hp chat hu c la hp chat cua cacbon, tr CO, CO2, muoi cacbua, muoi
cacbonat...
- Hp chat hu c c chia thanh hai:
Hidrocacbon: hp chat hu c ch cha hidro va cacbon
Dan xuat cua hidrocacbon: trong phan t, ngoai hai nguyen to C va H con co
nhng nguyen to khac nh O, N, S, Cl...
- Cac chat hu c la vat lieu c ban tao nen c the ong vat va thc vat, co trong
thc an hang ngay cua con ngi.
2. Khai niem ve hoa hoc hu c
Hoa hoc hu c la nganh nghien cu cac hp chat hu c.
II. Cau tao phan t hp chat hu c
1. Hoa tr va lien ket gia cac nguyen t
- Trong phan t hp chat hu c, cac nguyen t phai c sap at theo mot trat t
xac nh, phu hp vi hoa tr cua cac nguyen to.
- Trong chat hu c, cacbon co hoa tr IV.
- Cac nguyen t cacbon co the lien ket vi nhau tao thanh: mach thang, mach
nhanh, mach vong.
2. Cong thc phan t va cong thc cau tao
- Cong thc phan t cho biet:
+ So nguyen t cua moi nguyen to co trong phan t.
+ Phan t khoi.
- Tnh chat cua cac chat hu c khong ch phu thuoc vao thanh phan nguyen to cau
tao, so nguyen t cua cac nguyen to, ma con tuy thuoc vao cau tao cua chat ay.
- Cong thc cau tao cho biet:
+ Thanh phan cua phan t va phan t khoi.
+ Trat t lien ket gia cac nguyen t trong phan t
III. Metan
Cong thc phan t cua metan: CH4
-

- Cong thc cau tao:

- Phan t khoi: 16
1. Tnh chat vat ly

H
|
HCH
|
H

Metan la chat kh khong mau, rat t tan trong nc, nhe hn khong kh.
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc
a) Phan ng vi oxi:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
- Hon hp 1V CH4 va 2V O2 la hon hp no manh
b) Phan ng the vi clo
CH4 + Cl2

CH3Cl + HCl
(Metyl Clorua)

3. ng dung
- Metan c dung lam nhien lieu
- Metan la nguyen lieu ieu che H2 theo s o sau:
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2
- Metan con c dung e ieu che bot than va nhieu chat khac
4. ieu che:
C + 2H2 CH4
CH3COONa + NaOH
CH4 + Na2CO3
IV. Etilen
- Cong thc phan t cua etilen: C2H4
- Cong thc cau tao:
H
H
C C
H
H
- Phan t khoi: 28
1. Tnh chat vat ly
Etilen la chat kh khong mau, rat t tan trong nc, nhe hn khong kh.
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc
a) Phan ng vi oxi
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
b) Phan ng cong vi brom
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 (Dibrom Etan)

- Dung dch Br2 mau da cam.

- Dung dch Dibrom Etan khong mau.
c) Phan ng trung hp:
n(CH2=CH2)
3. ieu che va ng dung
- ieu che C2H4:

(CH2CH2)n

C2H5OH
C2H4 + H2O
- ng dung
+ Nguyen lieu san xuat ru etilic, axit axetic, chat deo PE..
+ Dung kch thch qua trnh chn cua qua.
V. Axetilen
- Cong thc phan t cua axetilen: C2H2
- Cong thc cau tao: HC CH
- Phan t khoi: 26
1. Tnh chat vat ly
Axetilen la chat kh khong mau, rat t tan trong nc, nhe hn khong kh.
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc
a) Phan ng vi oxi
2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
- Hon hp 2V C2H2 va 5V O2 la hon hp no manh
b) Phan ng cong vi brom
C2H2 + Br2 C2H2Br4 (TetraBrom Etan)
Phan ng cong vi hydro
C2H2 + 2H2 C2H6 (Etan)
3. ieu che va ng dung
- ieu che
2C + H2

C2H2

2CH4
C2H2 + 3H2
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
(Canxi Cacbua)
- ng dung
+ Nhien lieu cho en x.
+ Nguyen lieu cho nganh cong nghiep tong hp hu c.
VI. Benzen
- Cong thc phan t cua benzen: C6H6
- Phan t khoi: 78
1. Tnh chat vat ly

- Chat long khong mau, linh ong.

