Impact of Distributed Generation Units On Short Circuit Capacity Calculations by Shabanzadeh

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
Impact of Distributed Generation Units

on Short-Circuit Capacity (SCC) Calculations
By : Morteza Shabanzadeh
Supervisor : Professor Mahmoud-Reza Haghi-Fam
Morteza Shabanzadeh & TMU 2013
P
Presentation
t ti
O
Outline
tli
Introduction
SCC Calculation According to IEC 60909 Standard
Impact of DGs on Fault Locating Methods
DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis. Networks
Limitation of Short-Circuit Power due to DGs
MortezaShabanzadehandTMU2013
2/72
Introduction
Short-Circuit Currents :
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (
Peak short-circuit current (
Steady state short-circuit current (
3/72
Introduction
4/72
Introduction
Peak Short-Circuit Currents (
):
Ip causes high dynamic and mechanical stresses on the components.

It will
ill be
b reached
h d within
ithi 10 ms after
ft occurrence off the
th fault.
f lt
Conventional circuit breakers in the network will not be fast enough to
interrupt this current and therefore components have to be designed such
that they are able to withstand these currents.
6/72
Introduction
Initial & Steady-state Short-Circuit Currents (
They will result in large losses
):
g
And therefore cause thermal overloading.
6/72
Introduction
Fault level calculations are indispensable tools during the Grid Design Phase.
The purpose of short-circuit calculations is to determine:

grid components.
p
Thermal effect of fault currents on g
Mechanical stresses on grid components.
Coordination of protection devices.
7/72
Introduction
Distribution networks are characterized by:
Max acceptable fault current (related to the switchgear)
Thermal withstand capability (of the equipment)
Mechanical withstand capability (of the equipment and constructions)
8/72
Introduction
Main inhibiting factor for the interconnection of DGs:
Combined Isc contribution of the upstream grid and DGs should remain
below the network design value.
SCC of existing distribution network (esp. MV) is close to the design value
(little margin for the connection of DGs).
9/72
Introduction
DGs Isc depends on :
DGs size
DGs control mode (Technology)
The number of connection points of DGs in the system
10/72
P
Presentation
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O
Outline
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Introduction
11/72
Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

o Basic Principles:
Equivalent Voltage Source Method
Several simplifications in calculation procedures
Isc Calculation using Vn and rated values of the equipment
Various correction factors
Network neutral is earthed
12/72

o Short-circuit current definitions:
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (
):
rms value of the ac symmetrical component of a prospective

short-circuit current
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Power (
):
hasnophysicalmeaning
13/72

Peak Short-Circuit Current (
):
Max instantaneous value of the fault current.
Decaying aperiodic component (
):
14/72

Steady-state Short-Circuit Current (
):
The rms value of the current after the decay of the transient
components.
For far-from-generator faults :
15/72

o Calculation of
Equivalent Voltage Source :
Voltage of an ideal source applied at the short-circuit location in positive

sequence system, whereas all other sources in the system are ignored
(short-circuited).
(short-circuited)
16/72

o Short-circuit Impedances :
17/72

1) Equivalent impedance of the upstream network :
Fornetworkswithanominalvoltagehigherthan35kV,theIECStandardsuggestsRQ=0.
Inallothercases,itrecommendsRQ/XQ=0.1asasafeassumption.
18/72

2) Equivalent impedance of a Transformer:
TheseEqs.arealsoapplicabletoshort
These Eqs are also applicable to shortcircuit
circuitcurrentlimitingreactors.
current limiting reactors
19/72

3) Equivalent impedance of Lines:
Theimpedanceofoverheadlinesandcables iscalculatedfromconductorandline
geometrydataanditistypicallyknownforstandardlinetypes.
20/72

4) Equivalent of Synchronous Generators:
Xd isthesubtransientreactance.
21/72

5) Equivalent of Power Station units with Syn. Generators:
TheimpedanceisreferredtotheHVside.
tr istheratedtransformationratiooftheunittransformer.
22/72

