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A COMPLETE GRADED
COXJESE
IN
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
COMPOSITION
AJSTD
/ BY.
benj/y. conklin,
PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL NO.
3,
BROOKLYN.
N. Y.
NEW
D.
Copyright,
By
D.
1888,
PEEFACE.
This book
is
The
by a judicious
and carefully
The
questions at
make
it
The
sentence
is
it
to be learned.
answers.
own
new element
is
to avoid
an excess
of language-
work on the one hand, and too much formal parsing and
ysis
on the other.
anal-
and
relation.
By
this
method
power
of
of
the
to use language.
PREFACE,
From
office
Not
pupils become
till
been reached.
The book
sufficiently
is
and
sufficiently
advanced to cover
grammar
highest
classes,
is
it
all
that
is
required of the
It is
arranged
but those
who may
prefer to
its
inconvenience in doing
little
so.
is
a better
way
But
of accomplishing the
same
object.
The aim
mar more
pupil in
As
it
of the
book
interesting,
more
is
to
and thus
rapid,
and
gram-
his mastery of
of English
it
more complete.
of the plan,
Brooklyn, N.
Y.,
November, 1888.
Conklik.
CONTENTS.
Ideas;
Introduction: Objects
Grammar its
Table
Definition
.......
Divisions
Parts of Speech
Modified Subject
Synthesis
Transitive Verbs
Synthesis
Composition
Object Complement
Diagramming
Nouns Common and Proper
Pronouns General Use
Analysis
....
....
.
Composition
Letter-writing
Compound
Sentences
Analysis
Synthesis
54
54-59
Analysis
Synthesis
Intermediate Expressions
Words
Punctuation
Arrangement of Adjectives Punctuation
;
Series of
Uses of Articles
Verbs Regular and Irregular
Apposition
Analysis
92
93-94
95-97
98-102
103-108
109-110
Ill
112
113-115
Synthesis
Adverbial Objective
;
....
....
......
Analytical Parsing
Prepositions
38-43
44-45
60-91
Review by Sentences
35-37
28-32
33-34
46
47-53
16-19
Contracted
13
14-15
24-27
Composition
Adverbs
12
20-23
PAGE
1-11
Possessive Case
116-138
139-142
143-147
148-152
153-156
Synthesis
157-162
CONTENTS.
vi
How
Attribute Complement
and Lay
Copula Analysis
Parsing
Verbs Active and Passive Voice
Independent Element Nouns Interjections
Adjectives Inflection Use Position
Adverbs Classes Use Formation
Varying Parts of Speech
PAGE
163
164-171
....
190-193
194
195-202
Infinitives.
Participles
Conjunctive Adverbs
Relative
Complex Sentences
Analysis
Analysis
"Abbreviated Clauses
Synthesis
Compound Sentences
Verbs
"
"
Rules
"
List
Poetic License
Infinitives
Uses
Shall and Will Uses
....
261-263
264
265-266
Capital Letters
267
268
269-270
Syntax
Composition Subjects
APPENDIXDiagramming
Rhetorical Figures
Versification
271-278
285-286
Recasting Sentences
Index
228-230
231-232
232-236
237-238
239-240
241-242
243-244
245-258
259-260
203-210
211-213
214-225
226-227
Nominative Absolute
Classification
Elliptical Sentences Analysis
172-174
175-178
179-189
287
288
289-290
291-296
HINTS TO TEACHERS.
If children could always hear correct language, they would learn to
use
it
But many
correctly.
To
and in writing.
is
formed both
is
teacher.
In teaching grammar,
is
to teach pupils
how
it
to speak
it
intelligently.
and
to re- write
them
making
all
all their
composition exercises
first,
in
teacher.
making
corrections.
The questions
them
text,
and on
this
with the
in this
may
account pupils
class,
great advantage
each lesson at
its close.
them
to
of a lesson to
memory.
nor those that will require too much searching in books of reference. The
object should be to get from pupils a correct expression of the thoughts
that they already have, or that they may readily acquire by observation
and reading, rather than to have them try to produce labored essays on
abstract themes.
ENGLISH
GKAMMAK AND
COMPOSITION.
INTKODTJOTORY LESSONS.
I.OBJECTSIDEAS.
2. What do you
1. What things do you find in a garden ?
park! 3. What do you hear at a concert! 4. Mention five
5. Mention ^ve things you see in
things you have seen in the street.
this room.
Questions.
see in the
1.
Things
or objects, in various
ways
We
way.
In
about a clock
2.
learn about
an orange 1 about
velvet %
The
feeling,
Name the
five senses.
Anger
an
object.
*
is
something
Teachers should explain words that are not familiar to the pupil.
is
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
We
4.
etc.,
Direction.
flowers
apples
falsehood
sugar
milk
pride
Mention the
folly
truth
pity
life %
iron% kindness
five senses.
II.NAMES.
When
5.
or write
is
itself
it
name
only the
is
speak
of the
object.
What
are the words pencil, desk, boy, book 1 Is the boyyou a name, or an object % If I call him a boy, or James,
what are the words boy and James %
Questions.
sitting beside
6.
senses, or that
we can think
Questions.
name ? 3. Is
What is your
Is
1.
6.
What
is
name %
4.
your knife ?
2.
Is
your hat a
Is the
7.
a column on your
Write three names of persons in the same way.
Direction.
trees, in
slate.
store
things that
tasting
we
by smelling
by hearing
by feeling
by
by thinking.
How
many
senses have
we ?
1.
Name
them.
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
m.NOUNS.
Words that are names
In grammar they are
noun means name.
7.
words.
Definition.
8.
noun
of objects,
word used
is
we may
name-
call
name.
as a
word
persons, ani-
as,
A noun may be the name of a person as, boy, son, George, father.
A noun may be the name of an animal as, dog, fox, horse, elephant.
A noun may be the name of a place as, city, London, parJc, town.
A noun may be the name of a thing as, cap, tree, foot, glass, truth.
10. A noun is the name of any person, animal, place, or thing.
;
Direction.
Write
names that
three
are
names
of persons
three each
earth,
Is your
an object f
Is
called a
ber
as,
What
word orange an
a noun ?
Is the
your brother
11. Definition.
is
A noun
is
the
word hat%
object or the
name
of
that
num-
12. Definition.
of the
same kind
is
plural
number;
as,
1.
What
is
noun 1
2.
Why
is
the
word house
how many
Name the four different classes of objects mentioned
in this lesson. 5. How many senses do we possess % .6. Name them. 7.
By how many of the senses may we learn about a city? an apple? mema noun %
3.
different classes
4.
What
is
9.
of an object belonging to
What
is
fire ?
milk ? velvet %
a singular noun
11.
What
class of
8.
13.
a plural
To which
belong 1
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
IV.SENTENCES.
Questions.
Do
tell
The
names
people %
Do any of
Do birds %
Direction.
Think
mentioned.
what they
Exercise.
of a
number
birds,
frogs,
Do
and
horses^
dogs and
do.
John,
state
"Birds
sing."
Birds
sir.
fly."
Dogs bark."
"We
expressed our
thoughts in words."
Is there any other way of expressing our thoughts %
thoughts by motions or signs."
How do we generally express our thoughts f
13.
The
is
"
We
can express
called a sentence
so
15. Definition.
sentence
a combination of words so
is
What name
is
is
a sentence?
stating
4.
what kind
Make two
of noise
sentences stating
monkeys make
how
one, stating
pigs make.
V.VERBS,
1.
The dog
barks.
Explanation. In this sentence, dog is the name of the object that does
something, and the word barks shows what the dog does.
1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
Questions.
1.
What does
the
3.
in sentence 1
What
2.
What
show in sentence 3 %
Direction.
Select, in
also the
word which
what
tells
it
name
of that
does.
MODEL.
"
5.
Fire burns.
6.
3.
Grass grows.
7.
4.
The snake
1.
2.
Explanation.
In
crawls.
8.
The
expresses an action.
action-ivords
is
in
action
word
may
fights
be called
person or thing
is
to assert
something of some
called a verb.
Every sentence must contain a verb. A verb is sometimes composed of more than one word as, " Dogs will bark."
Direction. Select the verb in each of these eight sentences, tell why it
18.
is
made
is
about.
VL-COMPOSITION LESSON.
Direction.
Form
it
and ending
it
make
sense,
with a period
Ducks
Wolves
5.
Flowers
2.
6.
Trees
10.
3.
Girls
7.
Fire
11.
Apples
Beys
4.
Men
8.
Rivers
12.
Birds
1.
19 Rule.
9.
Bears
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
Direction.
Form sentences by writing a noun in the blank space before
each verb, being careful to attend to capitals and punctuation
1.
ride,
5.
drink.
9.
melts.
2.
grow.
6.
fight.
10.
smile.
3.
sail.
7.
run.
11.
creep.
4.
plow.
8.
study.
12.
steal.
Direction.
and
verbs,
After writing
and
tell
why
MODEL.
"Ladies ride" is a sentence, because it is a combination of words
making complete sense. " Ladies " is a noun, because it is a name.
" Ride " is a verb, because it expresses action.
Note.
is
true or reasonable.
1.
Birds teach.
4.
Ladies croak.
7.
Dogs
2.
Snakes bark.
5.
Horses sing.
8.
Men
3.
Growl
6.
Crawl
9.
Pishes trot.
crickets.
Questions.
sense
frogs.
chirp.
fly.
Direction.
Select
will,
complete sense.
first
noun
of each
tain
8.
5.
What
How
is
%
a verb ?
7.
VII.DECLARATIVE SENTENCE.
Remark.
This lesson, and the three that immediately follow, are given
prepare the
way
The sentences
given,
how-
20.
sentence may be a
mand,
or
an exclamation.
1.
2.
Henry jumped.
Mary laughed.
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
Explanation.
Sentence
and
declares a fact,
is
21. Definition.
1,
"Henry jumped,"
is
a statement
So
is
it
states or
sentence
2.
serts a fact.
22.
Some
the following:
1.
2.
3.
Do
4.
0,
An
exclamation
exclamatory sentence.
Names of persons, like Henry, John, Mary, are called proper nouns,
and must always begin with a capital letter. Other nouns, like hoy, girl,
man, desk, are common nouns, and must not begin with a capital letter
unless they begin a sentence.
Questions.
letter %
is
2%
2.
Why
4%
1.
4.
23. Rule.
Why
must
What
Every
may
declarative
and
3.
2,
What kind
made
a sentence be
sentence
of a sentence
to express
period.
Direction.
Form
declarative sentences
by writing a verb
in each of
Parrots
4.
Snow
2.
Weeds
5.
3.
Robins
6.
Mice
Boys
Direction.
1,
3,
and
1.
5,
Fill out
bit
eat hay.
3.
5.
1.
ask a question ?
Snails
6.
VIII.INTERROGATIVE
When
Rivers
9.
in the others
4.
2.
Questions.
Spiders
The dog
7.
8.
-.
SENTENCE.
I say, "
I state a fact %
Do
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
24.
An
is
called
means
an inter-
to ask.
interrogative sentence
is
one that
asks a question.
Direction.
Write the following sentences, tell what kind each
why, and place the proper punctuation mark after each
is,
and
26. Rule.
Every interrogative
interrogation point.
1.
2.
3.
6.
When
sen-
2.
They
Mary
3.
1.
retired early.
is
Questions.
printed ?
sentence?
5.
5.
Direction.
tences,
4.
happy.
4.
Boys
5.
6.
John found a
like fun.
knife.
What
2. What is a declarative sentence ?
3. An interrogative
What punctuation mark must follow a declarative sentence?
kind of sentences are these as they are here
1.
Why ?
4.
How must
a sentence begin
6.
How
end?
IX.-IMPERATTVE SENTENCE.
1.
2.
3.
Questions.
tion?
Does
Does 2?
sentence
make
a statement
Does
it
ask a ques-
Does 3?
Sentence
Sentence 2 makes an
1 makes a command.
Sentence 3 expresses a strong wish.
Such sentences as these three are called imperative sentences, because
the word imperative means commanding.
Explanation.
earnest request.
An imperative sentence
27. Definition.
makes a command, or an earnest request.
is
one that
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
Every
28. Rule.
is,
period.
me
1.
John, bring
2.
William bought
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
that book
this
book yesterday
X.-EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE,
When
that
is,
we cry
we
out, or
exclaim.
Direction.
Write
the
which express
tell
strong feeling
1.
This lake
2.
0,
this
is
Questions.
Does 4
is
beautiful.
Does
sentence
thunders.
3.
It
4.
5.
How
it?
dreadfully
express emotion
it
thunders
Does 2
Does 3
Does 5 f
29. Definition.
An
exclamatory sentence
is
one that
or emotion.
Direction.
Write the following sentences
determine the class to
which each belongs place the proper punctuation mark after each, and
;
give reasons:
30. Rule.
exclamation point
1.
6.
2.
How
7.
3.
0,
4.
5.
fast it rains
how
end with an
).
8.
9.
10.
COMPOSITION.
10
Eeview Questions.
What are
What
is
9.
What
is
a sentence
10.
What
is
a noun
11.
a verb ?
XI.COMPOSITION LESSON.
31.
Arrangement.
Margin,
of about
left of
the page.
Paragraph
line,
32. Punctuation.
line.
son,
when introduced
into
own
one's
composition, must be
inclosed in quotation
hyphen
( - )
syllable of
an unfinished
line, to
The
with a capital
Directions.
first
word
of a full quotation
must begin
letter.
Copy
* Pupils should frequently be required to distinguish these four classes of sentences in their reading-lessons.
COMPOSITION.
11
of this that
replace
them
properly,
the paragraph
may
and
be dictated to the
to
Or,
class.
Questions.
these
left
of the
*
"The Perfume
capital letter
as,
of Flowers "
Mary
is the heading.
sentence is quoted, the first word should not begin with a
used the words, " a fragrant flower,' in the wrong sense.
'
PARTS OF SPEECH.
12
ENGLISH GKAMMAE.
XII.THE
34. Definition.
to iorite
and
to
PARTS OF SPEECH.
English
Grammar
teaches
how
to speak,
The
object of language
Orthography
35.
therefore be said to
their combination
[spelling].
36.
is
and
treats of letters
and words
into syllables
Grammar may
treat of sentences
treats of
words separately,
called
That part
37.
in sentences,
is
of
Syntax*
38.
grammar which
treats of
words combined
syntax.
called
treats of the
to one another in a
sentence.
Questions.
3.
What
is
1.
What
etymology ?
is
4.
English grammar %
is syntax %
2.
What
is
orthography
What
There are many thousands of words in the English language yet they
may be assorted into eight different groups or classes, each class having a
name of its own.
;
39.
Many
of
A large
press action,
ment
* This
will
may be omitted,
if it is
desired,
till
needed
classes
PARTS OF SPEECH.
13
PARTS OF SPEECH.
Adjec-
Pronouns.
Nouns.
tives.
horse
jump
swim
street
run
Joseph
man
sing
tree
cry
table
walk
If these
Adverbs.
Verbs.
column for
adjectives in the
all
all
Conjunc-
Preposi-
Interjec-
tions.
tions.
tions.
all
the
words of
because these two parts of speech have been used in the preceding lessons.
etc.
40.
Each
called a
is
Questions.
swim, run,
are there
1.
part of speech.
What
sing,
tree,
part of speech
jump,
street,
is
cry%
horse, table,
2.
How many
parts of speech
Eemark. The names of the eight parts of speech are not now to be
memorized. They are here introduced to show pupils what they will have
to learn. These names can be fixed in the pupil's mind, however, by requiring him to reproduce the diagram every time a new part of speech is
taken up, and to fill the proper column with words of the new part of
speech, taken from the sentences used, and by asking each time how many
of the eight he has learned, and how many yet remain to be learned.
41. Definition.
of words into
of
the classes
What
is a noun %
2. What is a verb ?
3. What is a senmeant by a part of speech ? 5. How many parts of
speech are there % 6. Of how many parts of speech do you know something % 7. How may we determine to which part of speech a word belongs ?
Questions.
tence ?
4.
1.
What
is
14
AND PREDICATE.
XIII.-SUBJECT
When
Questions. 1.
2.
What do
I say
1.
Horses
trot.
2.
Wasps
sting.
I say,
"Horses
trot,"
about what do
speak?
about horses f
42. There are tivo parts in every sentence first, that about
which the assertion is made and, second, what is said or
:
asserted of
it.
Direction.
Write
what
is
name
is
made
in each
of
also state
asserted in each.
capitals
1.
Men
2.
Monkeys
3.
Crickets chirp.
talk.
4.
chatter.
The subject
43. Definition.
Direction.
Parrots imitate.
6.
Wasps
of
sting.
a sentence
that part
is
asserted.
is
The
44. Definition.
People think.
5.
predicate
of a sentence
is
that part
assertion.
Name
preceding sentences.
and
sing," the
it is
noun
45. Definition.
thing of
Note.
its
subject.
The
verb
is
a word used
to
assert
some-
[18.]
verb
is
the predicate
whole predicate is
word used in making the assertion.
;
tant
Remark.
so.
But
and
questions.
To
is,
or is not
1.
What
is
What
2.
15
What
the
is
an assertion % 4. What, besides statements, do assertions include % 5. Is " Will you go 1 " a statement ? 6. Is
" Bring the book to me " a statement %
7. In " Wasps sting," what are
the part of speech names %
8. What are the sentence names ?
9. How
predicate of a sentence
3.
is
a noun in a sentence
a sentence!
What
13.
What
is
11.
are they!
12.
a verb!
Men
2.
Children
walk.
cry.
predicate.
:
1.
Kobins
2.
Hens
3.
Lions roar.
sing.
5.
Cherries ripen.
cackle.
6.
Men
7.
Calves bellow.
8.
Babies cry.
bloom.
4. Lilies
46.
The
work.
"Men
think" [mind
"Boys
play."
47.
The
action].
and a
subject
is
called a
is
called a
Such a
a predicate
is
simple predicate.
Direction.
1.
twinkle.
5.
study.
2.
growl.
6.
smile.
3.
squeal.
7.
gnaw.
4.
flows.
8.
steal.
ADJECTIVES.
16
Direction.
jects
Supply a
1.
Farmers
7.
Stars
2.
8.
Lions
9.
3.
Snakes
Bees
4.
Fishes
10.
Wolves
Cows
5.
Flowers
11.
Rats
6.
Rain
12.
Birds
What
a singular noun?
Plural noun? 2.
Of what may English grammar
be said to treat? 4. What is etymology? 5. What is syntax? 6. Into
how many classes are all the words in the language grouped ? 7. What
general name is given to these groups ? 8. Of how many of these parts of
9. What two important parts in
speech have we learned something?
Review
What
Questions.
What
10.
predicate of a sentence
is
an assertion ?
is
grammar teach ?
does English
every sentence?
1.
14.
is
How may
12.
What do
3.
11.
What
assertions include
13.
is
the
What
XV.ADJECTIVES.-MODIFIED SUBJECT.
Direction.
1.
Boys study.
4.
People
2.
Birds sing.
5.
Dogs bark.
3.
Vines grow.
6.
Children play.
sleep.
MODEL.
"
ject,
because
study
of
Boys
study "
is
it
is
is
a declarative * sentence.
it
asserts
is
is
asserted
the sub-
the verb
48. In these sentences, boys and birds and vines in general are spoken
any boys, any birds, any vines. But we may wish to speak of a
i. e.,
of these
nouns that
will
* The designation "simple sentence' is deferred until pupils are ready to take
up compound sentences, as the term " simple " will be better understood when the
term compound is used in contrast with it.
1
ADJECTIVES.
17
1.
Good boys
study.
4.
Weary people
2.
5.
3.
6.
Happy
sleep.
children play.
The adjective
Good
good.
son or thing
51.
is
Some
meant
as,
it
when they
honest
adjectives limit
man
tell
;
what hind
of a per-
sweet apple.
they simply point out', as, this book; that hat; these books;
those hats; the boy; some apples.
52.
men
two
tiventy-five dollars
Explanation.
as,
first boy.
The
The word modify means to change somewhat', theregood and these modify the nouns with which they are
53.'
fore,
used.
54.
An
Some
Some
adjective
is
modifier
name.
adjectives describe.
adjectives limit
by pointing
out.
point
In
out, or express
number
also tell
2.
3.
7.
4.
That man
8.
1.
sings.
describe,
5.
6.
Seven boys
recited.
18
55. Definition.
Questions.
is
little %
An
meaning
limit the
2.
1.
adjective
is
of a noun.
When
without describing %
mean %
6.
4. Give an example.
5.
do adjectives modify nouns %
How
XVI.MODIFIED SUBJECTo
1.
2.
3.
Explanation.
the adjective
3, 4, 5,
56.
sentence
and
the,
Questions.
In
In
obeyed.
also
What
is
1,
4.
Some dogs
5.
6.
The
growl.
is
modified by
Nouns and
speech, because
Hence, the simple subject r and the simple predicate are called
the principal parts of a sentence.
They
principal elements.
57. Definition.
anything
is
An
element
is
composed.
Words used
58.
to
Direction.
in
The
2.
Warm
old
air rises.
59. Definition.
fiers, is called
*
ject
The modified
is
the
3.
4.
The simple
subject,
taken with
all its
modi-
modified* subject.
subject.
The simple
sub-
In sentence
modified subject
Direction.
Write
What
3.
is
What
1,
wooden
the old
is
is
the
noun
19
clock
the
clock.
1.
What
is
is
?
2. The modified subThe modified subject % 5.
6.
4.
7.
What
is
modify?
known?
16.
18.
descriptive adjective
meaning
of the
thing
named by
the noun.
When we
kind
as,
61. Definition.
white horse
is
is
used.
possessed by the
color, size,
is
that
is,
Descriptive adjectives
large house
show
gentle lamb.
Direction.
Select
and
tell
2.
3.
4.
Much
rain
fell.
5.
Ugly dogs
bite.
6.
1.
10.
11.
Warm
7.
8.
9.
air rises.
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.
20
Direction.
descriptive adjectives,
and
1. What is an adjective? 2. What is a descriptive adjecWhat do descriptive adjectives express ? 4. What is a limiting
adjective ? 5. What do limiting adjectives express ? 6. What is the general or sentence name of any kind of an adjective ?
Questions.
tive
3.
Direction.
Draw a part of
speech diagram
(see
page
13),
and write
all
XVIII.ANALYSIS.
Analysis, in grammar,
62.
into
is
elements.
its
Direction.
Analyze
here given
Eemark.
in enabling
for
The analysis
him
to punctuate properly.
Model. "All
63.
him
in reading,
clauses.
is
The weary
2.
Profane
3.
4.
5.
Questions.
are plural
ject?
5.
adjective
3.
What
?
7.
little
men
is
is
6.
Four men
7.
Several
8.
Industrious
9.
10.
4.
What
an adjective ?
12.
walked.
men
8.
What
prosper.
2.
Which
is
rode.
men
analysis
limiting adjective
a principal element?
office of
whistled.
Which nouns
1.
What
child slept.
swear.
is
6.
What
is
a descriptive
an element ?
9.
What
is
COMPOSITION.
13.
By what
other
name
interrogative sentence?
sentence
15.
19.
known ?
declarative sentence!
17.
marks?
is
21
16.
14.
An
What
is
an
imperative
a capital letter %
XIX.-COMPOSITION WRITING.
The
tion, the
language.
as to teach
is
fully as important
of words.
Special Directions.
In the lower grammar grades, compositions should
seldom be given for a home exercise, and never unless the subject has been
worked up according to directions given farther on. It is very important
if
It is
pupils have
COMPOSITION.
22
XX.COMPOSITION LESSONS.
65. General Direction.
ent points for description should be selected in some regular order. These
points may be brought out by asking questions about the object to be
described.
Ask
the object,
or, if
answers
and giving
it,
all
Taking " oranges " for description, ask the following quesand then examine with the class the " Topical Outline " here given.
Require pupils to read the composition written from the outline, calling
Direction.
tions,
attention to the fact that the description follows the order of the points as
they are arranged, and also that the paragraphs correspond to the divisions
of the outline.
ORAKGES.
Questions.
flourish?
5.
3.
1.
How
What
Where
Their shape?
of an orange
10.
8.
6.
are oranges?
Their color?
What,
7.
9.
What
do they taste?
Topical Outline.
f
What
they are.
Where
obtained.
r Size.
General appearance.
Description of oranges.
Peel
rough,
Pulp
Parts
\
I
S f fc
'
Seeds
^ Cells
Use
For
Shape.
I Color,
Direction.
<
oily.
Uicy SWeet
'
'
numerous, in center.
tough, contain seeds.
Food, uncooked.
and, after asking the questions given above, require the class to produce a
composition which need not be an exact reproduction of the model in this
lesson.
COMPOSITION.
23
ORANGES.
Oranges are a kind of fruit raised in a warm climate in different countries.
We obtain oranges from the southern parts of Europe and of the
United States, and also from the West Indies.
In size, oranges average a little larger than apples. They are nearly
round, and when ripe are of a deep yellow color.
The outside of an orange is called the rind, or peel. The inside conand the seeds are inclosed in a tough subsists of the pulp and seeds
;
stance called
cells.
Oranges are used for food, and are generally very sweet and juicy.
Sometimes, however, they are quite sour to the taste, especially when eaten
before they are fully ripe.
CHEKRIES.
Questions.
1.
What
when
or the fruit ?
What
5.
are they?
in full
is
2.
bloom ?
How
4.
do they grow?
Which appears
6.
3.
first,
How
does a
the blossom
Their shape ?
7.
Their
How
do wild cherries compare in size with those that are cultivated % 9. Is the skin of a cherry tough or tender ? 10. Is the pulp hard
or soft, sweet or sour? 11. Does the cherry contain more than one seed?
13. Are they eaten when unripe ?
12. For what are cherries used ?
color ?
8.
Topical Outline.
What
How
they
are.
they grow.
r
General appearance.
\
I
Description of cherries.
Size
hazel-nut.
Shape
Color
nearly round.
various.
XXI,ADJECTIVES.ARTICLES.
66.
The
little
words
the,
most gram-
articles.
ADJECTIVES. AR TICLES.
24
67. The
is
it
points out
some par-
means particular.
Definite
63. An and a are called indefinite articles because they do not point
out any particular object, indefinite means not particular {in
not).
is
In this book,
69.
and a are
the, an,
an.
one should
If
say,
"A
when
called adjectives.
to use a,
"An
bellowed,"
correct,
and when
it
to use
An
and an mean one. They are used only with singular nouns.
be used with either singular or plural nouns.
may
An
is
is
The
cow
ox bellowed "
syllable.
consonant
is
The
71.
vowels are
a, e,
i,
o,
also
w and
W
as,
In ewe,
newly,
e is
not sounded
there-
in
syllable, are
consonants
72.
sound
Some
such word
writers use
is
Questions,
1.
When
is
first syllable
as, "
An
silent,
when
historical essay."
an used ?
An and a
h,
"
when not
by, eive.
fore,
y,
as, vietv,
7.
When
are
and y consonants ?
are contractions of the Anglo-Saxon word ane, meaning one. Afterwas dropped, and an was used before words beginning with vowels and
consonants.
For the sake of ease in speaking, the n was finally dropped before
words beginning with consonant sounds, leaving an before vowel sounds only.
*
ward the
25
A AND
XXII.PROPER USE OF
AN.
73.
and
eulogy, unit,
therefore
we
say,
eive,
74.
therefore
we
begin with
a union, a eulogy,
of
[wiin]
say,
view.
Direction,
Require
an
adjectives
1.
An
2.
3.
An
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
hour passed.
dark cloud arose.
honest
man
prospers.
An
An
A
A
9.
11.
An
12.
15.
16.
An
young child
creeps.
child cried.
onion decayed.
star appeared.
14.
13.
little
An
An
Questions.
An
10.
apple dropped.
old vessel sank.
prisoner escaped.
eagle screamed.
2. In 4, why is a used f
1, why is an used 1
To which of the eight parts of speech do the,
an, and a belong % 5. By what other name are they sometimes known ?
6. Before what words is a used %
7. Before what words is an used ?
8.
With what sound does useful begin % 9. Is it correct to say, " an united
country"? 10. Is it correct to say, "a honest man"? 11. What is y in
3.
In
8,
yellow,
why
is
1.
In sentence
an used %
and what
is iv
in
4.
plow %
COMPOSITION-,
26
Direction.
tences
Supply
1.
5.
2.
6.
heavy beam
3.
7.
4.
one-horse
8.
humorous man
wagon
passed.
lectured.
Questions.
Review
1. Which are the two most important parts of
and why ? 2. What is a sentence ? 3. How many words are required to form the simplest kind of a sentence ? 4. What part of speech
may be the subject of a sentence ? 5. By what may the subject be modified ?
6. What is an element ?
7. What kind of element is an adjective %
speech,
8.
Which
subject?
What
is
a modified subject!
12.
Why is w or y
Why is w a vowel
15.
11.
is
9.
May
What
is
a simple
a used?
13.
What
is
the
a consonant
in view%
XXIII.SYNTHESIS. *
75. Direction.
a single sentence
1.
This girl
Combine each of
is
ambitious.
2.
Model.
3.
That boy
He
He
5.
plays.
girl
always plays
is
6.
The
is
sings.
He
* Synthesis
of analysis.
Mary
fairly.
a knife.
ugly.
is little.
plays games.
That dog
He
He
7.
This ambitious
This boy
He found
8.
child
was drowning.
It is
the opposite
ADVERBS.MODIFIED PREDICATE.
Direction.
27
Ask
the following questions, as directed in the last comAfter forming the topical outline, any of the minor points
position lesson.
may be checked
off, if it is
thought
APPLES.
Questions.
trees
1. What are
blossom? 4. What is
they?
2.
How
do they grow?
5.
Do
3.
What
is
the
the
Topical Outline.
Shape
Color
Skin
Mellow,
Seeds
Somewhat round.
Red, yellow, green, mixed, striped.
Thin, tough, tender.
Pulp
Use
are.
when
ripe
XXIV.MODIFIED PREDICATE.
1.
Good boys
study.
3.
2.
4.
Weary people
sleep.
76. In sentence 1, all that is stated of " Good boys " is the fact that
they study in 2, all that is stated of " Little birds " is that they sing
;
in
3, all
that
is
is
But we may
wish to state something more than these simple facts, and this may be done
by using some word or words to modify the meaning of each verb as,
;
1.
2.
3.
diligently.
4.
5.
ADVERBS.MODIFIED PREDICATE.
28
modify
Questions.
By what
what
1.
In sentence
modified %
is it
is it
are
their meaning.
3.
what
above,
5,
What
is
is
4.
2.
By
modified %
Explanation.
The adjective
weary, in sentence
5,
therefore, "
fied
soundly "
is
The
78.
at the
is
verb in a sentence
is
when
make
moon
is
called the
is
predicate-verb; "The
full
Direction.
Select
also, the simple subject and the predicatementioning the modifiers of each. Fill out the following unfinished
sentences by inserting subjects, predicate-verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in
the blank spaces, and mention the part of speech of each word inserted
verb,
brightly.
1.
fire
2.
boys laughed
3.
1.
What
Careful
6.
The
3.
Which
write
beasts
5.
sing
Little birds
Questions.
4.
.
shine
stars
2.
Is
ravenously.
.
an adverb a prin-
grow rapidly " ? 4. Which are the dependent eleWhat is the entire predicate in this sentence % 6. The entire
7. What part of speech is a dependent element when used with
ments %
subject
5.
%
used with a predicate- verb % 9. When is a predicate10. How does the verb rank in the predicate
1
when other words are used with it to make the whole assertion %
a subject
8.
When
ADVERBS.ANALYSIS.
29
XXV.ADVERBS.-ANALYSIS.
Direction.
and
tences,
Mention the
2.
3.
4.
Explanation.
In
In
2,
fishermen landed."
In
4,
"
Some
show how,
1.
What
What
is
tvhere,
verb ?
What
tell
7.
tence ?
about nouns %
What
is
6.
4.
What do
11.
a noun %
When
13.
meant by the
is
What
3.
What
entire subject
10.
8.
What
is
5.
What
Entire predicate %
9.
is
three differ-
adjectives modify
is
is
to modify.
do they
tences are to
tences
1,
flowers bloom."
The
79.
modified by
sentence
birds fly."
when
is
1.
"Some
tell
12.
What
is
a verb 1
2.
3.
An
4.
snail
moves
120.)
finally returned.
slowly.
ANALYSIS.
30
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Direction.
preceding sentences.
