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TITLE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in this competitive global information system (IS) environment, an
integrative system is crucial for the highly demanding of information needs. We may
found that in most environments such as in business, educational, administration or even
medical environment have made a greater altered in replacing the ways they keeping their
records from paper based and now being transformed in the form of system by the aid of
advanced technology from day to day. Healthcare aspect is vital in daily lives where most
people today prefer to find a hospital that offers better healthcare services. Normally,
people will demand on a good quality services provided by hospitals. Thus, this situation
has influenced the hospitals organization to improve their services by adopting
information system (IS).
In Malaysia, the information system that being used in the medical environment is
known as Electronic Medical Record System (EMRs). Towards the context of hospital
environment, the adoption of IS quite remarkable since many hospitals either public or
private hospital are able to increase their services to high quality level for competing
among them. This being proven by Smith and Swinehart in 2001 and also further by
Ovretveit in 2007, they stated that, United States of America (USA), which was adopted
the information system to be applied in their medical environment since 2001 as the
emergence of IBM system. At the early stages of IS implementation, it focused only on
improving efficiencies in accounting function such as billing and financial reporting.
However, as the need to manage the integrated clinical management, financial and
operational information grows and evolves, thus the used of IS being upgraded to match
up with the medical environments purposely.
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CHAPTER ONE:
STUDY GENERAL FRAMEWORK
2.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
2.1.1
EMRs.
The overview of Electronic Medical System (EMRs)
According to author named Fisher in year 1999, the terminology of EMRs
being defined first as computer stored medical records, then being followed by
computerized patient record (CPR), computerized medical record (CMR),
computer-based patient record system (CBPR), electronic health record (EHR),
and automated medical record (AMR). In general term, EMRs, is a computerized
medical record that can be accessed with concerned of patient privacy,
confidential and security from multiple integrated systems at any point of care
within the health care organizations.
Moreover, the other definition defined by author named Jerome in year
1999, he stated that EMRs as a computer-based information system that integrates
patients-specific information from diverse sources and tracks that information
over time to facilitate clinical management and information retrieval, analysis and
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2.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Generally, at the early stages of Electronic Medical Record system (EMRs) being
implement in medical environment, the user of the system includes the staff management,
doctors, nurses and others people that involved directly or indirectly using this system,
they having a problem in order to operate this system. This is due to lack of training and
skills to operate this new system as the transformation being made from paper based
record into electronic record. However, the problem regarding on how to operate and
used this system have been solved by Information System expertise in medical
environment. They have come out with solution towards the problem that faced up by the
user. Thus, in todays reality, almost majority organizations in medical environment have
using EMR system smoothly. Therefore, the statement of problem due to this case study
is relating towards the factors that have influence the user acceptance on the adoption of
Electronic Medical Record system (EMRs) either in private or public hospital.
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2.3
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Based on the problem statement, the research questions towards this research
study have been reformulated accordingly to the problem of statement. Below are the lists
of research questions.
What are the factors that influence the user acceptance on the adoption of
Electronic Medical Record system (EMRs)?
Does the resistance to change affect the Electronic Medical Record system
(EMRs) adoption either in private or public hospital?
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2.4
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Below are some of the research objectives:
To identify the factors that influenced the user acceptance in using the Electronic
Medical Records System (EMRs).
2.5
RESEARCH PURPOSE
The main purpose of this research is to explore the current practices of using the
Electronic Medical Records System (EMRs) in medical environment that have been
implemented either in public or private hospital. This is important in order to know how
effective the Electronic Medical Records System (EMRs) practices being applied in the
particular organizations.
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2.6
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2.7
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Towards this research study, there are some limitations that have been identified.
Below are the list of limitation occurred:
Limitation of location
-
In order to carry out this research study, the expected location that suitable to
gain the information and data about the adoption of using the Electronic
Medical Records System (EMRs) are at the private or public hospitals. The
scope of location need to be narrow as this system usually implemented in
huge organization such as hospital as the number of user can be seen more
clearly in a large amount.
Limitation of time
-
The period of time to conduct this research study is within six months as
included to collect the data by distributing the questionnaire, to make an
interview session with the suitable respondents such as the user of this system.
Limitation of respondents
- The respondents that involved in this research study is related to the user of
this Electronic Medical Records System (EMRs). People that would be a
respondent of this study must have an experience in using this system. For
instance, the respondent of this study may included the IS/IT department staff
of the hospital, the doctors, nurses, administration staff and also might the
patients or public individual that have experienced to used this system to
viewed his or her medical record in hospital currently,.
2.8
2.9
Health care
-
Based on the medical dictionary available in free websites, the health care
being defines as the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the
preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by
the medical and allied health professions.
Hospital
-
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CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses about the literature review and present previous relevant
research made by different author or expertises. The content of the literature review
include the topic covered on the dependent variables and independent variables regarding
towards the study framework model. Besides that, this chapter also will describe more
clearly about each of the independent variables that consist of efficiency in accessing or
retrieving data, perceived ease of use, privacy of data and the interface of the system.
