Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
DNB PAEDIATRICS
THEORY QUESTION BANK
(UPDATED TILL DECEMBER 2014)
HOW TO INTERPRET THE QUESTIONS:
1. Questions are divided based on Chapters of Nelsons Textbook of Paediatrics
2. Questions contain two numbers at the end. Numbers within bracket indicates the year. For example
(97/1)- 97 means year 1997
1 means June, 2 means December)
Thus (06/1) means June 2006
3. Number at the end of the question(not within bracket) indicates marks
19. Write the height velocity curves of girls and boys from birth to adolescence, describe the principles and
factors governing the growth and development in children (06)
10
20. Bone age assessment and its usefulness (07/2) 10
21. Growth and development in second year of life in children (07/1) 10
22. Outline the basic principles of sleep hygiene for children and adolescents (09/1) 10 (12/1) 5+5 (13/1) 5
23. Describe: (09/2) 5+5
a) Factors affecting child development
b) Developmental screening tests available and suitable for use in Indian children.
25. Developmental milestones in first two years of life. (10/1) 10
26. Outline the fine motor milestones along with their normal age of achievement in sequence attained
between birth and 5 years of age. (10/2) 10
27. Discuss the evolution and characteristics of WHO growth charts. Discuss their implications on the
magnitude of malnutrition in Indian setting. (11/1)
3+4+3
28. Enumerate the available methods and indications for determination of bone age in children and
adolescents. Outline the differential diagnosis of a child with short stature on the basis of bone age.
(11/1)
3+3+4
29. Describe Tanners Sexual Maturity Rating (pubertal staging) in boys based on a) Genitalia and b)
Pubic hair development. (11/2) 5+5
30. Describe in detail the physical growth and development in all domains from birth till completion of
first year. (11/2) 5+5
31. What is developmental delay? Describe different tools used for screening of developmental delay.
(11/2) 3+7
32. Define growth velocity. Draw a typical height velocity curve from birth to puberty for boys and girls.
Discuss the utility of determining growth velocity. (12/1) 2+4+4 Read up the newer growth standards
by WHO (released upto 5years; percentiles and 2 scores; for ht/age, wt/age, BMI, wt/ht, motor
milestones)
33. What is developmental screening? Enumerate common developmental screening test. What issues
they identify in a child? (12/1) 2+4+4
34. Define developmental delay and developmental dissociation. Outline the screening and definitive tests for
diagnosis of developmental delay. (13/1) 5+5
35. What is global developmental delay? What are the common causes of global developmental delay? Discuss
the algorithmic approach to evaluate a child with global developmental delay. (13/2) 2+3+5
2 PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS
PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS
1. Management of Conversion reactions
(98/1)
15
VEGETATIVE DISORDER
1. Sleep Disorders in children
(99/2)
10
2. Encopresis
(99/2)
15
3. What is Vegetative Disorder (05) 5
4. What is vegetative disorder? Discuss management of a child with injuries (05) 5+5
5. Rumination (06/1) 5
6. Pica (07/1)
5
HABIT DISORDER
1. Habit Disorders in children
MOOD DISORDER
1. Childhood Depression
(06)
(07/1)
10
10
15
2+8
4 NUTRITION
PEM
1. Discuss the influences of malnutrition on mental functions in relation to its onset, severity and type of
functional losses with supportive advances (93/1) 25
2. Prevention of hypocalcaemia in PEM (93/1) 15
3. Biochemical changes in PEM (96/2)
10
4.
5.
6.
7.
12. Discuss the pathophysiological basis of clinical and radiological manifestations of nutritional rickets.
(09/1) 10
13. Describe vitamin D metabolism. Describe diagnostic approach to a 3 year old child with rickets who has
shown no response to treatment with 6 lac I.U. of vitamin D. (09/2) 4+6
14. Outline the clinical features, radiological changes, diagnosis and treatment of nutritional vitamin D
deficiency rickets (10/2) 2+2+2+4
15. Write in brief the role of vitamin D in health and disease in children. Outline the management of
Vitamin D deficiency disorder. (12/1) 6+4
VIT C
1. Scurvy- radiological changes. How are they produced? What is the role of Blood Level of Vit C in the
diagnosis? (05) 10
VIT E
1. Vitamin E and its role in human nutrition (92/2)
15
2. Enumerate the functions and therapeutic uses of Vit E (98/1)
VITAMINS
1. Hypervitaminosis in Children (96/1)
15
12
COPPER
1. What are the dietary sources of copper? What are the diseases associated with abnormal copper
metabolism? Describe investigations, clinical features and treatment of any one of them. (09/2) 1+2+7
ZINC
1.
2.
3.
4.
MAGNESIUM
1. Sources, deficiency state and uses of magnesium in children. (10/1) 3+3+4
2. Short note: Magnesium in therapy.(14/1) 3
MILK
1. Anti-infective properties of Human milk
(95/2)
10
2. Differences in the composition of Milk secreted by mothers delivering Term and Preterm babies (96/2)
10
3. Bioactive factors in Human Milk (98/1)
15
4. Discuss the physiology of Breast Milk secretion and advantages of breast feeding with special reference
to metabolic aspects. What are the causes of lactation failure?
(99/1)
25
5. Enlist the problems of breastfeeding and outline the management of the same(05) 4+6
6. Explain the occurrence of low prevalence of Hypoglycemia and iron deficiency anemia in breast fed
infants
(05)
10
7. How would you assess the adequacy of breast milk for a 2 months old baby. Enumerate 4 features of
good attachment of a baby to the breast. What can be the problems with poor attachment
(06) 10
8. Compare the composition of human milk with cows milk. Outline the difference in the milk
composition of a mother with a premature neonate from that of a term neonate. Describe the
immunological factors present in human milk. (08/2) 10
IODINE
1. Prevention of Iodine deficiency
(95/1)
FLUORINE
1. Prevention of Fluoride toxicity (95/1)
15
15
OBESITY
1. Approach to a child with obesity (99/1) 15
2. Define obesity in childhood. List the causes of obesity in children. Outline strategies for its prevention.
(04/2) 2+3+5
3. What is Obesity? Discuss the management in children (05) 3+7
4. Approach to a child with Obesity (06/1) (07/2) 10
5. Outline the diagnostic measures and clinical manifestations of obesity. Enlist the differential diagnosis
of childhood obesity. (09/2) 2+3+5
6. Define syndrome X. Outline the diagnostic criteria and laboratory work up for obese children. (10/1)
2+3+5
7. Define obesity. List causes of obesity. Discuss approach to a child with obesity. (11/1)
2+3+5
8. A 2 year old toddler presents with a weight of 25 kg. Discuss the possible causes, evaluation and
treatment for this child.(14/1) 3+4+3
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Metabolism of fat absorption along with role of MCT in nutrition (03/1) 15
2. What is Complimentary Feeding? Discuss the feeding problems in first year of life (05) 5+5
3. How would you assess the nutritional status of a child whose age is not known (05)
10
4. Describe the attributes of complementary feeding. What is the safe age of introduction of
complementary feeding in your opinion Justify. Describe some foods appropriate for complimentary
feeding. (08/2) 10
5. Daily nutritional requirements as recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) in infants and children. (10/1)
5+5
6. Define complimentary feeding. Outline the attributes of complimentary foods. Enumerate the
recommendations on complimentary feeding, as per the National guidelines on Infant and Young Child
Feeding (IYCF) (10/2) 2+2+6
7. Name the micronutrients required for various body functions. Discuss briefly their dietary sources and
the effects of deficiency of mineral micronutrients (trace elements). (11/2) 3+2+5
8. Outline the nutritional support of a critically ill child. List the complications during management of such
a child. (12/1) 7+3
9. Brief notes: Trophic feeding (13/1) 5
10. Short note: Enteral feeding in a sick child (14/1) 4
ACID-BASE BALANCE
1. Define pH and base excess. Discuss briefly regulation of Acid-base homeostasis and management of
Respiratory Acidosis (93/1) 15
2. Physiological compensatory mechanisms during Metabolic Acidosis (97/1) 15
3. Describe briefly how the acid-base balance of body is maintained in health (98/1)
25
4. Anion Gap (98/2) (00/1) 10
5. Pathophysiology of Acid-base disorders (03/1) 15
6. Anion Gap (03/2) 15
7. Define anion gap and its utility. Outline the major causes of metabolic acidosis in children. Outline the
treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (04/2)
2+4+4
8. Outline the normal mechanism of acid-base regulation in children. What is anion-gap? Describe the
causes and management of a child with metabolic acidosis
(07/2) 10
9. Classify and list the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features and
treatment. (08/2) 10
10. Classify metabolic acidosis based on anion gap. Mention the various causes of lactic acidosis. Describe
the approach to diagnosis of inborn error of metabolism in an infant. (08/2) 10
11. Classify and enlist the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Outline the treatment modalities. (10/1)
3+3+4
12. Define anion gap. Enlist causes of increased anion gap acidosis and discuss its management in brief.
(11/1)
2+3+5
DEHYDRATION
1. Why children are more vulnerable to develop dehydration? (96/2) 10
2. One year old infant with AGE develops Abdominal Distension. Discuss the differential diagnosis
(97/1)
10
3. Pathogenesis and Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (97/2) 15
4. Management of Acute Diarrhoea in children (98/1) 15
5. Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (02/1) 15
6. Hypernatremic Dehydration (03/1) 15
7. Hyponatremic Dehydration (03/2) 15
8. Steps in management of patient with Hypernatremic Dehydration (06) 10
9. A one year old infant weighing 5.5kg presents with Acute Dysentery and severe dehydration. Discuss its
complete management (06/1)
10
10. Pathophysiology of regulation of Plasma Osmolality (06) 10
11. A one year old baby weighing 5.5kg comes in severe dehydration. Discuss complete management
(07/2)
10
12. Discuss causes, predisposing factors and pathophysiology of Hypernatremic dehydration in young
children (07/1) 10
13. Describe the pathophysiology of hyponatremic dehydration. Briefly discuss the management of a child
with serum sodium of 110 meq/liter presenting with moderate dehydration and seizures. (08/2) 10
14. Define osmolarity. Discuss the mechanism of regulation of plasma osmolarity in the human body.(14/2)
2+8
10
(07/1)
10
BRAIN DEATH
1. Brain Death
(98/1) (99/2) 15
2. Define Brain Death. Write age specific criteria for Brain Death in children. (11/2)
2+8
P.A.L.S.
