Indian Journal of Entomology, 73(2): 121-124 (2011)

INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID AGAINST TWO

LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS
G. K. MAHAPATRO
Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012
Email: gagan_gk@rediffmail.com

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ABSTRACT
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) a byproduct of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) by itself is useful
for insecticide, fungicide, anti-termite, and medicinal applications. Its insecticidal properties were
tested against two caterpillar pests in laboratory during 2007-09. The CNSL oil and partially
hydrogenated preparations were evaluated at 1% concentration for their insecticidal properties against
Helicoverpa armigera neonates by artificial diet surface incorporation method in no-choice assay.
Comparisons were made with the ideal botanical neem (active principle azadirachtin, 20% purity). All
azadirachtin treated neonates stayed in initial larval instars only leading to ultimate death. CNSL
treatments resulted in delayed larval and pupal periods and deformed larvae. Insecticidal activity was
recorded by stomach poisoning in diet-incorporation, but no contact toxicity by direct-spray method.
The CNSL preparations were also evaluated against Spilarctia bliqua (8 d old, laboratory reared on
castor leaves) following
direct-spray by potters tower, as well as no-choice leaf dip method. Few other botanicals
(azadirachtin, karanjin, jatropha aqueous extracts) were also compared. Significant insecticidal activity
could not be detected for botanicals in general. Both in direct-spray and leaf-dip bioassay, CNSL
was found ineffective against 8 d old larvae of S. obliqua.
Key words: Azadirachtin, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), Helicoverpa armigera, Spilarctia obliqua

Green pesticides despite their moderate efficacy

are the latest global trend in the management of
agricultural pests. Among the various botanicals,
neem and pyrethrum have so far dominated the
scene. Nevertheless considerable scope exists
for the exploration of huge plant biodiversity for new
plant based crop protectants. Cashew nut shell liquid
(CNSL) is a versatile by-product of the cashew
industry. The nut has a shell of about 1/8 inch
thickness inside which is a soft honey comb structure
containing a dark reddish brown viscous liquid. This
is the pericap fluid of the cashew nut. CNSL is a very
important industrial raw material which has got
multivarious uses. Besides its industrial use in
polymer industry, there is considerable scope for its
utilization in the development of drugs, antioxidants
and pesticides (Ohler, 1979; Echendu,
1991). CNSL has been reported to be active against
storage insects (Echendu, 1991), termites and
phytopathogenic fungi (Ohler, 1979; Davi et al.,
2009), and larvicidal for mosquitoes (Joseph, 1967).
CNSL was also reported to be effective against
termites for timber protection, alone or admixed
with copper chloride (Gerold et al., 1999; Venmalar
and Nagarveni,
2005). However, its insecticidal activity particularly
against lepidopteran pests is lacking. This paper
reports

the laboratory evaluation of insecticidal activities of

CNSL against two important lepidopteran pests
(Helicoverpa armigera and Spilarctia obliqua).
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Test insects
Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Noctuidae:
Lepidoptera) larvae were reared individually in
borosil culture tubes (20ml) on artificial diet (Gupta
et al.,
2004) in environment simulation chamber (27+10C,
6070% RH, 16:8-h scoto/ photophase regime). The diet
consisted of host plant material (kabuli gram), yeast
powder, vitamin mixtures, anti-microbials and fixing
materials. The second test insect Bihar hairy
caterpillar
Spilarctia
obliqua
(Noctuidae:
Lepidoptera) was reared on natural food castor
leaves.
CNSL was obtained from Indian Oil Corporation,
Faridabad. Reduced CNSL was prepared by
hydrogenation of CNSL. Raw cashew nuts procured
from Bihar was processed with hexane to obtain the
hexane extract. Neem- azadirachtin (Aza, 20%
purity) was taken as standard. Water and acetone were
used as blanks. Thirty neonates were subjected to
treated food till their pupation and adult emergence.