3, 4, 5, etc.,
it
make the best sense. It would sound awkward to say, " An old horse trots
generally slowly" or even " slowly trots generally" Sometimes (not often,
however,) the sense
better expressed
is
away "
diligently," the
office,
are written
in sentence 10.
noun boys
is
this
is
is
its
used to
it
performs an adverbial
83. Definition.
The
office.
office or relation of a
word
is its
use
in a sentence.
XXVI.-SECONDARY MODIFIER.
1.
2.
gracefully.
In sentence 2, the word exceedingly modifies the adjecby intensifying its meaning; and the word very modifies
the adverb gracefully in the same way.
Explanation.
tive beautiful
84.
adverb.
word used
to
is
an
ADVERBS.
85. Definition.
An adverb, when
31
it
primary modifier.
An adverb, when it modifies an adjective
86. Definition.
an adverb [dependent element], is called a secondary
pal element],
is
called a
or
modifier.
87. Definition.
meaning
88.
An
of a verb,
Some words
away, some-
times.
89.
Some words
90.
slow, slowly
91.
as,
as,
sweet, sweetly
violent, violently.
friend, friendly.
adverbs.
it
u That
ex92. This is a declarative sentence. The entire subject is
ceedingly beautiful swan " the entire predicate is " swims very grace;
fully."
and
The simple
beautiful, itself,
is
swan
is
The
cate-verb sivims
is
subject
Direction,
them
is
Before using
belong.
.
2.
3.
The
fire
4.
5.
6.
itself,
1.
predi-
finally passed
away.
RELATED IDEAS.
32
XXVII.RELATED IDEAS.
93. Definition.
arranged as to
sentence
make complete
a combination of words so
is
sense.
Arrange
make complete
first
and tenth,
use subjects that will be properly related to the ideas expressed by the
verbs
2.
3.
4.
The away
5.
1.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
men
intemperate.
heartily.
is
4.
What
is
is
when two
of
8.
5.
What
?
7.
is
How should
a predicate-verb
When
is
6.
What
in a sentence
10.
mar?
13.
Why
What words
office
of a
18.
word
in a sentence
COMPOSITION.
33
and
Then
upon a pupil
all to
occur.
request other pupils to read the second paragraph (or the teacher
may do
so),
be able to
all
may
should occur.
example,
ent directions.
The splendid
once
it lets its
a few hours.
3.
know
in the
how many
people
that the blossom of the dandelion closes at night and opens again
same habit
late in
most
have once blossomed.
as the dandelion
and
Direction.
For another lesson, copy the first paragraph on the blackboard in solid form, omitting periods and capitals only, and require pupils
to copy and supply all omissions. Select other exercises of the same kind
from the reading-lessons. Do not be afraid of too much practice of this
kind.
34:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Questions.
Sentence
Are
statement ?
4,
5,
1 is a single statement.
and
6 single statements
twittered.
Is sentence 2 a single
How many
of these six
by
96.
Each of the sentences 3 and 6 contains two simple stateThe two statements in 3 are joined by the word and, and those
Explanation.
ments.
but.
Such sentences
as 3
and
.
compound
6 are called
are
called
senconjunc-
tions.
97. Definition.
of
A compound
sentence
is
Each
separate
is
called a member.
and
99. Definition.
called a
A word
is
conjunction.
The conjunctions
in
How many
but, or,
and
nor.
What word connects the statements ? 3. What part of speech is but ? 4. What kind of
sentence is 2, and why ? 5. Is 3, and why ? 6. What is the second member in 3 ? 7. The first member ? 8. The connective ? 9. What is a simple
sentence? 10. What is a compound sentence? 11. A member? 12. A
Questions.
conjunction
1.
single statements in 6
2.
AXAZYSIS.
35
connected to form a compound sentence. The following sentences, therefore, are not properly constructed
The gentle wind blew softly, and some men cheat.
Some men deal fairly, and the boat sailed slowly.
The moon shone brightly, but other flowers bloom late.
Some flowers bloom early, and the sleigh-bells rang merrily.
Some men build houses, and the sun again shone brightly.
The rain finally ceased, and other men build ships.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Questions.
Why
1.
first
be arranged so as to
should the second member of sentence 1 be conmember of sentence 2 ? 2. How may these sentences
make good sense ? 3. Arrange them properly.
1.
101. This
"
Some small
is
birds,"
is
is
The
entire subject
is
The
The
itself
and the
furiously,
and
cold
is
the second member, ''the waves dashed high," the simple subject waves
Remark.
The
full analysis
is
is
In
is
modified by
therefore better at
may
be required, how-
102.
Comma
Rule.
The members of
by a
comma when
compound sentence
first.
COMPOSITION.
36
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Explanation.
and
Sentence
is
compound sentence
consisting of three
The
members.
Direction.
first
Dictate
compound
learned.
XXXI. -SYNTHESIS.
103.
Direction.
composition lesson
1.
man.
on a bridge.
I see a
He
is
The bridge
Model.
We
is
2.
over a brook.
We
field across
the
river.
3.
They
5.
are beautiful.
We
It
It
It
found a nest.
was a robin's nest.
was full of eggs.
was in an apple-tree.
Direction.
4.
For
the
first
6.
Mary
received a prize.
corner.
all
examine the
questions with the topical outline, and this with the written composition
COMPOSITION.
37
CUCUMBERS.
Questions.
is
What
1.
are cucumbers
2.
How
are the
do they grow %
names
of the parts
What
4.
6.
7.
3.
?
What
5.
Are
W^hich appears
Topical Outline.
What
they are.
Cucumbers.
Appearance,
I
r
Parts.
-{
Pulp
ripe.
rough, spines.
soft in center.
Use
Skin
Shape
-j
Seeds
The
grows in the
cucumber first ap-
fruit that
little
pears, bearing on its end a little bud, which soon bursts into a blossom.
Blossoms without cucumbers also appear, but these wither and drop off
soon after their pollen has fertilized the other flowers. This peculiarity is
also true of melons, pumpkins, and squashes.
The blossoms of the different kinds of fruit that grow on trees, appear before the fruit.
Cucumbers vary in size from two inches to ten, five being about the
average length of most kinds. They are, in form, something like the
banana. They are generally of a dark green color, but some are nearly
the color of cream. When fully ripe, they are of a dark orange color, and
are then unfit for food.
The skin is rough, little elevations ending in sharp, black spines,
being scattered quite thickly over the surface, except at the stem end.
The
is
of the
TRANSITIVE VERBS.
88
WATERMELONS.
Questions.
1.
When and
What
2.
From what
place
is
you noticed?
5. Are the pulp and seeds
4. Is the rind of all melons of the same color ?
of the same color in all 1 6. In what part of the pulp do the seeds grow ?
7. Do the seeds of the nutmeg melon occupy a similar position?
Are
melons eaten raw or cooked ? What is the taste, or flavor ?
3.
Topical Outline.
Heads
Where produced.
Produced
Shape
Temperate climates, on
vines.
Dark
Rind
Pulp
Seeds
very juicy.
We have learned
all
we wish
We
shall
now
learn that
to
make
105.
When we
no question
is
say, "
2.
Wolves catch
Honest men dislike
.
is
complete
noun
to each to
fill
2.
Explanation.
The
of the predi-
VERBS. TRANSITIVE.INTRANSITIVE.
39
verb that requires the addition of a noun to represent the receiver of an action is called a transitive verb, and
the added noun is called the object of the verb. The added
106.
noun
is
that
is,
the object
is
acted upon.
In the sentences " Wolves howl " and " Children sleep," the verbs
howl and sleep do not require the addition of an object to complete the
not
Such verbs are called intransitive verbs, [^-transitive
sense.
transitive.]
Questions.
What
an
is
1.
What
object
is
a transitive verb?
complements
4.
Why
is
2.
An
intransitive verb?
so called?
it
5.
Does
3.
sleep
denote action^.
XXXIV,TRANSITIVE VERBS.
object to complete
When
109.
the verb
is
110.
is,
intransitive verb
its
not requiring an
meaning.
and
affects
is
is
intransitive.
that
An
or
name
one, the
name
of the actor,
names
and the
of
other,
object
complement
of
a verb
is
OBJECT COMPLEMENT.
'
40
Direction.
tive verbs,
ment
which
intransitive,
in each sentence
and
tell
contain transi-
why.
tences by using do, did, does, have, or has, for the introductory
word
of each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
That
11.
15.
16.
The
12.
13.
14.
deer.
Questions.
1.
What
is
word
transitive
2.
What
is
sometimes called?
6.
What
is
an intransitive verb?
7.
What kind
of
XXXV.-OBJECT COMPLEMENT.
Direction.
Fill out the following sentences by adding object complements to the transitive verbs, and adverbs to the intransitive verbs
1.
2.
Horses draw
Some merchants lose
.
8.
William saw
9.
5.
Water flows
Farmers raise
The lion roared
6.
Carpenters build
13.
7.
Some people
14.
3.
4.
Direction.
act
10.
11.
12.
fit
best
is
already written
heavy,
112.
the predicate
is
ANALYSIS.
The
41
and
predicate.
Direction.
Mention
Entire subject.
1.
Entire predicate.
2.
3.
1.
2.
7.
8.
Many
9.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10,
Predi-
Object complement.
4.
Sweet odors
the
filled
little
balmy
porch.
air.
XXXVI.ANALYSIS.
Direction.
ment
113. This
old sailor."
An
is
The
mended
the ragged
sail.
is
i;
soon
is modified by the
mended is modified by the adverb soon and completed by the
object complement sail, which is modified by the adjectives the and
is
it
action expressed
to itself.
42
Most children
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Direction.
tences.
In
like melons.
hills.
Mention
2, 6,
tence in which
crops.
and
it
15, state
what
relation each
word holds
in the sen-
occurs [82].
2.
Henry
Henry
Explanation.
way
115.
When
sitive sense, it
Direction.
as,
The verb
tion in a general
" lessons."
is
an action
used in an intran-
2.
3.
That
1.
positions.
man
4.
5.
Some people
guages.
correctly.
7.
8.
Mary
6.
43
Question.
What
oath.
meant by an object
of kindred
and Imperative
Interrogative
meaning 1
Sentences,
its
1.
Has
2.
this village a
bank!
is
seldom ex-
pressed.
Direction.
1.
2.
Determine which
1.
2.
3.
4.
analyze each
5.
6.
7.
How
COMPOSITION.
44
XXXIX.SYNTHESIS.
119.
Direction.
Combine the
when it is posTo make a second combination, the second sentence may be taken
Any word may be changed, or may be entirely omitted, to avoid
because, or therefore,
sible.
first.
for each
repetition; as,
1.
2.
Combination
1.
George was
late at school
2.
George did
because he did
Combination
was
late at school.
1.
2.
The garden
The garden
well cultivated.
is
3.
4.
5.
6.
The
price of
wheat
late.
is
low.
Mary
She
8.
is
is
not so
tall as
her brother.
last year.
skate so well.
lowing
Fill
among
in the fol-
ANALYSIS.
1.
2.
3.
45
There are six books on the table you will find yours
those
boys.
Take your seat
his four companions.
He divided the apples
them.
Questions.
1.
What
is
2.
When
when
and
"
I say, "
You
You
will
2.
When
Simple subject
Predicate- verb
Object
God made
member
Second member
Connective
sub., first
mem
God, unmodified.
Country, modified by the adjective
Object
sub.,
second
mem.
Object
the.
Man, unmodified.
Made, unmodified.
Town, modified by the adjective
Predicate- verb
Direction.
the town.
Made, unmodified.
Predicate-verb
Simp,
man made
Compound declarative.
God made the country.
Man made the town.
And.
Class
Simp,
sail.
Entire predicate
First
the ragged
Simple declarative.
A very old sailor.
Class
Entire subject
2.
mended
the.
home
lesson
and as a school
exercise.
Break up the
fields
and woods,
it is
whom we love
How glad I am to see
to meet a
a long time since I saw you, and you look as pretty as ever
how much
we should miss
flowers
if
you again
DIAGRAMMING.
40
XIXDIAGRAMMING.
121. There are various opinions as to the benefit to be derived from
diagramming sentences. As a method of imparting instruction, it is of
importance mainly as a means of calling the special attention of the
learner to the work he must perform for, a knowledge of the structure
of a sentence must precede the act of diagramming. By requiring an occasional use of this method of analysis, the teacher is enabled readily to discover the special defects in the knowledge of each pupil, as it affords a convenient form of work to be examined but the systems of diagramming in
;
so readily applied to
it is more
compound and complex sen-
much more
Directions.
is
and
also to
of special importance
and
besides,
it
affords
[See 777J.
word
the predicate-verb
2.
o- c.
1.
2_
~u
zi~
~^z:
2.
The white
An
old sailor
~
t~ ~r
o. c.
t__zt~
4.
~r~
3.
it
2
Bravely the
little
JL
Some men
JL
r~
sail.
~r
o. c.
_2_
girl faced the angry storm.
JJ_
9iji
JL
men
_JL_
o.c.
build ships.
PROPER NOUNS.
47
XLII.PROPER NOUNS.
122. All things, animate
Men, women,
Man,
name
names
Dogs, horses,
Direction.
1,
in sentence 2
1.
A man
2.
discovered a country.
Questions.
1. Does man show what particular person is meant?
2.
Does country show what particular part of the earth is meant 1 3. What
6
does Columbus show? 4. America *
123.
class.
or to all alike.
The dog
2.
bit a girl.
1.
2.
John Smith
1.
2.
3.
boy visited a
The names
2.
Names
note;
as,
1.
A man
1.
city.
visited Chicago.
died.
2.
may
of persons
2.
wrote a book.
Milton wrote "Paradise Lost."
1.
A man
2.
3.
purchased an elephant.
be
as,
and objects of
special
48
125.
common noun
is
name
the
of a whole class
A common
noun
is
the
name
of
any one of a
book,
boy,
Girl,
class
tree.
126.
proper noun
of a class to distinguish
it
Note.
Such names as " John Smith " and " Paradise Lost " are called
compound proper nouns. Some authors call them complex proper nouns.
127. Definition.
A common
128. Definition.
A proper noun
a particular one of a
129.
of a whole
name given
a special
to
class.
proper noun
is
as,
The
arrived.
Every
letter.
Every name
as,
of the Deity
must
common nouns
in another
Boy, chair, william, city, brooklyn, street, broad way, table, dog, fido,
girl, susan, mountains, alps, new york, liverpool, river, nile, animal,
book,
1.
5.
Why
Is boy a class
name ?
2.
Is cousin 1
3.
Is trees %
4. Is
Susan %
is
;;
ABBREVIATION.
49
XLIV.ABBREVIATION OF NOUNS.
132. In writing proper nouns, Joseph
Jos.
New York;
is
sometimes written
Y. for
A period
an abbreviation.
of the
first letters
saint
135.
all
Sometimes a
but the
first letter
selection of letters
as,
Rev.
Gen.
"
"
General.
Col.
"
Colonel.
U.
Com.
"
Commodore.
MS.
Ave.
"
Avenue.
i.
Mr.
Mrs.
Jr.
for Mister.
" Mistress.
" Junior.
Direction.
Co.
M. D.
Reverend.
Write
as
many
S.
N.
"
"
Manuscript.
"
id
e.
sentences as
may
est
that
is.
names
of the
months and
etc.
of
COMPOSITION.
50
XL.V.COMPOSITION LESSON.
137.
Direction.
1.
2.
letters,
and
A
A
tall
bird.
15.
new knife.
The sun dried the green grass.
That ugly dog bit Susan severely.
The elephant ate some peanuts.
Five little girls met Robert yesterday.
John's teacher said, "Never be unemployed."
Mary whipped Rover dreadfully.
The teacher reproved Jos. Sanford.
Will the steamer soon reach Albany!
Some Americans visited Italy.
The Portuguese discovered the Azores.
England exports English manufactures.
The girls exclaimed, "What a beautiful sunset!"
16.
Thackeray
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
says,
"A
good woman
is
the loveliest
the
first
seven
as a lesson in analysis.
Note.
In
What
is
is
name
the
name
of one particular
Questions.
1.
What
is
abbreviated in 132
4.
How
5.
In 135
Direction.
spelling,
the
Review
2.
is
many
ARRANGEMENT OF ADVERBS.
51
XLVI.ARRANGEMENT OF ADVERBS.
138. Place adverbs where they will most clearly modify the
to be modified, having regard also to the sound.
adverb should seldom stand between a verb and its object.
word intended
An
Direction.
Improve
3.
5.
6.
7.
4.
Remark.
139.
1.
2.
Away
An
(as in 7)
may
its object.
2.
Bravely the
little
COMPOSITION LESSON.
beautiful,
citizens,
using the
farmers, some,
Florists
3.
4.
Many
5.
Good
Review
2.
meaning of a
the predicate
1. What
What name is
transitive verb
4.
Which
raise early
the laws.
Questions.
verbs?
6.
tive
flowers.
mines produce
mines produce
2.
is
other
name
is
enemies.
Which
is
next in importance %
5.
word
What position
in
should
may
occupy.
LETTER WRITING.
52
XLVH.-XETTER WRITING.
(Date or Heading.)
Fabyan House, N.
July 2^ 1888.
(Address.)
My
dear Mother,
H.,
(body of letter.)
Father and
we left home. We
The sce?iery along the route to this place was so delightful
day.
that we did not even think of being tired.
This morning we had a ride up Mt. Washington on the
The engine and cars are queer-looking
mountain railway.
since
like
things,
mon
and
train.
The
top of this
except just a
From
little
mountain
is
all
I will
ever so
I have
many
and
Your
affectionate son,
William Herbert.
one of
A short letter of less than a page should have as much blank space
above the heading as below the subscription.
All numbers in a letter or in an ordinary composition should be
expressed in writing, excepting those indicating the time of day [9 o'clock],
or the day of the month and the year [June 10, 1887].
A comma should separate the parts of the date, or heading the address
;
LETTER WRITING.
from the body of the
letter
53
on the envelope.
of the superscription
1. How many margins should there be on a page of a writWhat comes first in writing a letter ? 3. Where should it
be written ? 4. What comes second ? 5. Where should the address begin ?
7. What comes third?
8. Where
6. Where should a paragraph begin?
should the body of the letter begin ? 9. How many parts to the subscrip-
Questions.
ten letter ?
2.
11.
How
12.
tion?
10.
How
used?
Explanation.
there
seventh
At
placed a
is
mark
little
-)
hyphen
called a
140. Rule.
hyphen
is
line,
141. Rule.
In writing, when
word
is
like in the
line
between the
J.
lines
1.
seventh
omitted, a caret
word
with a
on the next.
line,
ted
end of the
also at the
line.
is
is
written
When
to be placed
is
the omit-
Direction.
After making corrections a few times, teachers should
simply indicate, by certain marks, the errors made in writing letters and
ordinary compositions.
(Superscription.)
cJkt. G$eA*sn
J4c
<f.
&%a.M'rLc41,
C/^e^a
^wyisfrfrrlj
yjMe.4,s.
PRONOUNS.
54
XLVHI.PRONOUNS.
1.
A little
had dropped
little
girl
whip.
Explanation.
driver
is
Sentence
is
repeated unpleasantly.
142. Such words as he and his, used instead of nouns, are called
[pro = for pro-noun = /br-noun, or instead of a noun].
pronouns
143. Definition.
pronoun
is
of a
noun.
1.
i"
laughed heartily.
2.
You laughed
3.
We
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
also.
The man
The man
Explanation.
tried,
tried,
In sentence
In
2,
1,
the pronoun
you
and
is
In 5, 6, 7, 8,
to.
9, the pronouns he, she, it. they, and
them are used instead of the names of the persons and things spoken of, to
sons spoken
prevent repetition.
144. The noun man (in 5) is called the antecedent of he, because
is the noun which goes before he, and for which he stands [cedent
going ante = before]. In sentences 1 and 2, / and you have no antecedents, / simply representing the person speaking, and you representing
the persons spoken to.
man
145. Definition.
called its
we,
The
noun
for
is
antecedent.
it
55
and
tell
whether
it
to prevent repetition.
8.
2.
In
may
1,
is
To avoid repetition
2.
3.
4.
The
The
The
The
of the predicates.
farmer
farmer
farmer
farmer
watered
watered
watered
watered
of the sub-
connected
predicate.
Object complements
56
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Explanation.
Sentence 6
Sentence 2
is
compound
is
150. Two
hills.
object.
object.
compound?
4.
Why
or
1.
3.
lesson abbreviated
pound
object
6.
What
is
5.
How
compound
is
the
simple or
it
compound?
or
sentence in this
first
subject
Is
7.
What
is
a com-
into
151. Adverbs
tion, adverbs
1.
2.
To
avoid repeti-
business.
3.
4.
it is
tence.
153. This
subject, "
is
three boys."
is
is
compound
modified by
57
1.
seed.
compound predicate.
The careful farmer " the entire predicate is " thoroughly prepares the soil and sows good seed.'' The simple subject farmer
The predicate- verbs are
is modified by the adjectives the and careful.
prepares and sows, connected by the conjunction and. Prepares is modified by the adverb thoroughly, and completed by its object complement
Sows is completed by its
soil, which is modified by the adjective the.
object complement seed, which is modified by the adjective good.
154. This
The
is
entire subject
is
"
DIAGRAMS.
2
1.
o. c.
Two men
n_zr
TL_T
=
2
3.
The
4.
Mary copied
_2_
"TI
In
o. c.
o. c.
~[o. e.
ZL
"
i
4,
zr~
o. c.
~E
Note.
crops.
2
o. c.
JL
and three boys ascended the lofty mountain.
T T
i_x
~r
J_
2.
o.
lines
drawn
over
to avoid a confusion of
it,
lines below.
it.
2.
Make
3.
4.
Questions.
jects,
what
is it
1.
When
called?
connected predicates
by conjunctions ?
5
What
How
is it
does
called
it
when
it
happen that
58
L.SYNTHESIS
AND PUNCTUATION.
2.
He
He
3.
Combined.
1.
The
lark
sing sweetly.
2.
This
boy studies
recites correctly.
recites
improves rapidly.
proves rapidly.
Glass
hard.
is
3.
Glass
smooth.
(a)
It is transparent.
Explanation.
In
the
first
of the
hard,
diligently,
and im-
brittle,
smooth,
and transparent,
The hard, brittle glass
smooth and transparent.
It is brittle.
It is
is
correctly,
is
are used in succession, and, being connected by the conjunction and, they
comma
But
more words of
combination of 3) make a series of words, and they must be separated by commas when the connective between any two of them is omitted. Two adjectives without a connective, as hard and brittle in the second combination
of 3, should also be separated by a comma but two adjectives having a
connective, as " smooth and transparent" do not require a comma.
do not require a
to separate them.
(as in
three or
and
in the first
Why
comma
2.
Why
1.
Direction.
Combine
single sentence,
as in 3 above),
1.
2.
3.
is
My
My
My
4.
5.
6.
It
It
It
was clear.
was cold.
was deep.
finely.
James caught a
He caught
He caught
trout.
a bass.
a pickerel.
COMPOUND WORDS.
LI. COMPOUND
156.
word that
We
is
line.
We
two
distinct
59
WORDS.
is
shall
now
that
of joining
as,
pin-cushion
life-
Dictate a few of
the preceding
compound words
to be used
in sentences.
158. Definition.
compound word
is
one that
is
com-
159.
noun.
is
a noun,
it
an adjectiye,
it
is
is
called a
called a
compound
compound
adjective.
160. Some compounds haye become permanent; that is, they are writword without the hyphen as, schoolmate, backwoodsman,
watchman, runaway.
ten as one
1.
What
is
What two
uses of the
compound sentence %
in each
8.
What
a compound word f
is
a
3.
What
is
%
5. What is
What are the elements
What are the elements of
Compound
subject
9.
7.
the connectiye in a
compound word ?
2.
3.
4.
5.
New
hyphen
6.
as,
GENDER.
60
LII.GENDER
162. So
far,
OF NOUNS.INFLECTION.
we have considered, mainly, the use of words in a sencome now to speak more particularly of the different
We
tence [syntax].
forms that words assume to vary their meaning, or to suit their relations
The noun boy is changed to boys to vary
the meaning. Hero is changed to heroine long, to longer. " The boys
talk " becomes " The boy talks," to suit the use of the verb with the singular subject boy. This change in the ending of a word, either to vary its
meaning or to adapt the form of one word to that of another, is called
to each other in a sentence.
inflection [etymology].
Note.
The classification of
[p. 13] is
163. Every
noun
is
the
first
form
the
part of etymology.
of words.
name
to be without sex.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Explanation.
in
2,
A
A
A
A
strong
stately
the
new
book.
box.
room.
In sentence
1,
suggestion of sex.
Questions.
woman,
lion, lioness,
164.
Nonns
Man,
denoting the
masculine gender.
male sex
The pronouns
he,
Ms, and
Mm are mas-
culine.
165.
Nouns
feminine gender.
Direction.
The pronouns
preceding sentences.
Analyze.
GENDER FORMS.
61
of
the
sex, yet
168.
Sex
only
fers
to
refers to the
169. Definition.
Gender
If the
may
objects themselves
gender
re-
words.
is
is
form
a difference in the
of
distinguished.
etc,
suggest either of the sexes), can not be inferred from the con-
masculine or femi-
nine gender.
Questions.
What
is
2.
What
4.
he, she,
is
the differ-
W hat
T
3.
it,
does the
him, her %
LIII.-GENDER FORMS.
171.
The gender
nouns
of
is
1.
By
a change of form
By
3.
By
Direction,
Arrange
tigress.
Count,
countess.
Jew,
Jewess.
2.
Feminine.
Hero,
heroine.
Man,
woman.
Father,
mother.
Boy,
girl.
Bachelor,
maid.
Man-servant,
ma ^-servant.
i?e-goat,
she-goa,t.
Mr. Brown,
Mrs. Brown.
Step-scm,
step-daughter.
three different
62
Duke, duchess miss, master empress, emperor marquis, marchionnegress, negro drake, duck
male, female king, queen husband,
wife
peacock, peahen
lad, lass
sir, madam
papa, mamma
wizard,
witch groom, bride administrator, administratrix
lady, gentleman
;
ess
gander, goose
hen-sparrow
Paul, Pauline
widow, widower
baron, baroness
hart, roe
lord, lady
Joseph, Josephine
cock-sparrow,
he-bear, she-
doctor, doctress;
female-child
testator, testatrix
belle,
slovern, slattern
monk, nun.
Some pronouns
173.
and
it
He
the neuter,
gender.
LIV.-GENDER.PERSONIFICATION.
Nouns that are names of small animals, or of those
is unknown or unimportant, are generally considered
174.
whose sex
to be neuter
2.
He
3.
The
nouns
deer, bee,
it
176.
but
bee
be of the
Vixen
it
flew away.
same gender
as its
and him must be used for mascushe and her for feminine nouns it and its for
i.
e.,
he, his,
The
escaped.
is
it
it cried.
neuter nouns.
noun
deer,
pronoun must
antecedent
line
wounded the
175.
as,
1.
is tjie
and
it,
GENDER.PERSONIFICA TION.
177.
When
63
qualities or characteristics,
feminine qualities,
or
his,
he,
him
when they
1.
2.
3.
4.
possess
as,
song.
Personified Objects.
1.
2.
splendor.
silvery light revealed a
charming
scene.
awe, or grandeur.
180. The following are considered feminine: The moon, a ship, earth,
They convey the idea of beauty or weakness.
night, spring.
181. Personified nouns expressing masculine characteristics are masthose expressing feminine characteristics, feminine.
culine
182.
When
personification
is
"Then comes
spring, bringing
warmth and
noun
as,
life"
[not strongly
marked].
2.
"
Come,
gentle
Spring
ethereal
mildness,
come
"
[strongly
marked].
LV.PERSON FORMS.
183.
names
of.
PERSON.
64
own name
ever, a
first
yet a
name
is
some-
1.
I,
2.
3.
He saw John
4.
She
lost
yesterday.
it.
In
speaker.
In
2,
it,
the third.
184.
different persons.
185. Definition.
pronoun
Person
is
the use or
form
of a
of.
Use of nouns
noun
spoken
use and
to,
or
or
form
of pronouns.]
186. The
first
to [hearer],
of.
ing sentences
also
name
each noun and pronoun in the followthe gender and number of each name the ante;
2.
3.
1. What is person ?
2. How many persons have nouns and
What is the first person? 4. The second person? 5. The
third person ? 6. Do nouns have special forms to distinguish person ? 7.
Do pronouns? 8. When is a pronoun in the first person? 9. When is a
Questions.
pronouns ?
noun
3.
Second
Third ?
NUMBER FORMS.
65
Chair, chairs.
Book, books.
Questions.
many
1.
are plural
How many of
3. How does
189.
forms
5.
What
is
3.
Orange, oranges.
4.
Apple, apples.
these eight
2.
6.
How
%
4.
How many
Common
to indicate
190. The singular form of a noun stands for a single thing, and
called the singular number.
is
191. The plural form of a noun stands for more than one thing, and
is
tree, solo,
monkey, bundle,
194. To form the plural of nouns not coming under the general rule,
four special rules are given, requiring the addition of es, and two of these
rules require a change in the terminal letter or letters before es is added.
The
sound of
therefore es
Direction.
is
Write,
z,
and
Hand, boy,
dish, tree, box, desk, bush, gas, peach, pear, table, church,
flower, chestnut,
kiss.
NUMBER FORMS.
66
ing
Bemark. In giving reasons, any short form may be used. The followHand adds s according to the general rule. Dish ends
is suggested
:
in sh; therefore es
Questions.
number!
formed!
ally
5.
number !
plural
added.
What
1.
The
3.
is
is
plural
What nouns
Why
6.
do nouns ending in
add
es to
form
their plural
Nouns ending in
o,
not preceded by
es to the singular
as,
negro, negroes.
When
the o
Direction.
is
Write,
is
added.
them the
final o
is
preceded by a vowel
Exceptions.
3.
Nouns ending in
When
es,
city, "cities.
as,
changed;
not preceded by
y,
the y
is
s is
is
not
Direction.
Write,
lily, joy,
way, hobby,
fe form
4.
by adding
their plurals
es,
ending in / or
changed
or fe being
into v\ as,
Loaf, loaves-,
beef,
beeves
shelves
life,
calf,
wolf, wolves
lives;
calves
;
staff,
knife, knives
wife, wives-,
half,
halves
elf,
elves
self,
thief,
selves
thieves;
;
shelf,
COMPOSITION.
Other nouns ending in
67
in
forming their
plurals.
Questions.
Why
What
1.
is
special rule
2?
2.
turkeys, candies,
and
and 4? 3.
do turkey, candy,
Special rules 3
4.
Why
must be more or
But pupils may now learn to understand the
is and are, ivas and were, has and have, with
proper use of
two paragraphs.
i.
e.,
When we make
201.
are, were, or
Direction.
am, is,
and give the reason for each choice of a
word:
2.
This orange
These birds
3.
4.
The
1.
5.
6.
juicy.
singers.
Philadelphia
large
cities.
9.
There
10.
11. I
New York?
Combine
given above:
and
8.
7.
Direction.
ripe
good
to
NUMBER FORMS.
68
New York
1.
His
3.
hat
was found
the
in
2.
4.
The
The
is
lily is
Has
that
a beautiful flower.
a beautiful flower.
boy brought
the
bait?
boat.
the oars?
boat.
Direction.
rose
making the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LVIII.-IRREGULAR PLURALS,
number
Irregular Plurals.
irregularly,
Singular.
1.
man,
2.
woman,
3. child,
4.
ox,
Plural.
Singular.
men.
5.
tooth,
teeth.
Plural.
women.
6.
goose,
geese.
children.
7.
mouse,
mice.
oxen.
8.
louse,
lice.
letters
Direction.
cameo,
cliff,
lily,
Review
How many
church, journey,
Questions.
numbers
1.
What
are there?
is
7,
q, 5, 0, d.
meant by number,
3.
What
is
in
grammar?
number?
the singular
2.
4.
NUMBER OF NOUNS.
What
is
the plural
nouns ?
5.
How many
6.
What
is
69
8.
7.
To which
9.
What
added
is
to
form
Why
form the plural, while turkey adds only si 10. When the final
word is not preceded by a vowel, what is it preceded by? 11.
vowels. 12. What kind of plurals are men and oxen called?
letter of a
Name
the
This
verb-forms have been learned, especially the last parts of lessons sixty and
sixty-one.