1. Draw an algorithm for managing pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. (08/1) 10
2. How will you assess that a 10 year old child who has fallen unconscious in front of you required basic life
support. What are the steps for basic life support to such a child (as per American Heart Association
Guidelines for CPR) (09/1) 3+7
3. What is Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI)? Outline the steps involved. Discuss the indications and
advantages of RSI.(14/2)
2+5+3
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
11
1. Describe the various pressures which are used or varied during mechanical ventilation. What is Cycling
and Control in mechanical ventilator? Describe the differences in pressure controlled and volume controlled
ventilation. Illustrate with suitable indication use of these forms of ventilation. (08/2) 10
7 GENETICS
1. Early stimulation in Down syndrome (92/2) 15
2. Genetic counseling of a case of Down Syndrome (99/1) 15
3. Briefly discuss the principles of genetic counseling. Outline the counseling of a family with a child with
Downs syndrome. (04/2)
5+5
4. Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 15
5. Gene Therapy in Children (06/1) 10
6. Gene therapy (07/1) 5
7. Enumerate and describe the structural abnormalities of autosomes. Illustrate with suitable examples.
(08/1) 10
8. What are trisomies? What are predisposing factors? Discuss clinical features of 3 common trisomies
seen in clinical practice? (08/1) 10
9. Describe the symbols used in pedigree chart. Draw pedigree charts over 4 generations depicting a) X
linked dominant disease b) X linked recessive disease.
10. A couple has a child with Down Syndrome. Outline the principles of genetic counseling and antenatal
management for the subsequent pregnancy.(09/1)10
11. Write a short note: Karyotyping (09/2) 5
12. What are mutations? Describe their consequences. (10/1) 5+5
13. Discuss the genotypic and phenotypic features of Turners syndrome (11/1) 4+6
14. What are mitochondrial genes? How are they transmitted? Briefly discuss diseases transmitted by them?
(11/2) 2+2+6
15. Define and explain the mechanisms of following chromosomal anomalies:
a) Inversion
b) Isochromosome
c) Anaphase lag
d) Mosaicism
e) Genomic Imprinting
(12/2)
2x5
16. Enumerate classic and non-classic forms of genetic inheritance. Discuss in brief the characteristics of
autosomal recessive inheritance. Illustrate with a pedigree chart. (13/1) 5+3+2
8 METABOLIC DISEASES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Homocysteinuria (94/2) 15
Screening tests for Inborn Errors Of Metabolism (96/2) 10
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (96/1)
12
Discuss the diet plan in various metabolic disorders (99/1) 15
Write briefly about glucose metabolism in body. Describe briefly glycogen storage disorders.
4+6
(04/2)
12
9 NEONATOLOGY
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
1. Pathophysiology of RDS of newborn (94) 15
2. Tests for pulmonary maturity and surfactant therapy for RDS (94/2) 15
3. Describe in brief PPHN (or PFC) with regard to Pathology, pathophysiology, Diagnosis and
management (94/2) 25
4. BPD (97/1) 15
5. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome(97/2) 15
6. Surfactant therapy (98/2) 10
7. Discuss RDS with special reference to surfactant therapy (98/2) 15
8. Surfactant therapy for HMD
15
9. Discuss the pathogenesis and management of MAS (00/1) 25
10. Describe the surgical causes of Respiratory difficulty in newborn (02/1) 25
11. HMD- pathophysiology and management (03/1) 25
12. List the causes of respiratory distress in preterms. Outline the principles of surfactant therapy in
preterms. Outline the manifestations of oxygen therapy in newborns. (04/2) 2+4+4
13. What is the aetiopathogenesis of PPHN of Newborn. Outline the diagnosis and management (05)
3+3+4
14. What is the sequence of events leading to the first breath after delivery? What is the significance of
establishment of Functional Residual Capacity? (06) 10
15. Aetiology, pathogenesis and management of a neonate with RDS (06/1) 10
16. PPHN (06/1) 10
17. Briefly discuss normal foetal development of Surfactant. List the uses of Surfactant in newborn (07/2)
10
18. Discuss the diagnosis and management of PPHN (07/2)
19. Enumerate causes of persistent pulmonary hypertension in neonates and discuss its pathophysiology.
(08/1) 10
13
20. Discuss the approach to diagnosis of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of Newborn (PPHN). Outline
the available modalities of management, highlighting their key features in a tabular format. (10/2) 4+6
21. Discuss the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease in premature newborns. (10/2)
10
22. Describe the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) in newborns. Outline important
available strategies to prevent HMD. (11/1) 5+5
23. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension in a
newborn. (12/2) 2+2+6
24. Outline and discuss the strategies to prevent lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a preterm
baby. (13/1) 10
25. Enumerate the factors associated with prematurity and low birth weight. Discuss the potential pathways
by which infection plays a role in premature delivery. (13/1) 4+6
26. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of a two months old child
with chronic lung disease.(14/1)
2+2+2+4
27. Write short notes on: INSURE therapy in neonates(14/1) 5
28. Aetiology and Management of PPHN. (14/2) 3+7
SURGICAL
1. Enumerate congenital anomalies presenting as severe respiratory distress in a newborn. Describe the
pre-operative and post-operative care of a neonate with tracheo oesophageal fistula. (10/1) 4+3+3
2. Enumerate causes of persistent vomiting in a 4 week old child. Describe clinical features and
management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. (12/1) 3+3+4
3. Describe the development of the midgut. Enumerate the causes for bilious vomiting in a two week
neonate and discuss its management.(14/1)
3+(2+5)
RESUCITATION
1. Steps in Neonatal Resuscitation
15
2. Care of newborn in the delivery room.
3. How do you assign APGAR score to a neonate. In which 5 conditions will you get a low score without
associated hypoxia? What are fallacies of APGAR score. (06)
10
4. A term baby is apnoeic. What information of the perinatal events you would like to know? What are the
initial steps of management in the labour room? What are the possible complications in the next 48
hours? (08/2) 10
5. Describe the changes taking place in circulation at birth and their implications in neonatal resuscitation.
(09/1) 5+5
6. Enumerate the newer recommendations of neonatal resuscitation by American Academy of Paediatrics
2010 guidelines. Comment on the level of evidence for each of the changes. (12/1) 6+4
7. Discuss the recent changes in guidelines for resuscitation of new born and older children with the
rationale for the changes. (13/1) 10
BIRTH ASPHYXIA
1. HIE (93/1) (92/2) 15
2. Prognosis of Birth Asphyxia. (93/1) 10
3. HIE in newborn (95/1) 10
4. Discuss the etiopathology and management of birth asphyxia . (96/2)
25
14
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
HIE (97/2) 15
Clinical and laboratory correlates of neuromotor outcome in Birth Asphyxia (97/1) 10
Discuss briefly pathophysiology and recent modalities of management of HIE (99/2) 25
Perinatal asphyxia- clinical features and management (02/1) 15
What are the aetiological causes of Foetal Hypoxia? Write pathophysiology of Foetal Hypoxia. Describe
stages of HIE (06) 10
10. Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Brain injury in neonate. (06/1) 10
11. Discuss the pathophysiology of hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. (09/1) 10
12. Define hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in neonate. Outline newer modalities in its management.
(
12/2)
(2+8)
13. Discuss aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management of Hypoxic-Ischaemic
Encephalopathy. (13/2) 2+2+2+4
NEONATAL SEIZURES
1. Aetiopathogenesis of neonatal seizures (02/1) 15
2. Management of Resistant Neonatal Seizure (03/2) 15
3. Classify neonatal seizures. Outline their aetiology and provide a brief clinical description. Provide
general principles of management of a seizure in neonate. (12/1) 2+2+3+3
IVH
1. IVH (03/1)
15
2. Outline the risk factors, pathophysiology and principles of management of intraventricular haemorrhage
in preterm neonates. (10/2) 3+3+4
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of intracranial haemorrhage in newborn infants. Outline the possible promoters
and protectors for occurrence of subsequent white matter disease. (12/1) 6+2+2
PAIN
1. Discuss the impact of pain on a preterm neonate. Identify common procedures
associated with pain in a newborn. Describe the strategies for pain
management in a newborn. (08/2) 10
2. Write short notes: (12/1) 5+5
a) Non-pharmacological methods in pain management.
b) Drug therapy in neonatal pain management.
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA
1. Management of neonatal hypoglycemia (98/2) (92/2) 10
2. Define Hypoglycemia in newborn. List its causes. Describe stepwise treatment if hypoglycemia in a
newborn (06) 10
3. Define hypoglycaemia in a newborn. Enlist the aetiology and outline the management of hypoglycaemia
(12/2) 2+(3+5)
TEMPERATURE
1. Thermoregulation peculiarities in newborn (94/2)
15
15
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(95/2)
10
16
17
1. Osteopenia of prematurity
(06)
10
NEONATAL JAUNDICE
1. Pathogenesis of kernicterus (96/2) 10
2. A 3 week old infant brought to the hospital with moderate jaundice. Discuss the Diagnosis (97/2) 10
3. Kernicterus (97/1) 15
4. Discuss the Bilirubin metabolism and list the causes and approach to Diagnosis of Hyperbilirubinemia in
a neonate (00/1) 25
5. Breastfeeding and neonatal jaundice.
6. Discuss reasons for Physiological Jaundice in a Newborn. Define and list causes of pathological
jaundice in a newborn. Discuss clinical manifestations (acute and chronic)of kernicterus (06) 10
7. Outline the normal metabolism of bilirubin. Outline the principle of phototherapy for treatment of
neonatal jaundice. List factors that influence efficacy of phototherapy. (08/1) 10 (09/1),(10/2)
4+3+3
8. Critically describe the role of various treatment modalities for treating neonatal unconjugated
hyperbilirubinemia. (11/2) 10
9. Outline and discuss various strategies to manage hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns. (13/1) 10
10. Side effects of Phototherapy. (14/2) 5
NEC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NEC (97/2) 15
Pathogenesis of NEC (97/1) (92) 15
Aetiology and pathology of NEC 15
Aetiology of NEC, staging and management. (04/2) 10
Discuss management of NEC (06) 5
Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. (09/1)
3+7
7. Discuss the pathophysiology, classification and diagnostic features of necrotizing enterocolitis. (10/2)
4+3+3
8. A 6 day old preterm neonate presents with abdominal distension, feed intolerance, vomiting and blood in
stools. Discuss the differential diagnosis, diagnostic approach and principles of initial stabilization.