122

Indian Journal of Entomology, 73(2), 2011

Bioassay techniques
Diet surface incorporation method: Botanical
samples of CNSL were evaluated at 1% concentration
using no-choice bioassay against neonates (up to 12
h old) of H. armigera; Direct spray by Potters
Tower: Larvae (5 d old) were screened for their
contact toxicity by thin-film residual technique;
Leaf-dip method was followed for contact toxicity
tests taking castor leaves.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Helicoverpa armigera
CNSL treatments resulted in delayed larval and
pupal periods and deformed larvae (Plate 1). In all the
CNSL treatments mild to moderate larvicidal action
was recorded (Table 1). Hydrogenated CNSL was
more active than CNSL and exhibited 75% mortality
till pupation as against 20% and 23.3% in aqueous
and acetone-blanks, respectively. CNSL based
products did not exhibit contact toxicity against 5d old
larvae by direct spray method or even in leaf dip
method (so data not given). Among the various
treatments azadirachtin was found to be the most
active. Initial lower larval mortality at higher
azadirachtin concentration, compensated by
higher mortality later clearly demonstrated its
repellent/ antifeedant action (Fig. 1). All azadirachtin
treated larvae stayed in initial instar stages only, and
none could reach pupation, ultimately leading to
death. As evident from the results, CNSL treatments
resulted in delayed larval and pupal periods

Plate 1. Helicoverpa armigera larva- deformity in CNSL

treatments

by 2 d and deformed larvae (Plate 1). CNSL showed

mild insecticidal activity. Stable hydrogenated CNSL
exhibited more cumulative toxicity. Although it is far
less active than azadirachtin, in view of its abundant

Table 1. Effect of azadirachtin (Aza) and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)
against neonates of Helicoverpa armigera
Treatments

Days after exposure to treatments

1-d

2-d

3-d

4-d

5-d

6-d

7-d

9-d

Pupation
(days)
11-d

1-d

CNSL (1)

28.1ab 37.5bc 37.5bc 37.5bc

37.5c

37.5bc 40.6bc 40.6bc

43.8b

28.1ab

CNSL (2)

35.7c

50.0c

50.0c

57.1d

57.1c

57.1d

57.1c

60.7c

75.0c

35.7c

>17

CNSL (3)

3.2a

19.3b

25.8b

29.0bc

32.2b

35.5bc

38.7b

38.7bc

38.7b

3.2a

>17

Aza(100ppm)

20.7b

20.7b

24.1b

27.6b

31.0b

37.9bc

65.5d

82.8d

93.1c

20.7b

>17

Aza(250ppm)
pupation at all

13.8ab

17.2b

34.5b

34.5c

44.8c

48.3c

72.4d

75.9c

86.2c

13.8ab

No

Aza(500ppm)

7.1a

10.7a

14.3a

14.3a

42.8c

46.4c

64.3d

92.8d

92.8c

7.1a

Blank (aqu.)

13.3a

13.3a

16.7a

16.7a

16.7a

16.7a

20.0a

20.0a

20.0a

13.3a

Blank(acetone)

10.0a

13.3a

16.7a

16.7a

16.7a

16.7a

16.7a

23.3a

23.3a

10.0a

15-17

Figures following common letters (a, b, c) in rows are statistically at par by DMRT.
(1) CNSL samples from Indian Oil Corporation, Faridabad (2) Hydrogenated CNSL, and (3) Hexane extract (all 1%)

Insecticidal activity of cashew nut shell liquid against two lepidopteran pests
G. K. Mahapatro

123

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Fig. 1. Larval mortality (Helicoverpa armigera) in Azadirachtin (100-500ppm) treated diet

(surface-incorporation, neonates) on different exposure period

availability at lower cost it offers good potential in

pest control.
2. Spilarctia obliqua
Bioefficacy of few botanicals viz., most important
active ingredients of neem (azadirachtin, Aza),
Pongamia/ karanj (Karanjin); crude extractives of
CNSL and jatropha (aqueous) extractives were tested
against 7 d old larvae of S. obliqua (reared on castor
leaves), subjected to bioassay by feeding method (leaf
treatment, table not given), and direct spray by potters
tower method (Table 2). Larval mortality never
exceeded 25% in botanicals in oral/feeding bioassay
(maximum conc. of Aza-1000ppm, karanjin, jatropha
and CNSL 1% crude). In contact toxicity bioassay
(potters tower), larval mortality till pupation were
20,
25, 30,. 35, 38 and 34% in CNSL, Pongamia, Aza
(100ppm), Aza (200ppm), Aza (500ppm) and Aza
(1000ppm), respectively; as against zero mortality in
control (blank). Though slightly higher mortality was
observed in Aza-500ppm than 1000ppm, the
abnormal adult emergence was 20 and 24% for these.
Inconsistent and ineffective mortality i.e., less than
50% even in higher test concentrations in laboratory
screening depicts clearly that these phyto-pesticides
are not suitable to take to field. Inconsistent outcome
in the contact toxicity (most probably due to the hairy
nature of larvae) made the statistical analysies invalid,
though the experiment was repeated thrice. Though
negative in outcome, the message is a warning to the
pest control operators not to rely on botanicals for
control of S. obliqua.