204.
Always
things consisting of a
always plural in
ashes,
clothes,
trousers,
manners,
thanks, riches,
tidings,
vespers,
goods,
eaves,
nuptials, measles,
mumps,
hysterics, compasses.
Other
pains
gallows,
(care),
tidings,
nouns
meaning
politics,
ethics,
206.
for both
No
Plural Form.
Some
numbers
207.
Always Singular.
Some
rhetoric,
architecture,
furniture,
cider,
milk,
pitch,
rye,
music, gold.
NUMBER OF NOUNS.
70
Father-in-law, fathers-in-law
chief,
commanders-in-chief
eye-teeth
eye-tooth,
commander-in-
Compounds ending
in full,
Spoonful, spoonfuls
me-not, forget-me-nots
lantems;
cupful, cupfuls
runaway, runaways
piano-forte, piano-/or/es
tete-a-tete, tete-a-^es;
forget-
jack-a-lantern, jack-a-
camera-obscura, eamera-obscuras.
210.
of wheat
3.
1.
What
is
Of cupful
Of runaway %
4.
5.
2.
Of woman-servant
Plural
%
The Plural
endings.
is
When
of
Proper Nouns.
same way
titles
as
Proper
nouns form
common nouns
of similar
name
as,
"
The Misses
That the
title
only should be
and
"
No
made
plural, is apparent
as,
"Senators Ferry
Morrill."
as
Collinses."
3. If the titles of such singular nouns as Field and Fields, Young and
Youngs, are pluralized, no confusion can arise as to the spelling of the
But, " The two Miss Fields " may mean two ladies by the name
singular.
NUMBER OF NOUNS.
71
native plurals.
ending ex or ix becomes
comes i\ as,
Axis, axes
ellipses
erratum, errata
data
alumnus, alumni.
;
banditti;
basis,
bases
Beau,
crisis,
crises
;
their
;
the
us be-
ellipsis,
appendix,
datum,
phenomenon, phenomena
aquarium, aquaria
effluvia
seraph, seraphim;
becomes a
hypothesis, hypotheses
vertex, vertices
effluvium,
um
or on
phasis, phases
vortex, vortices
ices
analysis, analyses
oasis, oases
appendices
we write
stamen,
stamina.
also
form plurals
Abstract nouns,*
215.
as such,
as,
When
2.
Questions.
2.
What
is
We
These
1.
as,
all
sisters are
What
is
?
3. Mention five nouns having only the plural form.
4 Five
having only the singular form. 5. Five having the plural form, but are
singular in meaning. 6. Five having only one form for both numbers.
8. Give the plural of three
7. Give the plural of five compound nouns.
foreign nouns. 9. How would you speak of two sisters by the name of
Youngs % 10. What is the plural of basis, analysis, vertex, aquarium,
me-not
bandit
6
!
11.
How
is
An abstract noun
as, sweetness,
NUMBER OF NOUNS.
72
LXI.DOUBLE PLURALS.
216.
1.
brother,
plurals of different
meanings
brethren (of
the
same
society),
2.
die,
3.
fish*
fishes (number),
4.
genius,
geniuses
5.
head,
6.
index,
pease (quantity).
(human
beings),
spirits).
head
(of cattle).
7.
pea,
peas (number),
8.
penny,
pennies
9.
shot,
shot (number of
sail,
sail
.0.
pence (amount).
(coins),
(number of
staffs
staffs (military term),
11. staff,
staves
(The remainder of
this lesson
may
be omitted
till
balls).
vessels).
(sticks, or canes),
been made.)
Direction.
Give
the following sentences, but do not use the sentences for analysis until
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
made
10.
11.
Mathematics
217.
is
in the woods.
this year.
mind
is
conscious of the
The names
and
trout, are
COLLECTIVE NOUNS.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Direction.
73
Give
Beview
2.
By
Questions,
1.
3.
Which
7.
are consonants f
8.
How
is
the plural
LiXU.COLLECTIVE NOUNS.
lc
Cane, canes.
3.
Flock, flocks.
2.
Lamp, lamps.
4.
Crowd, crowds.
Questions.
one ?
1. Does the singular form cane stand for one or more than
Does lamp ? 3. Does flock ? 4. Does crowd ?
2.
The
form
singular
of
219. Definition.
collective
noun
is
names
coat,
Select
Hammer,
assembly,
herd, letters,
multitude,
among
mountains,
pair,
bevy,
the following
family,
class,
nails,
jury,
congregation,
Use
COLLECTIVE NOUNS.
74
220.
as,
noun names
collective
221.
common
machinery.
collective
noun
is
nouns.
neuter
when
reference
is
made
to
as,
must divide it
Observe
tvhole, or
is
and determine
made
to the col-
to separately
1.
Every congregation
2.
The
The
The
The
3.
4.
5.
Explanation.
and
and
likes its
own
minister best.
its officers
yesterday.
fell.
(in 1) is neuter,
it.
In 2, congregation
be called either masculine or feminine, as both sexes may
be considered to compose the collection. In 3, society and its are both
considered neuter, and (in 4) army and their are both masculine.
is
their
222.
may
When
a collective
noun
in the singular
form
is
taken
223.
as,
Most
collective
noun 1
3.
1.
What
plural forms
5.
What
is
a collective
the plural of
Why
a collective noun % 7.
the gender of armies, families
COMPOSITION.
Direction.
75
tell their
gender
2.
3.
1.
its peculiarities.
IN
THE MEADOW.
sunny meadow,
The house, so mossy and brown,
With its cumbrous old stone chimneys,
And the gray roof sloping down.
It stands in a
And
224.
Direction.
Ask
at will.
Louise
Chandler Moulton.
first verse,
three ques-
Topical Outline.
Location
General appearance.
Description of
" The House in the Meadow."
'
Near surroundings.
Distant surroundings.
76
7.
8.
This
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
little
We
have learned that nouns change their form to inand number. We have also learned that a noun
dicate gender
may
now
We
shall
noun often holds another relation in a senand that this relation causes the noun to change its form
learn that a
tence,
men
1.
Dishonest
2.
This
3.
4.
The
5.
That
6.
The
7.
Explanation.
man
falsely accused
an innocent man,
boys'
1) is
of the
same form
both as subject and object. Man (in 2), as subject and object, is of the
same form but man (in 3) is used to denote ownership, or possession,*
and its form is changed by adding the apostrophe and s ['s] to indicate
the possession. Children (in 4) and boy (in 5) add 's for the same reason.
The plural noun boys ends in when ownership is not denoted therefore,
in 6, boys' has only the apostrophe added, to indicate possession. In 7,
In " Socrates s
the singular proper noun Charles, ending in s, adds 's.
death," the second s need not be sounded, if the ear be offended.
;
.s
226. Rule.
trophe and
*
mal
The horse can not be the "man's horse 11 unless he owns or possesses the anitherefore "man's
denotes possession. Man's limits [modifies] horse like an
11
to denote possession.
[ 's]
adjective.
Questions.
Why
Why
2.
1.
[ \s]
Why does
does boys'
(in 7)
full sign ?
6.
(in
man's
and of woman- 1
these two nouns different %
forms of
rect?
11.
Why
8.
9.
10. Is "
man
apostrophe and s? 3.
apostrophe ? 4. Why does
sign? 5. Has boy's (in 5) the
take the
4)
take the
s,
(in 3)
only the
take
6)
nouns ending in
What
must add
to denote possession.
Charles's
'
Singular proper
in 21
77
7.
Give the
229.
its
of a
noun
(the
is
its
Subject forms:
Possessive forms
Forms used
Questions.
mark
the
relation to other
1.
Why
mark
differ
Sing.
Plural.
Sing.
Plural.
Sing.
Plural.
men.
Boy,
boys.
Cousin,
cousins.
Man's, men's.
Boy's, boys'.
Cousin's, cousins'.
Man,
Boy,
Cousin,
men.
cousins.
2.
Why
is
3.
Direction.
sign to each
Write
word
Write correctly from dictation the following pairs of sennoun being singular in the first, and plural in the second.
Direction.
tences, the
boys.
in a corresponding
woman,
Man,
is
s to
form
for obj.
its subject
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
78
State the reason for writing the possessive forms of the similar nouns in
each pair
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
The
The
The
The
1.
2.
ladies'
1.
trunks arrived.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
He
He
We
We
saw the
saw the
prospered.
prospered.
fox's burrow.
foxes' burrow.
form, because
never
as.
Til for
o'clock for
is
of the clock.
and figures;
and 9's neatly."
plurals of letters
for we will
o'er for over
ne'er for
The apostrophe is also used to form the
as, "Dot your Vs and cross your fs, and
will$ we'll
LXVI.PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
232.
The
five
pronouns,
7,
personal pronouns
and
it,
special
and
their
forms are
Thou and ye
Plural.
we.
You
Singular.
I,
(thou),
He, she,
it,
you
(ye).
they.
A personal pronoun
233. Definition.
noun
i.
e.,
it.
It
PRONOUNS.RELATION FORMS.
He, she, and
235.
it are. called
feminine
and
it,
79
neuter.
unknown
Questions.
or unimportant.
1.
What
a personal pronoun?
is
and what is
and plural?
6.
Which
its
5.
plural
4.
Which
2.
Mention the
five sin-
3.
7.
What
are thou
and ye
and plural?
?
LXVH.RELATION FORMS.
237. Two of the five personal pronouns, /and he, have three
forms in each number to distinguish their relations to other
words in a sentence a subject form, a possessive form, and an
object
form
as,
(1st Per.)
Sing. Plural.
(2d Per.)
S.
or P.
(3d Per.)
Plural.
Singular.
Subject forms:
I,
we.
You.
He,
she,
it,
they.
Possessive forms:
My,
our.
Your.
His,
her,
its,
their.
Object forms
Me,
us.
You.
Him,
her,
it,
them.
Directions.
Ask
having books open at the lesson. Then write the pronouns promiscuously
on the blackboard, and require pupils to point out the pronouns in answer
to the same (or other) questions, books being closed.
Questions.
2.
1. Which are the subject forms of the first person?
Second person? 3. Third person? 4. Which are the singular subject
forms? 5. Plural subject forms? 6. Which are the singular and the
plural possessive forms ? 7. The singular* and the plural object forms ?
8. Which are the object forms of the first person ?
9. Of the second person? 10. Of the third person? 11. What are the three different relation
forms of I in the singular, and also in the plural^ 12. What are the
three different relation forms of he in the singular, and also in the plurals
13. Which three pronouns have the same plural forms ?
14. Which three
pronouns have each the same form for two different relations ? 15. Which
two pronouns have their singular subject forms like their object forms?
15. Which pronoun has its singular adjective form like its object form ?
PRONOUNS.RELATION FORMS.
80
must be taken
to
use the correct forms for subjects, for objects, and to denote
Do
or those.
Direction.
first
person,
of a
8, 9,
tive
pronoun of
10, and 11
or adverb mentioned
Mary and
2.
An
4.
5.
6.
9.
10.
James and
found a bird's nest.
Mother just called you and
and I generally sit together.
Father will need James and
soon.
brother planted
7.
8.
Susan gathered
The boys soiled
I looked
but
,
potatoes.
beautiful flowers.
new
I
clothes.
11.
in [238],
1.
3.
239.
pronoun used
must have
241.
noun
or
pronoun used
to denote possession
must
form in regard
of
its relation.
1.
He
Tell
why
relation of the
its
nouns
particular
to gender.
Justify the use of each pronoun on account
Mention the antecedent of each pronoun
deserves a reprimand.
2.
We
3.
Mary
found a
bird's egg,
strawberries and
we picked them.
PARSING.
81
properly
it
Write
number
-determine the
of each
pronoun
in regard to
form
2. The boys mother re1. The boys mother reproved them sharply.
proved him sharply. 3. The girls teacher detained her yesterday. 4. The
5. A poor boy found the ladys
girls teacher detained them yesterday.
watch. 6. The ladies baggage finally arrived. 7. The farmers horse ran
9. The thief stole
8. The farmers association met yesterday.
away.
Charles watch. 10. John lost his new knife.
My
Do
all
LXIX.RELATIONS OF
1.
Son and
it
i. e.,
in this sentence
is
raises
good
crops.
office
in the sentence.
and predicateand the noun crops holds the relation of object of the verb raises.
That, old, farmers, and good hold the relation of adjective modifiers of
the nouns with which they are used and generally holds the relation of
verb
PARSING.
82
244. Parsing.
ment
Direction.
parse
Parsing *
a word
is
After
them according
245.
Word.
model
Class.
Gender.
Per-
Num-
son.
ber.
PARSING.
Relation
form.
Office.
The
lim. adj.
modifies boys
dutiful
des. adj.
modifies boys
boys
com. noun
trans, verb
masc.
their
pers. pron.
masc.
plur.
possessive
modifies father's
father's
masc.
sing.
possessive
mod. instruction
instruction
com. noun
com. noun
sing.
object
and
conj.
he
pers. pron.
obeyed
praised
trans, verb
them
pers. pron.
very
adverb
adverb
highly
3d
plur.
subj. of obeyed
predicate- verb
3d
3d
neuter 3d
object of obeyed
con.
masc.
3d
sing.
subject
masc.
3d
plur.
objective
two mem.
subj. of praised
predicate-verb
object of praised
modifies highly
modifies praised
subject
and Parsing.
2.
The
3.
4.
My
5.
Some
6.
We
8.
we seldom fulfill.
The warm sun soon melted the ice and snow.
The moon arose, and her silvery light displayed a charming
9.
7.
10.
scene.
* The real object in parsing is to discover whether the words in a sentence are
properly used in their several relations, in regard to form, etc. Another object is to
develope the mental faculties.
COMPOSITION.
83
LXX.-SYNTHESIS.
one below
It
We
prepared for a
sail across
the bay.
On
It
We
From
We
engaged a
man
was three
miles.
to take us across.
He
It did
Combined.
On
pared for a
sail across
the bay,
and for a
ride
fine breeze
to
overboard
84
they were bathing, one of them, seeing a very large wave sweeping toward
him, attempted to surmount it by swimming but the wave, breaking be;
beach. He struck on
back unhurt, where he lay for a moment presenting a very laughable
appearance.
LXXI. CASES.DECLENSION.
The
247.
different
use
its
[ownership],
250. The
251.
yet a
of a
pronoun
uses in a sentence
form
form
object
sponding with
noun
its
possessive case.
is its
is its
case.
objective case.
subject [or
is
nominative
is its
uses as subject
and
and
object,
as denoting
possession.
252. Definition.
Case
in
its
grammar
of a
noun
in a
is
relation to
that
form
sentence.
253. Definition.
noun
or
it is
is
the form of a
noun
or
255. Definition.
noun
or
Note.
There
is
no
distinct
form
it
it is
of a
to be
is
the form of a
noun
as
an object complement
jective case.
Remark.
case.
inflected to
85
Rule
1.
or a pronoun used
nominative case.
noun
as the
subject of a
3.
transitive verb
257. Declension.
The
is
called
declension
Singular.
Nom.
case
Plural.
Nom.
I,
Poss. case
My
Obj.
Me,
case
of a
(or mine),
Poss. case
We,
Our
Obj.
Us.
case
case
(or ours),
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
Poss.
My (or
Obj.
Me.
Remark. A pronoun
both numbers.
Poss.
We,
Our
Obj.
Us.
Norn.
I,
mine),
is
said to be declined
when
(or ours),
its
How many
case-forms has the pronoun / in the sinIn the plural number? 3. Which case is used for the
subject in a sentence? 4. Which for the object? 5. To denote possesQuestions.
gular
sion
number!
2.
What
6.
Objective case?
inflected
258.
11.
1.
is
When
Direction.
9.
8. Possessive case ?
?
7. Nominative case ?
For how many purposes are nouns and pronouns
is a pronoun declined ?
case
10.
Mention
2.
lesson.
Form "
as in the
model pre-
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
86
3.
4.
5.
He
Explanation.
In
sentence
1,
My
Gender.
Class.
PARSING.
Number.
Person.
Case.
Office.
Plural.
Nom.
boy,
Nom.
boys,
Poss.
boy's,
Poss.
boys',
Obj.
boy.
Obj.
boys.
man,
Nom.
men,
Poss.
man's,
Poss.
men's,
Obj.
man.
Obj.
men.
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
Singular.
lady,
Nom.
ladies,
Poss.
lady's,
Poss.
ladies',
Obj.
lady.
Obj.
ladies.
259. Definition.
is
naming
the
Plural.
Nom.
260 Nouns
o
The declension
of a
noun
or a
pronoun
they sometimes express source or fitness as, " The sun's rays warm the
earth " [source]. " We saw some ladies' shoes " [shoes suitable or fit for
;
ladies].
"
Questions.
2.
What do
1.
is
all
parts of speech
What
Do
[source
may an
declension f
antecedent be
5.
Decline
girl, fly,
John,
6.
The
five
87,
OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
First Person,
I.
Singular.
Masculine
or
Feminine.
Nom.
Nom.
I,
Poss.
my
Obj.
me.
(or mine),
Second Person,
You
Poss.
our
Obj.
us.
or
Feminine.
Nom.
r
J
Nom.
you,
Poss.
your
Obj.
you.
(ours),
(thou).
Singular.
Masculine
Plural.
we,
(yours),
Plural.
you,
Poss.
your
Obj.
you.
(yours),
It.
Singular.
Nom.
Masculine.
Poss.
<j
1 Obj.
r
Feminine.
he,
his,
him.
Plural.
Nom.
they,
Poss.
she,
her (hers),
Poss.
their (theirs),
Obj.
her.
Obj.
them.
Nom.
Neuter.
<j
262.
noun
Nom.
it,
Poss.
its,
Obj.
it.
The following
is
the old
Plural.
Nom.
thou,
Nom.
ye, or you,
Poss.
thy
Poss.
your
Obj.
thee.
Obj.
you.
(thine),
%
(yours),
263. These ancient forms are now used orally only by the Friends, and
They are found in poetry, in the Bible, and in other
ancient writings.
Thou as a subject requires a form of verb different
from that required by you as, " You shall go," " Thou shalt not steal."
in religious services,
RELATIONS OF PRONOUNS.
88
[incorrect].
In
only.
264.
No
relations
/,
tve,
and
they,
Complete
Direction.
each
line,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
and
picked the berries [3d fem., and 1st both sing.].
Mother scolded
and
yesterday [3d sing, fem., and 1st].
and
caught twenty fish [3d sing, mas., and 2d plu.].
Father called
and
[2d plu., and 3d fem., sing.].
1 saw
and
yesterday [2d plu., and 3d plu., mas.].
mother dresses
becomingly [3d sing., fem. both].
lessons correctly [2d plu. both] 1
Did
recite
Did
mean
and
[2d sing., 3d sing., fem., and 1st sing.] f
266. Pronouns
may
Questions.
1.
She
feels sick.
3.
We
found him
asleep.
and object!
and the objective case %
ject
as subject or object
6.
5.
Why
is
noun
CONTRACTIONS.
89
like
1 will
contracted into Til for the sake of brevity, and also to avoid unnecessary
In poetry
formality.
lessen the
number
it
is
make
often necessary to
these contractions to
of syllables in a line.
Allowable Contractions,
268. Tve for
he is or he has; we've for we have; doesn't for does not; isn't for is not;
His for
it is
o'clock
Improper Contractions.
269. Ain't and
"
does not.
He
know "
is
incorrect.
Re-write
Do
'tain't
don't
is
They
is
sometimes
aren't going."
making
all
the proper
contractions possible
They
do not know.
do not hear. He
my
finished
morrow.
We
letter.
It is
Review
Questions.
1.
What
is
a sentence?
What
4. Is
3.
2.
What
is
Is this order
the natural
always ob-
is an object complement ?
6. What is an
exclamatory sentence ? 8. An interrogative
sentence ? 9. What is meant by the entire subject ? 10. When is the verb
11. What is a secondary modifier?
in a sentence the entire predicate.
13. What is a conjunction?
14. Use
12. What is a compound sentence?
the verb reads as a transitive verb; also as an intransitive verb? 15.
What is a proper noun ? 16. What is the difference between gender and
sex.
17. What are the rules for forming the possessive case of nouns?
18. What two contractions are not allowable ?
19. When is don't a proper
contraction? 20. When is don't an improper contraction? 21. What is
parsing? 22. What is stated in the foot-note, on p. 82, in reference to
or an incomplete verb ?
imperative sentence
parsing
5.
7.
An
90
is
We
have also learned [144] that a personal pronoun is often used without an antecedent, and that an antecedent may be
either a noun or another pronoun.
called its antecedent."
1.
2.
Explanation.
singular,
is
In sentence
In
third, singular.
lar, is
1,
2,
man
its,
which
is
also neuter,
his,
which
is
also masculine,
third, singular.
Direction.
ing,
1.
2.
Every
3.
The
little
represents
it
lessons correctly.
soldier received
rations.
tiny nest.
when
and
as,
1.
Note.
If
The
cat
names
as,
for
That eminent
it
represents two or
by or or nor;
1.
when
as,
Note.
91
may
1.
What
be antecedents*"?
is
3.
LXXVII.PRONOUNS
The whole,
The
com-
274.
different persons,
cedent
first
is
2.
275.
pronoun representing a
collective
as,
neatly.
noun conveying
2.
as,
Every congregation
When
two or more personal pronouns are used in connection, the second person should precede the others, and the
third person should precede the first as, You and I.
You
and he. She and /.
276.
277.
Usage has
fixed
upon he and
2.
is
its
doubtful
variations to represent
as,
form
of
now
insertion.
These sen-
recited
lessons.
proper position.
should make
3.
useful.
8.
loses
temper.
92
9.
and
12.
Susan offered
own
try
this
will
it
is
knife or
go to the
fair.
morning.
You know
14.
want
and
13.
easy to recite a
poem
in public,
it.
278. Care
1.
late
If
15.
antecedent
genders;
in
When
10.
11.
assistance.
troubles.
let
verdict.
can have
pencil
is
as,
When any
mission to do
so.
their
seat, they
in the
2. When any boy or girl wishes to leave his or her seat, he or she
must get permission to do so. [Number and gender correct, but very
awkward.]
3.
When
boys or
sion to do so.
girls
seats, they
AND INDIRECT,
1LXXVIII. QUOTATIONS.DIRECT
two kinds
as, "
[Correct.]
of
quotations
2.
or writer
280.
as,
He
The
1.
My
quotation
indirect
marks, nor to be
set off
by commas
3.
He
interesting.
as,
return early.
of the
2.
My
father said I
must
fully.
Direction.
Dictate
required to use
1.
them
2.
Holmes
has
many
tools,
correctly
but a
lie is
a handle that
fits
all."
"
silent
songstress.
3. Goldsmith says, " People seldom improve when they have no other
model but themselves to copy after."
ORAL PARSING.
4.
5.
The willow
large rooms in
6.
not
"
Let
little
Note.
houses."
me make
who makes
(as in
93
When
sentence
care
the laws."
6),
a quotation
is
The
2.
is
is
a convicted thief.
LXXIX.ORAL PARSING.
Hoiv
282.
to
personal
pronoun
is
parsed
2.
3.
4.
5.
The
The
The
The
The
Remarks.
it
personfirst,
or plural,
nominative, possessive,
Pronouns of
five
and why.
and why.
second, or third,
number singular
case
by stating the
the
first
in either
ORAL PARSING.
94
syntax
may
be given or
may
be omitted.
it
found
He
me.
his book.
a personal pronoun
is
in the masculine
it
it
knows
Note.
He knows
2.
in the third
denotes the person spoken of; in the singular number,
denotes but one
in the nominative case, because it is the
person, because
because
1.
This
model, in
[256, 1],
its details,
Abbreviated Models.
He
is
third person, singular number, nominative case, being the subject of the
verb knows.
He
is
and better
Or, briefer
third,
singular, nominative,
objective,
a personal pronoun,
first,
His
is
noun book
modifies the
[256, 2].
How
to
parse Nouns.
1.
2.
John
is
delicious grapes.
Grapes
is
common
William's
modifies the
is
objective,
being the
noun
brother.
Hoiv
to
noun
verb gathered.
Some
is
grapes.
Delicious
Quickly
is
is
Parse
95
and adverbs
We
2.
Some
3.
4. The
them very
and he praised
highly.
IT.
They
and
is
theirs
omitted.
possessed
as, "
John
grammarians.
In regard to the peculiar constructions, " a friend of mine," " that
head of yours," "this heart of mine," and "this wicked world of ours"
(in none of which does the pronoun properly represent the possessor and
the thing possessed), these grammarians supply the word possessing as,
;
is
[my
possessing].
considered,
But
this
method
of disposing of
by many, unsatisfactory.
289. Mine and thine are still used as possessive modifiers in poetry
and in the solemn style as, " I shaded mine eyes one day." J. Ingelow.
" Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow." Byron.
" Mine enemies
;
Bible.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
96
290.
things
It often
Indefinite It.
as, " It
rains "
" It
is
snows
" It thunders."
291.
Used
in this
way
it
my self,
The
compound
and
per-
and
formed by
adding self to my, thy, him, her, and it for the singular, and
These compound
selves to our, your, and them for the plural.
personal pronouns may be used either as subjects or objects,
sonal pronouns
itself
1.
When
3.
2.
To what do some
consider ours
given to these
pronouns in this lesson! 5. Considering them absolute possessive proall those found in [287].
6. What name is given to it in
7. Show how the singular compound personal pronouns
(mentioned above) are formed also the plural compounds.
nouns, parse
" It rains " ?
LXXXI.-RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
2.
3.
2,
of the
which
noun
is
the
man who
Explanation.
In
know
book.
293.
person
Who
is
is
the
name
as,
1.
2.
of a
97
Relation Forms.
Plural.
Singular.
Who,
Nbm.
1.
2.
The
The
e.,
Whose,
Poss.
Whom.
Obj.
is
when
used
may
3.
either
the
scarce.
who or which
name of a
;
2.
is
as,
1.
antecedent
the
;
buffalo,
figs
That may be
295.
i.
Whose,
Wliom.
Poss.
an animal or of a thing
of
Who,
Obj.
Which
294.
name
Nom.
as,
Direction.
relative
pronoun and
its
antecedent in each
Questions.
1. In speaking or writing, what nouns must the relative
pronoun who represent ? 2. What nouns must which represent ? 3. What
nouns may that represent ? 4. Would it be correct to say, " The horse
who ran away was soon caught " I
LXXXtt. -SYNTHESIS.NARRATIVE.
296.
Direction.
This
composition
narrative.
Combine
may
was boarding
at seven o'clock.
at a
mountain
resort.
We
cool.
I arose
It
We
We
stopped
VERBS. TENSE.
98
very cold.
We
We resumed our
We ascended to
refreshing.
Valley and
hill
the top.
beautiful, indescribable.
journey.
We
returned
It
was very
LXXXIH.VERBS.TENSE.
All actions take place at
297. Most verbs express action.
some time. Time is naturally separated into three great divisionspresent time, past time, and future time.
Direction
Notice
by the verb
in each of
298.
Each
1.
2.
3.
4.
You
carefully.
form
The form
writes, in
1,
is
is
finished
The form
wrote, in 2,
therefore wrote
The forms
will write
and
shall write, in 3
and
4,
acts
ivill
means
helping.
is
tense.
is
called
VERBS. TENSE.
303.
Tense
99
is
expresses
the
action
as
now
taking place.
305.
past.
306.
performed.
Questions. 1. What are the three principal divisions
When does a verb express present time ? 8. Past time ? 4.
5. What name is given to will and shall in the verbs will
of time? 2.
Future time ?
see and shall
see
6.
composed
LXXXIV.-TENSE.
307. Definition.
thing of
its
Direction.
tences.
verb
is
subject.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
10.
11,
8.
9.
Direction.
Give
much
sickness.
mention the principal part and the auxiliary of each verb in the future
tense, according to the following model
VERBS. TENSE.
100
308. Model.
Works, in
4, is
Cheered,
in
is
1,
8, is
tense.
Will know, in
Direction.
tense
John
2.
home
him once
yesterday.
last
3. I
4.
Father
week.
5.
6.
They
week.
terday.
me
a knife last
to school to-morrow.
next week.
LXXXV.-TENSE.
Direction.
verbs,
309.
Some
list
of the following
in the past tense; both forms are correct, but the one first
given is preferable in each instance.
may say, " I aivoke
We
early," or " I
early "
awaked
PAST TENSE.
SENT TENSE.
PAST TENSE.
Awake,
awoke (awaked).
PRESENT TENSE.
Go,
Blame,
blamed.
Have,
had.
Bleed,
bled.
Lie
(to recline),
lay.
Bring,
brought.
Lay
(to place),
Build,
built (builded).
Lose,
Burn,
Buy,
bought.
burned
(burnt).
went.
laid.
lost.
Light,
lighted
Ring,
rang (rung).
(lit).
Catch,
caught.
Run,
ran (run).
Come,
came.
See,
saw.
Big,
dug
sat.
Do,
did.
set.
Draw,
Dream,
drew.
Slip,
slipped.
dreamed (dreamt).
Sing,
sang (sung).
(digged).
Drink,
drank.
Spill,
spilled (spilt).
Eat,
ate.
Spoil,
spoiled
Freeze,
froze.
Throw,
threw.
(spoilt).
VERBS.NUMBER.
Do
310.
and
does)
(also
101
its
as,
"I do try"
generally
but I do
try.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What
fail,
Questions. 1.
3.
" Does he
is
formed in
is
the verb in 2
5,
and
6,
7.
How
4.
is
it
2.
formed ?
5.
How is it formed ?
How are the verbs
6.
7.
preceding sentences.
Read
the
first
311.
5.
7.
She plays.
9.
He
1.
3.
Questions.
In 5
1.
In 9 ?
in each of sentences
4,
By
With what
In
end in each
6,
8,
10,
and
12.
4.
is
singular or plural
only
in s in
when
the subject
is
singular.
We
that
The adverb not often stands between the principal part of the verb and its
In interrogative sentences the subject often stands between the verb and
auxiliary, as in 5, 6, and 7 [117].
*
auxiliary.
its
write.
3.
2,
2.
s,
We
8.
Explanation.
12.
6.
writes.
In 7 ?
verb-root adds
10.
2.
4.
11. I write.
as,
VERBS.NUMBER.
102
when
the subject
plural,
is
and
also
when I
is
the subject, no s
added
is
to the verb-root.
*
rt - rt
312. S-torm.
s or es added to a
<
-^
noun makes
it
plural.
singular.
is
313.
verb,
There
form
latter
then
are, then,
is
is
it is
form
The same
is
played," "
He
played," "
You
played," "
We
as,
played," "
" I
They
played."
315. Verbs in the future tense have no s-form, the same
form being used with both singular and plural subjects as,
;
"
He
Questions.
form write
tense
Why
1.
in 2?
write used in 11
singular %
7.
3.
Plays
in
5?
4.
Play
in 6?
5.
Why
is
2.
The
the form
Which form
6.
is
will go."
How many
What
9.
They
is
tense %
LXXXVII.-SYNTHESIS.AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
316.
Direction.
Combine
prepare as
many
exercises of this
skill in
by weaving two
The teacher should
as are needful to
VERBS.A GREEMENT.
103
Grammar
In Brooklyn, N. Y.
live ?
How
By what
railroad and
from the same
What was
side of the mountain ? They approach from opposite sides.
the state of the atmosphere ? It was clear and cool last year. Could you
Yes, and also a part of Vermont and
see any part of the State of Maine ?
Massachusetts. Where do you expect to go next vacation % Father thinks
before.
Do
strongly of going to
Mount Desert
Island.
Where
is
Near the coast of Maine. Which summer resort on this island do you like
South West Harbor. Why do you like this place better than Bar
best.
Harbor? Because it is more quiet. Because a breeze reaches there from
almost every direction, making it cooler. Do you intend to become a
teacher? Yes, if father and mother will consent. Why do you wish to
teach ?
Because
think
I shall like
it.
Direction.
Justify the use of the form of the verb in each of the following sentences; then change each subject from singular to plural, or
from plural to singular, and make the necessary change in the verb, but
do not change its tense. Also make any necessary change in the form of
any adjective to suit the change in the subject that it modifies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Direction.
7.
8.
She
recites correctly.
You sew
He deals
very neatly.
honestly.
tense form of some verb in each, that will properly agree with
2.
Hogs
The boys
3.
All people
1.
its
subject,
acorns.
marbles here.
mistakes
sometimes.
4.
The ox
5.
That child
6.