6) Equivalent of Asynchronous Motors:
ILR/IrM istheratiooflockedrotor toratedcurrentofthemachine..
23/72

Shuntcapacitorsandnonrotatingloadsareignored.
24/72

o Correction factors:
IEC60909introducesimpedancecorrectionfactorsfor:
Transformers(KT)
Synchronousgenerators(KG)
Powerstationunits(KS)
whichmultiplytherespectiveimpedancesinallcalculationformulae.
25/72

o Fault level calculation in networks with DG:
o Resultingfaultlevelisthephasorsumofthemaxfaultcurrentsfrom:
UpstreamGrid
StepdownTransformer
Step down Transformer
VariousDGs
o AccordingtoIEC60909:
Thegridcontributioniseasilycontributed,but
ThecontributionofnovelDGtypesisnotaddressedinthisStandard.
26/72

DG
Directly
coupled
Decoupled via
converter interface
Asynch.
Generator
Synch.
Generator
Static
Conversion
SCIG & DFIG

wind g
generators
CHP
Fuel Cell
PV
Rotating
Conversion
Direct drive WTs
-CHP
27/72

1) Contributionoftheupstreamgrid
28/72

2) ContributionoftheDGstations
TypeII
Type
TypeII
TypeIII
TypeIV
29/72

Type I :Synch.Generatorsdirectlycoupledtothegrid
Type I
SHEP, CHP
30/72

Type II :ASynch.Generatorsdirectlycoupledtothegrid
Type II
Small SHEP,
constant speed WTs
31/72

Type III:DFIG,withpowerconvertersintherotorcircuit
Type III
DFIG
(variable speed WTs)
32/72

Type III:DFIG,withpowerconvertersintherotorcircuit
LimitedovercurrentcapabilityofRotor
Statorcurrentisdominant
Crowbar protection
Crowbarprotection
RoughlyapproximatedasTypeII
Statorisdisconnectedafter30~50ms
Isc(max)<5p.u.(beforetrippingthestator)
(
) p ( f
pp g
)
33/72

Type IV:Powerconverterinterfacedunits,withorwithoutrotatinggenerator
Type IV
PVs, -Turbines
variable speed WTs
34/72

Type IV:Powerconverterinterfacedunits,withorwithoutrotatinggenerator
AretreatedasASynch.Machines
or
or
t isthedurationofthecontribution
(100msmaybeadoptedhereaswell)
35/72
Case Study
PLOAD =35MVA
Type IV
PDG =17.16MW
T
Type
II
Type III
Type I
36/72
Case Study
Type IV
Type III
Type II
Type I
37/72
Case Study
Results
Asexpected,thecontributionofTypeIV
DGunitsismuchlowerthanallotherTypes.
Type IV
Type III
38/72
Case Study
Results
Type II
Type I
39/72
Case Study
Resulting fault level at the MV busbars :
Algebraic sum
Phasor sum
(with contribution of WF1 added algebraically)
40/72
DGs short-circuit current Simulation

DGs
Technical Softwares to simulate DGs Protection behavior:
DIgSILENTPowerFactory
PSCAD
ATPEMTP
41/72
Example (2) :
Resulting fault level in Netherland test network:
Peak Short Circuit Current (KA)
42/72
Solutions for fault level reduction

1. Increasethedesignmaximumfaultlevel
2. Reducetheprospectiveshortcircuitcurrentofthegrid
Reconfigurationofthenetwork
Increasetheshortcircuitimpedanceofthetransformers
Reducetheprospectiveshort
Reduce the prospective shortcircuit
circuitcurrentoftheDG
current of the DG
3.ReducetheprospectiveshortcircuitcurrentoftheDG
Selectequipmentwithincreasedshortcircuitimpedance
Installationofcurrentlimitingreactors
Installation of current limiting reactors
Connectionviapowerelectronicsconverters
4.Activelimitationoftheshortcircuitcurrent
43/72
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Presentation
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Outline
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Introduction
44/72