Table 2. Larval mortality and adult emergence of

Bihar hairy caterpillar in botanical treatments (7d
larvae, contact toxicity test, potters tower)
Sl. Treatments
No.

Larval mortality
Adult
till pupation (%) emergence (%)

1
2

Control
CNSL (1%)

0
20

68
35

Jatropha (1%)

20

50

Karanjin (1%)

25

35

Aza 100ppm

30

20

Aza 200ppm

35

25

Aza 500ppm

38

52

Aza 1000ppm

34

58

Statistical analysis could not be done as not valid due to

inconsistency in results, figures are mean of 3 replicates
(each replicate, N=30)

Further studies are required to identify active

entities among the pool of unknown and known
CNSL constituents, some of which include anacardic
acids, cardols, cardanols, and methylcardanols (Maria
and Gouvan, 1999) (Fig.2). CNSL is an extensively
studied naturally occurring phenol obtained as a
byproduct during the processing of cashew kernels,
and contains several phenolic compounds. Though
termiticidal properties of CNSL are reported by
several workers, insecticidal actions against
lepidoterans are rare. This report is a comprehensive
study of CNSL against two important lepidopteran
pests of agricultural crops, depicting its insecticidal
activity.

124

Indian Journal of Entomology, 73(2), 2011

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1. Anacardic acids, 2. Cardols,

3. Cardanols, and 4. Methylcardanols.
Fig. 2. Naturally occurring non-isoprenoid phenolic lipids from cashew

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is thankful for the test-botanicals

(CNSL and Azadirachtin pure) supplied by Dr.
Suresh Walia (Principal Scientist, Agricultural
Chemicals), and laboratory facilities provided by
Head, Division of Entomology, IARI, New Delhi.

Mubofu, J. Shields and B. A. Mwingira. 1999. Preventing

termite
attack.
Environmentally
friendly
chemical
combinations of cashew nut shell liquid, sulfited wattle tannin
and copper (II) chloride. Green Chemistry, February 1999.
Gupta G.P., Birah A. and Rani S. 2004. Development of artificial
diet for mass rearing of American bollworm, Helicoverpa
armigera. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 74: 548551.
Joseph, A. 1967. On the larvicidal action of crude cashewnut shell oil.
Current Science, 36: 433.

REFERENCES
Davi, F. F., M. G. Cavalheiro, S. M. Viana, G. P.G. De Lima, L. C.
B.
Da Rocha-Bezerra, N. M.P.S. Ricardo, and A. F.U.
Carvalho.
2009. Insecticidal action of sodium anacardate from Brazilian
cashew nut shell liquid against Aedes aegypti. Journal of the
American Mosquito Control Association, 25(3): 386-389 (doi:
10.2987/08-5851.1).
Echendu, T.N.C. Ginger 1991. Cashew and neem as surface
protectants of cowpea against infestation and damage by
Callosobruchus maculatus. Tropical Science, 31: 209-211.
Gerold C.J., Mwalongo, L., L. Mkayula, B. Dawson-Andoh, E. B.

Ohler, J.G. 1979. Cashew Communication 71. Department of

Agricultural Research, Koninklijk Institute voor de tropen,
Amsterdum. pp.75-76.
Maria, L dos S., and G. C. de Magalhaes 1999. Journal of Brazil
Chemical Society, 1: 13-20.
Venmalar, D. and Nagarveni, H.C. 2005. Evaluation of copperised
cashew nut shell liquid and neem oil as wood preservatives. The
International Research Group on Wood Protection. IRG/WP 0530368, In: 36th Annual Meeting, Bangalore, India. 24-28 April
2005 (www.irg-wp.com).