(12/1) 4+3+3
NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
1. Clinical features of Cretinism in newborn babies (97/1)
10
2. Describe in brief the aetiology, clinical features, diagnostic investigations and management of congenital
hypothyroidism. (11/1)
2+2+3+3
PRETERM
1. Enumerate the socio-demographic factors associate with Low birth weight babies. Discuss the clinical
problems of Preterm babies (96/1) 25
2. Why preterm babies are susceptible to develop bacterial infections?
3. Pharmacotherapy in prematurity clinical decisions- salient features (03/1) 15
4. Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in preterm neonates. Factors which delay the closure of
PDA. (10/1)10
18
5. Short notes: Immediate and late problems due to low birth weight (13/1) 5
6. Describe the development of the ductus arteriosus. Enumerate the duct dependent lesions in the newborn
and outline their management.(14/1)
3+(2+5)
HAEMATOLOGY
1. Causes of Anemia in the Newborn (93/1)
10
2. Haemorrhagic Disease of The Newborn (95/2) 15
3. Management of Neonatal Thrombocytopenic Purpura (00/1) 15
4. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of a Bleeding Neonate (06/2) 10
5. Anemia in newborn infant (07/1) 10
6. Define polycythaemia in a newborn. What are the factors predisposing to it? Describe the impact of
polycythaemia on various systems and their clinical presentation. Describe the management of
polycythaemia in newborn. (08/2) 10
7. Outline the classification, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and differential diagnosis of
vitamin K deficiency bleeding. (12/1) 3+3+2+2
FLUID THERAPY
1. Fluid therapy in special situations in neonates (06/1)
10
19
11 IMMUNOLOGY
1. Laboratory investigation of a child suspected to have T-cell immunity Disorder (92) 15
2. Prenatal Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency diseases (94/2) 10
3. Indications for various organ and tissue transplants in Paediatric practice and common considerations in
selection of donors
(95/2) 10
20
12 ALLERGIC DISORDERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
13 NEPHROLOGY
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
1. List the children to be selected for assessing renal function. Briefly discuss the tests used to assess the
renal function in children. (04) 3+7
2. Outline the development of glomerular filtration. Outline the methods for evaluating GFR in children.
(08/1) 10
RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
1. Renal replacement therapy in ESRD (00/1) 15
2. Peritoneal dialysis (03/1) 15
3. Renal replacement therapy (06/1) 10
4. Discuss renal replacement therapy (07/1) 10
21
RTA
1.
2.
3.
4.
PROTEINURIA
1. Proteinuria (96/2)
15
2. Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria
(98/2) (07/1)
10
HAEMATURIA
1. A 3 year old child was brought for Haematuria. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management
(94/2)
25
2. Diagnosis and management of recurrent Haematuria (96/1) 12
3. Evaluation of a child with Haematuria 15
4. Outline the differential diagnosis of an abdominal lump with haematuria in a 3 year old child. Describe
its investigations and treatment. (09/2) 3+3+4
5. Write the common causes and differential diagnosis of gross symptomatic haematuria. Provide an
algorithm for its laboratory and radiological evaluation. (10/2) 2+2+6
6. Outline the causes of red coloured urine. Provide an approach for evaluation of a child with red colored
urine. (11/1)
3+7
7. Discuss the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of infantile polycystic kidney.
(11/2) 2+2+3+3
PSGN
1. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute PSGN
2. Enumerate the complications of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Describe their
management in brief. (10/2) 3+7
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
1. Relapse in Nephrotic Syndrome (94) 15
2. What factors will you consider in deciding the prognosis of a child with Nephrotic syndrome? (95/1)
15
3. Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome (96/2) 10
4. Enumerate the principles of management of Idiopathic Nephrotic syndrome (98/2) 10
5. Frequently relapsing steroid resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (03/2) 15
6. What factors help you to clinically decide non-minimal nature of Nephrotic Syndrome? Enumerate the
steps to test urine for albumin using heat methods (05) 10
7. Histopathological changes in RPGN 15
8. Write the management of a 6 year old child with Nephrotic syndrome who is frequently relapsing.
Enumerate complications that can occur (06/2) 10
9. Management of steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (07/2) 10
22
10. Describe the diagnostic approach and management in a case of frequently relapsing and steroid
dependent nephritic syndrome. (09/2) 4+6
11. Management of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. (10/1) 10
12. Define steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Describe management of an 8
year old child with frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome. (11/1)
2+2+6
13. Enumerate causes of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome and discuss its management.(14/2) 4+6
RENAL FAILURE
1. Biochemical and endocrinal changes in CRF
2. Describe the pathogenesis of CRF and outline important principles in the management of such a case
(95/2) 25
3. What are the causes of ARF in children? How will you investigate such a case? Discuss management.
(97/1) 25
4. What are the causes of acute renal failure in a 4 year old child? How will you investigate such a case?
Discuss the management of acute renal failure. (04/2) 4+3+3
5. Outline the aetiopathogenesis of ARF in children. Discuss briefly the management (05) 5+5
6. List the causes of renal failure in a 3 month old child. Discuss the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis
and treatment of acute renal failure in children. Discuss the indications of renal biopsy in children (06)
10
7. Discuss the aetiology of cortical necrosis in newborns and older children, separately. State the most
important clinical manifestations of cortical injury and factors governing prognosis. (08/1) 10
8. Discuss the role of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy (indication, dose, aim, precaution,
benefits and complications) in management of chronic renal failure. List reasons of resistance to such
therapy. (08/1) 10
9. What is acute renal failure? List the common causes leading to it. Tabulate the laboratory indices used to
differentiate pre-renal and intrinsic acute renal failure. Outline the medical management of acute renal
failure. (08/1) 10
10. Define renal osteodystrophy. Enumerate its clinical features and outline the management. (09/2) 2+3+5
11. Write short notes on
a. Paediatric RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury
b. Urinary indices in acute renal failure.
(13/1)
5+5
12. Define Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and its stages. What are the clinical manifestations of CKD.
Outline its treatment. (13/2) 3+4+3
HUS
1. Diagnostic features of HUS (93/2) 15
2. HUS- aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management. (98/1)
15
3. Classify Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Discuss its pathogenesis, features and management.(13/2)
2+3+3+2
4. A 3 year old child is brought with history of acute dysentery around 10 days back. Now the child
developed pallor with oliguria. Discuss the differential diagnosis, investigative approach and treatment
of this child. (13/1) 3+4+3
TUBULAR DISORDERS
1. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (98/2)
15
23
2. Toxic nephropathy.
3. Define anion gap and its utility. Outline the major causes of metabolic acidosis in children. Outline the
treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (04/2)
2+4+4
4. Pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Distal Renal Tubular disorder (07/2) 10
BARTTER SYNDROME
1.
. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of Bartter
Syndrome. (13/2) 2+4+4
14 RHEUMATIC DISEASES
KAWASAKI DISEASE
1. Kawasaki Syndrome (00/1) 15
2. Phases and complications of Kawasakis disease (06) 10
3. Discuss the presentation, diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease. What is the management strategy?
What are the complications? (08/1) 10
4. Discuss the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and echocardiography findings in Kawasaki Disease
(KD). How is the classical KD different from Atypical KD? (09/1) 6+4
5. Describe clinical manifestations of classical and atypical Kawasaki disease. Provide algorithmic
approach to a suspected case of Kawasaki disease. Enumerate various treatment modalities. (11/1)
4+4+2
6. Enumerate diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki disease. Briefly outline its management and enumerate
complications. (12/2) 4+4+2
7. Diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease. Short note (13/2) 5
JRA
1. Classification and features of JRA (96/2)
14
2. What are the clinical manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis? Discuss the differential diagnosis
and management. (04/2) 3+3+4
3. Write the current classification used in JRA. Outline the management plan for JRA (06) 10
4. Tabulate differentiating features of various types of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. (08/1) 10
5. Tabulate the classification of Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis and state principles of its treatment. (10/2)
4+6
6. Outline the diagnostic criteria of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Tabulate the differentiating features of
various types of JRA. Outline a scheme of investigation for a child with suspected JRA. (11/1)
3+4+3
7. Tabulate the differentiating clinical features and the diagnostic approach of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
(JIA). Outline the principles of management of polyarticular JIA. (12/1) 4+3+3
8. Define Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Outline the classification of JIA. Discuss the mimickers of
rheumatic diseases in children. (13/1) 2+4+4
24
9. A six year old boy presents with painful swelling of his right knee. Enumerate the likely causes. Define
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and discuss its management.(14/1) 2+(2+6)
10. a. Disease Modifying agents used for JIA
b. Biologic anti-TNF agents for JIA (14/2)
5+5
H S PURPURA
1. Discuss briefly clinical presentation and management of H S Purpura. (07/1) 10
2. Describe the diagnostic approach and management of a six year old child presenting with purpuric rash
and pedal oedema following an episode of acute diarrhoea. (11/2)
4+6
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Classify vasculitis based on size of involved vessels and give examples of each category. Describe
aetiology, clinical features and management of Takayasus arteritis. (09/2) 5+5
15 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
PUO
1. Discuss definition, aetiology and approach to investigation of PUO (07/1) 10
2. Outline the approach to management of a 2 month old infant having fever without focus. (09/1) 10
3. Enumerate the common causes of pyrexia of unknown origin in a 5 year old child. Discuss diagnostic
approach to fever with rash. (11/2) 4+6
HIV
1.
2.
3.
4.
25
14. Discuss the key issues in the management of an HIV exposed infant.(13/2) 10
TB
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
26
8. Classify severity of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Write in brief the management of dengue shock
syndrome. (11/1)
4+6
9. Define dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Mention aetiopathogenesis and
management of dengue shock syndrome. (12/2)
2+(3+5)
10. What are the fluid, metabolic and biochemical changes in a child with severe dengue? Discuss the
underlying pathophysiology. (13/1) 10
11. Define severe dengue and describe the WHO guidelines for its management. Enumerate the indications
for transfusion in dengue. (14/1) (2+6)+2
E COLI
1. Discuss the pathogenesis of E. coli diarrhoea (94/2)
15
2. Classification of E coli and pathogenesis of Invasive Diarrhoea (95/1)
15
27
9. Provide algorithms for case-detection and treatment for a child with fever, suspected to have malaria, as
per National Vector Borne Disease Control Program: (10/2) 5+5
a) In an area where microscopy results are available within 24 hours; and
b) In an area where microscopy results are not available within 24 hours
9. Write short notes on: Laboratory diagnosis of malaria (11/2) 5
10. Briefly discuss the laboratory diagnostic modalities of malaria and outline management protocol of
Plasmodium falciparum malaria as per National Vector Borne Disease Control Program guidelines.
(12/2) 4+6
11. List the WHO criteria to diagnose severe malaria. Discuss the management of a child with malaria. (13/1
) 4+6
HEPATITIS B
1. Viral markers of Hepatitis B
15
2. Immunological markers of Hepatitis B
15
3. Hepatitis B infection in children (03/1) 15
4. A 3 year old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 2 months. She gives a history of blood
transfusion at 18 months of age. Her HBSAg is positive. Discuss briefly other viral markers of HepB
infection which will help in monitoring and treatment of child. Discuss the management of fulminant
hepatic failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation. (06) 10
5. Discuss the modes of transmission of hepatotrophic viral infections. Outline the clinical features,
diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B infection in children. (13/1)
2+(3+3+2)
MEASLES
1. Diagnosis and treatment of SSPE
(95/2)
PLAGUE
1. Management of Plague
10
(95/2)
GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS
1. Management of acute Rheumatic Fever
10
(93/2)
CYSTICERCOSIS
1. Current management of Neurocysticercosis (92)
10
15
MENINGOCOCCUS
1. Remergence of meningococcal meningitis. Definition of suspected, probable and confirmed cases for
epidemiological purposes.