Some
rivers*
his cud.
too
in
much noise.
ray crooked
channels.
VERBS. A GREEMENT.
104
do*
317. Besides
and should
1.
Mary has
2.
Explanation.
In sentence
3,
4.
italics in
These
bridge
is
3.
his lesson.
words in
Might have
is
(in 4) it is
and men-
now be
compound forms, except of those having
These compound forms are used alike with
Pupils should not
and
will as auxiliaries.
1.
3.
We
My
brother
4.
The
sheriff
2.
might have
excellent speech.
may have
arrived to-day.
thief.
1.
2.
319.
Yon
is
always plural in
its
grammatical relations in
to one person
4J
as ?
1.
2.
320.
It
(although singular),
when used
as a subject, never takes the singular s-form of the verb, but, instead,
This form
is
subjects; as,
* Do, does, did,
for auxiliaries.
and have, has, had, are often used as principal verbs as well as
VERBS. A GREEMENT.
105
1.
2.
He
3.
We
321.
see,
must be considered
person and number.
When
322.
a verb
is
in
its
is
used with
its
subject, such a
and number.
its
and number.
subject in person
2.
3.
1.
4.
324.
and agrees with
Made
is
its
is
5.
You
6.
I rise
7.
She
8.
The
fire
Eat
is
very early.
burns brightly.
its
Will cease
number
subject
[323, 234].
tense,
number [323].
its
sub-
[323, 313].
is
[323].
Direction. Parse the verbs (and other words) in the last four sentences.
Questions.
2.
What form
1.
of a verb
good groceries,"
with
ment
its
and
is
always singular?
of verb
and
subject
as a subject
What
4.
When
its
subject?
disagreement
" We
is
keeps
number? 5. What is the rule for the agree6. Which form of the verb must be used with
Which form with you as a subject ?
?
the pronoun
3.
COMPOUND SUBJECT.
106
325.
not plural in
ing
its
verb
form
When
[222].
a subject
is
it is
plural in mean-
must be plural.
Two
more singular subjects taken jointly (connected by and) form a compound subject whose meaning is
326.
or
generally plural.
The
assertion
is
made
as,
1.
2.
Two or more singular subby and, when they convey a plural meaning,
328.
When
a subject
is
singular in meaning
its
verb
must
also be singular.
2.
as,
330. The verbs am, is, and tuas are singular forms [200],
and should be used with singular subjects in speaking and
writing.
Are and tvere are plural forms, and should be used
2.
3.
4.
The boys
in a hurry.
here yesterday.
Mary and Susan
he at the fair last week?
he and John here yesterday 1
going to
New
York.
5.
6.
She
7.
you ready?
There
Mary and Paul.
8.
331. When two or more singular subjects are so connected that the
verb evidently agrees with each subject separately, or with one to the
exclusion of the others, or when they are preceded by each, every, or no, a
singular verb
is
required
as,
COMPOUND
107
1.
2.
3.
4.
^
SUBJECT.
5.
Explanation.
In
sentence
its
mission.
1,
is
correctly
and [understood].
compound
1.
What kind
2.
When
When
is
subject plural
3.
BY "OR" OR
'NOR."
1.
2.
3.
He
He
He
book
[incorrect
why?].
The
and
too,
different parts of a
and
as well
[331]
also,
as.
1.
That choir
[as a
COMPOUND SUBJECT.
108
noun
335.
The choir
When
Direction.
is
as,
Decide
following sentences,
mind
is
made
is
preceded by
this,
is
decision
1.
2.
My
my
8.
9.
The
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
10.
Every congregation
11.
own
minister best.
Direction.
Copy
Exercises in Punctuation.
1.
If the
man
should leap to the pavement below he would be insmoke and heat and fire
were close upon him despair was in his face what could he do the firemen
quickly brought ladders but they were too short the longest of them
would not reach half the distance it seemed as if nothing could save him
he was finally rescued by the efforts of a colored boy do you not think
this boy was brave
2. In the early days of Massachusetts, when a man bought a coat, he
perhaps exchanged a bear-skin for it if he wished for a barrel of molasses
he might purchase it with a, pile of pine boards musket-bullets were used
109
was too
it
late.
The natural
tive.
is
first,
complement.
stands before
sound
An
or
it
its
An
noun.
after
and when
precedes
adjective
it
its
adverb
sense or
generally fol-
also.
1.
2.
Some
3.
4.
flowers
bloom
early,
Adjectives
naturally precede
2.
sick.
3.
asleep,
4.
The
sake of emphasis
tence.
it is
It is frequently placed
as,
HO
Direction.
1.
2.
Some
3.
4.
5.
6.
You
Analyze
the sentences in this lesson, and mention the noun to which each
adjective refers.
Questions.
2.
What
is
In 4?
3!
1.
What
is
position of an adjective?
5.
What
other position
4. What is the
may it occupy?
In
natural
XCIV.RHETORICAL. ARRANGEMENT.
340. Position of the Subject.
Although
We
in this way.
sive
as,
Down
1.
It is plain,
mind
from
fell
of the beholder
is
much
less expressive
fell
as,
down.
1.
2.
"No
No
is
of words.
It is also
Even
HI
ANALYTICAL PARSING.
when an adverb introduces
is
slightly
inverted.
Direction. Mention the words that are out of their natural order in
the preceding sentences, and also in those following. Change rhetorical
Analyze and
to natural order and notice the loss in force and beauty.
parse
1.
2.
3.
No busy
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Questions.
2.
What
three positions
4.
When
is
a sentenced
3.
What do
a sentence inverted?
XCV.-ANALYTICAL PARSING.
more
This
344. Model.
preceding
its
f.
and
to the
forms
n.].
sentence
is
predicate-verb found.
345. Model.
This sentence
is
its
subject steeds.
The adverb
so modifies
When the adverb there introduces a sentence, the subject follows the verb.
When a sentence is arranged in the natural order of subject, verb, and object,
may be called direct. But when either of these parts is out of its natural order,
*
it
fiery steeds.
the sentence
is
112
Madly has
The adjectives
name form, and is properly used
past time.
is
the
8.
The stormy
as a subject [229].
Me
form
bers.
object
XCVI.INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
2.
3.
Do you
1.
Questions.
What is
6. What
1.
is
348.
4.
the subject in 2
9.
What
The
weather?
the subject in 1
ject in 3 ?
AND ADVERBS.
is its
position [117]
its auxiliary.
REVIEW BY SENTENCES.
113
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(}.
7.
8.
Why
9.
Explanation.
Whose,
4,
5,
and
are interroga-
6,
8,
are used.
is
an ad-
The
350. Definition.
An
and which.
interrogative adverb
is
an adverb
Questions.
What
1.
is
interrogative adjectives.
them.
6.
5.
How
How
and why.
3.
XCVn.-REVIEW BY SENTENCES.
351.
ment
The
by observing
1.
Birds sing.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A furious
[Adjective element.]
[Adverbial element.]
[Secondary modifier.]
storm arose, but the pilot still slept. [Conjunction and
compound
sentence.]
REVIEW BY SENTENCES.
114
6.
The
7.
That ugly
dog
[Object complement.]
8.
9.
little
bit
verbs.]
10.
/ caught
11.
12.
17.
18.
She
13.
14.
15.
16.
[Condensed compound.]
new
dress
her.
[Personal
pronoun.]
19.
20.
21.
22.
verbs.]
Oxen chew [not chews] the cud. [Agreement of verb with subject.]
No home have J. [Natural and rhetorical order of words.]
Opium makes people dull. [Position of adjectives.]
Will you pass the bread? [Interrogative sentence.]
Which road shall we take? [Interrogative adjective.]
When did you arrive? [Interrogative adverb.]
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Direction.
These
XCVIII.-SYNTHESIS.
352.
Direction.
Combine
and in part 2
1
and that in part 3, striking out words in italics; which and and in
part 4 as and as in the third and fourth lines of part 5 through which
in 6 but in 7 and 8 any connective may be repeated and unnecessary
words may be omitted, etc.
using as connectives therefore in the section marked
so
COMPOSITION.
115
THE ELEPHANT.
1.
The elephant
is
a large animal.
He is a clumsy animal.
He makes a very awkward
2.
He
3.
appearance in traveling.
legs.
On
support them.
4.
He
He
His arm
He
He
He
5.
called a trunk.
is
uses
it
At the end
of the trunk
This muscle
With
7.
The
is
up very small
objects.
He
He
mouth.
called a finger.
He
They
They
This
8.
is
He can
6.
uses
are sawed
is
off.
done when he
The elephant
is
is
captured.
a docile animal.
In
More material
of
should be furnished.
PREPOSITIONS.
116
XCIX.PREPOSITIONS.
353. Adjectives and adverbs are single words, and are there-
But
Industrious
1.
men
labor patiently.
2.
3.
6.
7.
4.
5.
Explanation.
In
sentence
2,
word industrious
her.
taken as a whole, have an adjective use and modify the noun men. The
words with patience, in 2, are used in place of patiently in 1 therefore,
taken together, they modify the verb labor like an adverb.
;
354. These groups of words are called phrases, and the words of,
and for (each forming a part of a phrase), are called prepositions,*
because each has a position before the noun or pronoun in the phrase.
with,
Direction.
is
In
jective or
an adverbial
tell
office.
355. Definition.
A phrase
forms the
its
is
office of a single
word.
7.
noun
or a
pronoun which
means placed
= before
positus
placed).
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.
117
and why!
2.
In sentence
1.
An
adverbial
3,
office,
C.-PREPOSITTONAL PHRASE.
yet
is
it
Each
8,
men admire an
office
of
an adjective or of an adverb
1.
All
2.
3.
river.
The bright
4.
A man
5.
6.
7.
8.
The
The
9.
10.
Remark.
found in
act of generosity.
The
prepositions
this lesson,
to,
and through,
sentences
Explanation.
The preposition
on
(in 6)
connects
its
the noun book, and also shows the relation of place between them.
The
book
is
LIST OF PREPOSITIONS.
118
sign,
is
Direction.
Write
five
A prepositional phrase
360. Definition.
words formed by a preposition and its object.
361. Definition.
preposition
its
is
is
a group of
word in a
word which the
a connective
object to the
phrase modifies.
362.
its
below,
for,
throughout,
about,
beneath,
from,
till,
above,
beside,
in,
to,
across,
besides,
into,
toward,
after,
between,
of,
towards,
against,
betwixt,
off,
under,
along,
on,
underneath,
amid, amidst,
beyond,
but (except),
over,
until,
among, amongst,
by,
past,
unto,
around,
concerning,
round,
up,
at,
down,
regarding,
upon,
athwart,
during,
save,
with,
before,
ere,
since,
within,
behind,
except,
through,
without.
Questions.
3.
What
form ?
is
5.
1.
What
is
a preposition
What
is
a phrase
4.
What
What
a prepositional phrase?
twofold office does a preposition per2.
is
6.
Of
ANALYSIS.
what
is
in a prepositional phrase
a preposition connect
11.
What
8.
What
object?
its
10.
is
119
7.
What
Which term
is
is
the connective
To what does
9.
of relation
What
12.
is its
object?
part of speech
begin with
speech
is
a,
b,
c,
d.
a connective
e,
CI.OFFICE
363.
phrase
The word
f,
i,
o,
p, r,
s,
t,
u,
w%
What
17.
other part of
OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.
form
is
either
of a
adverb-
ial or adjective.
364.
prepositional phrase,
when
it
it
is
adverbial,
modifies.
it,
A
considerably removed from it.
forming an adjective office stands next
its
It
is
is
not
some-
and often it is
prepositional phrase per-
Direction.
to
noun.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
We
8.
9.
10.
11.
spear.
us.
A preposition may,
like
COMPOSITION.
120
"A
365. This
is
The
entire predicate
is
The
entire subject
is
"
The simple
high bridge."
and
and
long,
also
Questions.
offices
office ?
is
When
7.
a preposition
what respect
13. Of what
is
is
adverbial
10.
8.
What
is
In what respect
a phrase adverbial ?
a prepositional phrase
12.
9.
a phrase prepositional
is
In what respect
14.
is
What
it
is
What
11.
In
adjective
analysis in
grammar ?
CH.COMPOSITION LESSON.SYNTHESIS.
366.
Direction.
a simple sen-
tence containing one subject, one verb, one object complement, and prepositional phrases
He
It
It
was
was
in broad daylight.
in sight of the harbor.
Combined.
The
bar, in
captain,
by
his
own
on a sand-
Direction.
Combine the following statements into a simple sentence
containing one subject, one verb, one object complement, and prepositional
phrases
He
He
121
He
did so yesterday.
is
the
first
member containing
five subjects
and one
verb,
all.
An unknown man
He
fired a revolver.
happened in Atlanta.
Atlanta
He
is
in Georgia.
wounded the
slightly
operator.
Class
Simple declarative.
Modified subject
The
Predicate
Simple subject.
Predicate- verb
Scatter, modified
the,
balmy air.
and the adj. phrase
in the garden.
the
Object
balmy
air.
ANALYSIS.DIA GRAMMING.
122
2. The lucky fisherman caught a very fine lot of bass in the morning,
but in the afternoon he did not get a single bite.
Compound
Class
First
member
declarative.
fine lot
Second member
Connective
But.
Fisherman, mod. by the
Simple
mem.
sub., first
Predicate-verb
Caught, unmodified.
Object
Lot, mod.
fine,
Simple
sub.,
second
Predicate- verb
adj. the
and
bite.
lucky.
in the afternoon.
Bite,
Object
The
squirrel
Direction.
Use
exercises in analysis
2.
7i
1.
a and
^_
single.
_E
To.
~r
2.
adj.
DIAGRAMS.
~L _!_
_r
_L
1.
mod. by
o.
^_
shell of a nut.
up
at night,
and open
In
my
hurry,
to his comrades.
CIV.ARRANGEMENT
368.
Two
or
OF PHRASES.
occur in a sentence.
ARRANGEMENT OF PHRASES.
cession,* they are often separated
make
123
to
2.
3.
A man
1.
cheerful
a heavy fog.
on one cold night, in a small room, before a
of rank sat,
fire.
369.
Comma
Rule.
comma.
other by a
370. As a general
in the
in
2,
We
3.
morning,
In the morning, we shall start for California.
On a clear day, the sun's rays shone through the window into
4.
We
1.
2.
the room.
5.
6.
Direction.
Select the
An
adverbial phrase
begins a sentence
subject;
when
is
it
modifies.
out of
and
or between a verb
it
When
Comma
Rule.f
should be set
off
its
natural order,
when
[A phrase
object.
its
fre-
its object.]
a phrase
from the
is
out of
its
natural
by
commas.
Direction.
Dictate
a lesson in punctuation.
Adverbial phrases occur simply in succession when one directly follows aneach modifying the same word.
t The tendency in modern usage seems to be to disregard this rule, except when
is necessary to prevent ambiguity or obscurity, or when the phrase is emphatic.
*
other,
it
Analyze.
ARRANGEMENT OF PHRASES.
124
1.
With weary
2.
We
feet,
3.
Heaven, from
4.
In this
Questions.
Why
1.
of sentences [370]?
all creatures,
we
life,
is
2.
see
many changes
no comma used
in
of fortune.
1,
4,
and
set
6,
between a subject and its .verb? 3. Between a verb and its object? 4.
In which sentences, in this lesson, do phrases occur in succession? 5. In
which are they distributed? 6. In which does the phrase introduce the
sentence
CV.-ARRANGEMENT CONTINUED.
373. It
is
ranged as to express most clearly and elegantly the sense intended to be conveyed. Sometimes a very ridiculous effect is
produced by an improper arrangement.
2.
An
3.
4.
A
A
Direction.
tailor
old
made a
man dug
Roman
nose.
flock of sheep
on horseback yesterday.
Punctuate after
arranging
1.
The youth
break.
374.
The
in two or
1.
On
phrases in a sentence
more ways.
Sentence 5
terrible storm.
home
in a
ELLIPTICAL PHRASES.
The party
2.
started for
home on
125
terrible storm.
Note.
all
is
preferable, as
it
avoids
built,
is
built a fence
around
a preposition connecting
relation
his field."
its
between them.
Remark. This form is chosen as it best satisfies both oral and written
The following are used by other authors 1. " Around is a preposition, and with its object field forms a phrase modifying the verb built"
2. " Around is a preposition introducing the phrase around his field, and
parsing.
connecting
it
INDIRECT OBJECT.
1.
The party
Explanation.
In
started for
this
sentence, on
italics;
sion
called
is
an
ellipsis,
home
is,
is
in italics
is
called
an
elliptical phrase.
An
376.
ellipsis of
when
the ob-
weight, or value
1.
as,
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
[for a week].
a beautiful valley [for three hours].
breakfast [over the distance of two
miles].
7.
8.
We
We
all
feet
high* [high
to
three feet].
all night],
is
ELLIPTICAL PHRASES.
126
The Adverbial
377,
Objective.
Each
elliptical
phrase in
remnant
idiomatic,
is
and
sometimes
it is
The Indirect
378.
Object.
The
show, make,
verbs give,
bring, offer, forgive, promise, pay, ask, teach, etc., often take
two objects
object
is
one
The
indirect.
understood;
1.
2.
Note.
direct,
indirect
or for
being
as,
This
is
be so considered
may
or the preposition
it
may
parsing.
Direction.
Mention
modifies
it
is
which adverbial
possible; tell
elliptical
phrase
3.
We
8.
east,
and
west.
9.
dative object.
ELLIPTICAL PHRASES.
Questions.
pressed?
3.
Why
127
Before what kind of objects are prepositions not exis the indirect object of a verb generally equivalent?
1.
To what
2.
as adverbs ?
Which is the indirect object in " They offered him a good position " I
6. Give a sentence con5. What relation does Mm -hold in this sentence f
taining an adverbial objective, and tell why it is so called. 7. Give an
4.
example of an
379.
the words
preposition
or unto
to
like,
adjectives or adverbs.
To
is
is
and
when they
are
home.
380.
parison of things
are adjectives
of acts.
1.
We
American
eagle.
[Things
compared.]
2.
381.
tion or place
is
is
[Acts compared.]
are adjectives
asserted.
1.
2.
We
3.
4.
They stood
5.
This
6.
assumed.]
7.
8.
9.
Note.
man
[Place asserted.]
Some
rectly followed
Direction.
di-
ELLIPTICAL PHRASES.
128
Questions.
2.
When
1.
are like
is
to
Adverbs?
or unto omitted!
3.
When
are near
and nigh and opposite adjectives? 4. When are they adverbs? 5. What
form of pronoun must follow a preposition ? 6. What is omitted in the
sentence,
We will go home to-morrow " ?
'
CVIII. OBJECTS
382.
The
object of a
phrase
is
OMITTED.
often omitted, only the prep-
In such cases, the preposition is considered simply an adverb or an adjective an adverb when the
preposition is the remnant of an adverbial phrase an adjective
when it is the remnant of an adjective phrase. The ellipsis
need not be supplied in analysis and parsing.
osition being retained.
2.
3.
We
1.
4.
5.
6.
left
the lawn].
Note.
Above and
Detect
when a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
preposition
is
12.
He
13.
COMPOUND PHRASES.
Eeview
Questions.
What
1.
an
is
129
elliptical prepositional
elliptical
6.
How
Adverbial
Adjective
10.
What
2.
When
are up,
8.
In what sense
9.
What two
ellipses
4.
What
5.
a preposition have ?
phrase?
What two
is
offices
a phrase prep-
and analysis ?
CIX.COMPOUND PHRASE.
1.
yonder
2.
hill.
hill.
[Condensed.]
sentence
Questions.
nect in 1?
is
3.
What kind of
What does and
sentence
1.
is
1 ?
connect in 2?
2.
4.
found in 2 ?
383. Definition.
A compound phrase is one composed of
two or more phrases connected by a conjunction.
Direction.
tell
whether
and also tell what word each phrase modiAnalyze each sentence and parse such words as may be deemed
desirable
1.
2.
The
The
compound
3.
4.
,
5.
6.
Men
Men
object.]
of thought
of experience
REVIEW.
130
10.
11.
7.
8.
9.
12.
is
compound
may
be analyzed thus
In
first
Questions.
phrase in
1.
What
is
compound
simple with a
compound phrase %
object
2.
The phrase in 2, is
1, to make the
simple %
2,
CX,REVIEW.
In the preceding lessons we have learned the following
facts
385.
noun
or a
1.
Subject of a verb:
The
2.
Object of a verb
We
3.
Object of a preposition
4.
Modifier of a
386.
An
noun
adjective
is
1.
Modifier of a noun:
2.
Modifier of a pronoun
387.
verb
is
We
My
as
used as
Cold air condenses vapor.
:
Exercise
used as
1.
The
2.
The parrot
He may
died.
* The adverb directly modifies the adverbial phrase over our heads. The sense
not flew directly, but directly over our heads.
t In this sentence, undoubtedly is used rather to confirm the truth of the whole
statement that follows it, than to refer simply to the act expressed by the word
moves. [An adverb used in this way is called a modal adverb.]
is
REVIEW.
An
388.
may
adverb
be used as
1.
Modifier of a verb
2.
Modifier of an adjective
3.
Modifier of an adverb:
4.
Modifier of a phrase
5.
Modifier of a sentence
389.
conjunction
To connect words
To connect phrases
To connect sentences
1.
used
is
is
and
used
its
fine trout.
We
We
preposition
To connect
390.
131
word
We
progress.
Questions.
1.
In
How many
a sentence!
2.
parts of speech
CXI.COMPLEX PHRASE.
391. Often two or
in connection * with-
2.
The merchant
The merchant
Explanation.
same
"a
office as
man
In
sentence
2,
man.
of industry.
of industry "
man
tence, not
,,
COMPLEX PHRASES.
132
'
392. The phrase " to a man of industry " is composed of two phrases
connected together by the preposition of, the second phrase modifying the
object of the first phrase. These two phrases taken as a whole form a
complex phrase.
man
to
is
Find
and
tell
each sentence
1.
He
2.
We
3.
He was
4.
We
5.
The
6.
Ears of
all
speed.
kite lodged
wall.
is
river.
completed by the object complement us, and modified by the comThe object bend in the
to the bend in the river.
principal phrase, is modified by the dependent adjective phrase in the
lead
is
[It is
395.
in connection to
2.
3.
We
We
man
of great wealth.
his
childhood.
4.
from
COMPOSITION.
133
1.
When
compound phrase ?
What
3.
' ;
dependent
CXII.SYNTHESIS.
(These exercises should not
all
396, Direction. Combine into a simple sentence containing one subject, one verb, and phrases properly arranged and punctuated
The
It
stopped suddenly.
It
Direction.
Combine
without
stopped
It
morning.
any cause of
complaint.
Direction.
Combine
the
hill.
It
It is situated at
Direction.
He
of a hotel.
them with
artistic
Babylon.
Combine
entertained
performances.
hotel.
containing one subject, three verbs, rushed, burst, and appeared, and
phrases properly set off by commas
:
The
stairs
It
woman.
stairs.
were burning.
He was cool.
He was fearless.
He burst into a
room.
IDIOMATIC PHRASES.
134
CXIH.IDIOMS.IDIOMATIC PHRASES.
397. Idioms.
An
idiom
an expression peculiar
is
1.
2.
He had
at
way
to a lan-
as,
tetter stay at
remain
" I
is nonsense.
Transposing rather, or
equivalent " in preference," we have " I had stay at home in preference" * which is almost meaningless. Yet such expressions, as 1 and 2,
its
are used by
many
marians.
The phrases
come
at all [ever].
9.
The merry
[ancient
little
adjective],
minnows darted
[closely].
7.
8.
to
6.
How we
He
did not
and fro
in
399. Definition.
An
idiomatic phrase
is
is
* These expressions (sentences 1 and 2) are difficult (if not impossible) to analyze.
Considering stay as an infinitive does not relieve the awkwardness nor restore the
sense lost by the transposition of the adverbial modifier. Besides, "I had to stay at
home in preference 11 does not at all express the sense of sentence 1. In all such expressions, would should take the place of had. " I would rather stay at home," " He
would better stay at home. 11
OTHER PREPOSITIONS.
Direction.
etc.,
Analyze
135
idiomatic phrases.
At
ent; as yet; by and by; by the by; by the way; long ago;
by
through
little
little
random
at
at all
by step
step
by
through and
far.
CXIV.-OTHER PREPOSITIONS.
401.
A, meaning
1.
Such
expressions as
are not
list
may
may
2.
ellipsis
its
as,
[a place]
under the
table.
According to
contrary
from out from over from between
over against; instead of; round about, etc.
as to
out of;
the table.
as,
table.
may
by most
are,
An
and touching
respecting,
of prepositions.
be called a plirase^reposition
1.
object,
writers.
403. Phrase-Prepositions.
as one,
as,
2.
Note.
used as a preposi-
Direction.
from beyond
Supply a phrase-preposition
1.
2.
3.
They proceeded
this well.
his
character.
my directions.
5.
They came
They came
6.
God had
4.
other.
set
Jordan.
Judea.
one
the
USE OF PREPOSITIONS.
136
or beyond,
time
a conjunctive adverb
is
"We
to.
sat
found many-
We
(660).
besides, it rained."]
the act.
1.
"We
side of.
the
is
implied in
The
field
[in-
strument].
2.
He was
3.
Jupiter struck
4.
We
5.
distant; as,
1.
2.
3.
408. To,
village of
at.
He went
2.
They
to Boston.
sailed to Charleston.
3.
He
4.
We bought
staid at
Conway.
object.
At
as,
home.
Into
implies entrance, or motion, which begins outand ends inside. In implies place where, after
made, or motion that begins and ends inside as,
entrance
1.
2.
3.
is
Mary went
4.
The
knife
Direction.
ositions,
5.
6.
long
time.
7.
8.
is
We went into
We remained
room an
hour.
to supply them.
USE OF PREPOSITIONS.
137
we
taste
get
fail to
it.
our expectation.
412. From,
We
or than"
from another
to,
say,
in appearance.
We
quality or quantity.
We
414. With,
We
illustration.
use,
among
We
three or more.
to. We confide in a person with reference to his general
We confide a matter to a person for safe-keeping.
0 with. We accuse a person of a crime, not with & crime.
416. In,
character.
417.
We charge
These
also
1.
2. I
3.
4. I
5.
6.
Direction.
Fill
proper prepositions
1.
He poured
ink
the inkstand.
me
the concert.
stealing
10
7.
2.
We
went
3.
field
We
his knife.
was won
My
book
The wheat
hard fighting.
stopped
9.
the country.
4.
Ovington's.
is
different
8.
6.
We
He
ac-
yours.
USE OF PREPOSITIONS.
138
Direction.
Supply
We
1.
walked out
delphia
4.
The
a hotel.
boy
careless
3.
left
James, $25.
what
rely
The
7.
parison
10.
He
the
new
narrow bridge.
13.
My
wealth.
New
York, Jan.
cotton and
adapted
and confide
nice goods
the village of
Received,
6.
soil is
I say,
you.
his honesty.
store.
12.
The boy
14.
The man,
fell
8.
am
You may
comThey have
the river from a
tall in
11.
summer
the Catskills,
living on yonder
15.
Mr.
1886,
his pocket.
Windham.
9.
1,
rice.
fish.
hill,
16.
abounds
He was
injured
small-pox.
yesterday.
There
is
21.
18.
We
no need
The
remained
so
17.
much
the south
little
village.
22.
preparation.
3.
train.
Unthought-of
unsought-for
compound
"
WORDS MISUSED.
139
423.
common
few words in
especially in conversation.
Like
We
good food
like
or recreation
We
love.
fun
or people
the country
who simply
love
flowers
pictures
any pleasure
please us.
truth and
honor.
Direction.
2.
Some children
The true soldier
3.
4.
Some pupils
Some people
1.
5.
425. Get.
A
may
get
person
his country.
whom you
the lady to
Get
may
me
yesterday.
to dance.
means
may
introduced
to study arithmetic.
get property
Boston
get to
to go to school.
to
own
obtain by one's
may
get to bed
may
get
up
effort.
off.
Get
may
may
effort.
person
get well',
to
at a place
1.
as,
On our way
a week.
means
to
New York we
we
staid
WORDS MISUSED.
140
Direction.
Supply
following sentences
1.
We
2.
They
3.
4.
Direction.
are
now
at the
Delavan House.
overnight at Cincinnati.
for refreshments?
the train
ticket.
sentences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why
Why
Baltimore?
refreshments?
New
overnight
longer
Orleans?
Boston?
San Francisco?
427. Like, unlike, etc; Some consider like and unlike, etc., to
have the value of prepositions in such sentences as, " He walks like his
father " " This boy, unlike his brother, often gets into trouble." Most
authors, however, prefer to call them adjectives or adverbs, and supply
to or unto as the governing word.
;
case
CXVIII.-ANALYSIS
AND PARSING.
and Parsing.
1.
The
2.
3.
Do you know
4.
5.
beautiful fern
lies in
6.
7.
8.
The geraniums
of California
grow
141
and they
13.
14.
Which path
15.
16.
17.
"In
10.
11. I
12.
bend
And draw
in the river
on high
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
"On
all
slow"
produce great changes in
to
fairly out of
the forest
let
object of a preposition
me much
pleasure.
as,
[Not afford^
Determine
1.
2.
3.
Not one
4.
5.
6.
7.
of
my
INTERMEDIATE EXPRESSIONS.
142
8.
9
10.
11.
12.
13c
14.
430. The word number, followed by of having a plural object, reA number of persons have arrived. But number
preceded by the takes a singular verb [see sentence 14, above]. The words
variety, abundance, and plenty follow the same rule [see sentences 1
quires a plural verb; as,
and
11].
CXX.INTERMEDIATE EXPRESSIONS.PUNCTUATION.
1.
The
2.
I did not
3.
to
own
cusable.
Explanation.
and
set off
In sentence
verb, thus
its
by commas.
making a
1,
is
thrown
as
hoivever,
parts
of
in
therefore,
Such expressions
431.
however
a sentence,
and they
are,
therefore,
indeed,
therefore,
called
All
in
set off
Direction.
tences,
and
Select
tell
much
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
thought.
ABBREVIATED SENTENCES.
433.
gle
Direction.
word
[verb] in
Complete
correct
its
form in
of the relative
1 to 6 inclusive,
who
an adjective in
7,
in the last
1.
Great pains
2.
He
3.
4.
The committee
5.
Neither he nor
6.
The weight
the book.
or his brother
wealthy.
unanimous in
their opinion.
frightened.
of the boxes
so great that
it
excited suspicion.
7.
8.
Note.
143
In
sentence
8,
The sentences
is
the complement of
and parsing.
CXXI.ABBREVIATED COMPOUNDS.PUNCTUATION.
434.
Language
is
made
by condensation
elliptical
therefore
we
and
to
on the
ability to detect
ellipses
supply them.
435. It is shown [147-151] that disagreeable repetition
by condensation as,
is
avoided
1.
2.
436.
We
nected by conjunctions
1.
2.
Note.
verbial
In
word
437.
may be
con-
as,
We
sentence
2,
an
ad-
conjunction
is
two
e., two nouns or pronouns
two verbs two adverbs two phrases a word and
a phrase performing the same office [sentence 2, 436].
elements, in a sentence
adjectives
i.
SERIES OF WORDS.PUNCTUATION.
144:
438.
When more
2.
3.
last,
This repetition
the
is still
is
avoided by omitting
all
the conjunctions, or
;
2.
3.
1.
little girl
bought a
all
but
as,
CXXII.-SERIES OF WORDS.-PUNCTUATION.
439.
A succession of
three or
more words
2.
Empires
Empires
3.
The farmer
4.
1.
rise
and
flourish
rise, flourish,
is
of the
same part of
called a series
and decay.
and
as,
corn.
6.
7.
Through
5.
and decay.
spring,
sion of flowers.
8.
9.
10.
Our army went into winter quarters, the enemy crossed the
and hostilities ceased for a time.
Explanation.
succession of
conjunction
is
Sentence
sentence 10, a
comma is
comma properly
omitted, therefore no
required.
river,
In
In
4,
1,
no
the con-
junctions are
omission.
440.
Comma
Rule.
comma must
is
omitted from
be used to denote
SERIES OF WORDS.PUNCTUATION.
When
(1)
the
(2)
when
the conjunction
The
The
1.
3.
When no
(3)
compound
word
last
is
is
2, 3,
5].
and
stern
as,
2.
the conjunction
series,
145
subject or a
compound
predicate, a
comma
also; as,
1.