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3.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH STUDY METHODOLOGY
4.1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the methodology of the study which includes the research
design, sample selection, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and data analysis
as to provide answers the research questions. This study seeks to provide insight into the
adoption of Electronic Medical Record system (EMRs) in hospital. In order to do so, the
study utilizes a qualitative and quantitative case study approach to examine the
methodological approaches of the research. The research study respondents may included
the IS/IT department staff of the hospital, the doctors, nurses, administration staff and
also might the patients or public individual that have experienced to used this system to
viewed his or her medical record in hospital currently. These group respondents were
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4.2
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4.3
RESEARCH DESIGN
According to Dr. Kenneth Harling in 2002, a research study is a holistic inquiry
that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its natural setting. Specifying
particular terms in greater detail:
The natural setting is the context within which this phenomenon appears.
Context is included because contextual conditions are considered highly
pertinent to the phenomenon being studied either because many factors in
the setting impinge on the phenomenon or because the separation between
the phenomenon and the context is not clearly evident.
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The phenomenon and setting are a bound system where, there are limits on
what is considered relevant or workable. The boundaries are set in terms
of time, place, events, and processes.
Holistic inquiry involves collection of in-depth and detailed data that are
rich in content and involve multiple sources of information including
direct observation, participant observations, interviews, audio-visual
material, documents, reports and physical artifacts. The multiple sources
of information provide the wide array of information needed to provide an
in-depth picture.
4.4
Sample
Samples are a fraction of the target population in which a generalization is
applied to the whole population. Samples and accessible population are the same.
During data analysis the samples are referred to as respondents.
Only chosen hospital will be used as a sample for the research. The reason
for choosing several hospital for the research sampling is because enables to
construct a specific investigation on user acceptance toward the use of Electronic
Medical Record system (EMRs). Other than that, by doing research on selected
hospital such as one public hospital or one private hospital, the time will be more
effective to get findings and data collections.
Hospital Besar Melaka will be used for the research sampling. It is
because Hospital Besar Melaka is a large agency and therefore, it has
implemented the use of Electronic Medical Record system (EMRs) which handle
by the staffs. The hospital is fully government and therefore, most of the records
systems are according to the standard procedures provided by the National
Archives of Malaysia.
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4.4.2
Population
Almost all methods of research obtain their information from respondents
who are the people who provide the information and they are called population.
Population is defined as the group to which the results of the study are intended to
apply to. Accessible population will be used as a smaller portion of the target
population.
The research study respondents may include the IS/IT department staff of
the hospital, the doctors, nurses, administration staff and also might the patients
or public individual that have experienced to use this system to viewed his or her
medical record in hospital currently and this group purposely selected as the
accessible population for research. It is because the selected respondent has more
knowledge, experiences and skills about the Electronic Medical Record system
(EMRs). For instance, about twenty staffs of the Hospital Besar Melaka will be
selected for completing the questionnaires. The questionnaires given will be
helpful in order to get findings and for data analysis.
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4.5
INSTRUMENTS
(b) Questionnaire
The questionnaire is the most common approach for collecting data.
Questionnaires will be distributed to staffs of the selected organization in order to
determine the research findings. All the feedback or response from the
questionnaires will be used to collect data analysis. Besides that, the questionnaire
also being distribute into the user of the Electronic Medical Record system
(EMRs) such as patient. The total number of respondents will be fifty people,
whereas twenty person from the staff of the hospital and the remaining covered by
the general user of the system
4.6
DATA COLLECTION
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Prior to the interview session, a list of questions was prepared by the researchers.
Qualitative data collected from a group of people through discussion method and the
conversation is recorded.
4.7
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The T-test and the ANOVA table were used to measure the impact of the user
acceptance towards the system being used.
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CHAPTER FOUR:
CONCLUSION
5.1
CONCLUSION
6.0
REFERENCES
Haslina, M., Mastura, S. S., Fauziah, B., Norida, M. D., & Laily, H. N. (2009). Factors
influencing doctors satisfaction of electronic medical records: a survey in Malaysian public
hospitals. Journal of electronic medical record, 3, 375-378. Retrieved from
http://www.kmice.cms.net.my/ProcKMICe/KMICe2010/Paper/PG375_378.pdf
Mohd fadhil, N. F., Jusop, M., & Abdullah, A. A. (2012). Hospital information system (HIS)
implementation in a public hospital: a case study from Malaysia. Far east journal of
psychology and business, 8(3), 1-11. Retrieved from
http://www.fareastjournals.com/files/FEJPBV8N3P1.pdf
Mohd, H., & Syed mohamad, S. M. (2005). Acceptance model of electronic medical
record.Journal of advancing information and management studies, 2(1), 75-92. Retrieved
from http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2011/08557.pdf
Nik ariffin, N. A., Yunus, A. M., & Embi, Z. C. (2008). Improving electronic medical records
(EMRs) practices through a clinical mircosystem in the Malaysian government
hospitals.Communication of the IBIMA, 5, 51-64. Retrieved from
http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/CIBIMA/volume5/v5n8.pdf
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