(Manuscript Received: December 2010)

India n Journa l o f Entomolog y, 7 3 (2): 121-12 4 (20 1 1)

Insektisida L Activit Y O F CASHE W NU T Shel L Liqui D Agains T DUA

Lepidoptera N HAMA
G. K. M AHA P
A TRO

Divisi dari Entomolog y, India Pertanian Resea r ch Institute, Baru Delhi-1 10

012
Email: gagan_gk @ r
ediffmail.com
ABSTRA
K
Jambu kacang tempurung cair (CNSL) - sebuah produk sampingan dari mete kacang (Anacardium
barat e) oleh diri adalah berguna untuk insektisida, fungisida, anti rayap, dan obat aplikasi. -Nya
insektisida ikatan prope r kami r e diuji terhadap dua ulat hama di laboratorium selama 2007-09.
Itu CNSL - minyak dan pa r tially hyd r ogenated p reparasi kami r e dievaluasi di 1% konsentrasi
untuk insektisida mereka ikatan prope r terhadap Helicoverpa armigera neonatus oleh 'A tificial r
diet permukaan penggabungan ' metode di 'No-pilihan' assa y. Perbandingan kami r e terbuat
dengan itu ideal botani neem (Active prinsip azadirachtin, 20% kemurnian). Semua azadirachtin
diperlakukan neonatus tinggal di awal larva instar hanya terkemuka untuk terakhir kematian.
CNSL eatments t r mengakibatkan terlambat larva dan kepompong periode dan cacat larva.
Insektisida aktivitas adalah r ecorded oleh perut poisonin g i n 'Diet-penggabungan', bu t n o cont
ac t toxicit y b y 'Langsung-semprot' Metode. Th e CNS L persiapan kita kembali als o mengevaluasi
d agains t Spilarcti a bliqu a (8 d tua, laborato r y r eare d o n Casto r daun) berikut
'Di r ect-semprot' b y Potte r 's towe r, a s wel l a s 'No-choic e lea f dip ' Metode. Fe w lain yang
patut r botani s (Azadirachtin, karanjin, ekstrak air jatropha) kami r e juga dibandingkan. Penting
insektisida Kegiatan tidak bisa detecte d fo r botani s i n umum. Bot h i n 'Di r ect-semprot' an d
'Daun-dip' bioassa y, CNS L wa s ditemukan tidak efektif terhadap 8 d tua larva dari S. obliqua.
Kunci kata: Azadirachtin, mete kacang tempurung cair (CNSL), Helicoverpa armigera, Spila r
CTIA obliqua

Hijau pestisida meskipun mereka moderat e f ficacy th e lates t Globa l tren d i n th e managemen t o f
agricultural pests . Amon g th e variou s botanicals , nee m and pyrethru m hav e s o fa r dominate d
th e scene. Nevertheles s considerabl e scop e exist s fo r the exploration keanekaragaman hayati
tanaman besar untuk basis pabrik baru d CRO p protectants. Cashe w nu t shel l liqui d (CNSL) adalah
sebuah serba guna hasil tambahan dari itu mete industr y Th e kacang. memiliki sebuah tempurung dari
tentang 1/8 inci ketebalan dalam yang saya s sebuah sof t mengasah y com b structur e containin g sebuah dar
k coklat kemerahan kental cair. Ini adalah itu pericap cairan dari mur mete. CNSL merupakan bahan baku
industri yang sangat penting yang telah mendapat menggunakan aneka. Selain Industria l nya kita e i n
polyme r industr y, ther e i s ruang yang cukup untuk pemanfaatannya dalam pengembangan obat,
antioksidan s d pestisida s (Ohle r, 1979; Echendu,

1991). CNSL telah dilaporkan untuk menjadi aktif terhadap storag e serangga s (Echendu, 1991), rayap
dan phytopathogenic jamur (Ohle r, 1979; Davi et al., 2009), dan larvisida untuk nyamuk (Yusuf, 1967).
CNSL juga dilaporkan e f fective terhadap rayap untuk perlindungan timbe r, alon e o r admixe d wit h
tembaga klorida (Gerold et l., 1999; V enmalar dan Nagarveni,
2005). Howeve r, itu s insektisida l activit y khususnya
agains t lepidoptera n OPT s i s kurang. Thi s pape r laporan

evaluasi laboratorium aktivitas insektisida CNS L agains t tw o importan t lepidoptera n hama