o Effect of DG on Impedance Measurement Based Method :
Single-line diagram of network
DG unit placed at upstream
DG unit placed at downstream
45/72

o Simulation Result :
Scenario (1): Synchronous DG = 30 MW
Scenario (2): Inverter based DG = 5 MW
single-phase to ground fault
46/72

o Simulation Result :
off fault
Calculation error with DG at downstream of fault
DG at d
downstream
off fault
DG at upstream
Calculation error with DG at upstream of fault
1. InverterbasedDGsinjectless shortcircuitcurrenttothefault.
2. UpstreamDGshavemorenegative effectsonfaultlocatingmethodsincomparisontodownstreamDGs.
47/72
P
Presentation
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Outline
tli
Introduction
48/72
DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs
Dis. Networks
o Three types of distribution systems:
Radial
Loop
L
Network
49/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
A. Radial
C
Case(1)
(1)
C
Case(2)Case(3)
(2)C
(3)
50/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
A. Radial
DGat7,PF
BusVoltage(p.u
u.)
DGat7,VC
DGat2~7,,
5MW,PF
DGat2~7,
5MW,VC
B #
Bus#
51/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
A. Radial
Isc (KA)
We can see that the more connection points of DG in the system, the lower values
of short circuit currents.
52/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
B. Loop
The
h case off shared
h d sized
d DG at two connection points provides
d b
better profile
f l around
d 1.0 p.u.
53/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
B. Loop
Isc (KA)
As expected,
d ffault
l currents d
decrease as the
h ffault
l llocation gets far
f away ffrom the
h grid.
d
54/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
C. Network
34.5 kV network type test system
55/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
C. Network
56/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
C. Network
57/72

DGs
Dis. Networks
Dispersedlylocated DGresultsinbettervoltageprofilecomparedtosinglespot
locatedDG.
If
Ifadistributionsystemhasastronggridconnection,faultcurrentsmaynot
di t ib ti
t
h
t
id
ti
f lt
t
t
significantlyincreasewiththeadditionofDG.
AnumberofDGhavingaunitarypowerfactorcontrolshouldbelocatedalong
g
yp
f
g
distributionsystemsothatbettervoltageprofileisobtained.
58/72
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Presentation
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Outline
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Introduction
59/72

Fault Current Limiters (FCL
FCL) :
The most important requirements of an FCL are
1) Limitation of peak current (Ip) within 10ms.
(The minimum opening time of the circuit breakers is much longer
, and therefore they are not able to protect the components)
2) Ratio between nominal current and limited short-circuit current.
3) Low impedance and low losses in normal situation.
60/72

The most important types of FCL :
1. Choke coil
p
2. Superconductors
3. Semiconductors
4. Magnetic fault current limiter
5. Is Limiter
61/72

1. Choke coil
g ) impedance
p
((high)
simple and robust
voltage drop & losses during normal operation
big size
62/72

2. Superconductors
use the relationship between the resistance and temperature to limit Ip, Ik.
R = 0 (when they are cooled below their critical temperature)
During fault, due to losses their temperature will increase and FCL will get a much higher R.
low losses
very fast response (Ip can be limited quite well)
very expensive
are still in development stage (not commercially available yet)
63/72

3. Semiconductors
use semiconductor switches
good controllability
fast response
losses in the semiconductors
64/72

4. Magnetic fault current limiter
Based on the fact that a coil, or transformer, has a very low impedance when it is in saturation
At the moment a fault occurs the large fault current forces the coil out of saturation, implying a much
higher impedance.
reliable operation
gradual and smooth change of impedance
good limiting capabilities (R8)
commercially available
large
g dimensions
high price
65/72