2. Discuss prevention and prophylaxis against meningococcal infection (05) 5+5
3. Prophylaxis of Meningococcaemia (06/1) 10
SYPHILIS
1. Radiological features and confirmatory laboratory tests for congenital syphilis (07/1)
MISCELLANEOUS
10
28
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
16 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GIT
1. Gastro oesophageal Reflux
(94/2)
15
2. Diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance (95/1) 15
3. Pathogenesis of Persistent Diarrhoea of infancy (96/2) 10
4. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease (97/2)
15
5. What is H.Pylori Bacillus? How is it associated with chronic abdominal pain (98/2) 10
6. Persistent Diarrhoea (99/1)
15
7. Chronic Diarrhoea in Infancy (00/1) 15
8. Immunological features associated with cow milk allergy 15
9. Laboratory diagnosis of lactose intolerance.
10. Enumerate the aetiology and discuss the pathogenesis of acute diarrhoea. Describe the approach to
management of a child with acute watery diarrhoea. (04/2) 3+3+4
11. Write management of Persistent Diarrhoea (06) 5
12. Approach and management of a child with Persistent Diarrhoea (06) 10
13. Diagnosis and management of a child with Celiac Disease (06/1) 10
14. Tracheo-oesophageal Fistula and Oesophageal atresia (06/1) 10
15. Aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of celiac disease (07/2) 10
16. Define malabsorption. Enlist the generalized and specific malabsorption states. Discuss the investigative
plan for a child with generalized malabsorption. (08/1) 10
17. Define Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) and list the diagnostic features of functional RAP. Suggest a
plan for investigations and managing a 10 year old girl with RAP (09/1) 4+6
18. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute pancreatitis in children. (10/1)
2+2+2+4
19. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. (10/2)
1+2+3+4
20. Enlist the functions of pancreas. Outline the pancreatic function tests and their implications in paediatric
practice. (10/2) 4+6
21. Outline the aetiopathogenesis of chronic diarrhoea and provide a scheme of investigating for a child
with chronic diarrhoea. (11/1)
5+5
22. Describe the types of diarrhoea with examples. Discuss their pathophysiological mechanisms. (11/2)
5+5
29
23. A 9 month old child with acute watery diarrhoea develops seizures and altered sensorium. Discuss the
differential diagnosis of CNS symptoms. Provide diagnostic algorithm for managing this child. (12/1)
6+4
24. Define gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Describe its clinical features, diagnosis and
treatment. (12/1) 1+3+3+3
25. Define persistent and chronic diarrhoea. Enumerate causes of chronic diarrhoea in children. Discuss
nutritional management of persistent diarrhoea. ( 12/2) 2+3+5
26. Describe in brief the aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestation and management of celiac disease in
children. (12/2)
3+3+4
27. Discuss the clinical approach to diagnosis of a child with:
a . Short duration/acute pain abdomen: and
b. Long duration / recurrent pain abdomen (13/1) 5+5
28. Discuss evaluation of a child with suspected intestinal malabsorption. Describe genetics, pathogenesis
clinical spectrum and extra intestinal manifestations of celiac disease. (13/2) 5+5
29. Describe the physiological basis of GER. Discuss clinical features and management of GERD.(14/2)
3+(2+5)
30. Recurrent abdominal pain in children.(14/2)
5
31. Chronic Pancreatitis in Children.(14/2) 5
PREBIOTICS & PROBIOTICS
1. Outline the benefits of bacterial colonization of the intestine and the disorders they can produce.(04/2)
5+5
2. Define probiotics. Explain their physiological mechanism of action. Opportunities and threats
associated with the use of probiotics in paediatric practice. (08/2) 10
3. Define probiotics and prebiotics and enumerate their essential characteristics. Outline the effects of
probiotic in various gastrointestinal disorders. (09/1) (5+5)
4. Discuss the management of acute diarrhoea with particular reference to low osmolarity ORS, zinc,
probiotics and antibiotics. (10/2) 3+2+3+2
5. Define probiotics and prebiotics. Outline their important properties and mechanisms of action. Enlist
four most important indications of their clinical use in Paediatric clinical practices. (11/1)
(12/2)
4+4+2
6. Short Note: Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics. (13/2) 5
7. Short note : Probiotics (14/1) 3
HEPATOBILIARY
1. Describe Biochemical and Pathological changes in various organs in Hepatic Encephalopathy. How will
you manage a case (93/2) 10
2. Biliary Atresia (95) 15
3. Diagnosis and management of Acute Viral Hepatitis (96/2) 12
4. Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension (98/2)
10
5. Laboratory Finding of Fulminant Hepatic Failure (98/2) 10
6. Cholestatic Jaundice 15
7. Hepatic Encephalopathy- pathophysiology and management (03/2) 25
30
8. Discuss the causes, clinical features and management of portal hypertension in children. (04/2)
3+3+4
9. List the causes of infantile cholestasis. Provide an algorithm for the diagnosis of infantile cholestasis.
(04/2) 3+7
10. Persistent Jaundice in neonates (06) 10
11. Clinical approach, investigations and management of a neonate with Cholestatic jaundice (06/1) 10
12. Discuss the management of Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation (06)
13. A 6 week old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 3 weeks of age, high colored urine with
staining of napkins and pale colored stools. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of this condition. What is
the differential diagnosis and treatment of this condition
(06) 10
14. Diagrammatically represent the portal venous system and the sites of Porto-systemic vascular
anastomosis in portal hypertension. Discuss the types, cause and pathophysiology of portal hypertension
(07/1) 10
15. Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure and outline the staging of severity of Hepatic encephalopathy. Discuss
the steps in its management. (09/1) 4+6
16. Outline the differential diagnosis of tender hepatomegaly. Describe the management of liver abscess.
(10/1) 5+5
17. Outline the management of an 8 year old child with acute liver cell failure and hepatic encephalopathy.
(10/2)
10
18. Write in brief the aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations of Wilsons disease. Outline the desired
investigation helpful in making a diagnosis of Wilsons disease. (11/1)
3+3+4
19. Define neonatal cholestasis. Outline clinical features and scheme for evaluation of a neonate with
cholestasis. (11/1)
2+3+5
20. Describe clinical, laboratory and radiologic evaluation of possible liver dysfunction in children. (11/2)
3+4+3
21. Enumerate the causes and discuss the types, pathogenesis and evaluation of ascites in children. (11/2)
2+2+3+3
22. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of Wilsons disease. (12/2) 3+3+4
23. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of Wilsons disease. (13/1)
2+3+3+2
24. Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Discuss the factors precipitating hepatic encephalopathy and the
management of hepatic encephalopathy. (14/2)
2+(3+5)
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Differential Diagnosis of Ascites in children (93/1)
10
2. Role of Upper GI Endoscopy (93/1) 15
3. Haematemesis (94)
15
4. A 5 yr old child brought to the emergency- H/o 2 bouts of massive haematemesis. On examination the
child is pale and BP is 90/60. Discuss the emergency room management of this child. After the child is
stabilized what laboratory diagnosis would you do in this child. What is the Differential Diagnosis and
treatment of this condition (05) 10
5. Management of Acute Upper GI Bleeding (06) 10
6. Discuss the management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 5 year old child. (08/1) 10
31
7. Define haematemesis, melena and haematochezia. A 3 years old child presents with sudden onset
vomiting of blood. Describe the approach to this child (including history and examination). Outline the
steps of management. (08/2)
10
8. Discuss the treatment of: Persistent constipation (14/1) 3
17 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
1. Clinical relevance of PEFR in children.
2. Briefly discuss the non-invasive estimation of gas exchange in children.(04)
10
3. Enumerate 4 adventitious sounds that can be heard during examination of
respiratory system. At what anatomical level are they produced? In which
conditions are they produced. (06)
10
4. Outline the pulmonary function testing in children with emphasis on
performance and interpretation of spirometry.
5. Discuss the role of spirometry in respiratory diseases of children. Describe the interpretation of various
lung flows and volumes. (5+5) (12/2)
6. Discuss Pulmonary Function Tests and their clinical utility. (13/2) 7+3
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
1. Management of Acute Severe Asthma (92/2) 15
2. Aerosol therapy in children (95/2)
15
3. Use of Nebulizers in Paediatric practice (95/2) 10
4. Treatment of Bronchial asthma
(96/2)
5. Discuss briefly the recent advances in the management of Bronchial Asthma (99/1) 15
6. Describe the pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. Give an outline for prevention and treatment of
recurrent episodes (02/1)
25
7. Management of Status Asthmaticus in a 3 yr old (03/1)
25
8. Leukotriene antagonists and their role in bronchial asthma.
9. Discuss the pathophysiology of asthma. Outline the role of investigations in bronchial asthma. (04/2)
6+4
10. Classify Asthma in children. Outline the management of asthma and approach to a case of Status
Asthmaticus (05) 3+4+3
11. Discuss the steps in evaluation of chronic asthma is children. Classify and discuss the drugs used in the
treatment of chronic asthma. Write briefly on targeted delivery systems in treatment of asthma (06) 10
12. Pathophysiology and management of Asthma in children (06/1) 10
13. Management of a 3 year old child with recurrent attacks of wheezing (07/2) 10
14. Outline the stepwise approach for managing infants and young children (<= 5 year of age) with chronic
asthma (09/1) 10
15. How do you grade the severity of childhood asthma? Describe its stepwise treatment according to the
severity. Compare and contrast oral therapy to inhaled therapy for asthma. (09/2) 3+3+4
32
16. Enlist the drugs used for management of chronic asthma. Explain the pharmacological basis of their use.
(10/1) 3+7
17. Discuss the lung function abnormalities in severe asthma. What is the role of lung function evaluation in
management of asthma in children. (10/2) 6+4
18. Discuss categorization of chronic childhood asthma. Discuss step wise management of chronic asthma
in children. (11/2) 3+7
19. Enumerate the risk factors for childhood persistent asthma. Mention differential diagnosis, outline
treatment and monitoring of persistent in a 10 year old child. (12/2) 2+(2+3+3)
PNEUMONIA
1. Treatment of Staphylococcal pneumonia (93/1)
10
2. Discuss briefly the Differential diagnosis and management of a case of Persistent Pneumonia in a 3
month old infant (99/2) 15
3. Define interstitial lung disease (ILD). Enlist paediatric ILDs. Write brief description of lymphocytic
interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). Outline the treatment options for ILD in children.(08/1) 10
4. Discuss differential diagnosis and management of a child with recurrent pneumonia. (11/2) 4+6
5. Discuss the factors determining antibiotic therapy for community acquired pneumonia. (12/2) 10
BRONCHIOLITIS
1. Course and prognosis of Acute Bronchiolitis (98/2) 10
2. Define acute bronchiolitis. Describe its aetiopathogenesis and characteristics features. Outline the
essential steps in management of bronchiolitis. (10/2) 2+2+2+4
STRIDOR
1. Management of Acute Stridor in a Preschool child (93/1) 15
2. A 2 year old child presents to the hospital with fever and Stridor of 12 hour duration. Discuss the
diagnosis (97/1) 10
3. A 10 month old child has features of upper respiratory tract obstruction. Discuss the D/D and approach
to diagnosis.