The
2.
Direction.
moon, the
sun, the
Dictate the
stars, revolve.
all things.
tion.
When no
(4)
conjunction connects the last two of a series of ada noun, a comma should not separate the last
from
adjective
comma
is
2.
(5)
When
1.
a series
is
composed
of adjectives,
jective modifies the others in combination with the noun, as one whole,
no comma
1.
2.
3.
is
required
Explanation.
white.
from
as,
The
In
sentence
idea expressed
with
In
2,
modifies
that modifies
"un-
fortunate old blind man," unfortunate modifies "old blind man," and
old modifies " blind man,"
to separate the
adjectives.
(6) Sometimes, to make the sense more emphatic, the conjunction
not omitted in a series no commas are then required unless the series
;
composed
of adjectives each of
which
is
emphatic
as,
1.
2.
They were
poor,
cold,
and
friendless.
is
is
PUNCTUATION.
146
441.
Comma
1.
Rule.
When a
comma
or of phrases, a
distress, desolation
words
as,
and
ruin,
States.
Questions.
1.
Why
What
4.
is
3.
2.
What
Can a con-
a series of words or
comma be used in a
series when the conjunction is not omitted %
6. When should a comma be
used between two words of the same part of speech % 7. What rules are
given for the punctuation of a series of words or phrases ? 8. When should
a comma be placed after the last word of a series % 9. What is the rule
for using the comma in case of pairs of words or of phrases ? 10. When
should no comma be used in a series of adjectives having no connective %
phrases,
CXXIII. OTHER
5.
Should a
442.
of a
arise
it
1.
2.
443.
Comma
Rule.
Upon
the stairs, a
444.
Comma
when written
445.
comma;
1.
grim
Rule.
Rule.
other,
by commas
as,
measure.
comma
Comma
from each
tall,
is
name
Words
placed after
as, Garfield,
a.
surname
James A.
by the
as,
446.
Comma
Rule.
it
as,
PUXCTUATIOK.
1.
He
2.
147
hundred Indians.
Note.
In sentence 1, if the comma be omitted, the sense would
But the
to be, " He has two yoke of oxen and two yoke of horses."
seem
term
In
2,
We
1.
little
and Analysis.
jig.
3.
2. The
The con-
life.
16.
We may
17.
mill.
Just
18.
mice lay in the old woolen hat. 19. Fine weather good
sleighing and a fleet horse made the journey short. 20. The sick child
21. He will come to-day tocalled for water water water continually.
morrow or next week to remain two months. 22. For eighteen months
without intermission this destruction raged from the gates of Madras to
the gates of Tan j ore. 23. Far above us towered an iron-bound coast dark
desolate barren and precipitous. 24. There mountains rise and circling
Three
soft white
oceans flow.
25.
The sweet
little offices of
hand
kindness
add greatly to the comfort of the sick. 26. A deep calm broad river rolled
through the meadow-land and past forest field and hill and happy human
homes.
USES OF ARTICLES.
14:8
When
care should be taken that they both properly describe the fol-
Two
2.
both,
is
preceded
450.
When two
or
more
1.
2.
But when two or more adjectives are used in conneceach modifying the name of a different thing, the article
repeated with each adjective as,
451.
tion,
is
1.
2. I
is
Explanation.
flag
flags].
;
and. in
2,
Questions.
1. When is it correct to say, " I have a blue and white
scarf " ? 2. Is it correct to say, " He carried a long and short rod " 1 "
We
have some sweet and sour oranges " ? 3. When must an article be used
before only the first of two or more connected adjectives!
4. When,
before each of two or more connected adjectives?
5. Why is "I met a
tall and short lady " incorrect 1
Direction.
As
a review, dictate
exercise in punctuation,
and
all
USES OF ARTICLES.
149
things
The
is
"The house on
shine brightly";
is
common noun
The
south"
from
meaning;
Used
as,
"The higher we
is
we can
its
see."
an adverb.
The
article
as,
1.
Either the owner or the tenant must pay the water- tax.
2.
He
3.
Neither the judge nor the jury could refrain from laughter.
4.
Which may
454. The
and
article
included in a class
sessive,
as,
"
Nouns have
three cases
the objective."
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Note. In sentence
were taken separately
;
make
1, it is
i.
e.,
The
article
repeated to
OF ARTICLES.
TT8E8
150
it
as,
1.
3.
2.
Botany
4.
Anger
resteth in the
bosom
7.
8.
He
5.
6.
treats of plants.
of fools.
9. I
10.
11.
12.
The
The is also used benouns for the sake of emphasis or discrimination, and
when it precedes an adjective denoting eminence as, " You have read
of the twelve Caesars"; "The Browns called last evening"; "The Ohio
empties into the Mississippi " " The immortal Washington lives in the
hearts of his countrymen."
Note.
is
Direction.
it
is
Insert
sertion
the,
make
necessary to
the sense clear, and give the reason for each in-
He
carried large and small basket. 2. I like sweet and sour cherThis scholar has active and energetic mind. 4. Congeal contains
long and short vowel sound. 5. We have now learned present, past, and
1.
ries.
3.
future tenses.
large
9.
We
6.
and small
potatoes.
8.
12.
We
sold his
10. We have
found hot and
found a new kind of flower
The farmer
7.
11.
We
in the woods.
What
"
us"?
1.
is
ARRANGEMENT OF ADJECTIVES,
151
CXXVI.ARRANGEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.
457. In arranging two or more adjectives in a series, regard
They should generally be placed in
to tlie sound.
must be had
order of length
precede
it,
the
shortest farthest
but nearest,
they follow
if
it
if
they
as,
3.
4.
The whole
1.
2.
party,
2.
3.
4.
as,
foolishly.
459. The adjectives that most frequently unite closely in sense with
nouns are those indicating age, color, use, infirmity, and the materials
of which things are made, these ranking in closeness of relation in the order
here given the last bearing the closest relation. These adjectives denote
qualities that are inseparable from the things they describe, and when
used with their nouns they often suggest a compound term. We say,
" Please to pass the bread basket [bread-basket]. Also, the idea of color can
not be separated from the thing possessing the color. In the sentence
their
He
man
suggest a negro.
way
does not
modify the noun horse only, but the whole idea contained in the term
white horse
An
In the sentence
the adjective ugly modifies pet dog, and pet modifies dog
that modifies
unfortunate old blind man unfortunate modifies old blind man old
modifies blind man\ blind modifies man. In a succession of adjectives
like this, each of which modifies the following adjectives taken with the
;
commas
ARRANGEMENT OF ADJECTIVES.
152
Direction.
Examine each of the following sentences, and determine
which adjectives indicate age, color, use, infirmity, or materials. Give
reasons for the arrangement of the adjectives, and also for the use of
commas, or for their omission when two or more adjectives are used in
succession
2.
3.
4.
1.
5.
6.
Direction.
Re-write
and punctuate
properly,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
We
1.
Swiss, ten
'
<
(
j
(
,,
gold, small
Red, sweet
small, ,some
watches.
_
3.
]
(
j
(
Round, ten
,
460.
lakes,
earth.
2.
tables.
Wooden, new
white, handsome
and
tl
wooden, small
and Analysis.
The rain waters the fields and farms, fills the streams, rivers,
and furnishes drink for men and cattle, and all creatures on the
The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around
1.
the earth.
hills
153
to a verb
neither of
assertion.
subject to
make an
particijjles.
Regular Verbs.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
PRESENT TENSE.
PAST TENSE.
Wish,
wished,
wishing,
wished.
Peel,
peeled,
peeling,
peeled.
Reap,
reaped,
reaping,
reaped.
Slip,
slipped,
slipping,
slipped.
Irregit Uar
PRESENT TENSE.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
PAST TENSE.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
arose,
arising,
arisen.
Break,
broke,
breaking,
broken.
Begin,
began,
beginning,
begun.
Be, or am,
was,
being,
been.
Choose,
chose,
choosing,
chosen.
Come,
came,
coming,
come.
Do,
did,
doing,
done.
Eat,
ate,
eating,
eaten.
Give,
gave,
giving,
given.
Have,
had,
having,
had.
Know,
knew,
knowing,
known.
See,
saw,
seeing,
seen.
participle
is
so called because
is
variously formed
as, arisen,
it
represents an act as
(as well as
ne
represents an act
verb-root.
so called because
This participle
it
Verbs.
Arise,*
PAST PARTICIPLE.
11
For complete
list
by adding n, en, or
is tormed by simply
154
The verbs in the first list are called regular verbs, because they
form their past tense and past participle in a regular way by always
adding ed to the verb-root.
The verbs in the second list are called
irregular verbs, because they do not form their past tense and past
participle in any regular way.
464. Definition.
regular verb
is
465. Definition.
not form
its
An
past tense
irregular verb
and past
ed
participle
is
its
to the verb-root.
by adding ed
to the
verb-root.
466.
From
we
see) three
other forms, the past tense, the present participle, and the
These four forms are called the four prinfrom these, other forms of a
verb are derived by means of auxiliaries.
past participle.
Questions.
regular verb
a verb always
3.
always formed !
and past
6.
Is there
participle of
Remark.
Most
therefore no
list
of
them need be
given.
neither of
as a verb to
make an
2.
3.
4.
to say
assertion
::
155
It is correct to say
1.
2.
3.
4.
Explanation.
In sentence
1,
the auxiliary is
is
of the verb.
468.
Any form
is
Parse
1,
is,
makes a verb
of the
used with
progressive form.
future tenses,
tense
saw
is
" We
Direction.
Complete the verb in each of the following sentences by
using in the blank space the correct form of the verb in brackets at the
end
1.
have not
have
He has
3.
Caution.
him
2. I
4.
The
5.
He
6.
home,
tree has
has
have
Direction.
Cantion.
it
[go
[see.]
[do.]
him a long
to-day.
[fall.]
[come.]
time,
[know.]
1.
2.
I seen
him yesterday
in the park.
Direction.
him yesterday
at the fair.
1.
I see
2.
He come home
3.
last
week.
act.
156
or
had
to
sentences
4.
5.
How
could
6.
They
1.
2.
3.
we have done
it
sooner?
471. Have, has, and had, as auxiliaries, are used only with
verb
be.
When
472.
goest, hast
gone
Questions.
principal part
thou
is
What
1.
3.
is
the verb in
Considered by
1,
2.
What
is its
itself,
CXXIX.APPOSITION.
473. It has been seen that nouns and pronouns in the possessive case are
as,
474.
noun
is
also
1.
2.
noun
or
is
as,
APPOSITION.
5.
6.
8.
4.
Explanation. Statesman
explains the
157
(in 1) is
acts.
is
In
tyrant.
5,
it
meant.
In
4,
by showing
whose honor.
Nero, and father's,
nouns or pronouns, are modifying words. They are called explanatory nouns also appositive nouns,
Apposition means placed near to, and these
or nouns in apposition.
nouns are placed near the words they explain i. e., in close connection
not joined by any connective word.
sentence 11
and
1.
2.
Direction.
^Mention
also the
1.
2.
3.
4.
Explanation.
and
and of
In
1,
United
States,
is
by
Jesse,
and
476. Definition.
do ordain
by commas.
by commas.
modifiers,
the
of the
is set off
An
is
In
this Constitution.
unaccompanied by
2,
When
is
is
modified
son
the appositive
all its
is
modi-
477. Punctuation
off
Rule.
An
from the
by commas
APPOSITIONPUNCTUA TION.
158
no
comma
is
Direction.
Select
is
unaccompanied by a modifier,
required.
the explanatory phrases in the preceding sentences
in 2
3.
1.
What noun
With Goliath I
appositive phrase
7.
4.
What
is
I in 1 ?
With we %
in apposition with
With Franklin ?
is its office %
8.
5.
What
is
2.
With David
6.
What
is
an
an adjective?
10.
What
is
2.
of
Germany, gave
their
name
to
France.
pronoun
to
France.
The
object
name
is
modified by the
their.
and Analysis.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
of the people.
of
Long
Island.
APPOSITION.
159
1.
The
2.
We
3.
4.
I,
lecturer referred to
stopped at
my
brother John's.
In
preposition
to,
sentence
1,
is
An
appositive
as the
word which
noun must be
Direction.
in the
Analyze
same case
noun
or pro-
explains.
it
parse the appositive nouns in this and the preceding lessons according to
He
2.
My
3.
William found
4.
They
They
5.
481. Models
and
is
1.
him a hero.
elected him President.
called
for Parsing.
John
is
Lawyer
is
common
sing.,
and
is
in apposition
160
Note.
The
verbs
make, name,
elect,
call,
objects,
the second of which, like President (in 5) is called, by some authors, the
factitive object, because it denotes that which the person is made to be.
Factitive comes from the Latin facer e, to make.
CXXXII.EMPHATIC PRONOUNS.
482. Sometimes a
is
placed in
as,
1.
2.
Nouns repeated
483.
said to be in apposition
met a
fool,
a crazy fool.
1.
2.
484. Sometimes a
it.
herself,
noun
is
Note.
He
2.
The puma,
When
planatory
off
1.
or,
as,
American
or, as in 2,
lion, inhabits
South America.
it
it
is
called ex-
should be set
by commas.
485. The appositive term, when only a single word, should be set
by commas when it becomes necessary to make the meaning clear as,
off
1.
Explanation.
mean
Without
Direction.
Write
may
I.
be taken to
Hope
the star of
Union
College.
ment.
4.
3.
life
never
sets.
The tadpole
9.
7.
Out of
We girls
6.
Jones as
5.
my
Homer
wrote two
will start
this nettle
We
2.
POSSESSIVE CASE.
486.
explained;
1.
2.
We
?
as,
In
its
girls
class.
2.
3.
zilian emperor,
entered college.
self
word
follow the
Direction.
again
161
did not
know
the answer.
last
1.
1.
2.
We
visited
to victory.
is
is
added
added to the
the same word as,
sign
is
2.
To
last of
indicate
book-seller.
common
possession the
1.
2.
is
as,
1.
2.
3.
2.
as,
word
synthesis:
162
Direction.
Change
one
expressing
common
and
two
and the other
in the last
possession,
separate possession
2. America was discovered
1. The speech of the king was applauded.
during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 3. They were mentioning
the victories of Grant and Sherman. 4. We passed the store of Lord and
Taylor. 5. The death of the Duke of Manchester occurred fti 1843. 6.
The mother of the wife of Peter lay sick of a fever. 7. The reign of
William and Mary was one of the most distinguished in English history.
8. They brought the head of John the Baptist on a charger.
9. Do this
10. The books belonging to Sarah and
for the sake of David thy father.
Fanny are new. 11. The baggage belonging to John and William was lost.
Eemark. The expressions, "some one else's books" and "somebody
but they are awkward, and
else's affairs," are considered good English
should be avoided. Say, " The books belong to some one else " " He is
always meddling with the affairs of somebody else."
CXXXIH.-SYNTHESIS.
490.
Direction.
Combine
tence containing one subject, one verb, one object complement, an appositive phrase,
elliptical
Webb
He was a noted English swimmer.
He lost his life in the whirlpool.
Capt.
It
lost his
happened
last
The whirlpool
It is
Direction.
Combine
week.
in the Niagara River.
is
below the
life.
falls.
compound
phrases.
He
He
He
He
is afflicted
is
critically
ill.
is
a lawyer.
is
lives in Baltimore.
Baltimore
is
in
Maryland.
New
THE USE OF
He
is
at the
home
AND
LAY.
163
of his brother.
Combine
containing one subject, four verbs, and prepositional phrases. The second
verb must have two object complements, and the third and fourth, one
each
CXXXTV.-HOW TO USE
SIT,
SET, LIE,
AND LAY.
PRES. TENSE.
PAST TENSE.
PRES. PARTICIPLE.
Sit,
sat,
sitting,
Set,
set,
setting,
set-
Lie,
lay,
lying,
lain.
Lay,
laid,
laying,
laid.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
sat.
Lay
in a transitive sense.
Direction.
Fill
day
ATTRIBUTE COMPLEMENT,
164
is
broken.
on
have
10. I
Remark.
It
is
this
11. I
yet.
it
yet," because, in the latter part of the sentence, the act is referred
It is also correct to say, " The sleepy little child laid her
to the book.
it lies
head on
my
lap."
Direction.
Fill
fill
the blanks with any of the four verbs (or their parti-
CXXXV.-ATTRIBUTE COMPLEMENT.
492. Most intransitive verbs are
He
2.
Some
fill
5.
6.
7.
He
1.
3.
4.
as,
as Attribute Complements.
as,
2.
is,
gracefully.
that
arose early.
complete verbs;
am
he.
ATTRIBUTE COMPLEMENT,
In sentence
Explanation.
icate,
and ascribes or
the subject.
1,
the
165
attributes a quality of
Philosopher
is
complement
of ivas.
494. There
is
the
3,
The
difference
2.
is,
noun
affirmed
is
assumed
is
and the
whereas, in the
as,
also a philosopher.
An
495.
adjective, as an attribute
The
2.
Snow
lion
Explanation.
is
is
complement,
ascribes
as,
fearless.
3.
white.
4.
Note.
The
adjective
sweet
expresses an
attribute
[quality]
called
In the sentence, " I have a sweet apple," the attribute is imor assumed but in " This apple is sweet," the attribute is affirmed
sweetness.
plied,
of the subject,
sweet,
is
Although fearless
(in sentence 1) refers to the subject, yet, not being in the same construction with it, this adjective really modifies animal understood a noun in
the same construction.
called the predicate adjective or adjective attribute.
496. Inverted, or
rhetorical, order
Wide
2.
Dim grow
3.
4.
5.
6.
is
is
as,
is
the way.
forgotten they
lie.
ATTRIBUTE COMPLEMENT.
166
COMPLEMENT.
497.
An
object
tirely different
1.
498.
An
name
attribute complement,
tell
2.
An
as,
when
attribute complement,
only another
1.
Direction.
In
whether
it is
2.
object,
13.
12.
and
the complement,
to
victory.
elers.
4.
5.
7.
17.
8.
You
18. I
9.
We
chose
He
14. I
sick.
15.
him
as our leader.
predicate
noun
weary.
am
he.
19. 'Tis I,
20.
or
which
am
16. It is she.
will be late.
name
an attribute or an
3.
499.
is
11.
10.
or pronoun,
subject.
6.
noun
2.
1.
as,
it
refers
" I
as,
am
lie
"
" It
noun
pronoun used as
an attribute complement must be in the same case as the subject to which it refers.
501. Rule for Construction.
502.
is
The
attribute complement,
when
or
noun
is
or a pronoun,
ATTRIBUTE COMPLEMENT.
predicate nominative*
An
167
adjective attribute
is
often called
Direction.
Fill the blank space in each of the following sentences,
with the proper form of the personal pronoun indicated in the brackets,
and give a reason for each choice. Do not use the sentences for analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
[sing, f .].
That can not be
It was
who saw you [s. m.].
I saw [p. f.].
It was
It could not have been
[s.
Questions.
'pronoun %
known %
m.]
If I
were
it
6.
7.
8.
How
1.
5.
know
[s.
would not dc
f .].
that was
would go
That is
[s. f.].
were
if I
in the hall
[2ds.].
[s. f.].
2.
3.
%
4. Mention all the nominative forms of the personal
Mention all the objective forms. 6. Which forms are used
as complements of transitive verbs % 7. What kind of verbs may be followed by predicate nouns% 8. In how many relations may the pronoun I
be used in a sentence % 9. Why is it necessary to distinguish object and
attribute complements %
bute complement
pronouns.
5.
navigator.
This
is
is
very.
*
of
an
The
attribute
object
as,
ki
it
168
am
1.
2.
3.
504. Models
for Parsing.
complement
he.
and
is
(1)
In
1,
he
is
am.
is
(2)
In
2,
man
is
common
(3)
In
3,
white
is
In
1,
am
agrees with
is
subject
its
and Parsing.
2.
3.
1.
Disappointment
thing of beauty
is
a joy forever.
5.
6.
There
7.
4.
is
no substitute in
this
general.
a delightful poet.
The
smell.
Am,
Are
is,
subjects.
subjects.
* In such sentences as " Snow is white, 11 some authors call is the copula and white
the predicate, because whiteness is predicated of snow. The verb is said to connect
or unite the attribute to the subject. But this is an unnecessary extension of analysis
and multiplication of terms.
508.
form in
tvill
169
its
Each
509.
and
one
The
510.
is
object complements.
Direction.
verb
and take
1.
2.
3.
4.
We
The
We
The
We
The milk
5.
6.
in the spring.
He
He
tasted sour.
felt
felt
very sick.
Questions.
1. Which are the principal incomplete verbs?
2. Which
forms of the verb be are singular ? 3. Which are plural % 4. Which form
may be used with either a singular or a plural subject? 5. What is a
transitive verb % 6. What is an intransitive verb % 7. What form of a pronoun is used as an attribute ? 8. To what does a predicate adjective relate ?
511.
verb be or
am may
be used as an incom-
plete verb
(1)
(2)
To
am
feeble.
1.
2.
William
To
1.
2.
is healthy.
predicate identity,
John is a clerk.
They were good
12
3.
4.
as,
as,
3.
friends.
4.
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?
170
In these two uses the verb be or am, in its different forms, is called a
copula, because it couples or links the complement to the subject. Each
of the verbs appear, become, continue, seem, feel, smell, stand,
sit, etc., is
also
be or
am may
existence; as,
1.
Before
2.
And
3.
4.
God
Note.
In
there was
is eternally,
man
and ever
shall be.
with
be,
Damascus.
in
when
it
CXXXIX.ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?
must be taken not to use adverbs instead
the complements of incomplete verbs.
513. Care
jectives as
of ad-
It is correct to say
1.
He
2.
4.
He
He
5.
The
3.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
feels
at the child
[manner of looking].
[manner
of feeling].
Direction.
in italics
is
In
tell
what part
of speech
it
is.
2.
He
He
3.
The lawn
1.
looks
mean
or meanly
5.
He
He
6.
4.
wretched^
sweet or sweetly?
Tell the
7.
He
He
8.
9.
Remark.
This
171
smooth or smoothly $
feels
thank you
nicely, I
is
[incorrect].
often
is
made by edu-
cated people.
The
attribute complement
2.
3.
4.
The general is
The watchmen
The patient is
5.
6.
7.
Direction.
may
be a phrase
as,
1.
8.
His character
9.
Select
in fine health.
above suspicion.
is
in excellent spirits.
is
phrase.
CXL.VERBS.-ACTIVE VOICE
AND PASSIVE
VOICE.
Intransitive verbs
and intransitive [107].
and incomplete [107, f. n.].
are of
two
kinds, complete
515.
one representing
2.
The
The
as,
officer seized
thief
Explanation.
object thief
is
the thief.
In
1,
officer.
3.
We
4.
is
The
seized (in
(to
The subject we
2, it
still
remains
is
1) is
was
omitted
but seized (in 2)
Seized (in 1) repre-
(in 3) is entirely
4.
its
The
in
verb) represents
berries.
represented as acting.
when
The verb
its
subject as
its
seized (a different
form of the
This variation in
PASSIVE VOICE.
172
the form and use of a transitive verb showing whether the subject acts
The form seized or have picked is
or is acted upon is called voice.
"Was seized
or
is
516.
past participle
of a transitive
is
of the
form
Voice
is
Questions.
How many
1.
How many
act.
act.
3.
What
is
voice
4.
2.
Active voice %
passive voice
The
the language
passive voice
;
is
its
when we wish
result
when
and
recipient
its
the actor
is
to direct
for speaking of
unknown.
is
as,
1.
America
2.
The
3.
An
was
Columbus.
ica.
2.
cotton-
gin,
3.
eagle.
discovered
by
its
PASSIVE VOICE.
Note.
The subject
when
it
when
it
173
may
will
definite or necessary.
Parsing Model.
1.
Direction.
tences
Determine whether
is
ing the verbs in the active voice to the passive, and those in the passive
voice to the active.
Analyze
and
future tenses:
Caesar.
careless
3.
The
many
years,
12.
him out
there
many
of danger.
15.
years longer.
14.
We
Young
per-
should have
arranged these matters before this time. 16. The work should have been
finished by the contractor before December.
no object
is
acted upon.
522. Certain verbs in the active voice are sometimes used in a passive
sense.
But, used in this way, they denote the capacity to receive an act
in a certain way, rather than the actual reception of it
as, This field
plows well. Sycamore splits badly. These goods sell readily. Potatoes
are selling high. This cloth wears well.
;
PASSIVE VOICE.
174
523. A few intransitive verbs take the passive form though used in
an active sense. These are not passive verbs as, He is gone [has gone].
The melancholy days are come [have come]. Babylon is fallen [has
fallen].
But " Babylon is destroyed " is not the same as " Babylon has
;
The verb
destroyed."
fall
not transitive
is
not passive.
representing
sive,
is
The verb
destroy
is
tran-
is
pas-
its subject
few intransitive verbs, taking the passive form, and combincompound passive
verbs as, You will be laughed at [ridiculed]. He was smiled on by
Fortune [favored]. His arrival was anxiously looked for [expected]. He
was unjustly dealt with [treated]. An honest man is well thought of
[favorably considered]. The words in italics in each sentence form one
524.
verb.
The
2.
He
3.
a wealthy man.
4.
is
Rings
number.
with
its
regular
subject
regular
subject
Is
is
its
is
tense,
and agrees
Captured is a
transitive verb, in the active voice, past tense, and agrees with its
troops in the third person, plural number.
Was captured is a
transitive verb in the passive voice, past tense, and agrees with its
enemy in the third person, singular number.
Direction.
models.
Direction.
After
is
large
2.
number
4.
5.
6.
3.
7.
8.
INDEPENDENT ELEMENT.
175
Explanation.
1.
2.
Sentence
is
imperative,
Sentence 2 is imperative,
subject.
" William [you] shut that door."
I call to
of the sentence, this word being used simply to secure attention.
a person and say, William, then proceed to tell him what I wish to say.
In this sentence, you is the subject, shut the verb, and door the object,
it.
526. Whenever we
name
above), the
call to,
is
2,
sentence, but
is
Remark.
But
this use.
in English, all
nominative
they are
be in the nominative
Direction.
Mention
1.
Questions.
2.
sentence?
3.
2.
3.
Move
4.
5.
derstood?
1.
W hen
independent noun
6.
noun
name
Is the
T
a sentence %
case.
following sentences.
of these
case.
527. Rule.
and some
is
5.
What
is
office
does
it
perforin
a verb.
INDEPENDENT ELEMENT.
176
528.
When
the subject
an address
expressed
is
529. Independent
Explanation.
is
in an interrogative sentence,
as,
Poor
1.
and
made
1.
pressions;
is
as,
In
man how
!
this sentence
man
he suffers
is
independent by exclamation,
modified by poor.
530. Sometimes,
effect,
sentence
noun
;
is
as,
1.
The
boy, oh,
case,
independent by
531. This
is
shut
is
is
modified by
1.
is
how
hard,"
adjective poor.
noun independent by
address,
should with
its
tence by the
comma.
sentences,
INTERJECTIONS.
177
1.
Sir,
2.
Scotland
3.
Thy
4.
Explanation.
Hope,
in
6,
of exclamation.
CXLIV.-INTERJECTIONS.
534. Another kind of independent
2.
3.
Explanation.
word
is
often used in
as,
Such words as
0, ah,
535. Definition.
An
interjection
is
an exclamatory word
lows an interjection
fol-
as,
1.
Ah how
2.
Alas
537. When the exclamatory idea extends through the whole sentence,
a comma follows the interjection, and the exclamation point is placed at
the end of the sentence as,
;
The word
may he
never more be
1.
0,
2.
warm
be-
tween, and these words are called interjections because they are thrown in among
words, but do not make any essential part of the sentence as, He died, alas in early
youth. An interjection is not the expression of an idea, but of a feeling.
;
INTERJECTIONS.
178
why
1.
Oh
2.
539 When an
interjection
found?
is
as,
1.
2.
Direction.
sentence;
1.
2.
is
an
elliptical
as,
!
541.
Words
Remark.
1.
Hush my
2.
There
Direction.
as,
and slumber.
may
ellipses
It is better,
lie still
you have
These interjections
by supplying
verb.
babe,
as, "
Select the
mention
those that are generally other parts of speech, and analyze the sentences
What
my kingdom
for a
back
4. Strange
5.
but, alas he came too late.
I had not heard of him.
cried all at once.
7. Oh, save me, Hubert, save me
8.
6. Magnificent
9. Thou, too, sail on,
Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll
Ship of State
1.
horse
[I will
2.
horse
Back
The doctor came
give a kingdom,
etc.].
3.
a horse
!
ruffians,
Explanation.
Sentence
rhetorical effect.
542.
The
interjection
distinction of using
1.
2.
sir,
Oh! where
in
letter.
an address,
INTERJECTION'S.
179
Oh why
This
is
predicate, "
Oh
an
is
why did
interjection,
Direction.
and
independent.
is
2.
Please
tell
shown
me
Punct-
and again,
to be the genius
how
sir
what a beautiful
far
it is
to Baltimore
collection of birds
3.
My
4.
What
5.
life
none
move
he would soon make the point
does
it
6.
He
7.
said that
clear
is
a great
genius.
CXLV.-ADJECTTVES IN DETAIL.
Note to Teachers.
detail,
may be taken
The
work
directly following.
They
544. Definition.
to limit the
An
meaning
of a
adjective
noun
is
word used
to describe or
or a pronoun.
limiting in number.
545. Definition.
A descriptive adjective
qualifies or de-
as,
beautiful flower.
546. Definition.
ADJECTIVES.
180
(1)
an orange
rain.
(2) Those limiting adjectives that are used in numbering are called
numeral adjectives as, one apple two pears first row second aisle.
;
Some
When
nouns.
pronouns;
adjectives
are
is,
as,
All
men
2.
We
ate a
3.
limiting
they are used like proadjectives are so used, they are called adjective
1.
4.
it.
548. Definition.
An
pronoun
noun which it
adjqctive
All,
is
a limiting ad-
modifies.
many, much,
neither, none,
one, other, some, same, several, such, this, that, these, those.
descriptive
adjective
when
it
is
generally preceded by
the; as,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Explanation.
In
1,
good
is
bad.
nominative
case,
INFLECTION OF ADJECTIVES.
551. Proper Adjectives.
181
German emi-
What
1.
limiting adjective?
is
4.
CXLVI.INFLECTION OF ADJECTIVES.
Most descriptive
552.
form
to ex-
We
flower.
oranges the same degree of siveetness, nor do all flowers possess the same
degree of beauty i. e., the same quality may exist in similar objects in
;
different degrees.
degrees
different
objects in different
Comparison of Adjectives.
have a sweet orange.
1.
2.
You have
3.
a sweeter orange.
[Two
of.]
objects compared.]
and
three
"to
indicate
these degrees.
IXFLEC t:
553. Comparison.
The change
form
in the
an
of
liffeient
3E
a djectiv::-
is
called
oom-
son [inflection].
554
-
pare an adjective
to
is
OOMPARA B
taller.
g
at.
all,
m.
short,
Questions.
1.
How
est
smaller.
smallest,
war
wannest
she:
shortest.
added
tallest.
:er.
to
tall differ
SrPE RLATPTE
4.
What
3.
from
What
is
to for:,
superlativ:
555. Definition.
adjective in
its
positive degree
adding er to the
557. Definition.
est to
expressed by the
The
comparative degree
is
expressed by
positive.
refers to two
The compara:
2
them possesses the quality in a greater
adding
is
simplest form.
556. Definition.
of
The
The
objects only,
superlative
ss
degree
is
expressed by
the positive.
The
Direction.
Fill the blank spaces in the following sentences with the
^ing them in the
proper forms of long, young, cold, large, tal~
My
0.
She
December
4.
My
The
6.
arm
right
the
is
of the thre.
the
is
month
the
hand
is
the
sasl
in the year.
IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
Questions.
is
How many
1.
lative
7.
5.
What
How many
gree
is
used
3.
4.
2.
Ilow
The super-
6. The superlative %
when the comparative de-
8.
183
is
used ?
CXLVH.IRREGULAR COMPARISON,
Some adjectives can not be compared in any regular
such adjectives are said to be irregularly compared as,
558.
way
POSITIVE.
good,
well,
COMPARA-
SUPERLA-
TIVE.
TIVE.
better,
bad,
best.
old,
late,
I
evil,
much,
many,
worse,
worst.
more,
oldest.
elder,
eldest.
later,
latest.
latter,
last.
farther,
farthest.