(Helicoverpa armigera dan Spila r CTIA obliqua).
M A S terial AN D METODE

T est serangga
H elicoverp a armiger a Hubne r (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) larva adalah dipelihara sendiri-sendiri di
borosil cultur e tabung s (20ml) o n artificia l die t (Gupt a e t l.,
2004) i n environmen t simulatio n chambe r (27 + 1 0 C, 60 70% RH, 16:08-h Scoto / photophase rezim). Itu diet terdiri dari bahan tanaman inang (kabuli gram), ragi
powde r, campuran vitamin, anti-mikroba dan memperbaiki materi. Itu kedua uji serangga Bihar berbulu ulat
Spila r CTI a obliqu a (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) wa s dipelihara pada alam makanan gelindingan daun.
CNSL diperoleh dari Indian Oil Corporation, Faridabad. Mengurangi d SSP L wa s mempersiapkan
d dengan hidrogenasi CNSL. Kacang mete mentah diperoleh dari Bihar diolah dengan heksana untuk
mendapatkan ekstrak heksana. Neem - azadirachti n (Aza, Kemurnian 20%) adalah diambil sebagai
standar. W ater dan aseton adalah penggunaan d a s kosong. thirt y neonatus s wer e subjecte d untuk
diperlakukan makanan sampai mereka pupation dan dewasa eme r gence.

12 2 India n Journa l o f Entomolog y, 7 3 (2), 20 1 1

Bioassay teknik
Die t surfac e incorporatio n Metode:
Sampel botani dari CNSL dievaluasi pada
konsentrasi 1% menggunakan 'no-pilihan' bioassay
terhadap neonatus (sampai 12 jam old) o f . H
armiger a; D i r ec t spra y b y T Potte r 's
berutang r: Larva (5 d old) adalah disaring untuk
mereka hubungi toxicit y b y tipis-fil m residua l
teknik, Leaf-dip metho d diikuti untuk uji
toksisitas kontak mengambil jarak daun.
Resu L T S AN D PEMBAHASAN

1. Helicoverpa armigera
CNS L perawatan s resulte d i n Delaye d larva l dan periode pupa dan larva cacat (Piring 1). Dalam
semua perawatan CNSL ringan sampai sedang aksi larvisida wa s Recorde d (T abl e 1). Hydrogenate d CNS
L wa s lebih activ e tha n CNS L d exhibite d 75% mortalit y sampai pupation sebagai terhadap 20% dan
23,3% di air dan aseton-kosong, respectivel y. CNS L dasar d produk s tidak menunjukkan toksisitas kontak
terhadap larva tua 5d dengan langsung semprot metode atau bahkan di daun menukik metode (Jadi Data tidak
diberikan). Antara itu berbagai Perawatan azadirachtin ditemukan untuk menjadi yang paling aktif. Awal
rendah larval mortalit y a t highe r azadirachti n concentration, compensate d b y highe r mortalit y
late r clearly demonstrated nya aksi penolak / antifeedant (Gambar 1). Larva Semua azadirachtin dirawat
tinggal di tahap instar awal y onl, dan tak satupun bisa mencapai pupation, akhirnya mengarah untuk
kematian. Sebagai jelas dari itu hasil, Perawatan CNSL mengakibatkan di terlambat larv l dan kepompong
periode

Piring 1. Helicoverpa armigera larva- kelainan bentuk di CNSL

Perawatan

oleh 2 d dan larva cacat (Piring 1). CNSL menunjukkan ringan insektisida activit y. Tabel S terhidrogenasi
CNSL dipamerkan lebih kumulatif toxicit y. Meskipun itu adalah jauh lebih sedikit aktif dari azadirachtin, di
pandangan dari -nya berlimpah-limpah

T mampu 1. E f fect dari azadirachtin (Aza) dan mete kacang

tempurung cair (CNSL)
terhadap neonatus dari Helicoverpa
armigera

1-d
CNSL (1)
CNSL (2)
CNSL (3)

2-d

Reatments T Hari-hari setelah pencahayaan untuk Perawatan Pupation

(Hari)
3-d
4-d
5-d
6-d
7-d
9-d
1 1-d
1-d

28.1ab 37.5bc 37.5bc 37.5bc

35.7c 50.0c 50.0c 57.1d

37.5c
57.1c

37.5bc 40.6bc 40.6bc

57.1d 57.1c 60.7c

43.8b 28.1ab
75.0c 35.7c

3.2a

19.3b

25.8b

29.0bc 32.2b 35.5bc

38.7b 38.7bc 38.7b

20.7b

20.7b

24.1b

27.6b

31.0b 37.9bc

65.5d

82.8d

Aza (250ppm) 13.8ab

pupation di
semua
Aza (500ppm)
7.1a

17.2b

34.5b

34.5c

44.8c

48.3c

72.4d

10.7a

14.3a

14.3a

42.8c

46.4c

Kosong (Aqu.) 13.3a

13.3a

16.7a

16.7a

16.7a

Kosong
(aseton)