5. Is Limiter
consists of two conductors in parallel.
The main conductor carries the nominal current
(up to 5kA).
After tripping the parallel fuse limits Ip in a very short time
( 1 ms).
(<
)
66/72
5. Is Limiter
very fast
good R-ratio
small size
low losses
after each operation fuses have to be replaced;
This
h implies
l
:
relatively high costs
longer interruption times
incorrect operation
67/72
Limitation of Short-Circuit
Short Circuit Power due to DGs
SelectionofFCL
FCL:
Thegoaloftheprocedureistofindaconfigurationforwhich
Ctot isaslowaspossible(i.e.findingmin[Ctot]):
thecostsofrepairing orreplacing componentswhichhavebeen

destroyedbecauseoftohighfaultcurrents,butalsothecostsof
customerminuteslost.
68/72
SelectionofFCL
FCL:
10
10stepproceduretoselectthebestFCL:
d
l
h b FCL
Step1. Createalistofpossiblefaultlocations;
Step2. Foreachofthepossiblefaultlocations,
conductashortcircuitcalculationusingIEC(60)909;
co
duc a s o c cu ca cu a o us g
(60)909;
Step3. Removethefaultlocationsforwhichnopeakfault
currentproblemoccurs;
Step4. Foreachoftheremainingfaultlocations:
Determinetheprobabilityofafaulttooccur;
St 5 Selectthefaultlocationwiththehighestfault
Step5.
S l t th f lt l ti
ith th hi h t f lt
occurrenceprobability.
Step6.Calculatethetotalcostsofafaultatthislocation,
withoutaddingfaultcurrentlimiting.
Step7.Determinepossiblefaultcurrentlimiterlocations;
Step8.Foreach(combination)ofthelocations:calculate
thetotalcostsofafault,usingthetwodifferent
e o a cos s o a au , us g e o d e e
typesoffaultcurrentlimitersatthelocation(s);
Step9.Selectthesituationwiththelowesttotalcosts
causedbyafaultandpermanentlyaddthefault
currentlimiter.
St 10 R
Step10.Removethefaultlocationfromthelistand
th f lt l ti f
th li t d
restartfromstep2,repeatinguntilthereisno
faultlocationleftinthelist
69/72
CHP
SelectionofFCL
FCL:
CHP
The rated Ipeak ofthesubstationis50kA

TheratedI
of the substation is 50kA
ArealnetworkinthesouthwesternpartoftheNetherlands
70/72
SelectionofFCL
FCL:
Theresultsaccordingto10stepprocedure:
71/72
those who
th
h struggle
t l in
i our cause,
we will surely guide them to our ways;
and Allah is with those who do good.
AL ANKABOOT (69)
AL-ANKABOOT
(6 )
72/72

Impact of Distributed Generation Units On Short Circuit Capacity Calculations by Shabanzadeh

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In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Impact of Distributed Generation Units

Steady state short-circuit current (

Ip causes high dynamic and mechanical stresses on the components.

The purpose of short-circuit calculations is to determine:

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

rms value of the ac symmetrical component of a prospective

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Max instantaneous value of the fault current.

Decaying aperiodic component (

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Equivalent Voltage Source :

Voltage of an ideal source applied at the short-circuit location in positive

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

ILR/IrM istheratiooflockedrotor toratedcurrentofthemachine..

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

SCIG & DFIG

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

Overview of the IEC 60909 Standard

DGs short-circuit current Simulation

Solutions for fault level reduction

Impact of DGs on Fault Locating Methods

Single-line diagram of network

DG unit placed at upstream

DG unit placed at downstream

Impact of DGs on Fault Locating Methods

single-phase to ground fault

Impact of DGs on Fault Locating Methods

Calculation error with DG at downstream of fault

Calculation error with DG at upstream of fault

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

34.5 kV network type test system

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

DGs Effects in Different Types of Dis

Limitation of Short-Circuit Power due to DGs

2) Ratio between nominal current and limited short-circuit current.

3) Low impedance and low losses in normal situation.

Limitation of Short-Circuit Power due to DGs

Limitation of Short-Circuit Power due to DGs