[forth],
further,
furthest,
most.
nearer,
near,
least.
less,
little,
TIVE.
older,
far,
>
SUPERLA-
TIVE.
ill,
COMPARA-
POSITIVE.
j
(
nearest.
next.
560. Elder and eldest refer to persons of the same family, and are
by many, preferable to older and oldest, unless they are followed by than as,
considered,
my
1.
He
is
2.
My
brother
elder brother.
is
older than I
further. Farther
561. Farther,
something additional
ther refers to
1.
The
2.
562. Forth
is
now used
living,
used as adverbs.
as.
furthest, as adjectives,
tions, are also
am.
we should use
latest
as,
1.
This book
is
his latest
2.
This book
is
his last
REGULAR COMPARISON.
184
CXLVIII.REGU&AR COMPARISON.
Most
564.
of one syllable
as,
POSITIVE.
COMPARA-
SUPERLATIVE.
POSITIVE.
COMPARA-
TIVE.
TIVE.
TIVE.
cold,
colder,
coldest.
red*
redder,
reddest,
SUPERLA-
sharp,
sharper,
sharpest.
sad,*
sadder,
saddest,
nice,*
nicer,
nicest.
wise,*
wiser,
wisest,
tame,*
tamer,
tamest.
fine,
finer,
finest.
monosyllables
fe,
may
re,
also be
compared
w, y, or me;
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
able,
abler,
ablest.
sincere,
sincerer,
sincerest.
narrow,
narrower,
narrowest.
merriest.
merry,
merrier,
pretty,
prettier,
prettiest.
handsome,
handsomer,
handsomest.
easily
pronounced
may
be regularly compared
after er
and
est are
added
POSITIVE.
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
pleasanter,
pleasantest.
common,
commoner,
commonest.
if
they
as,
pleasant,
567 Some
like
as,
POSITIVE.
can be
in
Good
writers,
however, defend the use of truer, straighter, rounder, etc., because, often
when we speak of anything as straight or round, we do not have in mind
*
For the rules for spelling the comparative and superlative degrees of these
any speller.
adjectives, see
Direction.
why some
rounder
also truer
Tell what
as, "
adjectives
may
185
of other things as
be compared by er and
Compare
all
est,
and
the adjectives in
this lesson.
CXLXX.COMPARISON
may
also
be expressed by
thus
adjective; as,
POSITIVE.
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
cheerful,
more
most cheerful.
cheerful,
cheerful,
less cheerful,
least cheerful.
amiable,
more amiable,
most amiable.
amiable,
less amiable,
least amiable.
Although more and most, as here used, help to express different degrees of quality, yet the form of the adjective is not changed therefore,
in a strict sense, these adjectives are not compared.
;
569. Most adjectives compared in this way are those of more than
syllable, and more and most are secondary adverbs, modifying the
adjectives with which they are used.
one
may sometimes
wise,
fit,
fair, true,
positive, wise
com-
571.
or
When two
when the
qualities in the
adjective follows
its
2.
3.
4.
Direction.
He
is
as,
wise.
Compare such of
comparison, using both methods with those dissyllables that will admit
of it:
13
186
square, exact,
guilty,
high,
polite, useful,
empty,
full,
Parsing Model.
1.
Truer
fies
is
Rule.
not.]
572. Double
Comparison.
Both
methods
We
of comparison
should not say
1.
2.
all.
by
1.
2.
3.
He
He
574. This, that. Two adjectives, this (plural these) and that (plural
change their form to express number. This and that can be used
only with singular nouns these and those, only with plural nouns.
those),
Direction.
Use
this,
and parse
these,
sentences
kind of apples
1.
years.
rect.
3.
5.
I will
northern lights,
Remark.
oxen " but
;
take one of
is
We
not, "
I like.
may
say,
kind of knives.
very beautiful.
We
2.
sort of berries.
I dislike
7.
memoranda
6.
I never liked
twenty
are not cor-
phenomenon, the
sort of bonnets.
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES.
187
CIXPOSITION OF ADJECTIVES.
575. Position Of Adjectives*
its
noun
1.
An
578.
follow
its
1.
diligent
man
noun
2.
577.
as,
Two
more connected
or
may
adjectives
2.
578.
1.
2.
An
noun which
pitifully.
579.
follow the
accuser.
as,
An
may
as,
noun
its
as,
Idleness
We
2.
The doctor
pronoun that
it
modifies
as,
relate, ex-
as,
1.
The sky
is
blue.
531. Alone, else, enough, when they are adjectives, always follow
their nouns, and only generally does.
582.
Any
what noun
it
1.
2.
Direction.
belongs
A
A
as,
pair of
new shoes
[not a
new
pair].
Tell
is
John only rowed the boat. 2. I have money enough for my wants.
alone was calm. 4. Boys only occupy this floor, and only girls the
lower floor. 5. Nobody else can go with me. 6. I consider the result
doubtful. 7. They have food enough for three days only. 8. The flags,
bright and gay, floated in the breeze. 9. Only a tyrant would act thus.
1.
3.
He
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES.
188
Direction.
in this lesson.
Questions.
1. What is meant by double comparison?
2. How should
connected adjectives be compared, and how should they be arranged [573] ?
3. How should we parse adjectives used in the place of nouns?
4. What
two parts of speech do adjectives modify 1 5. What two adjectives have
plural forms % 6. How must they be used I 7. When may an adjective
follow
9.
noun ?
its
What
is
8.
What
CLII.USE
nouns %
OF SPECIAL ADJECTIVES.
In
the expression
"
little
a flower
"
food "
" three
sixty-five
days "
"
;
many
" dark-blue
cloth."
people "
584. There
without a;
"
"
4.
little
with
a,
and
1.
2.
3.
is
as,
No
[no, adj.].
as,
''None of
my
'*
singular;
he could not
feel."
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES.
587. One, Other.*
and others
plurals ones
may
189
as, "
but they are not used as adjectives in their plural forms as, "I
hear some one's footsteps " " The boys destroyed the little ones' nest "
bers,
"
He had
way
this
and
"
The
other's child
other's
really
sive case.
588. Only.
Only
is
Whether an
adjective
or an adverb,
it is
it
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
He
He
(in
[or,
sentence 4)
He
He
He
it
as,
else
rules, as in
sentence
5,
is
better expressed
by placing only
after
above.
Worth.
is
one
reign
as,
We
We
Only
rules,
He
adjective.
Care
used change their position if incorrectly placed explain the use acquired by such change change any that are correctly
placed if by such change another correct use may be made
tences, if correctly
They
of loves understood.
= They
love,
^ VERBS. COMPARISON.
190
1.
He
He was
6.
8.
2. I
The French
3.
He
CLIII.-ADVERBS.-COMPARISON, ETC.
590.
number
of syllables, etc.
Direction.
Compare
early, often,
slowly,
quickly, graceful.
Adverbs
may
should be so placed
meaning intended.
1.
We
2.
He
3.
4.
5.
6.
movement
clearly.
anxiously.
An
592.
sentence
adverb
may modify
as,
2.
3.
1.
Explanation.
In
1,
made a
called a
mistake.
modal
the river.
the river.
An
3)
(in 2) modifies
the
is
sometimes
adverb.
Read the first of the following sentences so that, by emand rhetorical pause, and by changing the position of only, three
Do the same with the second sendifferent meanings may be expressed.
Direction.
phasis
tence,
and
ing.
tell
191
to each read-
1.
8.
He
2.
4.
The adverbs
He
does not
should not be
know nothing"
body, are the negative words to be used with care also scarcely, liar oily,
and but. " He does not know nothing " = " He knows something " i. e.,
two negatives are equal to an affirmative. Say, " He does not know anything," or " He knows nothing." Especial care should be taken to guard
against the use of double negatives when one of them forms part of a
;
contraction
as*,
"
Do
it,"
it."
it."
594.
Caution.
not say:
595.
An
3.
affirmative
596. Rather.
is
1.
when one
preferably, and
He
is
not inelegant
that
In "
is
is,
It is elegant.
1.
It
2.
He
happened
staid
till
The
cult, if
ellipsis, it is
But,
192
in the
is
of greater importance
It is often
euphony
introductory adverb,
599. Independent Adverbs. Some adverbs are used independ" Why, that is not possible " " Yes,
ell, I can not help it "
as, "
ently
2.
as,
No.
Yes
=I
601. Definition.
responsive
is
question or a petition.
In
602. The.
604. Enough. In the sentence " This is good enough for me,"
enough is an adverb modifying the adjective good. The expression good
enough = sufficiently good. In the sentence " Have we bread enough ?
enough is an adjective modifying bread. In the sentence " I have enough,"
enough is an adjective pronoun, and is the object of have.
CLASSES OF ADVERBS.
193
The
2.
This velvet
3.
CEV.CLASSES OF ADVERBS.FORMATION.
606. Adverbs may be separated into
(1)
as,
Time answering
Place
answering
the questions
lately,
sometimes.
the questions
as,
forward.
Manner answering
the questions
how?
the questions
how much?
in
what way?
as, fast,
Degree
as, fully,
(5)
answering
to
what extent?
used
Interrogative Adverbs
in
asking questions;
how,
as,
class to
which
Formations of Adverbs.
607. Adverbs in ly. Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to
from close; truthfully from truth; tastefully from
tasteful diligently from diligent
carefully from careful.
191
brotherly love
burly man surly boy wily foe
wind: stately carriage; friendly advice; lively debate; princely
fortune cowardly act holy life lovely disposition homely features.
trait
quarterly dues
easterly
What
Questions. 1.
Degree ?
formed? 7.
4.
is
1.
2.
Nouns. A noun
and
is
1.
2.
3.
called
as,
[adj. pron.
4.
is
The
used as a noun].
rich
mon Father
strong,
[rich people].
Same Word
as Adjective or Adverb. Some words are adsome constructions and adverbs in others; as, hard, ill* far,
much, less, little, so, all, early, only, the, well [89].
611.
jectives in
fast,
1.
He
2.
How
soil.
3.
wiser
4.
5.
we grow.
* Illy is
+ All
entirely,
VARYING PARTS OF SPEECH.
612. But.
conjunction. "
We
looked, but
195
we could not
one orange."
613. Like.
"
An
adjective,
like
do"
find it."
An adjective or an adverb
Do
[427].
614.
Same Word
as
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
We
2.
[to
fig].
2.
ivherefore.
now
[this time].
617. So, as Adverb and Adjective. In " I did not expect you so
soon," so is an adverb. In " He is not wealthy, yet he may become so,"
so = wealthy, and is an adjective.
618. Yet, as Adverb and Conjunction. In "Does my father yet
an adverb. In, " He is not wealthy, yet he may become so,"
yet
is
a conjunction.
619. Hence,
therefore
shall be
620. Caution.
derived from
it is
An
required.
Do
not say
when an adverb
INFINITIVES.
196
fine trout.
CLVH.-INFINITIVES.
1.
2.
[confined] to a subject,
of
infinitive] is
and makes no
i.
e..
The verb
to improve (in 2) is
an infinite verb because it is not used with a direct subject it is used in
an adverbial sense, like the phrase for improvement (in 1) to tell why about
direct subject,
affirmation.
621. Definition.
An
it
of a subject.
and complements
as finite verbs.
with
its
phrase;
modifiers
and
Any
combination of an infinitive
forms an infinitive
complements
as,
1.
They endeavored
to act cautiously.
2.
He
succeed in business.
5.
anxious
to
3. I
4.
is
He
INFINITIVE PHRASES.
Explanation.
In
composed of the
The phrase
is
sentence
1,
infinitive to act,
to act
cautiously
is
In
In
In
In
2,
the phrase
3,
the phrase
Direction.
Tell
and
197
definition of
an
ad-
infinitive,
of an infinitive phrase.
and
tell
how each
is
composed.
Analyze and
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He
8.
He ought
9.
Then he proceeded
10.
We
11.
No
to have
went to the
known
dealings.
better.
river to catch
some
fish.
14.
15.
We
12.
13.
childhood.
should always endeavor to speak truthfully, and to be careful of other people's feelings.
Some
624. This
"Some
is
people,"
is
The
entire subject is
SUBSTANTIVE PHRASES.
198
their dealings."
some.
and
also
The
principal
by the complex
word of
complement
completed by the
modified by the adverbial phrase
in their dealings, dealings being the principal word, modified by the posadjective
pronoun
sessive
honest,
which
is
their.
CLIX.SUBSTANTIVE PHRASES.
object
and
attribute complements.
As
628.
may be
(1)
used
As
1.
2.
3.
4.
(2)
to
As
1.
He wished
2.
3.
4.
He was
to sleep.
about
to retreat to
his defenses.
* In this sentence, how to draw a map is the object phrase, how modifying to
draiv a map as a whole and yet most authors say that the infinitive to draiv depends on how. Say, To draw is an infinitive, and with its phrase is the object of the
;
verb know.
SUBSTANTIVE PHRASES.
(3)
As an attribute complement
1. To be good* is to be happy
2.
3.
4.
(4)
(5)
is
happiness],
appositive term
Delightful task
to
As an independent term
To confess
1.
Direction.
sentences,
1.
[goodness
As an
1.
199
the truth, f I
how each
tell
into temptation.
is
composed
3.
To
Questions.
man
1.
5.
To obey
is
to enjoy.
6.
To
conceal
me. 8. A good
speak the truth.
2.
plainly, I think
is
in fault.
and
the truth
was
What
is
7.
a substantive!
What
2.
is
a substantive phrase?
is
new
to pupils.
The
analysis
To
1.
word
is
warmer
clime.
To look
at thee."
The
by the
with
its
phrase
is
is
an
infinitive,
regular, intransitive,
and
in
called
200
Some
2.
The
verb wished
The
is
principal
predicate
is
word
Parsing Model.
with
its
phrase
is
by
To
is
crown
is
an
regular,
infinitive,
transitive,
and
4.
this phrase
Parsing
transitive,
is
Model. To be
and with
Explanation.
an
to be,
its
The
happy)
(in to be
phrase
is
is
an
attribute good, in
3,
and
is.
scholar, in 4, completing
CLXI.ELLIPTICAL INFINITIVES.
630. There
but the
tion
as,
first
To
is
of
all
two or more
and sleep seemed to be his only enjoy-
eat, drink,
ment.
631. There
is
Some authors
thus,
to
crown Washington [to be] king, making king the attribute complement of to be.
Washington being an object complement, king is considered to be an objective, and,
thus used, it is called an attributive object, completing, with Washington, the infinitive to crown.
ELLIPTICAL IXFIXITIVES.
(when
as,
transitive), hear,
He
let,
generally expressed
is
201
as,
He
was made
to obey.
Note. The reason for the omission of the sign to before infinitives is
one of euphony; therefore, to maybe used after these verbs bid, dare, etc.,
when harshness will not thereby be produced as, This book needs to be
revised Dare to be true, nothing can need a lie He will never dare to
;
To
come.
is
and
have.
An
632.
or an infinitive phrase,
infinitive,
explanatory of introductory it
It is
1.
sometimes used as
is
as,
my
duty
to
caution you.
you,
1.
there
For you
to deceive
me
is
highly criminal,
is
before analysis
as,
caution yon,
to
1.
It,
2.
To deceive me
is
him
is
my
duty
[inf.
phrase modifies
if],
an entire
ellipsis of
the infinitive
as, I
con-
This
ellipsis is
634. The sign to must not be separated from the remainder of the
by an adverb as, " To describe accurately this scene would be
infinitive
impossible "
Caution.
not "
To
Avoid
and instead
the use of
of
often "
Say, "
"
to-,
as,
"
"
in the rain."
* It as here used
fit or there in
breeze,
11
is
is
*'It
14
it
ANALYSIS.
202
Fill
word
I.
them
is
to
when
the ball.
saw him
form an opinion.
not wise
would not
let
Direction.
8.
me
Analyze
With
sit.
correct to do so
2.
He
4.
Help me
taken
given
too highly,
separately.
him.
this basket.
the bread.
5.
7.
offend you.
3.
It
They
could
9.
He
desirable
To know her
2.
3.
is
to love her.
4.
5.
6.
15.
16.
We
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
13.
14.
am
in haste to return to
my
it.
native land.
It
19.
20.
James Smith, a
17.
18.
He
study.
careful student, at last thought
his composition.
how
to begin
PARTICIPLES.
203
CLXIX.-PARTICIPLES.*
636. We have learned [467] that the simple participles are
used with auxiliaries to form real verbs as, William is driving
too fast, and he has driven in this way for a mile.
;
an
By
2.
3.
4.
its
laden
vessel,
Explanation.
act.
[assume
1.
In sentence
my
is
1,
we understand
use
gentleman
with
is
saw an eagle
In
2,
aunt.
rise.
The only
not asserted.
uncle."
as,
coal,
I
my
is
assertion
made
is,
"
This
position of the lady does not assert it. In 3, the participle laden assumes the condition or state of the vessel, and scaling (in 4) assumes
an act. A participle assumes an act or state of some person or thing considered as an indirect subject; but it does not affirm anything of that
The participle as a modifying element relates to its subject.
subject.
nouns or pronouns
to
which they
which
relates to
In an inverted sen-
relate.
noun
or pronoun, as scaling
i".
may take the same modifiers and complefrom which they are derived as,
639. Participles
ments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
as the verbs
A word,
A vessel,
laden with coal, has entered the harbor [p. with adv. ph.].
Scaling yonder peak, I saw an eagle rise [part, with obj. comp.].
Being
Being
640. Definition.
Any
att.
comp.
adj.].
its
* Participles
irregular verbs
[764].
list
of
PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES.
204
Explanation.
In
1,
641. Use
of
Participles.
participle
or
a participial
2.
3.
4.
tell
Note.
and
is
In
2,
is,
642.
participle
present participle
is
Questions.
word assume 1
1.
3.
Do
is
participles assert
an act %
2.
What
is
but a past
meant by the
4. In what
5.
What may
a participle or a participial
CLXHI.PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES.
643. Participles often modify nouns by being placed directly
them
to describe
in this
way they
before
Used
meaning;
1.
2.
3.
4.
some condition,
characteristic, or habit.
as,
PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES.
205
Explanation.
participle.
scribes a condition
it
is
is
In
de3,
Select
models
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
found
participle according
my
his troops.
It
sometimes
hills,
Remark.
is
644. Model
The
entire subject
tween the
hills."
may
for Analysis.
is,
at first
seem
Sentence
The predicate
is
winding
its
course be-
Wounded
(in
(in 2) is
principal parts
the
its
first
set
phrase,
it
above)
is
the past
noun
Wounded
modifies the
PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.
206
noun.
(1)
The
may
may
be
be used as a
1.
Skating
2.
Reading
Reading
3.
a healthful recreation.
is
is
eyes.
[Bad,
adj.,
mod.
subj. phrase.]
4.
5.
(2)
(3)
The
as,
1.
I like bowling.
3.
We
2.
4.
The
attribute
of a verb
as,
2.
3.
This
The
is
surprising [wonderful
[fulfillment].
adj., simply].
am
fond of reading.
1.
2.
By doing
3.
4.
647.
complement
Earning is having.
Love is the fulfilling of the law
1.
(4)
complement of a verb;
object
nothing,
we
learn to do
ill.
A participial
noun used
as the
name
of
fort.
an occupation
2.
3.
Fishing
only]
Smoking
Reading
1.
648.
form
is
is
is
is
its
[Par-
as,
an injurious habit.
taught in school, yet good reading is rare.
an important industry of the State of Maine.
1.
The venerable
2.
3.
4.
We
5.
By
as,
we achieve
success.
PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.
In
Explanation.
Asa
adjective.
1,
verb,
it
207
and
of
an
jective
modifies the
it
of a verb,
In
is.
5,
laboring
is
As a
a participial noun.
is
it is
participle
the object
("By
laboring industriously"
is
prepositional phrase.)
649. Definition.
is a form
and partakes
participle
state,
of the nature of
Define a participle.
Select
from
all
mention each of the three general ways in which they are used
four uses they have as nouns and analyze each sentence.
also the
from a
Remark.
simple participle
is
verb.
The
present
and the
past
participles
are
the
simple
participles.
651.
The simple
as auxiliaries), are
compound
participles
Simple Participles.
PRESENT PARTICTPLE.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Driving.
Driven.
Compound
(
(
Being driving,
Having been driving.
[Seldom used.]
Participles.
i
<
(
Being driven,
Having driven,
Having been driven,
208
652. Definition.
compound
participle
is
a combina-
1.
2.
5.
6.
By endeavoring
7.
The
8.
Approaching the
3.
Having received
4.
city, set
surprise us.
thief,
to please
we
all,
fail to
please any.
saw
it
people.
9.
10.
11.
He
Comma
653.
Rule.
ive sense
1.
2.
Explanation.
In
sentence
1,
from others
it
Direction.
Justify
In
;
2,
its
guishing
restrict-
as,
it is
toward
is
us.
used in a paren-
the phrase
is
ent uses of
Questions.
are simple
1.
3.
Sometimes a participle
charm. 11
is
set off
by the comma
as,
"The
USE OF PARTICIPLES.
209
A participle,
654.
Faulty Use.
1.
cliff,
Improved.
2.
cliff,
party.
seen.
3.
4.
beautiful landscapes.
Explanation.
In
sentence
1,
no noun or pronoun
structed, as in sentence 2,
where the
is
must be recon-
In
3,
there
is
to
655.
noun
or
pronoun intended
to be modified.
Faulty Arrangement.
Improved.
for the
mer
containing
1.
all
the improvements.
1.
summer,
all
the improvements,
to a small family.
By means
Separate Sentences.
1.
Condensed.
after.
It
ground.
still
2.
tent.
was
He had
satisfied.
1.
after,
to his
He
2.
Having
still
stand-
satis-
PARTICIPLES.
210
Direction.
1.
She walked with the lamp across the room still burning.
saw twenty meteors sitting on my porch the other evening.
Climbing to the top of the hill, the Atlantic Ocean was seen.
Standing on the summit of the mountain, a scene of unparalleled
beauty met our view.
2. I
3.
4.
Direction.
Condense
by using
single sentence,
1.
3.
4.
my
had transacted
business.
day.
2.
The warriors gathered the bodies of the slain. They strapped them
across their pack-horses. They returned to the village.
The general was confronted by a superior force of the enemy. He
was without ammunition. He was compelled to surrender.
CLXVII.-PARTICIPLES MODIFIED
657.
possessive
1.
2.
3.
4.
BY A POSSESSIVE.
Explanation.
noun.
it is
658. Caution.
Do
as,
* This use of the possessive is practiced by the best writers and indeed it is sometimes preferable to the objective form of the pronoun, as it often prevents ambiguity,
In ** I am sure of him being a shrewd politician, 11
i. e., the use of doubtful language.
the participle may refer to / or to him. But if I say, " I am sure of his being a shrewd
11
politician,
it is plain that being does not refer to I.
A better expression, however,
would be, "I am sure that he is a shrewd politician. 11
t Here the noun student, being used as the attribute complement in a subject
phrase, does not refer to any preceding noun or pronoun it is, therefore, used indefinitely, but is considered to be in the nominative case.
;
PARTICIPLES.
He
He
211
an enterprising man.
[Not from the verb to will.']
In the country, the evening paper is received on the next morning.
1.
2.
3.
is
is
willing to go.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
"
He is but a landscape-painter,
And a village maiden she."
my
8.
9.
10.
gladly accepted
friend's hospitality.
distinctly seen
from the
Victory's deck, formed in close line of battle ahead, about twelve miles
to leeward,
and standing
to the north.
2.
3.
We
We
sea roared.
will start
when
the
sun
rises.
Sentence
Explanation.
sentences
i.
e.,
rises,
office,
that of con-
COMPLEX SENTENCES.
212
nective
and
When
is
junctive adverb.
The sentence
"
We
but when the sun rises, being adverbial in use, is a dependent element.
These two elements, one of which is principal, and the other dependent,
are called clauses instead of members, as in a compound sentence.
Sentence 3, being composed of a principal and a dependent (modifying) clause is called a complex sentence.
659. Definition.
of a principal clause,
660. Definition.
A conjunctive adverb
fies
it
till,
when-
etc.
Direction.
Determine which of the following sentences are simple,
which complex, which compound, and give reasons. Also tell which word
in the principal clause is modified by the adverbial clause
1. He drove the horse before he bought him.
2. I answered him
when he spoke to me. 3. I will listen to you, but I will not dispute with
you. 4. The book remains where I left it. 5. Our army went into winter
quarters, the enemy retreated beyond the river, and the country was again
7. When I was a boy, I
quiet.
6. I love him because he is kind to me.
used always to choose the wrong side of the debate. 8. As I drew near
the camp, I heard a loud shout. 9. The man, thoroughly frightened, fled
from the house. 10. He has written some things hard to be understood.
12. Washington retreated
11. While the band played, the soldiers rested.
from Long Island because his army was outnumbered.
Note.
Sentence
requires a
comma
Comma
tence,
it
Rule.
inverted.
The dependent
clause, standing
first,
it.
should be
Questions.
is
after
set off
by the comma.
What is a compound sentence ? 2. What does co-ordiWhat are members? 4. What is a complex sentence? 5.
What are clauses! 6. What is a conjunctive adverb ? 7. Mention the
conjunctive adverbs? 8. What kind of element is an adverbial clause?
nate
mean!
3.
1.
ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES,
213
2.
The class.
The principal clause.
5. The analysis of
3.
4.
663. This
"
is
he sat in his easy chair," the connective being the conjunctive adverb
The simple subject of the principal clause is farmer, modified by
The predicate- verb is smoked, modified by the dependent clause while
the.
he sat, etc. The object complement pipe is modified by the possessive
pronoun his and the adjective phrase of clay. The subject he in the
dependent clause is unmodified. The predicate-verb sat is modified by
the adverb while and the adverbial phrase in his easy chair.
while.
Principal clause
Complex declarative.
The farmer smoked his pipe
Dependent clause
While he
Connective
Class
of clay.
DIAGRAM.
lo.
_L
TU~1
T~
"IZ
TT
214
This is a complex declarative sentence. The principal clause is, " Our
weakened forces feared to move forward," and the dependent clause,
" while the enemy, encamped beyond the river, were closely watching us,"
the connective being the conjunctive adverb while.
in the principal clause
is
forces, modified
The simple
subject
dawned,
hero sleeps.
5.
had
When
left.
4.
She
is
far
is
we may
ex-
When
6.
Direction.
After analyzing these sentences, parse each conjunctive
adverb according to the following model
As
a conjunction
it
tread " with the principal clause " Fools rush in."
fies
As an adverb
it
modi-
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
215
complex sentence
is
2.
1.
3.
as,
Direction.
2.
participial phrase
4.
As we walked
5.
along,
6.
When
7.
Hudson.
nest of quails.
ill.
man
subjects.
3.
4.
My
2.
In the compound sentence 1, men is repeated unneceswho takes the place of the three words in italics, thus
making the sentence shorter, and the language smoother. Who being
used more especially instead of the noun men is a pronoun, and is the subject of the verb are.
Who, then, forms a part of the clause who are
wealthy, and it also joins its clause to the antecedent men in the principal
Explanation.
sarily.
In
clause.
hill,
and
In
2,
3,
which
is
the antecedent
686.
We
and
In
4,
that
is
the
tree.
see,
relative pronouns.
They
in these sen-
are,
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
216
Adjective Clauses.
As has
667.
may
1.
2.
3.
men
composed
of a principal
Questions.
sentences
1.
Which
What
2.
Sentence 3
and a dependent
is
is its
is
clause.
antecedent
3.
What
is
first set
of
CLXXL-RELATIVE PRONOUNS,
668. Definition.
relative
pronoun
is
a pronoun used to
it
a depend-
ent clause.
Note.
The
clause, of
which the
relative
performs an adjective
of the relative pronoun.
relative clause
it
office,
noun, with
its
The
relative
pro-
antecedent.
This rule of arrangement often places the relative clause between the
and predicate of the principal clause; as, "He that steals my purse
Sometimes a word or a phrase modifying the antecedent,
steals trash."
properly separates it from the relative clause as, " In a moment my pursuers appeared on the bank above me, which here rose to the height of
subject
twenty feet."
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
217
Direction.
clauses,
of
The
1.
He
2.
3.
figs
should
in winter.
5.
A young man recently cut his foot while bathing with a clam-shell.
A great river was discovered by De Soto, which the Indians named
6.
4.
Mesa-seba.
bay-window
The couple
7.
village,
which has a
in front.
left for
reside.
8.
were in his
Questions.
clause
Where
is
What
1.
What
3.
is
a verb %
What word
5.
6.
a relative pronoun
is
compound
671. The
a relative
when
it
4.
is
pronouns.declension.
are
ivho,
which,
is
as,
1.
Longfellow
2.
He who
3.
4.
Remark.
is
and whatsoever.
Who, which.
672.
What
and what.
whichsoever, whatever,
"who
2.
that, as,
man;
In which sentence
CX-XXII.REI^lTIVE
670.
cattle
just corrected!
Which
to his neighbor
fields.
the poet
The
steals
is
my
Any pronoun
antecedent,
15
antecedent of who
is
sometimes understood;
as,
[He]
is its
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
218
Who and
673.
relatives
have none.
AND PLURAL.
SING.
Norn. Which.
Poss.
Whose,
Poss.
Obj.
Whom,
Obj.
may
674. That
AND PLURAL.
SING.
Nom, Who,
Whose.
Which.
be
675. That
is
After two antecedents, one requiring who and the other which as,
The lady and her dog that just passed us, walk out together every day.
as, The army that was
(2) After a collective noun denoting unity
(1)
grow on
(4)
will
When
(6)
it
Generally, after
That
substituted for
adjective, or
676.
or
many
as,
Who
that
is
as,
we had
as,
This
yesterday.
a relative only
When
stones.
that
not a relative,
is
it
is
or which can be
a conjunction, an
an adjective pronoun.
As
;
it.
throw
all,
Remark.
is
knows him
(5)
as,
this farm.
is
as,
pronoun when
a relative
He
it
selected
[the
What.*
What
is
What
What
What
What
as,
know what
1.
2.
He
told
troubles you.
may be a limiting adjective as, We know what master laid thy keel.
may be an interrogative adjective as, What books did you buy ?
may be an interjection as, What does he expect to frighten me ?
may be an adverb meaning partly as, What by force and what by
;
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
Explanation.
In
sentence
the clause
1,
219
"what
troubles
you"
is
the
Questions.
1. Which
compound relatives?
What names may the
the
4.
may
which represent?
relative
Which
6.
2.
Which
are
Which
forms?
7.
plural
9.
Direction.
each of the following sentences, and give reasons; mention the relative
clauses
and
1.
We
2.
3.
The vultures
4.
Let those
5.
Even the
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
live
among
is
up the
cave.
they
fall.
story
is
The
relative
may
complement; the
preposition
object of
a possessive modifier.
an
the
infinitive, participle, or
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
220
(1)
The subject
2.
3.
(2)
An
1.
2.
3.
(3)
of the clause:
1.
The
1.
2.
become
so.
object complement:
is
[I
borrowed that
(or book)].
The man whom I wish to meet may not be present [to meet
whom].
The man whom I was fearful of offending was my best
friend.
5.
is
a boy
is
ing
(4)
whom I am
in whom I
4.
He
He
3.
The
man
[I
spoke of that].
1.
I venerate the
2.
This
Direction.
is
man whose
is
warm.
heart
Fill
is
tell its
case
first five
tences with one of the forms of who, giving the reason for the use of each
pronoun. Fill the blank spaces in the others with any simple relative,
being careful to use that where it is preferable
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The lady
10.
ANALYSIS.
221
CLXXIV^-ANALYSIS.
Direction.
Analyze
sharp tongue
is
Complex
Class
declarative.
Principal clause
Connective
Simple sub.
sharp tongue
in prin. clause
Predicate-verb in prin.
Attribute complement
Is,
cl.
.
The
police
mod. by
cl.
That.
cl.
Attribute complement
2.
unmodified.
Tool,
use.
found the
man whom
Principal clause
Complex declarative.
The police found the man.
Dependent clause
Whom
Connective.
Whom,
a relative pronoun.
Class
Man, mod. by
They, unmodified.
Predicate-verb in dep.
Were
cl.
the
for.
for.
the.
clause.
looking,
DIAGRAM.
i
1.
sharp tongue
a^c.
.2
is
'
J2_
a. c.
o.
ANALYSIS.