4. List the common causes of stridor in children. How will you diagnose and manage a case of stridor?
(04/2) 3+4+3
5. Clinical Evaluation and management of a child with stridor (06/1) 10
6. 1 year old child is brought with a history of sudden onset of respiratory distress and stridor of 2 days
duration. What is the differential diagnosis? Discuss the steps in the management of Viral Croup (06/2)
10
7. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a 3 year old girl with history of cough and cold,
presenting with onset of noisy breathing, barking cough, hoarse voice and respiratory distress. (08/1)
10
8. Differential diagnosis and management of acute stridor in a 2 years old child. (10/1) 3+7
9. A 2 year old boy presents with fever, change of voice and stridor for 2 days. Outline the differential
diagnosis and management options. (12/1) 6+4
10. List the likely causes of noisy breathing in a 3 weeks infant. How would you investigate this patient?
Briefly describe the management of Laryngomalacia. (12/2)
4+4+2
33
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Respiratory system defense mechanisms (93/2)
2. Define ventilation/ perfusion ratio. (11/1) 2
Outline Va/Q changes in:a) Pneumonia
2
b) Obstructive lung disease
2
c) ARDS
2
d) Pulmonary thromboembolism2
15
TONSILITIS
1. Management of Acute Tonsillitis in children (98/1)
15
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
1. Describe the congenital malformations of the lungs. Discuss the diagnosis and management of these
malformations (96/2)
25
2. Detail the causes for localized emphysema of the lung. Describe the presentation and management of
congenital lobar emphysema. (08/1) 10
3. Name the steps of morphogenesis of respiratory system. Enumerate congenital lung malformations.
Describe natural course of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.(14/2)
3+3+4
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
1. Clinical and physiological features necessary to diagnose respiratory failure in children (94/2) 15
2. Pulse Oximetry and its limitations (98/1) 15
3. How will you define acute respiratory failure? Write common causes of acute respiratory failure in a 2
year old child. What are the various methods of oxygen therapy in children? (04/2)
3+3+4
4. Types of Acute Respiratory Failure in children, modes of assisted ventilation and indications for the
same in Children (06)
10
5. CPAP (06)
10
6. What are the criteria used to diagnose Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Write in brief the
pathogenesis, clinical features and lab findings of the same. Discuss the treatment and ventilatory
strategies to manage ARDS. (08/2) 10
7. Describe the pathophysiology, aetiology and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. (09/2)
3+3+4
8. Classify respiratory failure in children. List the modes of assisted ventilation and its indications. (13/1)
6+4
9. Define Acute Lung Injury. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis and management of a child with Acute Lung
Injury. (14/1) 2+(3+5)
10. Short note : End Tidal Carbon dioxide monitoring, Pulse oximetry (14/1)
3+4
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
1. Pathophysiology and clinical features of Cystic Fibrosis (06) 10
2. Diagnostic work up of a child with cystic fibrosis. Describe the management of a child with cystic
fibrosis. (14/2)
4+6
ASPIRATION
34
1. List conditions predisposing children to Aspiration Lung injury. Mention clinical features and principles
of management of Chronic Aspiration. Conditions predisposing children to aspiration lung injury
(07/2) 10
BRONCHIECTASIS
1. Discuss briefly aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Bronchiectasis
(07/1)
10
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Recent understanding of SIDS (94/1) 15
2. Differential diagnosis of Haemoptysis in children (95/2)
10
3. Diagnosis of Bronchial Foreign Body (93/2)
10
4. Write notes on embryological development of abdominal diaphragm and types of congenital
diaphragmatic hernia
(06)
10
5. Describe the aetiology, stages of evolution, clinical manifestations, diagnostic investigations and
management of empyema thoracis. (11/1) 1+2+2+2+3
6. Describe location, structure and function of cilia in respiratory tract. Discuss the clinical presentation
and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia?
(11/2) 3+7
6. Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (13/2 ) 5
7. An 8 month old baby presents with respiratory distress. Describe the differential diagnosis, evaluation
and outline the treatment for this infant. (14/1) 3+3+4
18 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART FAILURE
1. Newer approaches in management of CCF (93/1) 15
2. Treatment of Intractable CCF (93/2) 10
3. Describe briefly the Pathophysiology of CCF and management of Refractory Failure (98/2)
25
4. Intractable congestive heart failure- management approach (02/1) 15
5. ACE inhibitors in CCF with congenital heart disease (03/1) 15
6. CCF- Pathophysiology and management (03/2)
25
7. How will you manage a child in Refractory CCF? (06) 5
8. Discuss the pathogenesis of Congestive Heart failure and the role of vasodilators in its management
(06) 10
9. Refractory congestive heart failure- causes and management (07/2) 10
10. Discuss the role of vasodilator therapy in congestive heart failure. Enumerate various vasodilator agents
used in CHF and their respective mechanisms of action. (08/1) 10
11. Enumerate the cause of congestive cardiac failure due to diastolic dysfunction. Enlist the signs and
symptoms of congestive cardiac failure in infancy and outline the stepwise management of congestive
cardiac failure. (12/2)
3+(2+5)
35
HYPERTENSION
1. Diagnosis of Essential Hypertension in children (93/1)
10
2. Investigations in a child with Hypertension (95/1) 10
3. Treatment of Hypertension (97/2)
12
4. Discuss aetiology, diagnosis and management of Childhood Hypertension (00/1) 25
5. Severe Hypertension in infancy (00/1) 15
6. Discuss the causes of Hypertension in a 7 year old child. Approach of investigation and management of
such a case (02/1) 25
7. A 8 year old child is brought with a history of convulsions and altered sensorium. On examination her
BP was 180/110 mm Hg. Discuss the D/D and laboratory investigations in this child. Discuss the
management of Hypertensive Encephalopathy in this child. Add a note on fundus changes in
hypertension. (06)
10
8. Recent advances in management of Hypertension (06/1) 10
9. Discuss the treatment of Hypertension in children. Classify the drugs used to treat hypertension and
briefly mention their mechanism of action (07/2) 10
10. Essential Hypertension in children (07/1) 10
11. A 10 year old boy is brought with a history of convulsions and altered sensorium. On examination, his
BP was 180/110 mm of Hg. Describe differential diagnosis, laboratory investigations and treatment of
this case. (09/2) 3+4+3
12. Describe the causes and pathogenesis or renal and renovascular hypertension. Outline principles of
management. (12/1) 3+3+4
13. Define hypertension in children. Enumerate the causes and discuss the management of an 8 years old
boy presenting with a blood pressure of 210/160 mmHg with seizures.(14/1) 2+(3+5)
CONGENITAL CYANOTIC HEART DIAEASE
1. Cyanotic Spell (94/2) 15
2. How do you classify congenital cyanotic heart disease? Discuss their investigations (97/2) 15
3. Complications of Fallots Tetralogy and their management (99/2) 10
4. Management of Paroxysmal Hypercyanotic spell (99/2)
15
5. Pathophysiology of Cyanotic spells (02/1) 15
6. What are the congenital heart diseases associated with cyanotic spells. Write clinical presentation and
management of cyanotic spell. (04/2)
2+3+5
7. How will you manage a child in cyanotic spell (06) 5
8. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of Eisenmenger Syndrome (07/1) 10
9. Discuss the various minimally surgical invasive devices and procedures available for the management of
common congenital heart diseases in children (07/1) 10
10. List the causes of congestive heart failure in a 2 years old child. Describe different types of VSD
according to position and size. Write indicators for surgical intervention/ device closure. (08/1) 10
11. Discuss the haemodynamics and pathophysiology of Tetralogy of Fallot. Outline management of
cyanotic spell in a 2 year old child. (12/1)4+3+3
12. Describe the haemodynamics and clinical features of tricuspid atresia in a neonate. Outline the expected
findings on ECG and chest X-ray. (13/1) (3+3)+(2+2)
13. Describe the development of ventricular septum. Discuss the clinical features and management of a
VSD, and enumerate the indications for surgical intervention. (14/1) 3+(3+2+2)
36
ARRYTHMIA
1. Classification of cardiac arrythmias and management of WPW Syndrome (92) 15
2. Arrythmias- pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of different types (03/2) 15
3. Describe the aetiopathogenesis of supraventricular tachycardia in children. Discuss the diagnosis and
management of a child with supraventricular tachycardia. (04/2)
3+3+4
4. What are the causes, manifestations and management of a young child with SVT (06)
10
5. Classify stable and unstable arrythmias. Discuss the types of SVT (Supra Ventricular Tachycardia) with
their ECG changes. Outline the approach to manage unstable arrythmias. (08/2) 10
6. Classify anti arrhythmic drugs used in children. Describe the mechanism of action and uses of
Amiodarone. (10/1) 5+5
7. Enumerate the causes and outline the characteristics and treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia
(SVT) in an infant (10/2) 3+3+4
8. Enumerate life threatening tachyarrhythmias in childhood. How would you diagnose them? Briefly
outline their emergency interventions. (12/1) 2+4+4
9. Enumerate the arrhythmias that are suggestive of specific congenital heart diseases. Outline
management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. (12/2) 4+6
CARDIOMYOPATHY
1. Cardiomyopathy (95/1) 15
2. Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy (96/2)
12
3. Discuss in brief the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of dilated cardiomyopathy.
(12/1) 3+3+4
PERICARDITIS
1. Diagnosis and management of Constrictive Pericarditis (99/2)
10
CLINICS
1. Significance of S2 in clinical practice (98/1) 15
2. Enumerate the conditions where you can get
Loud S2
Wide splitting S2
Explain the pathophysiology of fixed splitting of S2 (05) 10
3. A one year old child is referred for an asymptomatic cardiac murmur. Outline the likely causes. How
will you differentiate an innocent murmur from that of a congenital heart disease, on clinical grounds?