13.3a

16.7a

16.7a

16.7a

Aza (100ppm)

10.0a

> 17

3.2a

>17

93.1c

20.7b

> 17

75.9c

86.2c

13.8ab

Tidak

64.3d

92.8d

92.8c

7.1a

16.7a

20.0a

20.0a

20.0a

13.3a

16.7a

16.7a

23.3a

23.3a

10.0a

15-17

Angka-angka berikut umum huruf (A, b, c ...) di baris adalah secara statistik di par oleh DM R T.
(1) CNS L sample s m fro India n Oi l Corporation, Faridaba d (2) Hydrogenate d CNSL, d (3) Heksan e extrac t (Al
l 1%)

Insektisida l activit y o f Cashe w nu t shel l liqui d

agains t tw o lepidoptera n OPT s 12 3
G. K. Mahapat r o

Gambar. 1. Larva mortalitas (Helicoverpa armiger a) di Azadirachtin (100-500ppm)

diperlakukan diet
(Permukaan penggabungan, neonatus) pada di f ferent
pencahayaan periode

tersedianya di menurunkan biaya itu o f fers baik potensi di pengendalian hama.

2. Spilarctia obliqua

T mampu 2. Larva mortalitas dan dewasa eme r gence Bihar berbulu ulat di botani Perawatan (Larva 7d,
kontak kebisaan tes, Potte r 's tower)

daun), dikenakan bioassay dengan metode pemberian makan (daun

(Potte r 's tower), larva mortalitas sampai pupation adalah 20,

25, 30. 35, 3 8 d 34% i n CNSL, Pongami a, Az a (100ppm), Az a (200ppm), Az a (500ppm) d Aza
(1000ppm), masing-masing; sebagai terhadap mortalitas nol dalam kendali (Kosong). Meskipun sedikit lebih
tinggi mortalitas diamati di Aza-500ppm dari 1000ppm, itu normal adul t eme r Genc e wa s 2 0 d 24% fo r
tersebut. Konsisten dan ine f fective mortalitas yaitu, kurang dari 50% bahkan di highe tes r t s i n
konsentrasi laborator y skrining menggambarkan s clearl y tha t thes e phyto-pestisida s ar e tidak cocok
untuk dibawa ke lapangan. Hasil tidak konsisten dalam kontak kebisaan (Kebanyakan mungkin karena untuk
itu berbulu sifat larva) terbuat itu statistik metode analisis valid, meskipun percobaan adalah ulang tiga kali.
Meskipun negatif i n hasil, th e Olahpesan e i s sebuah warnin g t o th e pes t kontrol operator tak t t o rel y o
n s fo r botani contro l o f S. obliqu a.

S tatistical analisis tidak dapat dilakukan sebagai tidak sah karena inconsistenc y i n hasil, angka s ar e mea n o f 3 ulangan
(masing-masing mereplikasi, N = 30)

Furthe r studie s ar e memerlukan d t o entitas aktif identif y antara itu kolam dari diketahui dan
diketahui CNSL konstituen, beberapa di antaranya termasuk asam anakardat, cardols, cardanols, d
methylcardanol s (Mari dan Gouvan, 1999) (Gbr.2). CNSL adalah sebuah ekstensif mempelajari naturall y
occurrin g pheno l obtaine d produk sampingan sa selama pengolahan biji mete, dan berisi severa l phenoli c
senyawa. thoug h Sifat termiticidal CNSL dilaporkan oleh beberapa pekerja, insektisida tindakan terhadap
lepidoterans adalah langka. Laporan ini merupakan studi komprehensif CNSL terhadap dua importan t
lepidoptera n hama s o f agricultura l tanaman, yang menggambarkan -nya insektisida activit y.

12 4 India n Journa l o f Entomolog y, 7 3 (2), 20 1 1

1. Anakardat asam, 2.
Cardols,
3. Cardanols, dan 4.
Methylcardanols.
Gambar. 2. Tentu saja terjadi non-isoprenoid fenolik lipid dari mete

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

Th e autho r i s thankfu l fo r th e test-botani s (CNSL dan Azadirachtin murni) disediakan oleh D r. Suresh W
alia (principa l Scientist, Agricultura l Chemicals), dan laborator y facilitie s menyediakan d b y Head,
Divisio n Entomolog y, IARI, Ne w Delhi.
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