222
Men that are old and wise should be consulted by the young.
The diamond, which, is pure carbon, is a brilliant gem.
Read thy doom in the flowers, which fade and die.
The detective found the man whom he was looking for.
He was the same person that I saw on the platform.
He recovered, a result * which was not expected.
The criminal fled from the country whose laws he had broken.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CLXXV.RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES.
680. Relative
clauses
and non-
restrictive; as,
1.
2.
Explanation.
the sense
In
sentence
is
meant.
1,
lost
is
way
is
necessary to
diamond.
lost
meaning
is
A rela-
of the ante-
and
cedent,
is
681. Definition.
sense
is
682. Definition.
or
to
and
Note.
The relative
he,
and
they,
Comma
683.
from
The
who
684.
;
Here
sense.
in a non-restrictive clause
and
Rule.
it,
is
generally equivalent
etc.
clauses
restrictive clause is
is
set off
by the comma.
u
in apposition with the clause
He
Many
recovered. 11
rep-
SYNTHESIS.
ntable writers, however, use
223
restrictive.
Direction.
ing sentences, and punctuate them according to the rule just given
and Analysis.
2. The man that fell over1. Happy is the man that findeth wisdom.
board was drowned. 3. Maize which is another name for Indian corn
grows in America. 4. I gave the umbrella to John who handed it to the
owner. 5. They ascended to the platform which fell with a crash. 6.
People that live in glass houses should not throw stones. 7. I had a
dream which was not all a dream. 8. Columbus who was a Genoese
discovered America.
9.
Direction.
now taken
which
full possession of
is
at all times a
him.
went down
2. The
The fish
were
very small were caught in large numbers. 4. Peace at any price
these orators seem to advocate means war at any cost. 5. The gentleman
1.
to the river
we caught furnished an
fish
lives
excellent dinner.
3.
CLXXVI.SYNTHESIS.
685.
Direction.
Combine
sentence containing one relative clause, one participial phrase, one appositive phrase, arranging the phrases properly
He
Combine
these
compound
parti-
Direction.
Combine the following statements into a complex sentence,
arranging phrases and clauses properly
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
224
Edward
J.
on Long Island.
The accident happened on Monday
Jamesport
is
of last week.
Starr.
compound
predicate,
ladies.
happened yesterday.
lighter was lying
Frederick Muller
fell
He lived in this
He was mate of
city.
The
a lighter.
No. 20.
This pier is on the North River.
Muller was drowned.
The name
of
the
overboard.
was
lighter
George Henry.
It
at Pier
may
name of an
go with you." A personal
pronoun may stand directly for an antecedent, and it may be replaced by
the antecedent without destroying the sense as,
686.
personal pronoun
as,
1.
2.
The lady
The lady
called
called
lady.
relative
simple sentence
nor can
I
in
tells
what man.
relative
necessary to consider
its
is
its
ante-
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
225
cedent in order to be able to use the proper form of the verb with the
relative as a subject.
form
He
1.
not wise.
is
2.
3.
4.
5.
I,
am
he.
6.
7.
8.
by
its
its
number
it
noun
is
In
4,
who
is
in the
nominative
case,
its
and singu-
teases.
The
an object in a prepositional
phrase, is always separated from the preposition, the latter
being placed at the end of the clause.
Whom or which may
accompany the preposition or be separated from it. A relative,
when used as an object complement of a verb, precedes both
the subject and the verb [678 (2)].
693.
Direction.
relative
Insert
that,
as
the following sentences, placing the preposition and the relative together
or separately, as the blank spaces
may
indicate
226
my friend resides.
This is the house
I spoke a moment ago.
There goes the man
I know
There is no better material
1.
2.
3.
5.
I spoke
The friend
He made a statement
6.
This
is
7.
This
is
a matter
8.
The friend
4.
was astonished.
I ever
I
know
I staid is
heard
nothing.
my
cousin.
CLXXVIII.-INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
694. Besides
their
use as relatives,
who
(tvhose,
When
whom),
so
used
1.
Who
2.
Whom
3.
4.
Remark.
adjectives
Note.
Which
as, "
In
interrogative
Which book
sentences,
Tell
what
what kind
its relation is
of
in the sentence,
Who
(in 1) is
an interrogative pronoun,
went
third,
Whom
(in 2) is
an interrogative pronoun,
who
2. I
3. I
do you
know
know
7.
with?
4.
do you think that I am
you are.
5.
book have I?
1 fear?
you love.
6. Do you know
did your father take with him ?
sit
227
Responsive Pronouns.
1.
He
2.
3.
4.
696. Explanation.
As
Who,
implied question, and are therefore called responsive pronouns.
in 1, is a responsive pronoun, and is the subject of the verb robbed the
;
clause "
is
tell.
697.
relative clause
object or attribute
1.
may
complement
What I want
2.
3.
4.
the
as,
698. There
is
2.
Show me
Direction.
any
ellipsis.
as,
man we met
yesterday
[whom we
met].
Analyze
and Parsing.
The man who was injured has not fully recovered. 2. Moses was
man that we read of in the Old Testament. 3. The men and
things that he has studied have not improved his morals. 4. They who
seek wisdom will certainly find it. 5. Whoever wishes to excel must study
diligently.
6. The man whose mind is cultured sees beauty in Nature's
1.
the meekest
works.
7.
You
shall
for.
ABBREVIATED CLAUSES.
228
is
CLXXX.ABBREVIATED CLAUSES.
700.
is
The
2.
Explanation.
The
was broken
passive verb
however, should
as,
participle
by a past participle
ellipsis,
By
is
which and the auxiliary was, there remains the past participle broken,
introducing the phrase, broken by the explosion, which modifies window.
Direction.
Change
each of
the
A
A
3. A
4 A
1.
2.
task that
5.
on a
hill
well done
is
port in
trials.
Direction.
tences
is
1.
2.
3. I
for.
5.
4.
6.
Annie
7.
Few were
8.
The
lost the
fish
book
loaned her.
the privileges
we caught
we
had.
SYNTHESIS.
229
CLXXXI, SYNTHESIS.
four statements
De
Charles
He was
De Sola
old citizen of
Sola.
in Wisconsin.
Furman was
In
He
Direction.
Principal clause
Captain
He
He
Webb was
by the
the dependent
by while. Body
;
relative clause.
It
NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE.
230
CLXXXH.-ABBREVIATION.NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE.
702. In changing an adverbial clause to a participial phrase,
2.
In
finite verb,
often retained
as,
When
Explanation.
ended.
is
2,
war
to
it.
is
Direction.
Abbreviate
noun
tain a
2.
3.
4.
5.
When shame
it is
may
con-
used
is lost, all
virtue
is lost.
A noun
703. Pleonasm.
is
or a
left
1.
The
2.
He
boy,
oh
where was he %
him come
quickly.
Note. Boy and lie thus used are said to be in the nominative case
independent by pleonasm. By pleonasm is meant the superfluous use of
words.
Review Questions.
1.
When
is
lute?
require
2.
When
more thought
to use the
CONJUNCTION'S.
231
cr,xxxm.-coNJUNcnoNS.
may
704. Conjunctions
co-
705.
co-ordinate conjunction
as,
and,
is
and sometimes
for,
yet.
706.
members
compound
of a
1.
2.
3.
4.
707.
5.
This
6.
Do
is
as
subordinate conjunction
is
as,
if,
because, since,
lest,
died,
it
to a principal
by
inversion.
And,
but,
introduces a sentence,
it
does so
simply making a tacit reference to what has been said in the preceding
sentence, in order to render
forcible.
Used
in this
way
in the
same way.
708. Correlatives.*
it
pairs,
to connect the
correlatives.
CONJUNCTIONS.
232
If
If
With him
Either you or
then
it is
pride.
be benefited.
I will
Thoughyet: Though
and
winter, yet
As
It
as:
so
present.
Caution.
his brothers
brothers."
Note.
Care should
as
be taken to use as
in
parison,
and
so
first
and, the
two uniting to connect hope and pride. In the last example but one, so
corresponds to as, but so is an adverb, modifying tall, and as connects
the two clauses. In the example before this, the sentence is inverted so
is an adverb, modifying shall be, and as is a conjunction, connecting the
;
clauses.
1.
2.
3.
you
will
better],
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The more he
10.
Explanation.
In
2,
daughter.
will go.
233
and con-
it
710.
may
as
an adjective element
when*
where,
2.
3.
Remark.
etc.
as,
1.
4.
The
5.
It is true that
In
4,
report, that he
In
element
(1)
5,
711.
As
is
2.
3.
not true.
is
1.
hilled, is
unsuccessful.
was
I was
as,
How
* Where, when, whence, or whither is sometimes used to introduce a clause modifying a noun, as in 3, above. When so used these are called relative adverbs.
In 3, where = in which.
16
234
As an
(2)
object
2.
We
We
3.
He
1.
As an
(3)
2.
As the
object of a preposition
2.
know him
desire
2. I
We
4.
He made
believed
Explanation.
that
him
man
relates to
is
to
it
3.
object of
as,
complex sentence may contain an abridged dependin which the predicate-verb is an infinitive, with its
ent clause,
1.
1.
712.
as,
The
1.
(4)
complement;
it to
be him.
a sign for
Most
as,
to be
me
to leave
you.
know
him
is,
him
to be
(as is
an honest
But the entire
to be
indicated in the
him
an honest man an object clause, him being its subject, to be the
predicate- verb, and man an attribute in the objective case. See rule [501],
brackets)
to
is
equivalent to a clause.
bt e
case.
the form
him
Direction.
clauses,
it is
instead of he.
In
the
following
sentences
used
1.
2.
3.
4.
Life
5.
We know
6.
7.
8.
is
which
"
COMPLEX SEXTEKCES.ANALYSIS.
9.
On
"
235
He
12.
We
Questions.
junction?
5.
When
3.
as
2.
1. What is a co-ordinate conjunction?
What are correlatives^ 4. When should
Subordinate conso
as be used?
as? 6. Mention the three kinds of subordinate, or depend7. In how many relations may a substantive clause be used ?
ent clauses.
Analyze
1.
is
is
is
is
that.
The predicate
is
learned
is
modified by
the adverbial phrase from observation. In the dependent clause, the simple subject is plants, and the predicate- verb, do grow.
2.
We
is
round.
is
round.
3.
fastest.
is
236
can run the fastest. The phrase on who can run the fastest contains the
dependent clause who can run the fastest as the object of the preposition
The simple subject in the dependent clause is who, the predicate-verb,
on.
can run, modified by the phrase-adverb, the fastest
CLXXXVI.COMPLEX SENTENCES.-CLASSIFICATTON.*
Direction.
714.
taining
(1)
One
1.
No man
is so
as,
3.
4.
How much we
2.
if
every -year!
5.
girl,
little
am
6.
(2)
How
glad
you again
The bluebird, which seems to be the harbinger of spring,
has come to us from the south.
to see
One
2. I
as,
it
As n%
[that] I
(3)
had heard,
Where
is
as,
2.
3.
When
* This classification of
complex sentences
is
237
1.
first
soil
2.
The
3.
crocodile
is
light.
Happy
4. "
are they
And
(5)
oft
amuse
oft improve."
in the
as,
1,
He
2.
People who make puns are like wanton boys that put coppers
that can not forgive others, breaks the bridge over which
on the railroad
(6)
principal clause,
tracks.
as,
He was
1.
know
2. I
interests.
is
CLXXXVII.-COMPOUND SENTENCES.CLASSIFICATION.
Direction.
Separate
715
complex
1.
or
more
of its
members
him an
influence
as,
He was
He
3.
Mirth
that observeth the winds shall not sow, and he that regardeth
the clouds shall not reap.
is
cheerfulness
is
petual serenity.
fills
the
mind with a
per-
238
716.
compound;
1.
or
more
of its
members
as,
my
last
sun when
and
was watch-
I perceived a
cloud rise
3.
The seasons come and the seasons go, but the sun shines on with
unchangeable warmth and splendor.
The sea licks your feet, its huge flanks purr very pleasantly for
you but it will crack your bones and eat you for all that.
;
" In harvest,
Each
And
717.
1.
compound
is
it is
if
we supply a
complex
carried to his
stored
Some compound
sentences;
2.
otherwise
sentences
maybe changed
to
complex
as,
Direction.
Change
the
following
compound
sentences to complex
sentences
1.
2.
We
3.
them-
selves.
4.
5.
CLXXXVIII.ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES.
718. Sentences are often elliptical for the sake of brevity.
ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The
He is not so
He sailed up
What can be
One has
is
the
brother
tall as his
Hudson
worse than
239
[is
as far as
[it is]
tall].*
Troy
f [is].
to live in slavery?*
as
7.
8.
As
6.
Direction.
a bird
Supply
[has].
a king.
nest, so is a
man
that
and parse:
1.
He
acts as
2. It is
3.
if
better to suffer
Lives of great
men
all
remind
us,
We
4.
5.
6.
And
7.
8.
9.
10.
flattery.
man upon
his bed.
FOB ANALYSIS.
Before
719. Direction.
any needed ellipsis.
ellipsis to
expand an appositive
2.
3.
4.
The
1.
5.
* Clause of comparison.
t Or, as
far
as,
a phrase preposition.
240
10.
11.
The
largest
12.
She
sat
6.
7.
8.
9.
16.
17.
Murmur
13.
14.
15.
righteousness.
not,
than
18.
man!
well employed.
is
The
gates of day.
19.
20.
21.
We
We may
therefore
22. "
Let
me make
care not
23.
teacher
is
is
cheerily
25.
26.
27.
ery, or
life
act, his
SENTENCESANAL YSIS.
241
have a son, a third, sweet son, whose age I can not tell,
For they reckon not by years and months where he has gone
28. I
to
dwell.
29.
30.
He
31.
none
will
Was
32.
Spake
busy
care,
When
Direction,
Compare, with
the improved, giving reasons for the need of reconstruction, then (books
being closed) dictate one or more of the badly constructed exercises for
pupils to re- write and improve. These selections have been made from
original compositions
many
Bad Construction.
was carried by
Washington was found which was
probably shot from his watch-chain
Improved.
was carried by
Washington, and that was probably
shot from his watch-chain, was
found in a field, after a lapse of
field.
eighty years.
2. About four o'clock one afternoon the three boys that were staying on the island that I did and
myself had boat races between ourselves in which I was the winner of
two of them.
1.
seal that
1.
seal that
242
Bad Construction.
3.
may
be cold enough
the ocean.
It
here yet as
Improved.
In your letter you spoke of
having a very cold passage across
the ocean.
It may yet be cold
enough here, as we have two full
3.
we
all
4.
went
in a
to visit
my
uncle
of July, I
who
resides
dis-
tant.
live.
us.
other sports.
color.
better.
5.
We
place
Swimming was
They went
to
make a
ride of an hour.
After returning I
took a walk to the river with a
neighboring gentleman.
Direction.
Teachers
5.
place,
man
living near.
PUNCTUA TION.SEMICOLOK
243
CXCI.PUNCTUATION. SEMICOLON.
The
used to separate the members of a compound sentence that are not very closely connected
721. Rule
in sense
1.
2.
is
as,
;
separated
omitted;
2.
The
is
mem-
as,
He who would
Now
semicolon
bers of a
2.
semicolon
She presses her child to her heart she drowns it in her tears her
fancy catches more than an angel's tongue can describe.
Wisdom is the principal thing therefore get wisdom and with
all thy getting get understanding.
722. Rule
1.
1.
is
charity.
3.
When
when they
2.
3.
4.
whaf^ood.
723. Rule
bers of a
censure,
as,
The world
the one.
724. Rule 4.
The semicolon
is
Here
let
clause or
word
common dependence
as,
new
that this
birth of freedom;
and
244
2.
The
725. Rule
5.
semicolon
is
ticulars; as,
form
1.
Nouns change
2.
their
to distinguish
gender
as,
count, countess.
man's
first
own
was impatient
to see it
table but
when
came
2.
3.
4.
5.
Some
6.
it
so well.
writers divide the history of the world into four ages viz.
the golden age the silver age the bronze age and the iron age.
is
If
we think
make
all
discoveries.
wisdom
The
The colon
Colon.
726. Rule
1.
tliis,
these, etc.
as,
VERBS. MODES.
1.
2.
is
fits
yourself to study
3.
245
will
it
CXCII.-VERBS.MODES.
727. Definition.
of
its
728.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A verb
is
word used
to assert
something
subject.
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
A verb
affirm
may be used
William speaks distinctly.
as, Does William speak distinctly?
as,
ask a question;
express a
command
express necessity
express obligation
express condition;
express supposition
Speak
as,
express possibility;
as,
as, I
;
as, If I
if
you speak
distinctly.
listen.
729. These different uses of a verb arise from the different kinds of
thoughts and feelings that we wish to express.
Modes of
We
have moods
the
Verb.
730.
[states of
731. Definition.
Mode
is
an actual occurrence or
fact, is said to
246
tively
what
subject
is
as, "
in the mind
The mocking
Questions. 1.
What
a verb?
is
2.
What
"
William speaks distinctly " % 8. Teacher should read the other sentences
and ask questions. 4. What is mode in grammar? 5. What is the indicative
mode %
6.
Why
is it
so called I
indicative
(1)
To make an
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(2)
The
affirmation
as,
emphatic form).
evening (or did see emphatic form).
I have seen Niagara Falls this summer.
I had seen Niagara Falls before.
I will begin this work immediately.
I shall have finished the work by to-morrow noon.
We saw
To ask
Venus
a question
last
as,
1.
Have you
2.
mode
and
will.
The verbs formed by using the auxiliaries have, had, and shall
Note.
have or will have, make the perfect tenses of this mode, because such
*
tenses.
"SEE."
247
some
After carefully 'reading this note, point out the verbs in the
Read the
definition of
the present perfect tense found in the next lesson, then point out a verb
in this tense. Proceed in this way with the other two perfect tenses.
737. The arrangement in the following lesson shows the tense forms
see, in a sample sentence, abbreviated by omitting all the
words after the verb. This arrangement is called conjugation.
of the verb
738. Conjugation.
Conjugation
is
all
CXCIV.CONJUGATION OF THE
VERB
"SEE,"
Principal Parts.
PRESENT TENSE,
PAST TENSE.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
See.
Saw.
Seeing.
Seen.
Indicative Mode.
Present Tense.
739. The present tense*
is
as, I see
the stars.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Note.
1.
I see.
1.
We
2.
You
2.
You
3.
He, she, or
3.
They
In
its
emphatic form, do
is
form
is
see.
see.
joined to see;
is
see.
as, I
do
see.
See
person singular.
* The present tense is also used to express general truths, and also habits and
customs as, Vice produces misery Charles smokes Mary dresses neatly The sun
rises every morning and sets every evening.
t Seest is the form used with thou, the old style personal pronoun of the second
;
person.
248
SEE?'
Past Tense.
740 The
o
past tense
is
morning, yesterday,
now wholly
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
number
its
We
2.
You
3.
They saw.
saw.
is
is
saw.
is
as, I
in this tense.
Direction.
Conjugate
tenses.
form
Men-
two
1.
but
did see
no change in the form of the verb for person and
tense in
There
early
PLURAL.
(thou saivest).
simple form
saw John
as, I
the stars.
saw.
You saw
He saw.
This
Note.
past
month,
of the verb
Future Tense.
741. The future
tense
is
shall see
my
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
PLURAL.
I shall see.
(thou wilt
see).
1.
We
shall see.
2.
You
will see.
3.
They
1.
We
2.
You
3.
They
will see.
Or,
1.
2.
3.
Note.
I will see.
(thou shalt
is
see).
will see.
shall see.
shall see.
"SEE."
249
time
this
month*
as, I
my
returned
have written
2.
3.
have seen.
You have seen (thou
He has seen.
I
This
Note.
compound
hast).
tense
is
letters
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
1.
many
from Europe.
1.
We
2.
You have
3.
They have
have seen.
seen.
seen.
is
at or before
some
received your
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
had seen.
You had seen (thou
He had seen.
I
1.
2.
3.
Note.
as,
letter.
hadsf).
1.
We
2.
You had
3.
They had
had
seen.
seen.
seen.
is
and number.
SINGULAR.
have seen.
You will have seen (thou
He will have seen.
I shall
1.
2.
3.
This compound
wilt).
which
1.
We
2.
You
3.
have seen.
have seen.
They will have seen.
shall
will
seldom used, is formed by joining the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the past participle of the
verb.
The change from shall in the first person to will in the second and
Note.
third
*
is
made
for the
The phrase
present.
17
this
tense,
same reason
is
of time yet
POTENTIAL MODE.
250
Direction.
formed in each
tense.
For
is
What
is mode?
2. What is the indicative model
3.
mode be used besides making an affirmation f 4. How
many tenses in this mode % 5. Which of the tenses of this mode are generally simple in form ? 6. Which are always compound in form % 7. What
Questions. 1.
auxiliary
special
this
is
name
Why
9.
is
What
8.
When
10.
is
the
changed to
shall
are
used ?
CXCV.-POTENTIAL MODE.
Something
Possible.
You may
may
return
be
now
wrong.
Something Obligatory. I
study more.
He
This
Note.
He can
write rapidly
(having permission).
now.
You must
write better.
You
should
mode may
also be
as,
May
go with you ?
Present Tense.
746.
Auxiliaries,
may,
can, or must.
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
Note.
may see.
You may see
He may see.
PLURAL.
The
1.
(thou mayst).
2.
3.
We may
see.
Past Tense.
747. Auxiliaries, might, could, would, or should.
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
might see.
You might see (thou
He might see.
PLURAL.
mightst).
1.
We
2.
You might
3.
They might
might
see.
see.
see.
the
POTENTIAL MODE.
251
may
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
We may
have seen.
Auxiliaries,
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
Define
1.
2.
3.
We
to each tense.
Tell
how each
tense
is
formed.
Parsing Model.
1.
2.
Has
caught
is
its
subject
in the
first,
present,
and agrees
singular.
Direction.
to the
CXCVI.SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
The form
750.
different
from that
to express a future
1.
It rains
2.
3.
He was
4. If
as,
[fact].
he were here,
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
252
were, as used in 2
Modern
this usage.
1.
If it rains
If
3.
to say
2.
help comes,
4. If
And
is
yet, the
all will
die.
be well.
this
Though he
2.
If
and
if
he repent, forgive
751. Formerly active verbs used in sentences indicating future uncertainty (as in the four sentences above) were invariably in the subjunctive
i. e., the form without the s
If he work
as, If it rain [shall rain]
work]; Unless the physician arrive [shall arrive], each of these
subjunctive forms being considered a sort of elliptical future. The use
of these special forms is still adhered to by some of the best authors.
form
[shall
752. The
use- of the
clauses requires
753.
verb be or
am
The conjunction if
of other verbs.
though,
lest,
unless, or whether,
calls for
but
it
is
is
the
may
754. Definition.
The
mode
when it
subjunctive
is
that form of a
expresses a future
uncertainty or a supposition with indefinite time, or a supposition implying the contrary to be true.
Questions.
2. When should the
1. What is the subjunctive mode?
verb in a conditional clause be in the subjunctive form ? 3. What con-
IMPERATIVE MODE.
Indicative Mode.
Subjunctive Mode.
Present Tense.
Present Tense.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
I see.
1.
We
You see.
He sees.
2.
You
3.
They
SINGULAR.
see.
see.
see.
1.
2.
(If) I see.
2.
(If)
you
3.
(If)
he see.
3.
We
You saw.
He saw.
2.
You
3.
They saw.
all
(If)
we
2.
(If)
you
3.
(If)
they
see.
see.
see.
Past Tense.
1.
As
see.
1.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
I saw.
Note.
PLURAL.
1.
Past Tense.
SINGULAR.
253
saw.
saw.
PLURAL.
1.
(If)
I saw.
1.
(If)
we
2.
(If)
you saw.
2.
(If)
you saw.
3.
(If)
he saw.
3. (If)
saw.
they saw.
only in the present and past tenses, this mode is considered to have but
two tenses. By placing, side by side, the conjugation of the active verb
see, it is
plainly
subjunctive, different
there
is
tense.
In the
be,
[See 757].
CXCVH.-IMPERATIVE MODE.
755. Definition.
command
The
imperative
mode
is
used to make a
Present Tense.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
This
tense.
The
ye].
can
Present. To
Participles. Pres. Seeing.
Infinitives.
756. Definition.
Present Perfect.
see.
Past. Seen.
verbal
is
To have
seen.
it
of a subject.
254
757.
Be
or
am.
Be "
9
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Being.
Been.
Was.
Indicative Mode.
Present Tense.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
2.
am.
You are
3.
He
1.
2.
3.
He was.
1.
I shall be.
1.
(thou art).
is.
1.
We
2.
You
3.
They
are.
are.
are.
Past Tense.
was.
wast).
1.
We
2.
You
3.
They
were.
were.
were.
Future Tense.
3.
You will be
He will be.
1.
2.
(thou
wilt).
1.
We
shall be.
2.
You
will be.
3.
They
will be.
3.
have been.
You have been (thou
He has been.
hast).
1.
We
2.
You have
3.
have been.
been.
3.
had been.
You had been (thou
He had been.
1.
I shall
1.
2.
hadst).
1.
We
2.
You had
3.
They had
had been.
been.
been.
3.
have been.
You will have been.
He will have been.
1.
We
shall
2.
You
will
have been.
have been.
They will have been.
3.
Potential Mode.
Present Tense.
1.
2.
3.
I may be.
You may be.
He may be.
1.
2.
3.
We may
be.
"BE."
255
Past Tense.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
might be.
You might be.
He might be.
I
1.
We
2.
You might
3.
They might
might
be.
be.
be.
2.
3.
1.
We may
have been.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Subjunctive
1.
We
2.
3.
Mode*
Present Tense.
1.
If I be.
1.
If
2. If
you be.
2. If
3. If
he be.
3.
we
be.
you be.
If
they be.
1.
If
2.
If
we were.
you were.
3.
If
they were.
Past Tense.
were.
you were (thou
he were.
1.
If I
2.
If
3. If
wert).
Imperative Mode.
Present Tense.
2.
Be [thou
or you],
2.
Be [you or ye\
Verbals.
Infinitives.
Present.
To
sea.
Present Perfect.
To have
seen.
Participles.
Present. Seeing.
* The forms of the subjunctive mode, different from those of the indicative in the
present and past tenses, are shown by the full-face type. Am, is, are are indicative
forms. Be and ivere are used in the subjunctive without change in both the singular
and
plural.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES.
256
CXCVIIL-CONDITIONAIi CLAUSES.
758.
Some conditional
The following
tive form.
learner
Indicative Mode.
condition
(1)
Assumed
1.
2.
(2)
(3)
May
he
as,
punishment will be
if he is at home.
is guilty, his
If
2.
I will
1.
go and see
severe.
2. If
759.
as a fact; as,
1.
May
may be
am
as,
Some
junctive form
Subjunctive Mode.
condition
(1)
May
1.
2.
weary of
(2)
May
1.
2.
(3)
(4)
May
as,
thee.
as,
If I were you, I
If it
1.
If
2.
If
May
as,
fulfilled; as,
wish
were at home.
1.
2.
3.
The sentence
is,
my
brother!
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES.
Direction.
Choose
2.
3.
4.
5. If
he
[is
my
If
7.
If the
or be] not there at the appointed time, do not wait for him.
760.
it
going.
condition
ordinate conjunction
3.
now
my
2.
6.
1.
257
is
;
as,
Had
The question
as to
whether had
(in 1) or
is
is
CXCIX.VERBS.
761. Progressive Form.
The
The
all
;
as, I
am
make
all
is
as,
The cream
is frozen.
*
prehensive was
in the past, or
however com-
258
finish
first
Indicative Mode.
Present Tense.
SINGULAR.
1.
am
3.
You are
He is
1.
2.
2.
3.
PLURAL.
1.
We
2.
You
3.
They
am
seeing.
j>
seen.
are
1.
We
2.
You
3.
They
^|
You are
He is
are
i seeing.
are J
are
-^
are
I seen.
are
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
PLURAL.
was
You were
He was
I
was
>
seeing
J
^
You were
He was
V seen.
J
1.
We
2.
You were
3.
They were
J
^
were
1.
We
2.
You were
3.
They were
were
seeing.
} seen.
J
Synopsis of the
Indicative Mode,
2.
Synopsis of the
Indicative
Mode,
Present.
Past.
Present.
Past.
Future.
I shall see.
I see.
saw.
Future.
Pres. Perf. I
have seen.
Pres. Perf.
Past Perf.
had
Past Perf.
seen.
Fut. Perf.
Tie
He sees.
He saw.
He will see.
He has seen.
He had seen.
He will have
seen.
3.
dicative
They see.
They saw.
They will see.
Future.
Pres. Perf. They have seen
Past Perf. They had seen.
Fut. Perf. They will have
Present.
Past.
seen.
259
Potential Mode.
Model for giving the synopsis of a number of verbs at one time
He
He
He
He
Present,
Past.
Pres. Perf.
Past Perf.
may
sit,
set,
rise,
raise,
lie,
might
sit,
set,
rise,
raise,
lie,
lay.
may have
sat,
set,
risen,
raised,
lain,
laid.
might have
sat,
set,
risen,
raised,
lain,
laid.
CC.SELECTIONS OF
763. Poetic License.
lay.
accommodating words
Words
are contracted
by an
elision [omission] of
one or more
letters
o'er for over; 'gainst for against; 'tis for it is; tho' for though.
2.
to
1.
as,
An
used for an adverb as, " So sweet she sung " [sweetly], 3.
Words are shortened or lengthened as, mom for morning darksome for
dark oedimmed for dimmed. 4. Special words are used as, rife, vasty,
yore.
Such use of words is called poetic license, because it is employed
adjective
is
chiefly
by poetical
Direction.
writers.
1.
is
Young.
2.
3.
4.
Ilowe'er
;
it be,
it
seems to
J.
T. Fields.
me
Kind
hearts are
And
more than
used
parse.
coronets,
Norman
blood.
Tennyson.
260
5.
6.
7.
He
If I
were a voice,
persuasive voice,
might,
and sea,
Wherever a human heart might be,
Thou,
in
Maclcay.
ship of State!
What
anvils rang,
what hammers
beat,
Longfellow.
TO-DAY.
9.
Out
of eternity this
See
it
So soon
it
again from
all
must be
hid.
Carlyle.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
261
root- verb
Abide
Past T.
abode
Am
was
Past P.
abode
been
Arise
arose
arisen
Pres. T.
Pres. T.
Past T.
Cast
cast
cast
Catch
caught, r
caught,
Past P.
Awake
awoke,
Chide
Bake
baked
baked, baleen
Choose
chose
bore, bare
born
Cleave,*
clove
cloven
(to split)
cleft
cleft
Bear
(to
r.
awaked
bring forth)
bore, bare
Bear, for-
borne
(to carry)
]chid
chosen
Cling
clung
clung
Clothe
clad, R.
clad, R.
Beat
Begin
beat
beaten, beat
Come,
came
come
began
begun
Cost
cost
cost
Bend
bent, R.
bent, R.
Creep
crept
crept
Bereave
Beseech
Bet
bereft, R.
bereft, r.
Crow
crew, R.
crowed
besought
besought
cut
bet, R.
bet, r.
Cut
Dare
cut
dared
R.
R.
be-
durst, R.
bidden, bid
(to ventm e)
Deal
dealt
bound
bound
Dig
dug,
bit
bitten, bit
Dive
dove,
did
done
drew
drawn
Bless
blest,
Bid
Bind
bid,
Bite
bade
blest,
R.
chidden
chid
dealt, r.
dug,
R.
R.
dived
r.
Bleed
bled
bled
Blow
blew
broke
blown
broken
Do
Draw
Dream
brake
broke
Dress
drest, R.
Breed
bred
bred
Bring
Build
brought
brought
Drink
drank
built, r.
built, r.
Drive
drove
driven
Burn
burnt, R.
burnt, R.
dwelt, R.
dwelt, R.
Burst
burst
burst
Dwell
Eat
ate, eat
eaten
Buy
bought
bought
Fall, be-
fell
fallen
Break
j
j
dreamt, R
dreamt,
drest, R.
j
(
drank,
drunk
r.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
262
Pres. T.
Past T.
Past P.
Feed
fed
fed
Feel
felt
felt
Fight
fought
fought
Find
found
found
Flee
fled
fled
Fling
flung
Fly
Forsake
Freeze
Past T.
Let
let
Lie (recline) lay
Light
lit, R.