(09/1) 3+7
RHEUMATIC CARDITIS
1. Treatment of Acute Rheumatic Carditis
(97/1)
15
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
1. Pathogens, clinical features and management of infective endocarditis. (10/1)
2+4+4
37
2. Enumerate common pathogens of infective endocarditis. List conditions/ interventions which require
prophylaxis for infective endocarditis in a child with underlying heart disease. Outline antibiotic therapy
for a child with RHD and infective endocarditis. (11/1)
2+3+5
3. Outline the Duke criteria for diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. Discuss its application in clinical
setting. (13/1) 6+4
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Cardiovascular Risk factors in children (96/1) 15
2. Primary Endocardial Fibroelastosis (98/1) 15
3. A 13 year old male is brought with an H/o progressive dyspnea on exertion. He has past H/o recurrent
joint pain. What is the most likely diagnosis? How will you investigate and manage the child. Add a note
on Refractory CCF in a child (05) 5+5
4. What advice will you give to a 35 year old patient with coronary artery disease regarding its prevention
in his adolescent son? (06) 10
5. Preventive cardiology in adolescents (07/2) 10
6. Foetal Circulation and cardiovascular adjustments after birth (06/1) 10
7. Outline Foetal Circulation (07/2)
8. Draw a labeled diagram of foetal circulation. Indicate partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen
saturation (SaO2) values at key points in this circulation. (08/1) 10
9. A 3 year old child having fever for 2 days suddenly develops breathlessness, tachycardia and sweating.
Describe the differential diagnosis of this case and its treatment. (09/2) 5+5
10. Foetal circulation and changes after birth (10/1) 5+5
11. Depict diagrammatically foetal circulation. Highlight its unique features differentiating it from neonatal
circulation. Outline important changes occurring at birth. (11/1)
4+3+3
38
8. Define pancytopenia. Enlist the causes and assessment of severity of aplastic anemia in children. (10/1)
2+4+4
9. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic workup of acute autoimmune haemolytic anemia.
(10/2)
3+3+4 Aetiopathogenesis and Investigation. (12/2) 5+5
10. List the causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia. Provide differentiating features between iron
deficiency anemia and beta thalassemia trait. Describe the management of thalassemia major. (11/1)
3+3+4
11. Enlist the red blood cell metabolic enzyme pathways and the enzymes responsible for haemolysis.
Discuss the pathogenesis involved in these haemolytic anaemias. (11/1)
3+7
12. Define pancytopenia. Enumerate common causes in children. How will you assess severity of acquired
anemia in children? (11/2) 2+3+5
13. What is physiologic anemia of infancy? Discuss its aetiology, characteristics and management. (12/2)
2+(2+4+2)
THALASSEMIA
1. Recent concepts for treatment of Thalassemia in children (95/2) 10
2. Current management of Thalassemia Major (96/2) 15
3. Newer modalities in the management of Thalassemia Major (99/2)
10
4. Antenatal diagnosis of Thalassemia (99/2) 15
5. Genetic basis of Thalassemia syndromes (02/1) 15
6. In relation to Thalassemia write a note on the following (05) 10
a. Alkali denaturation test
b. NESTROFT test
c. Peripheral smear
d. SQUID-BLS (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Bio magnetic Liver
Susceptibility)
e. BMD (Bone Mineral Density)
7. Outline the antenatal management of a mother with an earlier child with
thalasemia major
(07/2) 10
8. Alpha Thalassemia (07/1) 10
9. Outline the long term complications of thalassemia major. How will you monitor for such
complications in a child with thalassemia major? (13/1) 5+5
10. Describe the foetal hemoglobins. Discuss the transfusion therapy for Thalassemia major and its
long term follow up plan.(14/1)
3+(4+3)
11. Recent advances in the management of thalassaemia major.(14/2) 5
IRON DEF ANEMIA
1. Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in children (95/2) 15
2. Management of Iron Deficiency anemia (98/2) 10
3. Biochemical markers of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and response to treatment.
4. Enlist the causes and outline the Differential Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia (05)
3+3+4
5. Outline the aetiology of Iron deficiency in children. Describe the clinical features and approach to
diagnosis of a child suspected to be having nutritional anaemia. (13/1) 3+(2+5)
39
6. Discuss the sequential pathological changes seen with iron deficiency, state. What laboratory studies
can be used to differentiate common microcytic anaemias? (13/2) 5+5
G6PD DEFICIENCY
1. Pathogenesis of anemia in G6PD Deficiency (99/1) 15
2. G6PD deficiency (99/2) 10
3. 3yr old child-H/O Jaundice since 2 months, H/O Exchange transfusion at D2. Discuss the D/D.
4. Classify Haemolytic Anemia. Add a note on management of Intravascular haemolysis in G6PD
deficiency (05)
4+4+2
5. Briefly outline normal erythropoiesis. Describe the diagnosis and treatment of G6PD deficiency
(07/2) 10
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
1. Megaloblastic anaemia (03/2) 15
2. List the common causes of macrocytic anaemia. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic
anaemia and treatment of juvenile pernicious anaemia. (04/2)
4+3+3
3. Clinicohaematological profile of Megaloblastic Anaemia (06/1) 10
4. Discuss causes, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and treatment of Folate Deficiency anaemia
in children (07/2) 10
5. Enlist the common causes of macrocytic anaemia. Describe the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of
megaloblastic anemia. (09/2) 2+3+5
6. Write short note on: Peripheral smear findings in iron deficiency and B12 deficiency anaemia (10/2)
2.5+2.5
HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
1. Diagnosis and management of Congenital Hereditary Spherocytosis (97/1)
2. Hereditary Spherocytosis
(06) 10
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
1. Management of acute sickle cell crisis (99/1)
15
15
SPLEEN
1. Outline the functions of Spleen. Describe the indications and complication of splenectomy and post
operative management. (09/1) 3+7
2. Describe the functions of spleen. Describe clinical manifestations and management of asplenia/
polysplenia. (10/1) 4+3+3
HAEMORRHAGIC AND THROMBOTIC DISEASES
1. DIC (96/2)
15
40
41
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
1. Transfusion of Blood fractions
10
2. Discuss the inherent hazards of Blood Transfusion in children and the necessary measures to avoid and
minimize them (07/1) 10
3. Outline the method of extracting various blood components. What are the indications of usage of Fresh
Frozen Plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate? (09/2) 5+5
4. Discuss briefly the risks associated with blood transfusion therapy. (13/2) 10
LYMPHOMA
1. Different types of Lymphomas in children and their Histopathological classification (93/2) 15
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Enlist its important constituents. Outline its aetiology and describe the
management. (08/1) 10
2. Write in brief the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and management principles of Langerhans
Cell Histocytosis. (09/1) 10
3. Classify childhood histiocytosis. Describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of
Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (10/1) 3+3+2+2
4. Outline the essential components and pathophysiology of tumor lysis syndrome. Describe its
management. (11/1)
2+4+4
5. How will you classify childhood Histiocytosis? Describe the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations
and treatment for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. What are the infections associated with it?
(11/2) 2+2+2+2+2
6. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Describe the pathophysiology of tumour lysis syndrome. How will you
prevent occurrence of tumour lysis syndrome? (11/2) 2+4+4
7. Management of tumour lysis syndrome. (14/2) 5
42
43
NEUROGENIC BLADDER
1. Neurogenic Bladder
(98/2)
15
GYNAECOLOGY
1. Write a short note on non-specific vulvo-vaginitis in children with special emphasis on its
aetiopathogenesis and treatment (08/1) 10
22 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THYROID GLAND
1. Management of Puberty Goiter (93/1)
15
2. Diagnosis of Congenital Hypothyroidism (95/1)
15
3. Management of Puberty Goiter (98/2)
15
4. Endemic Cretinism (99/2)
15
5. Congenital Hypothyroidism (00/1) 15
6. Aetiopathology of Congenital Hypothyroidism 15
7. Goitrogenic Hypothyroidism (03/2) 15
8. Briefly list the various thyroid function tests. Describe clinical presentation and management of
autoimmune thyroiditis. (04/2)
6+4
9. What are the changes seen in Thyroid Hormone levels around birth. Describe the salient features of
Neonatal Thyroid Screening Programme (06) 10
10. Neonatal Thyroid Screening (07/2) 10
11. Discuss causes, clinical features and management of Acquired Hypothyroidism (07/2) 10
12. Congenital Hyperthyroidism (07/1)
10
13. Discuss the synthesis of thyroid Hormones. Outline the causes of congenital hypothyroidism and a brief
comment on neonatal thyroid screening. (09/1) 3+7
14. Thyroid hormone synthesis and its derangements. (10/1) 6+4
15. Enlist common causes of acquired hypothyroidism in a 12 year old girl. Discuss in brief the clinical
manifestations and laboratory findings. (12/1) 3+4+3
16. Enumerate causes of thyromegaly in childhood and classify thyroid size into different stages clinically.
How would you approach to diagnose a case of goitre? Briefly write the treatment of physiological
goitre.(12/2) (3+2)+3+2
DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Emergency management of DKA (93/1) 15
2. Management of DKA (95/2) 15
3. Complications of Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus and their management (97/1) 15
4. Describe briefly the biochemical changes and management of DKA (98/1) 25
5. 8 year, h/o vomiting, severe abdominal pain for 2 days. Dehydrated, acidotic breathing, Blood glucose
(random) 400. Outline the management (05) 10
6. Write management of DKA (06) 5
7. Management of a child with IDDM (06/2)
10
8. Write risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in children (07/2) 10
44
9. Classify severity of diabetic ketoacidosis on the basis of clinical and blood gas examination. Briefly
describe Somogyi and Dawn phenomenon in type 1 diabetes. (08/1)
10
10. Discuss the metabolic changes associated with diabetic ketoacidosis with steps of treatment of diabetic
ketoacidosis. (08/2) 10
11. A 10 year old child (body weight 22kg) presents with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Write down the
expected clinical and investigate findings. Outline the plan of management in first 24 hours. (09/1) 4+6
12. What are the biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)? What are the goals
of therapy? How will you manage a child with DKA? (11/2) 3+3+4
13. A 5 year old child weighing 20kg presents with diabetic ketoacidosis. Discuss its complete management.
(12/2) 10
14. Discuss the pathophysiological abnormalities in diabetic ketoacidosis. Describe the management of
diabetic ketoacidosis in a child weighing 20Kg. (13/2)
4+6
45
ADRENAL GLAND
1. Management of adrenogenital syndrome (96/2)
15
2. Short note- female with Ambiguous genitalia at birth (02/1) 15
3. Salt losing CAH (03/1)
15
4. Outline human sex differentiation. Provide an outline of the approach to an infant with ambiguous
genitalia. (04/2) 4+6
5. Explain synthesis of Steroid Hormones. Discuss briefly approach to a child born with ambiguous
genitalia. (05) 5+5
6. Causes of Adrenal Crises and discuss its management (06) 10
7. Discuss approach to a child with ambiguous Genitalia. (06/2) 10
8. Diagnosis and management of a child with CAH (06/1) 10
9. Enumerate the causes of adrenal crisis. Provide key features of clinical presentation and discuss its
management. (08/1)
10
10. Discuss karyotype abnormalities, clinical features and management of true hermaphroditism. (08/1) 10
11. Define delayed puberty in a male child. List the possible causes. Describe changes in male genitals in
different stages of sexual maturation. (08/2) 10
12. Discuss the normal physiology of puberty and its relation to sexual development. (09/1) 4+6
13. A 1 year old female is brought to you with obesity, short stature, hypertension and hypertrichosis of
face and trunk. Provide differential diagnosis and approach to investigating and managing this child.
