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Abstract
The first ever World report on disability, produced jointly by World Health Organization and the World Bank,
suggests that more than a billion people in the world today experience disability Therefore, about 10 per cent of the
worlds populations are PWDs. Out of the number said above, 80 per cent of PWDs live in developing countries. As
for Tanzania in particular, the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Labour Organization (ILO)s
reports of 2007 estimated that there were more than 3 million people in Tanzania who have disability. Probably the
number is still the same. The number includes both physical and mental disabilities. Reports and experience show
that people with disabilities often face mistreatments in a number of ways and because of various reasons. In
addition the World Bank has estimated that, 20 per cent of the most impoverished individuals are disabled.
Evidently, women and children with disabilities are more susceptible to abuse, including physical and sexual
violence as they may not receive sexual education and may be less able to defend themselves against sexual abuse
and rape. Other reports indicate that, the mortality rates for people with disabilities are higher than persons without
disabilities. Worse enough Tanzania Human Rights Report of 2010 which quotes the Disability Survey Report of the
Government of Tanzania of 2008 confirms that, the current illiteracy rate for disabled persons in Tanzania is 47.6
per cent compared to 25.3 per cent of the people without a disability. That means almost half of the PWDs are not
educated.
Key words: The civil, political, social, economic, charity and cultural rights to all people.
Introduction
There is in place the Persons with Disabilities Act of 2010 of Tanzania, which incriminates all forms of
discrimination and mistreatments against persons with disabilities, while at the same time provides for the rights and
duties of the same. It is a law of its kind, probably, the whole of East African Region. It came after long sufferings
of these people, after hundreds of assaults and deaths caused by the said ill-mindset. Obviously, Civil Society
Organizations (CSOs) and the government through good support of funding partners are doing a good job to reform
the ill-mindset of the people, which is rooted in some of the harmful traditional practices. Despite this notable
positive progress reached so far, Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation in Tanzania (CCBRT) Vision
2008-2012, Guiding Tanzania Document of 2008, persons with disabilities are three times more likely to contact
HIV/AIDS as they are often excluded from receiving information about HIV/AIDS and they are less likely to
receive HIV/AIDS related services (CCBRT Vision 2008-2012). For example in most of developed countries
(Tanzania inclusive), about 90 percent of children with disabilities do not attend school and that, because of lack of
education, these people find themselves in marginalized position as they could not be employed or self-sustaining.
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As a result, they form a poor family which will in return raise a poor child and access poor education which prepare
him to live poor life.
Tanzania Human Rights Report of 2010 quotes the Disability Survey Report of the Government of Tanzania of
2008 confirms that, the current illiteracy rate for disabled persons in Tanzania is 47.6% compared to 25.3% of the
people without a disability.
Meaning of Disability
Disability is part of the human condition. Almost everyone will be temporarily or permanently impaired at some
point in life, and those who survive to old age will experience increasing difficulties in functioning. Most extended
families have a disabled member, and many non-disabled people take responsibility for supporting and caring for
their relatives and friends with disabilities.
On the other hand, Disability is complex, dynamic, multidimensional, and contested. The transition from an
individual, medical perspective to a structural, social perspective has been described as the shift from a medical
model to a social model in which people are viewed as being disabled by society rather than by their bodies .The
medical model and the social model are often presented as dichotomous, but disability should be viewed neither as
purely medical nor as purely social: persons with disabilities can often experience problems arising from their health
condition (WHO and WB report on disability 2011).
The overall objective of this Article is to provide evidence on the specific nature and challenges facing people with
disabilities when accessing social needs services in Tanzania.
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was locked inside the room with her legs tied up. She had neither the care nor support and whoever had done the act
had little regard for human dignity.
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of prenatal care results in disabilities such as cerebral palsy. Other causes of disability include malnutrition due to
vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiency and chronic medical conditions such as rheumatic diseases, stroke and
diabetes. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has further contributed to the prevalence of disability because many people living
with HIV develop different types of impairments and functional limitations.
