Lec-1: Electrical Machines, B.Sc.

Electrical Engineering

Lecture Objectives

Transformer Fundamentals
Transformer Essential Parts
Transformer Types & Applications
Derivation of EMF Equations
Voltage, Current, Impedance and Turn Ratios

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Static device which transfers:

i. AC voltage from one circuit at some level to other
circuit at different level through magnetic link without
change of frequency.
ii. AC current from one circuit at some level to other
circuit at different level through magnetic link without
change of frequency.

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Working Principle: When an alternating voltage (V 1 ) is

applied to the primary windings, an alternating flux () is
set up in the core. This alternating flux links with both the
windings and induces EMFs (E 1 & E 2 ) in them according to
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. E1 is named as
primary EMF and E2 is named as secondary EMF.
E 1 = - N 1 d /dt & E 2 = - N 2 d / dt
The induced EMF (E 2 ) in the secondary winding (N 2 )
causes a secondary current (I 2 ) and as a result, terminal
voltage (V 2 ) appears across the load.
If V 2 > V 1 , then transformer is called step up
transformer.
If V 2 < V 1 , then the transformer is called step down
transformer.
Transformer does not change frequency of AC voltage /
current because shape and magnitude of flux remains
almost same on either side.
Power of transformer (V 1 I 1 = V 2 I 2 ) remains same on
either side. If voltage increases, then the current
decreases maintaining the power constant.
TRANSFORMER CIRCUITS
Electrical circuit which includes primary windings and
secondary windings.
The winding connected to AC source is called primary
winding.
The other connected to load is called secondary winding.
The windings are made of copper to carry current.
Magnetic circuit includes magnetic core.
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Lec-1: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Windings are wound on the core and are not electrically

connected each other.
The core is made of iron or silicon steel to carry flux.
It is laminated to reduce the eddy current losses.

11

Step up transformer
Used to step up the voltage from low voltage level to
high voltage level.
It has more number of turns of coil on secondary side.
N2 > N1, V2 > V1, I2 < I1
Step down Transformer
It is used to step down the voltage from high voltage
level to low voltage level.
It has less number of turns of coil on
secondary side.
N2 < N1, V2 < V1 , I2 > I1

ADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Voltage can be transformed from low voltage to high
voltage for transmission and high voltage to low voltage
for distribution without changing the frequency.
2. As transformer has no rotating parts, there is no friction
and windage loss.
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Lec-1: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

3. Most efficient machine having efficiency more than

90%.
4. Better voltage regulation.
5. Less maintenance required.
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Power transformers are used for transmission of
electric power and usually used at power stations and
grid stations.
2. Distribution transformers are used for distribution of
electric power.
3. Auto-transformers are used to get variable voltages and
normally used in laboratories. They are also used as
boosters on transmission lines and to start AC motors.
4. Radio-transformers are used in radio engineering and
operate at high frequency.
5. Testing transformers are used to conduct tests at high
and ultra high voltages.
6. Potential transformers are used to step down voltages
which are not measureable by voltmeters. They are also
used for protection of electric systems.
7. Current transformers are used to step down currents of
lines which are not measureable by ammeters. They are
also used for protection of electric
systems.
8. Lighting transformers are used to supply a distribution
circuit having no motors connected to it is called
lighting transformer.
9. Welding Transformers are used for welding purposes.

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER

Windings
Both primary and secondary windings are made up of
copper.
Electric current flows in these windings and copper
losses (I2 R) occur in these windings.
Both windings are not connected electrically.
Voltage is induced in secondary winding due to
electromagnetic induction.
Magnetic / Iron Core
Provides path for flow of magnetic flux.
Laminated to reduce eddy current losses.
Laminations are insulated from each other to reduce eddy
current loss.
Maximum permissible flux density in core is 1.6 to 18
Weber/m2.
Thickness of each lamination is 0.35 mm for a frequency
of 50 Hz and 0.5 mm for frequency of 25 Hz.
Transformer Tank
Windings and core are housed in transformer tank
Contains transformer oil
Protects from outer damages
Various accessories with transformer tank are
thermometer pockets, drain cock, wheels for
transportation, conservator, breather, bushings, cooling
tubes, nuts, etc.

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Lec-1: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Terminals and Leads

Insulated copper rods are used for connection to the
windings.
Bushings
Bushings are used to bring out terminals of the windings
from the tank to the external circuit.
For the transformers up to 33 KV, bushings
of
porcelain are used around the conductor.
For transformers above 33 KV, oil filled or capacitor
type bushings are used.

Tappings
Tappings are used at different places in the windings of
the transformer to control turn ratio and voltage.
Transformer Oil
Oil is sued for cooling and insulation purpose.
Transformer oil should have the following properties:
1. High dielectric strength
2. Low viscosity = 50 mm2 /sec at 25 C0

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

3. High flash point > 300 C0

4. High boiling point
5. Sludge free
6. Acid and alkali free
Conservator
Air tight cylinder mounted on transformer
Controls expansion and contraction of oil in abnormal
and normal conditions
Breather
Arrests dust particles and moisture from oil
Vent Pipe
Used to reduce the risks of internal pressure

Fluid Level Gauge - indicates oil level

Temperature Indicator - indicates oil pressure
Limb - Vertical portion of core on which the coil is wound
Yoke - Top and bottom horizontal portions of core that
provides path for flux
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Lec-1: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER

INDUCED VOLTAGE (EMF) EQUATION

V 1 = applied voltage to primary side

Windings are wound on two legs of transformer core

Single magnetic circuit & windings encircle the core
Rectangle shape core with 2-limbs & 2-yokes
Cylindrical or rectangular windings are used
Used for high voltage purposes
Provides better cooling surface
Lamination thickness is about 0.35 mm
Flux density is 1-1.5 Tesla

SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER

Both LV & HV windings placed at central limb

HV coil is between LV coils & LV coils are nearest to
top & bottom of yoke
Double magnetic circuit with 3-limbs & 3-yokes
Shell shape core & sandwich windings are used
Used for low voltage purposes
Provides less cooling surface

f = frequency of applied voltage

= sinusoidal flux produced in primary side
= m Sin t
According to Faradays law,
e 1 = - N 1 d / dt = - N 1 d / dt [ m Sin t]
= - N 1 m Cos t = -2 f N 1 m Cos t

Magnitude of induced voltage,

Em1 = 2 f N1 m
RMS value,
E1 = Em1 / 2
= 2 f N1 m / 2
= 4.44 f N1 m volts
Similarly,
E2 = 4.44 f N2 m volts
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Lec-1: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

TURN RATIO (a) OF A TRANSFORMER

Ratio of primary number of turns to secondary number of
turns, denoted by a.
E 1 = 4.44 f N 1 m
E 1 / N 1 = 4.44 f m -- (1)
E 2 = 4.44 f N 2 m
E 2 / N 2 = 4.44 f m --(2)
Equate eq. 1 and eq. 2,
E 1 / N 1 = E 2 / N 2 = 4.44 f m
As frequency and flux remain constant, so replace them by a
constant a, called turn ratio.
E1 / N1 = E2 / N2 = a
OR
E1 / E2 = N1 / N2 = a
Where
N 1 / N 2 = a is called turn ratio of transformer
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATION (k)
Ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage.
In an ideal transformer,
E1 = V1, E2 = V2, P1 = P2
Input power = Output power
V1 I1 = V2 I2
V2 / V1 = I1 / I2
K = 1 / a =V 2 / V 1 = E 2 / E 1 = N 2 / N 1 = I 1 / I 2
Known as universal equation
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