(09/1) 3+7
14. Describe the diagnostic approach in a 2 year old child with ambiguous genitalia (09/2) 10
15. Physiology of puberty in boys and girls. (10/1) 10
16. Clinical features, investigations and treatment of phaeochromocytoma. (10/1)
3+3+4
17. Outline the diagnostic approach to a 14 years old boy with infantile genitalia. (10/1) 10
18. Define and classify precocious puberty in boys according to its aetiology. Outline the approach for
investigating a boy with precocious puberty. (11/1)
2+4+4
20. Describe normal sexual differentiation in foetus. What is intersex? Describe aetiological classification of
disorders of Sex Development (DSD). (11/2) 2+2+6
21. Define delayed puberty. Describe its aetiology and diagnostic evaluation. (13/2 ) 2+(4+4)
22. Short notes on evaluation and management of a child with : Virilisation (14/1) 5
23. Define Precocious puberty in boys. Enumerate causes of precocious puberty in boys.(14/2) 5
PARATHYROID GLAND
1. Role of hormones in calcium balance (03/2) 15
2. Outline the calcium metabolism. Discuss the causes and management of Hypocalcaemia in a 3 yrs old
(07/2) 10
3. Differentiate between the laboratory features of hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism and
hyperparathyroidism. (08/1) (12/1) 10
4. Describe the calcium metabolism in a child. Detail the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of
a child with pseudohypoparathyroidism. (08/2) 10
5. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of hypercalcaemia.
(09/1) 10
6. Define hypocalcaemia. Enumerate hormones affecting calcium balance in the body. Describe their
respective roles in calcium homeostasis. (13/1) 2+3+5
46
23 NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS INFECTIONS (Veena Kalra)
1. Discuss diagnosis and management of Viral Encephalitis (97/1) 15
2. Chronic Meningitis clinical approach and management (02/1) 15
3. Pathophysiology of Acute Encephalitis (03/1) 15
4. Pathogenesis, management and prognosis of H. Influenzae Meningitis in children (06) 10
5. Discuss briefly epidemiology, investigations and management of Viral Meningoencephalitis (07/1) 10
6. Enumerate risk factors for brain abscess. Outline a scheme for investigating and treatment a 10 year old
child with brain abscess. (08/1) 10
7. Discuss the aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Acute Disseminated
Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (09/1) 4+6
8. Enumerate risk factors for brain abscess. Outline investigations and treatment of brain abscess in
children. (09/2) 4+2+4
9. Brief notes on : Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (13/1) 5
NEUROLOGICAL EVALUATION (Illingsworth)
1. Modified Glasgow Coma Scale in a 1 year old Child (03/1) 15
2. Outline the pathway of seventh cranial. Discuss the diagnosis and management of Bells palsy. (04/2)
4+3+3
3. Briefly discuss the role of electrophysiological studies in paediatric neurological disorders. (04/2) 10
4. What are the signs of meningeal irritation in a 2 year old child? How do you elicit them? How will you
rule out Pseudo-neck rigidity (05)
10
5. Give 5 examples each of UMN and LMN lesion. How do you clinically differentiate between UMN and
LMN lesions? What is the importance of fundus examination in a child with Para paresis (05)
10
6. Clinical significance of Postural Reflexes (06)
10
7. List the aetiologies of acute peripheral facial palsy. Discuss the clinical features, management and
prognosis of Bells palsy in a 10 year old girl. (13/2) 3+(3+2+2)
SEIZURES IN CHILDHOOD, CONDITIONS MIMICKING SEIZURES
1. Definition, prognosis and management of Febrile Convulsion (93/1) 15
2. Benign Rolandic Epilepsy of Childhood (93/1) 15
3. Management of Children with Partial Seizures (95/1) 15
4. Treatment of Status Epilepticus in a 5 year old Child (95/2) 10
5. Management of children with partial epilepsy (95/1) 15
6. Classification of Epilepsy and treatment of Simple Partial Seizures (96/2) 12
7. What are the causes of convulsions in infancy and childhood How will you investigate such a case
(97/2)
15
8. Treatment of Breath Holding spells (97/1) 10
9. Pseudoseizures (98/2) 10
10. Management of a case of Complex Partial Seizure (98/2)
10
11. Breath Holding spells (98/1) 15
47
48
10. List the neurocutaneous syndromes. Describe the genetics, cellular defect, clinical manifestation and
diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. (09/2) 3+1+1+3+2
11. What are the causes of congenital hydrocephalus? Describe clinical features and management of an
infant with Arnold Chiari malformation. (09/2) 4+6
12. Describe growth velocity of head size from birth till 5 years of age. Define microcephaly. Enumerate its
aetiology and approach to diagnosis in a child with microcephaly. (10/1) 3+2+2+3
13. Enumerate various types of neural tube defects and discuss their embryogenesis. Outline in brief
management of meningomyelocele. (11/1) 3+3+4
14. Describe briefly cerebro spinal fluid formation, circulation, absorption and enumerate causes of
hydrocephalus. (11/2) 3+2+2+3
15. Define microcephaly. Enumerate causes of primary and secondary microcephaly. Outline the diagnostic
approach of a 2 years old child brought to the hospital with small sized head. (12/1) 1+4+5
16. Discuss embryogenesis of neural tube defects. Discuss in brief its clinical features. (12/2) 5+5
17. Define craniosynostosis and its types. Name specific syndromes associated with craniosynostosis.
Describe the clinical characteristics of common types of craniosynostosis. (13/2) 3+3+4
18. Enumerate common types of neural tube defects. Discuss the prevention and management of neural tube
defects.(14/2)
4+(2+4)
49
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Discuss diagnosis and management of an unconscious child (92/2) 25
2. Discuss the diagnosis and investigation plan for a 2 year old child with regression of milestones and
generalized seizures (93/1) 25
3. Signs and symptoms of a tumour at CP angle, in relation to the anatomy of different structures at this
point (93/2) 15
4. Differential diagnosis of Floppy Infant (96/1) 12
5. Discuss the management of a 3 year old unconscious child (99/1) 25
6. Pseudotumour Cerebri (99/2) 10
7. Toxic Neuropathy 15
8. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of Raised Intracranial Tension 25
9. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Oedema (00/1) 15
10. Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnoea (03/1) 15
11. Pseudoparalysis (06) 5
12. Enlist the possible conditions which could result in a 24 month old child with history of regression of
milestones for past 8 month. The child also has a liver enlargement. Detail the clinical manifestation of
Tay Sachs Disease? (08/1) 10
13. Outline the steps in managing intracranial hypertension and provide rationale for each of these steps.
(09/1) 10
14. Describe evaluation of a child with cerebral palsy. (09/2) 10
15. Define raised intracranial pressure. Describe its clinical features and management. (10/1) 2+3+5
16. Discuss differential diagnosis of a floppy Infant. Write a short note on clinical and laboratory
characteristics of Werdnig-Hoffman disease. (13/1) 4+(3+3)
17. Enumerate the causes for ataxia in children. Discuss the investigations and treatment for a 7 year old boy
presenting with acute onset ataxia. (14/1)
4+(3+3)
18. Short note : Amplitude integrated EEG (14/1)
3
19. Discuss the pathophysiology and types of cerebral oedema. Write the medical management of raised
ICT.(14/2) 4+6
20. Types, clinical presentation and management of spinal muscular atrophies. (14/2) 2+4+4
21. Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea in children. (14/2)
5
24 NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
1. Family Genetic Counselling to parents with 2 boys having calf hypertrophy and progressive proximal
leg muscle weakness (07/1) 10
2. Describe the different types of hereditary neuropathies. Outline the diagnostic approach and
management of type 1 hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. (10/1) 4+6
3. Clinical features, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of myasthenia gravis. (10/1) 3+3+4
4. Discuss about the clinical features, types, diagnosis and management of Myasthenia Gravis. (11/2)
3+2+2+3
50
25 EYE
1. Proptosis (94) 15
2. Evaluation and management of an infant with squint (95/2) 15
3. What are the common causes of Blindness in children? Discuss steps to prevent Blindness in this group
(05) 3+7
4. Describe the characteristic changes observed in fundus examination of a child with (10/2)
4+3+3
i Chronic Hypertension
ii Acute Lymphoblastic leukaemia
iii Long standing diabetes mellitus
5. Describe the various age appropriate tests for checking visual acuity in children and their limitations. (13/2)
10
26 EAR, NOSE
1. Outline development of normal hearing in children. List causes of Hearing impairment in a I year old
child and its diagnostic approach (07/2) 10
2. Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in children (07/1) 10
3. Describe the types of hearing loss in children. Enumerate the causes of hearing loss in children. (10/2)
4+6
4. Outline the aetiopathogenesis of acute suppurative otitis media. Discuss in brief the treatment and
complications of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) in children. (11/1)
3+4+3
5. Describe the aetiopathogenesis and clinical features in a 3 year old child with hearing impairment. What
are the laboratory tests for assessment of such a child? (12/1) 3+3+4
6. Discuss the treatment of : Nasal polyps in children(14/1) 3
7. Management of acute otitis media in children (14/2) 5
27 SKIN
1. New developments in management of Vascular Nevi and scabies in children (93/1)
2. Clinical conditions associated with Maculopapular rashes in children and their differential diagnosis
(95/1) 10
3. Diagnosis and management of a 2 year old child with Petechial skin rash (98/1) 15
4. Erythema Nodosum (99/2) 10
5. Review the aetiology and management of adolescent acne. What are the psychological complications in
children (06)