- Nhe hn nc, khong tan trong nc nhng tan nhieu trong cac dung moi hu c
nh ru, ete...
- Benzen la dung moi cua nhieu chat nh chat beo, caosu..
- Bezen oc.
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc
a) Phan ng vi oxi
2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O
b) Phan ng the vi brom
C6H6 + Br2

C6H5Br + HBr
(Brom Benzen)
c) Phan ng cong vi hidro
C6H6 + 3H2 C6H12 (Xiclo Hexan)
3. ng dung
- Benzen la dung moi.
- Benzen la nguyen lieu trong nen cong nghiep nhuom, chat deo..
4. ieu che
3C2H2

C6 H 6

CHNG V

DAN XUAT CUA HIDROCABON POLIME

I. RU ETYLIC
- Cong thc phan t: C2H6O
- Cong thc cau tao:

H H
|
|
HCCOH
|
|
H H

- Cong thc cau tao viet gon: CH3CH2OH

- Phan t khoi: 46
1. Tnh chat vat ly
- Ru etilic (etanol) la chat long khong mau, soi 78,30C.
- Ru elilic nhe hn nc, tan vo han trong nc, hoa tan c nhieu chat nh iot,
benzen
- o ru la: so ml ru etilic co trong 100ml hon hp ru vi nc.
Cong thc tnh o ru:
r: o ru (o)
Vr: The tch ru Etylic (ml)
Vhh: The tch hon hp ru va nc (ml)

2. Cau tao phan t

Trong phan t ru etilic co mot nguyen t H khong lien ket vi nguyen t C ma lien
ket vi O, tao ra nhom OH. Chnh nhom OH nay lam cho ru co tnh chat ac trng,
3. Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Phan ng chay: ru etilic chay vi ngon la mau xanh va toa nhieu nhiet
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
- Phan ng the vi natri (Na): ru tac dung vi natri giai phong kh hidro.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
(Natri Etylat)
- Phan ng vi axit axetic tao ra este:
C2H5OH + CH3COOH

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(etyl axetat)

- Phan ng len men

C2H5OH + O2
CH3COOH + H2O
4. ng dung ru etilic
- Dung lam dung moi pha che nc hoa, vecni, dc pham.
- Dung lam nguyen lieu san xuat ete, cao su tong hp
- Mot phan ru dung di dang ru uong, uong nhieu ru co hai cho sc khoe.
5. ieu che
Co 2 phng phap
C2H4 + H2O
C6H12O6

C2H5OH
2C2H5OH + 2CO2

II. AXIT AXETIC

- Cong thc phan t: C2H4O2
- Cong thc cau tao:

H
O
|
HCC
|
H
OH
- Cong thc cau tao viet gon: CH3COOH
- Phan t khoi: 60.
1. Tnh chat vat ly
- Axit axetic la chat long khong mau, soi 118oC.
- Axit axetic tan vo han trong nc, co v chua. Dam la dung dch axit axetic loang.
2. Cau tao phan t
Trong phan t axit axetic co mot nhom OH lien ket vi nhom C O tao thanh nhom
COOH lam cho phan t co tnh axit.
3. Tnh chat hoa hoc

a) Tnh axit yeu

- Lam oi mau qui tm thanh o.
- Tac dung vi kim loai hoat ong manh:
2CH3COOH + 2Na 2CH3COONa + H2
- Tac dung vi oxit kim loai:
2CH3COOH + CaO (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O
- Tac dung vi baz
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
(Natri Axetat)
- Tac dung vi muoi cacbonat:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
b) Tac dung vi ru etilic (phan ng este hoa) :
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH

CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
(Etyl Axetat (este))

4. ng dung
- Dung dch axit axetic 2 - 5% c dung lam giam an.
- Dung trong cong nghiep hoa chat.
5. ieu che
Co 3 phng phap
2C4H10 + 5O2
(Butan)
C2H5OH + O2

4CH3COOH + 2H2O
CH3COOH + H2O

CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl

III. CHAT BEO
1. Trang thai t nhien va tnh chat vat ly
- Chat beo la m ong vat va dau thc vat (tap trung hat).
- Chat beo nhe hn nc, khong tan trong nc, tan c trong benzene, xang, dau
hoa
2. Cong thc hoa hoc
- Chat beo la hon hp nhieu ester cua glixerol (la mot ru 3 chc: C3H5(OH)3) va
cac axit beo RCOOH (R co the la C17H35, C17H31,C15H31,..).
- Cong thc chung la (RCOO)3C3H5
V du: C17H35COOH, C17H33COOH
3. Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Phan ng thuy phan: la phan ng cua chat beo va nc vi chat xuc tac axit tao
glixerol va cac axit beo.
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3H2O