The study found that chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes are in large part outpacing traditional
public health targets such as malnutrition and childhood infectious diseases, Mental illness and low back pain are the
most common causes of disability, with mental illness responsible for 23 percent of years lived with disability, in
Tanzania and low back pain linked to 11 percent. (WHO report, 2011)
Many causes of impairment in Tanzania are directly linked to the quality of healthcare during pregnancy and the
neonatal period and many disabilities can be prevented if newborns with impairment are treated immediately after
birth. For every woman who dies during delivery, up to 20 women become disabled. However, with high quality
services, around 25 per cent of all disabilities can be pre- vented (CCBRT Report, 2011).
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every State to ensure that it make documentation readable and accessible to different groups of PWDs (WHO and
WB report on disability 2011).
They also face challenge in accessing health services as they usually get humiliated by health providers, while
health centers infrastructure pose obstacles for them to reach the areas
ii)
The survey report conducted CCBRT in Tanzania also indicates that there is gender imbalance of
employment opportunities to PWDs as men with disabilities are more employed than that of their
counterparts and that the working environment are not friendly to PWDs. (CCBRT, 2010)
iii)
Persons with Disabilities face challenges as denial of employment, economic marginalization. They are
regarded as people who cannon contribute to anything, are dependant and always wait to be helped (Jimmy,
2013)
iv)
Lack of physical power. PWDs also lack physical energy to fight sexual aggressors
v)
Poverty. Most of people with disabilities are poor so they look for money and get HIV/AIDS in the process.
vi)
Limited access to information. They are marginalized groups who are not easily reached by health
information sites, for example many people with disabilities do not have the opportunity to access where
HIV/AIDS discussion, blood screening and sensitization take place. In the same manner they deliberately
have unprotected sex with them.
vii)
Wrong belief that women with disabilities are not HIV/AIDS infected. Some men tend to assume that women
with disabilities are less likely to have HIV/AIDS and so involve them in sex relations.
Possible solutions
The African states including Tanzanian governments in cooperation with civil society are supposed to implement
the following:
1. Formulate and implement national policies, programmes and legislation to promote the full and equal
participation of persons with disabilities;
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2. Promote the participation of Persons with Disabilities in the process of economic and social development;
3. Promote the self-representation of People with Disabilities in all public decision-making structures;
4. To enhance support services for disabled persons;
5. Promote special measures for children, youth, women and elderly persons with disabilities;
6. Ensure and improve access to rehabilitation, education, training, employments, sports, the cultural and physical
environment;
7. To promote and protect disability rights as human rights;
8. To support the development of and strengthen Disabled Persons organizations;
9. Mobilize resources.
Conclusion
In this light, the challenge confronting policy and law formulation to promote, protect and safeguard the rights of
persons with disabilities needs to be viewed in a broader context beyond a single piece of legislation. According to
WHO report on disability which stipulates that; lack of equitability access to resources such as education,
employment, health care and the social and legal support system resulting in person with disabilities having
disproportionately high rate of poverty (WHO Disability Report 2012). Sustainable equitable progress in the agreed
global development agenda cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with Disabilities. If they are not
included, progress in the development will further their marginalization.
Recommendations
The law is there and so are numerous regulations that seek to ensure PWDs are always given due recognition and
equal right in accessing public facilities, but the most important thing is how the society perceives them and caters to
their needs. This is about setting in process a turnaround in mindsets, so that the people with disability in our midst
do not feel left out or held down by their disabilities. The most important is that, the government should go beyond
enactment of legislations on employment of PWDs through intensifying awareness raising efforts towards disability
policies and legislations to public and private sectors employers as an attempt to encourage them employ people
with disabilities. PWDs should be encouraged to apply for formal employment opportunities and that there should
gender equality (WHO, 2005). All working barriers such as lack of lifts and ramps in office buildings, equipments,
and reliable transport to and from the office should be removed and companies should be sensitized to have
disability policies and legislations in workplaces that oversee the employment of PWDs and penalties for those who
do not comply with them must be formed. Media should be in a frontline on this. The society too should realize that
PWDs are part of the society; they also can contribute the same or even more in the society development if given
opportunity to education and empowered to work.
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