10
6. Seborrheic Dermatitis in children (07/1) 10
7. Enumerate the causes of persistent fever which are not due to infection. Describe the clinical
presentation of ectodermal dysplasias. (08/1) 10
8. Clinical features, D/D, Treatment of Ectopic Dermatitis in infants. (10/1)
9. Outline the characteristic clinical features of erythema multiforme and Steven Johnson syndrome.
Enumerate the principles of management of Steven Johnson syndrome. (10/2) 4+3+3
10. Discuss in brief aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis in a
neonate. (13/1) 3+4+3
11. Discuss briefly aetiology, clinical features and management of Steven Johnson syndrome. (13/2) 3+3+4
51
3+2+5
52
20. Write the sources, clinical features, prevention and treatment of:
(13/2) 5+5
a)
Mercury poisoning
b)
Lead poisoning
19. How do you classify dog bites? Discuss its management. (13/2) 4+6
20. A 4 year old child has been bitten on his foot by a snake. How is a poisonous snake identified? Discuss the
management this child. (14/1)
3+7
21. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of CO poisoning.(14/2)
3+3+4
30 SOCIAL PAEDIATRICS
1. Failure in control of Tuberculosis (93/1) 15
2. Objectives and strategies of Maternal Child Survival And Safe Motherhood Programme
(94/2) 15
3. Effect of Television watching in children (95/1) 15
4. Use of Road To Health Charts in MCH clinics (95/2) 10
5. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (95/2) 15
6. Child health care services provided through CSSM programme in India (95/1) 15
7. CSSM Programme (96/2) 15
8. Pulse Polio Immunization (96/1) 15
9. ICDS scheme (97/2) 15
10. Discuss briefly the major goals for child survival and development by 2000AD (97/1) 25
11. Indications to use antibiotics in children with Upper Respiratory Infections (97/1) 10
12. RCH programme (98/2) 15
13. What measures can reduce Birth Rate in next 5 years (98/2) 10
14. National targets for MCH services 15
15. National Leprosy Eradication Programme 15
16. Paediatric components of RCH programme (99/2) 15
17. DOTS chemotherapeutic management of Tuberculosis in National TB Control Programme (00/1) 15
18. RCH Programme-aims and strategies (02/1) 15
19. Community management of Diarrhoea and LRTI with indications for referral (02/1) 15
20. IMNCI (03/2) 15
21. Outline the components of ICDS programme. Briefly discuss its impact o child health in India and also
causes for its failure. (04/2) 3+4+4
22. IMNCI- what is the strategy. Discuss the factors in successful implementation of this strategy (05)
5+5
23. What is the Birth Weight specific mortality? Discuss the measures to reduce this mortality (05) 10
24. Hospital Waste Management (06)
10
25. What were the problems encountered in NTCP. Write the goals, strategies and essential components of
RNTPC. Also discuss in brief categorization of patients and treatment protocols under RNTCP (06)
10
26. What is IMCI? What are the various criteria and limitations of this Programme? Elaborate signs,
symptoms and diseases covered under this programme
(06) 10
27. How do you classify the severity of acute respiratory infections using the IMNCI protocol? (06) 10
28. RCH Programme in India (06)
10 Essential newborn care in RCH.
29. DOTS regimen and the problems involved in the implementation in childhood TB
(06)
10
53
54
52. Enumerate criteria to classify Possible serious bacterial infection in an infant 0-2 months of age
according to National Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). Briefly
outline the diagnostic importance and validity of neonatal sepsis screening. (12/2) 5+5
53. Outline the goals of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). Enumerate ten steps to successful breast
feeding. Mention contradictions to breast feeding. (13/1) 2+5+3
54. Write short notes on: (13/2) 5+5
i)
ASHA
ii)
M D G (Millennium Development Goal) focused on children
55. Discuss the following:
a) Student's 't' test'
b) Sample size
c) Ethics in research (14/1) 3+3+4
56
a) Define sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value(14/2 ) 2+2+2
b)Types of errors in a research study(14/2 ) 4
EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE
1. Define evidence based medicine, as applicable to paediatric practice. Enlist basic steps in the practice
of evidence based medicine. Name few databases of systematic reviews. (08/1) 10
2. Clarify the concept of evidence based medicine. Define strength of evidence and quality of evidence.
Provide suitable examples to justify your definitions. (11/1)
3+3+4
3. What is Evidence Based Medicine? How are the guidelines based on Evidence Based Medicine
developed? How are the recommendation graded for the level of evidence? (11/2) 2+4+4
31 PHARMACOLOGY
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
1. Indications for using I v immunoglobulin in children (97/1) 10
2. Role of I V Ig in paediatric practice (00/1) 15
3. Indications for use of I V Immunoglobulin in Paediatric Practice (06) 10
4. Briefly outline the uses for I v immunoglobulin(IVIG) in children (07/2) 10
5. Enlist the common indications for the use of I.V.I.G. Describe the mechanism of action, doses and its
side effects. (10/1) 3+3+2+2
6. Describe in brief the diseases in which IVIG is used for treatment. Write the dosage, administration and
side effects of IVIG. (10/2) 5+2+1+2
7. Discuss the indications and plausible mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in
various paediatric disorders. (13/2) 10
INTERFERON
1. Clinical importance of Interferon (98/2)
NO
10
55
(98/2)
10
ATD
1. Rifampicin Therapy in children (95/1) 10
2. Preventive chaemotherapy in childhood TB (96/1) 15
3. Discuss the mechanism of Antibiotic resistance with special focus on ATD (97/2)
25
CHELATING AGENTS
1. Oral chelating agents (94/2) 15
2. Iron chelation therapy (06) (00/1) 5
ANTIBIOTICS
1. Describe various mechanisms for development of Drug Resistance by bacterial pathogens against
antibiotics. What factors are known to enhance drug resistance? Enumerate Anti Staphylococcal agents
(92) 25
2. Cephalosporins (94) 15
3. Enumerate paediatric conditions in which Erythromycin is the drug of choice (97/1) 10
4. Early detection of Chloramphenicol toxicity (03/1) 15
5. Third generation cephalosporins (03/1) 15
6. Aztreonam (03/2) 15
7. Discuss the basis for development of antibiotic resistance. Outline the steps for prevention of antibiotic
resistance. (04/2) 5+5
8. Management of infections by organisms producing extended spectrum beta lactamase (06/1)
10
ANTIFUNGALS
1. Describe the antifungals available for systemic use in India with their dosage, route and duration of
therapy for treatment of
a) systemic candidiasis; and
b) Invasive aspergillosis (09/2) 5+5
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
1. Antiviral drugs (99/1)
15
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
See Nervous System
BRONCHODILATORS
1. Bronchodilators (94/2)
15
ERYTHROPOIETIN
1. Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (94/2) 15
2. Discuss the role of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy (indication, dose, aim, precaution,
benefits and complications) in management of chronic renal failure. List reasons of resistance to such
therapy. (08/1) 10
56
ANTIMALARIAL
1. Malaria prophylaxis (94/2)
15
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Mechanism of Drug resistance (97/1)
15
32 VACCINES
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Enumerate all the diseases against which vaccines are currently available (93/2) 15
2. Immunization schedule basis in child suffering from AIDS (94) 15
2. Live vaccines used in paediatric age group (95/1) 10
3. Adverse reactions that may occur following use of vaccines included in the National Immunization
Schedule in India (95/2) 10
4. Describe briefly various adverse reactions following vaccinations and discuss their management (97/2)
25
5. Vaccine Vial Monitor 15
6. Cold Chain (00/1) 15 (14/2) 5
7. Combination vaccine (99/2) (03/1) 15
8. Describe the criteria or conditions to be considered for approving a newer vaccine in an immunization
program of a developing country. (08/1) 10
9. Discuss safe injection practices at a level three health care facility. Outline the management of a needle
stick injury to a health care provider 10 minutes back. (08/2) 10
10. Tabulate the various newer vaccines available to prevent respiratory disease in children, with their types,
dosage schedule, route, important side effects and efficacy. (11/2) 10
11. Define combination vaccines. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of such vaccines. Enlist
various combination vaccines used in our country. (12/2)
2+(2+2)+4
12. Define Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI). Classify AEFI. Outline the steps of
management of anaphylaxis following vaccination.(12/2)
2+8
13. Short note : Salient differences between the National and IAP Immunization schedule (13/1) 5
14. Write short notes on
a. Herd Immunity
b. Herd Effect
c. Vaccine Immunogenecity
d. Vaccine Efficacy; and
e. Vaccine Effectiveness (13/1) 2x5
15. Describe the conditions to be considered for approving a newer vaccine in the immunization program of
a developing country. (13/2) 10
RABIES VACCINE
1. Write briefly about different types of vaccine against rabies. Discuss various
57
5+5
15
MEASLES VACCINE
1. Complications of measles vaccination and management (94/2)
15
HiB VACCINE
1. H Influenzae B vaccine (98/2) 15
2. Tabulate the following details with regards to Rotavirus vaccine, HIB vaccine and pneumococcal
vaccine: (09/2) 10
a) Type of vaccine
b) Dose
c) Route
d) Appropriate age of vaccination
e) Justification of its usage
f) Side effect and
g) Drawback
TYPHOID VACCINE
1. Typhoid Vaccines
(97/1)
15
HEPATITIS B VACCINE
1. Hepatitis B immunization (93/2)
2. Hepatitis B vaccine (96/1) (97/1)
10
10
PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
1. Pneumococcal vaccine (96/2)
15
INFLUENZA
1. Influenza Type B vaccine (98/1)
15
DPT
1. Current status of post-DPT vaccine encephalopathy (93/1)
15
POLIO
1. Status of Polio vaccines (93/1) 15
2. Discuss the current role, advantages and disadvantages of OPV and IPV in control and eradication of
poliomyelitis in India. (11/1)
4+6
3. What is IPV? What are the advantages and disadvantages of IPV over OPV? What is the schedule of
IPV as recommended by IAP? (14/2) 3+5+2
HPV
1. Utility and controversy of HPV Vaccine. (10/1)
5+5
58
PERTUSSIS
1. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and prevention of pertussis in children. Write the
differences in efficacy, duration of protection and adverse effects between whole cell and acellular pertussis
vaccine. (14/1)
6+4
33 MISCELLANEOUS
1. PCR (92) 15
2. Epidemiology and prevention of accidents in children (92/2) 15
3. Value of USG in paediatrics (93/1) 10
4. Dimorphic child (94/2) 15
5. Food Fussiness in children (95/1) 10
6. Pathogenesis of oedema (95/1) 15
7. Tetany in children (96/1)
12
8. Role of oxygen free radicals in the causation of childhood diseases (97/1) 15
9. Discuss the measures to prevent accidents in children (98/1) 25
10. Prevention of Vertically transmitted diseases (99/1) 15
11. PCR and its significance in clinical practice (00/1) 15
12. Outline the common ethical issues in paediatric practice. Briefly discuss the process of decision making
in paediatric life sustaining interventions. (04) 4+6
13. Discuss management of child with injuries (05) 5
14. Role of Paediatrician in Disaster management (06/1) 10
15. Short note : Tips on parental guidance for computer and internet usage by children (13/1) 5
16. Why are children vulnerable to chemical pollutants? What are the chemical pollutants in the
environment and their effects? What are the hazards of environmental tobacco smoke in children? (14/2)
3+4+3