3RCOOH + C3H5(OH)3

- Phan ng xa phong hoa: la phan ng cua chat beo vi dung dch kiem tao ra
glixerol va muoi cua axit beo.
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3
4. ng dung
- Dung lam thc pham.
- San xuat glixerol va xa phong.
- Dung moi pha sn.
IV. GLUCOZ
- Cong thc phan t: C6H12O6
- Phan t khoi: 180.
1. Trang thai t nhien va tnh chat vat ly
- Glucoz co nhieu trong qua (nhieu nhat la trong nho chn), trong mau cua ngi va
ong vat.
- Glucoz la chat ran ket tinh, mau trang v ngot, de tan trong nc.
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Phan ng oxi hoa glucoz hay con goi la phan ng trang gng: la phan ng dung
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 hoac dung dch Ag2O trong NH3 (amoniac) e oxi hoa
dung dch ng.
C6H12O6+ Ag2O

C6H12O7 + 2Ag

- Phan ng len men ru:

C6H12O6

2C2H5OH + 2CO2

3. ng dung
- Dung lam trong trang gng.
- San xuat dc pham.
- Pha huyet thanh.
V. SACCAROZ
- Cong thc phan t: C12H22O11
- Phan t khoi: 342.
1. Trang thai t nhien va tnh chat vat ly
- Saccaroz co nhieu trong thc vat nh ma, cu cai ng nen saccaroz con co
ten ng ma, ng knh.
- Saccaroz la chat ran ket tinh, mau trang, v ngot, de tan trong nc, ac biet tan
nhieu trong nc nong.
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Saccaroz khong b dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 oxi hoa hay saccaroz khong tham
gia phan ng trang gng.

- Phan ng thuy phan: la phan ng saccaroz vi nc vi xuc tac axit vo c thu

c dung dch glucoz (C6H12O6) va fructoz (C6H12O6)
C12H22O11 + H2O

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

3. ng dung
- Dung trong cong nghiep thc pham.
- Dung trong cong nghiep dc pham.
VI. TINH BOT VA XENLULOZ
- Cong thc phan t tinh bot: (C6H10O5)n n = 1200

- Cong thc phan t xenlulozt: (C6H10O5)n n = 10000

6000

14000

1. Trang thai t nhien va tnh chat vat ly

- Tinh bot co nhieu trong cac loai cu, hat. Tinh bot la chat ran mau trang, khong
tan trong nc lanh, tan trong nc nong tao thanh ho tinh bot.
- Xenluloz la thanh phan chu yeu trong go, si bong... Xenluloz la chat ran mau
trang, khong tan trong nc.
2. Tnh chat hoa hoc
- Phan ng thuy phan: la phan ng tinh bot, xenluloz vi nc vi xuc tac axit vo
c thu c dung dch glucoz
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O

nC6H12O6

- Phan ng cua tinh bot vi iot:

Ho tinh bot tac dung vi dung dch iot tao ra chat mau xanh ac trng. Phan ng
nay e nhan biet tinh bot.
3. ng dung
- Tinh bot la lng thc cua con ngi.
- Tinh bot la nguyen lieu san xuat ng glucoz va ru etilic
- Xenluloz la nguyen lieu trong cong nghiep giay.
VII. PROTEIN
1. Trang thai t nhien
Protein co trong c the ngi, ong vat, thc vat.
2. Thanh phan va cau tao phan t
- Protein la mot hp chat hu c, trong phan t gom cac nguyen to C, H, O, N.
Ngoai ra con co S, P, Fe..
- Protein c tao t cac amino axit, moi phan t amino axit tao thanh mot mat xch
trong phan t protein.
- Phan t khoi cua protein rat ln: t hang van en hang trieu vC.

3. Tnh chat
- Phan ng thuy phan: khi un nong protein trong dung dch axit hoac baz, protein
se b thuy phan sinh ra cac amino axit.
Protein + nc

hon hp amino axit

S thuy phan protein co the xay ra nhiet o thng va xuc tac bi enzim.
- S phan huy bi nhiet: ot nong protein b phan huy tao ra nhng chat bay hi co
mui khet.
- S ong tu: khi un nong hoac them hoa chat protein se ong tu.
4. ng dung
- Dung lam thc an.
- Dung trong nganh det.
VIII. POLIME
1. Khai niem
Polime la nhng chat co phan t khoi rat ln do nhieu mat xch lien ket lai vi nhau
tao nen.
2. Phan loai
Da vao nguon goc polime chia thanh 2 loai:
- Polime t nhien: la cac polime co san trong t nhien nh tinh bot, protein..
- Polime tong hp: la nhng polime do con ngi tao ra t nhng chat n gian, nh
polime PE tao ra t etilen.
3. Cau tao
- Phan t polime c cau tao t nhieu mat xch lien he nhau.
- Cac mat xch lien ket vi nhau co the tao mach thang, mach nhanh, mach khong
gian
4. Tnh chat
- Phan ln polime la nhng chat ran, khong bay hi, kho tan trong nc va cac
dung moi thong thng.
nhiet o cao polime de b phan huy.
5. ng dung
- Chat deo
- T si

Nguon: HOCHOAHOC.COM