Lose
lost
Past P.
flung
Make
Mean
flew
flown
forsook
froze
Pres, T.
let
lain
lit,
R.
lost
made
made
Meet
meant
met
meant
met
forsaken
Mow
mowed
mown,
frozen
Pass
past, R.
past, R.
r.
Get
got
got, gotten
Pay,
Gild
gilt, R.
gilt, r.
Pen
Gird
girt, r.
girt, R.
Give, for-
gave
given
Put
put
put
gone
graven
ground
Quit
quit, R.
quit, R.
Rap
rapt, R.
rapt, R.
read
read
rent
rent
hung
had
grown
hung
had
Read
Rend
Rid
rid
rid
ridden, rode
ground
grew
Grind
Grow
Hang
Have
re-
paid
paid
pent, R.
pent, R.
(to inclose)
Ride
rode
Hear
Heave
heard
heard
Ring
rang, rung
rung
hove, R.
hoven, R.
Rise
rose
risen
Hew
hewed
hewn,
Rive
rived
riven, r.
Hide
hid
hidden, hid
Run
ran,
run
Hit
Hold,
hit
hit
Saw
run
sawed
held
held, holden
Say
said
said
Hurt
Keep
hurt
hurt
See
saw
seen
kept
kept
Seek
sought
sought
Kneel
Knit
knelt, R.
knelt, r.
Seethe
sod, R.
sodden, R.
knit, r.
knit, r.
Sell
sold
sold
Know
knew
known
Send
sent
sent
Lade
laded
laden, r.
Set
set
set
Lay
laid
laid
shook
shaped
shaved
shapen, R.
shaven, R.
sheared
shorn, R.
be-
r.
led
Leave
left
left
Lean
Leap
Lend
leant, R.
leant, R.
leapt, R.
leapt, R;
Shake
Shape
Shave
Shear
Shed
lent
lent
Shine
*
t
Engrave is regular.
Hang, to take life by hanging,
is
sawn, R.
shaken
shed
shed
shone, R.
shone, R.
regular.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Pres. T.
Shoe
Shoot
Past P.
shod
shot
shot
showed
j
(
Shred
Shut
Sing
Sink
shrank
struck
R.
shrunk
shred
shred
shut
shut
sat
sat
Slay
slew
slain
Sleep
slept
slept
Slide
slid
strung
Strive
strove
striven
Strow
strowed
strown, r.
j
(
Sweat
Sweep
struck,
stricken
String
Swear
Sit
shown,
shrunk,
Past P.
Past T.
Pres. T.
Strike
Show
Shrink
Past T.
shod
263
Swell
Swim
swore,
strung
sworn
sware
sweat
swept
sweat, R.
swept
swelled
j
swam,
swum
swollen, R.
swum
swung
swung
took
Sling
Swing
Take
Teach
taught
taken
taught
Slink
slunk
slunk
Tear
tore, tare
torn
Slit
slit
slit
Tell
told
told
Smite
smote
sowed
smitten
Think
thought
thought
sown,
Thrive
throve
thriven,
Throw
threw
thrown
thrust
thrust
Sow
Speak
slidden
(slid
j
(
spoke,
spake
spoken
Speed
sped
sped
Spend
spent
spent
Spin
Spit
spit,
Split
Spread
Spring
r.
Thrust
Tread
Wax
waxen,
Wear
Weave
wore
spread
wove
worn
woven
Wed
wed
wed,
wept
wept
>
sprung
Stand
stood
stood
Stay
staid, R.
staid, R.
Steal
stole
stolen
Stick
stuck
stung
stung
strode
stridden,
strid
strid
Write
stuck
Stride
number
crept, knelt.
woke,
split
Weep
Wet
Whet
Win
Wind
Work
Wring
waxed
woke
spread
sprang,
form, with
trod
split
sprung
trodden
trode
Wake
trod,
spit
spat
Sting
wet, R.
whet,
as,
spelt,
spilt,
r.
wrought, r
wrung
wrung
wrote
written
instead of ed
r.
won
wound
wound, R
wrought,
r.
whet,
won
R.
wet, R.
R.
an abbreviated
264
765. Definition.
or past participle
verbs
A redundant verb
is
marked n in the
list
is
Pres. T.
Beware,
Pres. T.
Past T.
Shall,
should.
Can,
could.
Will,
would.
May,
might.
Wis,
Wit,
wist.
Must,
Ought,
Wot,
quoth.
>
may
The time
be subsequent
to,
correspondent
2.
He
He
3.
1.
768.
intended
appeared
happened
When
finitive is
to see
subsequent
expected
to
to
When
to,
1.
2.
infinitive
must be used
as,
He
He
as,
have gone].
be in Chicago to-day [not to have been],
enjoy the lecture last evening [not to have enjoyed],
to
to that expressed
must be used
that ex-
to
to
He seemed
769.
infinitive
to,
I intended to go with
2. I
3.
by an
or prior
as,
icitli,
appeared
to
is
prior
infinitive
Correct
265
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
meant, when
It
Direction.
Insert
When
2.
3.
expected
I arrived, I
should be proud
should like very
much
him.
[see.]
6.
7.
We
8.
He
4.
5.
happened
appeared
I intended [
They seemed
9.
10.
12.
present
When
[
]
themselves, [enjoy.]
guilty of the crime, [be.]
last
week, [return.]
CCIH.-USES OF
770.
when
is
used,
1.
3.
+
Note.
and
in the
is
first
per-
as,
2.
ject
[make.]
He was known
He expected [
11.
son
so fine a
1.
You
2.
He
3.
They
shall
is
soon.
used,
as,
my
power.
also implies
18
AND
USES OF "SHALL"
266
771.
When
tion], or simply
announces what
1.
"WILL."
first
person
is
to happen, shall
is
used
as,
2.
3.
as,
2.
3.
They
1.
will be in
me.
a month.
in the
[probability]
asked;
is
first
mere intention
whom
the question
is
as,
But
will
is
as,
office
would. Should
to-morrow?
tenses
773. Should and
and will, and the same principles are applied in their use as to
of shall
Direction.
fire ?
2. I will
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I [
8.
We
9.
10. I
11. [
see
my
267
CCIV.RULES
774. Rules for capitals are scattered throughout the preceding lesFor the sake of convenience, they are here repeated, and a few
sons.
others added.
letters
(1)
(2)
(3)
The names
"
War
line of poetry.
as,
doomed hamlet
Peace strews
Note.
Many
name
of
Deity should also begin with a capital letter. But in the authorized
editions of the English Bible such pronouns do not begin with capitals.
(5)
The
first
word
of a direct quotation
is
as,
nor be set
off
by a
comma
as,
is
the best
schoolmaster.
(7)
Every noun,
adjective, verb,
What
The names
as,
a Blind
of the
(8)
and adverb
;
of the
months and
week
(10)
Words denoting
of special importance
Fall
Ci
interjection
as,
tionary
as,
of January.
War
of July
the Revolu-
pendence Hall.
New York;
the
Inde-
RULES OF SYNTAX.
268
CCV.RULES OF SYNTAX.
775. Rule
1.
Rule
2.
in the
same case
an intransiwhich
as the subject to
See [501].
refers.
Note.
as a preceding
must be
must be
noun or pronoun
Rule
3.
They took me
as, "
A noun or pronoun
to be
complement
him"
Rule
4.
A noun or pronoun
of a verbal, or of a preposition,
Rule
case as the
Rule
5.
6,
case.
Rule
7.
to limit another
in the
same
noun by denoting
its
and number.
Rule
Note.
8.
An adjective
An
adjective
is
is
Rule
Rule
9.
is
or another adverb.
Rule
11.
A conjunction
is
or members.
Note.
word.
It
Rule
to the
conjunction
may
12.
is
A preposition
Rule
13.
14.
An interjection
verbal
is
element.
Rule
it
modifies.
is
used independently.
269
FOR COMPOSITION.
CCVI. SUBJECTS
776.
Politeness.
Poetry.
The importance
The boat-race.
of
trifles.
Common
sense.
Advantages of order.
Base-ball.
Horseback-riding.
Valentines.
day's fishing.
Coming
to school in a street-car.
The power
of habit.
How
left.
Silk manufacture.
of fashion.
got
Girls I like.
Self-denial.
The power
American humor.
girl.
Boys
Lawn-tennis.
don't like.
Real heroes.
Why
My
True business
forget fulness.
Why
I don't
Some
carry an unbrella.
tart.
was tardy.
Our Friday afternoons.
Books I like best.
French or German, which?
I
Variety of
old fashions.
principles.
candy-pull.
trees.
Variety of flowers.
Making
The
Importance of mathematics.
A woman's education.
The imagination.
Shall
ideal country.
Voices in our
The
House-cleaning.
sugar.
The
ears.
art of writing.
Things that
bread.
cost nothing.
Building a fire.
To-day's good things.
Life on a farm.
The microscope.
Rewards
day's boating.
Queen Elizabeth
What
What
know
service.
of
the
signal
Why
of merit in
I don't like a
know
service.
life.
mouse.
as a
of
woman.
the life-saving
270
2.
3.
business.
APPENDIX.
CCVn.DIRECTIONS FOR DIAGRAMMING.
paper sufficiently wide to contain the whole senthan one line is needed, place a whole
phrase, clause, or member on a second line. Mark a
777.
If possible, use
When more
Subject word,
J_
Predicate-verb,
Appositive word,
Independent word,
Introductory adv. or conj.,
Adjective or adv. clause,
. = verbal.
infinitive or participle
^c.
\ c
c>
attribute in a phrase,
a.
ap.
adverbial objective,
ad. o.
md.
Object in a phrase,
a^c.
in
int.
also a
make
lines.
(See next
page.)
by the caret
e c
'
"
'
After a
(see
diagram
34).
Construction of brackets.
APPENDIX.
272
Simple Sentences.
JL
JL
mended the ragged
o. c.
1.
An
2.
o.
He
o.
river.
JL
_^_
|o.
4.
o. c.
T_TT
_1_
3.
sail.
zzi
T
CL
5.
During the early part of the day, dark clouds arose above the horizon.
6.
The grocer
"E_ZT
ad.
sold a
o. c.
o.
o.
him a bushel
of potatoes.
T IJT
1
I
7.
J~
fell
[459.J
J^T
"lap.
London, the capital of the British Empire, and the largest city in the world.
is
ap.
situated on the
I
9.
ap.
8.
Mi.
Hope, the balm of
2
life,
TUT
o. c.
3_o_
nz
o. c.
o.
1,2 F
o. c.
quicksilver also.
12
11.
That
cool, fearless
II
The stormy
1
o. c.
int.
there
is
Some
is
is.
a copula, or
is
They
v.
a. c.
o.
as here used,
ZTT
v.
a. c.
TT
and hard
= JT
to please.
I
17. It is
18.
19.
The way
20.
He would
refined
mind
to acquire
not
let
knowledge
v.
o. c.
me
~TZ_TLj
21.
is,
16.
than to
general.
ind.
Scotland
my
15.
II
o. c.
o.
stairs.
a. c.
III
14.
"
=1
ap.
13.
r^
o.
12.
273
To
practice industry
sit
to labor for
o.
near a him.
XJJ~T
is
is
to insure success.
it.
APPENDIX,
274
22.
TT
int.
in.
shame
everlasting
23.
~r
My
My
my
"TZ
1
my
wounded by a
soldier,
will a not.
shell,
_o_
_o_
27.
28.
To become a good
29.
all
v.
_o_
a.
o. c.
~n_rr
1
30.
rear.
CZ ZZ3
will, consents.
_2_
The
r Tu~i_n~r_
J_
26.
25.
the ground.
a.
24.
fell to
We
saw a
o. c.
squirrel seated
flattery.
~!o.
busily engaged in
tall tree,
gnawing an acorn.
275
ind.
31.
To speak
o. c.
plainly, I consider
you dishonest.
Complex Sentences.
2
32.
v.
o.
c.
~L_J = 1
33.
The ocean
34.
is
as deep as the
sunk upon
their knees.
JL
JL
The sovereigns sunk upon
~T ~ TT
_L
o.
their knees
I
= I
35.
JLL
36.
He who
finished speaking.
Z=]
o.
o. c.
o.
debasement
~LZ
nz
J_
37. I
J_
a^_c.
am monarch
oc.. JL
of all
_2_
I survey.
o. c.
38.
int.
_2
is
a. c.
spherical.
zr
arise.
APPENDIX.
276
o.
39.
The missing
40.
That the
41.
The
42.
When we
int.
o. c.
universal belief
vessel for
taught by astronomers.
is
is
o.
n~n
12
43. I
tut
zu
a. c.
am
1(2
unable to explain
why he
n~
12
44.
He
o. c.
o. c.
left
Virtue
is
much
the country.
Wisdom
What
is
o.
a. c.
as rare as
12
a. c.
it is
admirable.
is
own
weight.
o.
a. c.
~1
1LJ- =1
what
settled.
a. c.
47.
46.
spherical.
is
richest
2 a.
1
mines of earth a
c.
he had done, etc., as a whole, is the object of the preposition o/; but
the object complement of the verb had done.
48.
soft
~ ~n
adv.
They
J_
2_
^r_^r
49.
Sentences,
o^.
started to go a
277
zr
stir
o.
up anger.
t_t
o.
home by
a shorter route,
~T~
2
but they
o. c.
lost their
T
50.
T~
"
o.
in the woods.
'
fall,
TJIZJ
And
o. c.
flowers
Kind
hearts are
"1
I
a. c.
zr
~r
o.
51.
way
2 a.
J_
And
simple faith
c.
>
than
2_
Norman blood
you snap the golden threads of thought, they will float away
on the air like the film of the gossamer, and I shall never be
52. If
They
away on the
if
o.
o.
o.
will float
air like
o.
o. c.
and
2_
I shall
nr
2_ a. c.
q^
never be able to recover them.
tlj
APPENDIX.
278
53.
and
seemed to be attired in purest
white, and her hair looked like a dash of gold on a lily.
Seen at a
little distance,
down the
Seen at a
little
distance, she
a. c.
o.
like a a
o.
dash of gold on a
lily,
H:
JL
J_
as she
bers
o.
lo.
street.
Note. The relation of the dependent clause, in 53, to the two memmay also be shown iji the following arrangement
Seen .... distance, she .... white,
her hair looked like
-\
V as
(and)
....
lily,
she walked
....
street,
An
2. If
3.
The aim
it.
what
how
to think than
to think.
or primary meaning, of the words they use. There are cases in which more
knowledge may be conveyed by the history of a word than by the history
of a campaign.
FALSE SYNTAX.
279
CCVIII.-FALSE SYNTAX.
778.
Direction.
may
be used in the regular order of progress as fast as the text, calling for their
Pupils should be
use, is mastered also as a review as often as necessary.
;
2.
3.
(2)
5.
6.
The
3.
4.
rivers flow in
twof
opposite directions.
This velvet
2.
I feel nicely,
3.
We
4.
This machine
arrived
smoothly [513].
thank you [513].
feels
home
is
safely [513].
[567].
4.
5.
6.
(5)
1.
(4)
article:
is
2.
(3)
This
Who
The
Only
1.
2.
Whom
to school [256
(1)].
3.
4.
Was
5.
lion
[657],
tivo directions
is
unnecessary.
APPENDIX.
280
6.
7.
8.
(6)
[702].
2.
3.
4.
5.
(7)
3.
4.
Many
5.
Such phenomena
6.
Has the
7.
8.
He
2.
9.
a captain, with
is
all
duties [331],
[334].
know
don't
[323].
10. I
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
(8)
5.
6.
7.
1.
This
2.
The
The
3.
4.
is
the horse
lion
is
[675
(1)].
[273].
*
in the singular
number.
FALSE SYNTAX.
8.
9.
10.
11.
(9)
(10)
281
Many a flower will waste their sweetness on the desert air [271].
Every man and every boy received their wages.*
That is the same' man who was here yesterday [675 (6)].
The boy who came late and that sits at the last desk may
now recite, f
1.
This
[414].
2.
We
[420].
3.
He
4.
5.
6.
7.
Use
of inappropriate
words:
1.
Every
2.
3.
He made no
4.
They
5.
8.
do like I do [427].
no sooner blown hut blasted.
The teacher learned me how to draw good [611, 558],
Neither the army or the navy was represented [708].
9.
We
6.
7.
little girl
was dressed
alike.
life [709],
you wish
If
my
to succeed,
fairest flower!
14.
15.
He
10.
11.
12.
13.
The death
did
16. I
[567],
does not
||
17. I
||
18.
||
19.
When two
19
282
APPENDIX.
(11)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Explanation.
In
1,
By
is
1.
He might have
2.
The
succeeded and
is
now
fully convinced of
it.
4.
5.
Hence he must
6.
He
3.
carriage
as dreamers.
(13)
Improper arrangement
1.
He
2. It
is
3.
The
4.
We
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
[459].
life [588].
man
[669].
An auxiliary should
RHETORICAL FAULTS.
283
CCIX.RHETORICAL FAULTS.
779.
Grammar
780. Rhetoric
and
teaches
teaches
how
how
elegance.
It is
2. I
3.
4.
An
improper arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses, or the omissome necessary word, often renders the meaning more or less
sion of
i. e., makes
and 3 above, and
ment [778 (12)].
obscure
An
it
difficult to ascertain
in 9
obscure sentence
and
is
10,
of
be taken.
782. Obscurity
meaning intended.
is
think he likes
me
1.
2.
3.
4.
Direction.
These apples are real good. 2. Problems of these sort are very easy
to solve. 3. Nobody should praise themselves. 4. Who is like thou in
heaven, light of the silent night
5. The four sisters were greatly attached to each other. 6. There was a chance of him recovering the money.
8. Run quick into the
7. Which do you prefer most, apples or oranges ?
10.
house.
9. The parent's care for her children is a divine instinct.
Whom do you think was with me yesterday? 11. He reads too slow. 12.
How can we tell who to trust ? 13. The money was divided among the
two brothers. 14, There are plenty of molasses in the jug. 15. He and
1.
APPENDIX.
284
barefoot.
17.
pleasant.
29.
My
bor and told him that his cattle were in his field. 35. Has the second bell
rang yet ? 36. The traveler by this time had took his seat beside the lady.
38. Metal types were
37. A savage is a better state of life than a slave.
made of wood.
Climbing to the top of the mountain, the Pacific Ocean was seen.
40. We had rode only a short distance, when a dark cloud arose.
41. I
wish I was in California. 42. If my friend be in town, he will call this
evening. 43. If I had have seen him, I should have known him. 44. If
now
39.
you
Had you
not better
lie
45.
He knew who
47. He was
down awhile %
46.
with snow. 48. Who should I meet the other day but my old friend Jones I
50. How many spoonsful
49. Give the balance of our dinner to the cat.
make two cupsf ul % 51. We not only found the questions easy, but very
52. Jacob loved Joseph more than all his children.
diverting.
53. On
each side are pavements for pedestrians that are from six to eight feet
wide. 54. I fear that I will never see him again.
Who
68.
Either he or I
is
right.
69.
Was
74.
70.
Either you or
I are to
blame.
FIGURES OF RHETORIC.
285
When
immortal.
will
77.
CCXI.-FIGURES OF RHETORIC.
785. Definition.
figure of rhetoric is a deviation from
ordinary language for that which is more pleasing or impressive.
786. For the sake of making a stronger impression on the mind, or
more pleasing effect, we often make a comparison of one
object with another essentially different in its nature, but having some
of producing a
points of resemblance
as,
1.
" Ingratitude
2.
"
787. Definition.
A simile
is
2.
3.
4.
a direct comparison
made
resembles
in a
as,
Thy
fields,
do
so
Christianity
to the soul
is
what
light
is
to Nature.
He
He
o.
The sun
1.
is like
is .a
rules the
Rise
and
fall
is
= history,
is
[simile],
singular.
as,
APPENDIX.
286
4.
The sun
5.
A man
6.
As
a restive horse
is
man
metaphors
similes to
Wild
1.
"
2.
"Friendship
3.
"He
4.
"Idleness
5.
"The
6.
The clouds
7.
8.
fancies
shall
is
President
789. Caution.
The apple
is
is
as,
and,
if it
be
it
is
a continued metaphor.
the world.
790.
An
791.
792.
allegory
names.
It is
a figure in which
there is used the name of a thing suggested by the real thing meant as,
" They have Moses and the prophets " [their writings] " Gray hairs should
;
"
He drank
"
The
793. Synecdoche
is
794. Hyperbole
is
making a statement more impressive as, " The waves ran mountainhigh " " Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay " " Brougham is a
thunderbolt " " Rivers of water run down mine eyes."
;
VERSIFICATION.
287
795. Irony is language that means the contrary of what the words
themselves imply, the tone or manner of the speaker generally indicating
the real meaning
as, "
man "
"
He
saved
CCXH.- VERSIFICATION.
796. Poetry is a mode of expressing thought and feeling in a measured and musical flow of words.
797.
verse
is
number
of
798.
Rhyme
is
similar sounds.
800. The
is
measured
sions called feet, there being one long or accented syllable in each foot,
2.
Iambus
3.
Dactyl
4.
The
as,
mind'
us.
few tolls'
the knell' of part' ing day'.
No' ble and
rare' was her
place' in so
ci' ety.
of the day'
when the ham' let is still'.
At the close'
cur'
Anapest
The
first syllable,
and the
latter
on the second.
The
dactyl and the anapest have each three syllables in a foot, the former ac-
cented on the
and the
first syllable,
latter
on the
third.
is
Two
written.
feet in
syllables
Brought' death'
into
the world'
and the
1.
and
all'
3.
our woe'.
having
syllables in a foot> as is
Rap' ping
pyrrliic,
as,
which English
of his
in'stincts o.
APPENDIX.
288
them as,
Monometer: Staying.
Rich the
Dimeter
From the
Trimeter
that compose
1.
2.
3.
named according
also
to the
number
of feet
treas' ure.
cen'
to the sea'.
5.
Tetrameter Fad' ed the va' pors that seemed' to en com' pass him.
Pentameter Near yon' der copse' where once' the gar' den smiled'.
6.
Hexameter
4.
The
Direction.
it
On' a
mount' ain
stretched' be
composed of
last line is
neath' a
hoar' y
wil' low.
therefore its
measure [meter] is a trochaic hexameter. Scan the four lines [800], and
mention the kind of measure of each also the six lines given above.
;
Recasting Sentences.
The following example shows some
sentence
may be
of the different
ways
in
which a
lessons
may be
It is
By changing
Sentences
may
all
the de-
be varied
(2)
By changing
By changing
(5)
the phraseology
e.,
i.
The
larger than
where surrounds
us.
5.
Iron
4.
is
2.
is
all metals.
289
To
is
used
1.
2.
politics
(2)
2.
2.
in the subject
2.
3.
rankling
as,
as,
men
alike
the love of
bitter,
have often told you that but I will not repeat it.
He said, " Bring me the " but the man had disappeared.
I
breasts of
(5)
need
his
(4)
was
(3)
well
life.
in sentiment
in love
with
as,
his profession.
people's money.
summing up
of
particulars; as,
(6)
1.
2.
To denote
1.
This
dimensions
all
were
thickness.
sacrificed.
man
is
a abut
justice.
2.
(7)
(8)
We
2.
The winter
At the end
of 1887-88
of a line to
stopped
was very
cold.
mark an unfinished
statement, resumed on
APPENDIX.
290
(9)
After side-heads;
Poetic License.
as,
For
the measure of a line of poetry, they are changed in various ways [see page 259, and side-heads all through this
book].
To
inclose
as,
Know
1.
It
2.
behooves
all
me
To
inclose
as,
2.
8.
He
is
not so
1.
is
brother
tall as his
[ffi^f"]
is
resources.
[is tall].
directed.
(1)
section
The
[
;
;
INDEX.
[The numbers refer to paragraphs.]
Alone, 581.
Abbreviation, 132-136.
Adjectives, 49-52
Allegory, 790.
modifying
ele-
457-459
used as complements,
495 not to be used as adverbs, 513
numeral, 546 (2); inflection, 552double comparison, 572
571
;
position,
643
parsing, 285
used as nouns,
550, 610.
form as
350
713.
At
once, 398.
Another, 586.
same
Antecedent, 145.
posi-
interrogative.
f.
n.
parsing, 481.
conjunctive, 606
mation, 607
classes,
606
parsing, 285
for-
modal,
Ago, 597.
583.
conjunctive
adverb, 661.
Asterisk, 807.
Attribute
211.
little,
592.
Ambiguity, 783.
complement,
493-502
parsing, 504.
INDEX.
292
Bad
construction
improved,
654,
720.
Be
97,
(verb),
con-
tracted, 147-152.
Composition lessons,
jugation, 757.
Brackets, 806.
720.
612.
directions, 64, 65
topical out-
f.
co-ordinate, 704-706
n.
page 11
527
Nominative,
707
subordinate,
correlatives, 708.
n.
f.
Possessive, formation,
solute, 702.
pars-
ing, 664.
434-438
147-152,
sentences,
'
256, 487-489.
Conjugation, 739-757.
622, 639.
Clauses.
665, 702
718
clauses of comparison,
Ad-
680-684
condensed, 700. Sub-
position, 693
office,
697
restrictive,
rules,
102,
Comparison,
552
adjectives,
ad-
f.
n.
pronouns, 261
personal
relative pronouns,
673.
Dash, 804.
Defective verbs, 766.
clauses,
659,
667,
709-
verbs, 590.
Complements,
712.
Clearness, 781.
object, 106
attribute,
493-495.
Complex
511.
Dependent
stantive, 711.
Comma,
f. n.,
Dagger, 807.
Caret, 141.
fication, 714.
Bach
other, 587 f. n.
Element, definition, 57.
Elder, 560.
Ellipsis, 376.
INDEX.
Elliptical phrases, prepositional, 376-
378
uses, 767-769
Interjections, 534-543
Elision, 763.
some one
parsing, 625,
629.
712
Else, 581
293
else's
book, 489
rem.
in
model for
parsing, 543,
analysis.
Enough,
581, 604.
Etymology,
Examples
34, 779.
36, 162.
349, 350.
Inverted
Irony, 795.
Introductory
From
162-182;
list,
764.
632; introductory
it,
definition,
169;
forms, 171-173.
as adjectives or
as prepositions, 427
Get, 425.
Grammatical
Had
there, 598.
Gender,
order,
note.
subject, 59
had
rather,
f.
Lie and
n.
how
lay,
to use, 491.
Logical subject, 59
better, 397.
f.
Hyperbole, 794.
Many
Hyphen,
Means, singular or
tences 3 and 4.
Members, 98.
31, 140.
Ideas, 1-4
Idioms, 397
f.
n.
it,
and
621-635
mixed, 789.
Metonymy, 792.
Modal adverbs, 592.
Mode, 730, 731.
Modified subject, 59.
290.
Merely, 589.
Metaphors, 788
399, 603.
n.
a, 583.
infinitive
phrases,
used as adjectives or
More
than, 603.
Name-form
tense,
used substantively, 628
page 253; elliptical infinitives, 630633; have indirect subjects, page
196 exp., 712 exp. used as predi-
91, 593.
INDEX.
294
Not
504
only, 589.
Nominative
in
702, 703.
passive
verb, 525
520
verb,
active
infinitive
645;
conjunctive adverb, 664; relative
pronoun, 692, 695, 699 verbs, 749
pendently, 526-531
used inde-
used abso-
Part of speech, 40
nouns,
253
651, 755
object, 378;
del, Ill
indirect
object, 481
factitive
del, 41.
by a
fied
637 exp.
Personification, 178-182.
646
object
modi-
628,
parsing, 645.
substan-
object
page
subject,
object,
attribute, 628.
Phrase,
Obscurity, 782.
Of late, 603.
Of old, 603.
compound, 383
complex, 391-393.
Opposite, 381.
Phrase-adjective, 583.
Or connects nouns
in apposition, 484.
rhetorical,
340-342, 496.
Orthography,
Phrase-adverb, 602.
Poetry, 796.
35.
Parable, 791.
Paragraph, 31.
Parenthesis, 805.
Predicate, del, 44
258
remarks,
281
oral
adjectives,
adverbs,
conjunctions, 282-286
and
verbs, 324
noun
simple, 47
modi-
part, 112.
Predicate-verb, 78.
Prepositions,
in appo-
379
use,
362;
353-395
del,
361
office,
attribute complement,
prepositions, 375;
sition, 481
fied,
list,
405-418
unnecessary
use,
;;
;;
INDEX.
420
as adjectives, 422
Pronouns,
143
used
parsing, 375.
antecedent,
145
sin-
270-278, 691.
291
287-289
compound,
parsing, 283.
666-
Proper nouns,
Review by sentences,
351, 385-390.
Rhetoric, 780.
295
22, 122-131.
;
in-
exclamation
noun
complement, 501,
attribute
775.
quotation
31, 533, 536
marks, 31, 279; semicolon, 721725 colon, 726 comma, 102, 155
Rhyme,
point,
and
798.
clarative,
f.
n.
direct
2, 3.
117, 348
21
clamatory, 30
Rather, 596.
interrogative,
simple, 95
25,
ex-
prin-
compound, 97;
Contracted compounds, 147-152
Redundant
classification, 715;
verbs, 765.
preferable to
as
who
relative,
clause, 680-684;
or which, 675
676
restrictive-
unlike personal
;
gender unim-
position, 693
ellip-
698
complex, 659-
classification, 714.
f n.,
Sit, set,
how
to use, 491.
simple, 47 modigrammatical, 59 f n.
Subject, def., 43
fied,
59
logical, 59
f.
n.
Such, 676.
770-772.
Simile, 787.
773.
INDEX.
296
Substantives, 627.
106,
Syntax, 38.
Synecdoche, 793.
115
Synopsis, 762.
107
f.
Synthesis, 75
f. n.,
Than
else,
page 281
f.
412; should
and
other,
114r-116, 515;
110,
complete
n.,
201, 311
505
and incomplete,
number-forms, 199-
note, 751
in-
(12).
after different,
follow
107,
otherwise,
n.
principal
parts,
301,
466;
del,
116.
Unthought-of, unheard-of,
etc.,
422.
731;
list
of
Modes, 730
indicative,
733,
734,
tive,
755
conjugation, 739-744,
Verbs appear,
Verse, 797.
Versification, 796-803.
Worth, 588.
active voice to
f. n.,
Would and
770-772.
should, 773.
What, 677 1 n.
Whether, page 281 1
page 288.
Yet, 618.
clauses to
f. n.,
756.
348
passive
n.
EDUCATIONAL WORKS.
Laughlin's Mill's Political Economy.
Le Conte's Compend of Geology.
Elements of Geology.
Linton's Historical Charts. With Revolving Supporter and Manual.
Literature Primers. Edited by J. R. Green, M. A.
English Grammar. English Literature. Philology. ClassiShaksiere. Studies in Bryant. Greek
cal Geography.
Literature. English Grammar Exercises. Homer. Eng
lish Composition.
Manning's Book-Keeping.
Marsh's Single and Double Entry Book-Keeping.
McAdoo's Geology of Tennessee.
Markham's History of England.
Morris's History of England.
Historical English Grammar.
Model Copy-Books. With Sliding Copies. Six Numbers.
Primary
Series.
Three Numbers.
Gems of Thought.
Painter's History of Education.
Preyer's Senses and the Will. Translated by
II.
T7.
Brown.
Primary Grammar.
English Grammar.
Illustrated Lessons in our Language.
First Lessons in Composition.
Composition and Rhetoric.
Elementary History of the United States.
School History of the United States.
American History.
Illustrated School History of the World.
Natural Philosophy.
Rains's Chemical Analysis.
(New
Edition.)
EDUCATIONAL WORKS.
Bequa's Writing Movement Tablets.
Richards's Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.
Koemer's Principles of General Grammar.
Origin of the English People and of the English Language.
Rosenkranz's Philosophy of Education.
Science Primers. Edited by Professors Huxley, Roscoe. and Stewart.
Introductory. Chemistry. Physics. Physical Geography.
Geology. Physiology. Astronomy. Botany. Logic. InveicPianoforte-Playing.
tional Geometry.
Political Economy. Natural Resources of the United States.
Sensenig's Numbers Symbolized.
Sewell's Child's History of Rome.
Child's History of Greece.
Shaw's Selections for Reproduction.
Shepherd's Historical Reader.
Song Wave, The.
Spalding's English Literature.
Spencer's Education.
III.
Wavelet
(The).
Edition.)