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o
1
B
= K 11
+ 1.5 fck
fck
+
d
o
12
1/2
3.99 10 3
5 10 3
1
+
= 1.0 11 + 1.5 25
25
= 14.5
5 10 3
15.69 10 3 3.99 10 3 12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
reinforcement percentages
spacing of reinforcing bars
anchorage lengths
curtailment of reinforcement
lap lengths.
fctm
btd 0.0013btd
f yk
where
bt
is the breadth of section
d
effective depth
fctm mean tensile strength of concrete
(see Table 8.2)
fyk characteristic yield stress of reinforcement
(= 500 N mm2)
The area of the tension, A s1, and of the compression reinforcement, A s2, should not be greater
than the following other than at laps:
A s1, A s2 0.04Ac
where
A c is the cross-sectional area of concrete.
where
f yk
s
m
n
As,req
As,prov
f yk mAs,req
s nAs,pro
(8.35)
= 500 N mm2
= 1.15
quasi-permanent load (= gk + 2qk)
design ultimate load (= G gk + Qqk)
area of steel required
area of steel provided
(8.36)
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160
200
240
280
320
360
300
250
200
150
100
50
32
25
16
12
10
8
Note: The values in the table assume cnom = 25 mm and fck = 30 N mm2
where
1
2
fctd
in which
ct
= 1.0
fctk,0.05 is the 5% fractile characteristic axial
tensile strength of concrete (see Table 8.2)
Table 8.13 shows values of the ultimate bond
stress for a range of concrete strengths assuming
Direction of concreting
Direction of concreting
Direction of concreting
300
h > 600
h > 250
h < 250
250
(a)
(b)
(c)
Table 8.13
fck (N mm2)
12
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
fbd where 32 mm
1.65
2.00
2.32
2.69
3.04
3.37
3.68
3.98
4.35
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Bb
Bb.eq
(8.38)
where
15 are coefficients which take account of,
respectively, shape of bar, concrete
cover/spacing between bars, transverse
reinforcement not welded to the main
reinforcement, transverse reinforcement
welded to the main reinforcement and
pressure transverse to the reinforcement.
The product of 15 can conservatively
be taken as 1.
lb,min
minimum anchorage length given by:
lb,min = maximum of {0.3.lb,rqd; 10;
100 mm} (for anchorages in tension)
lb,min = maximum of {0.6.lb,rqd; 10;
100 mm} (for anchorages in compression)
(c) Hook
Bb.eq
Bb.eq
(b) Bend
(d) Loop
c1
Bbd
a
c1
(8.39)
in which
1 = 1.0 for straight and curved bars in
compression
= 1.0 for straight bars in tension
= 0.7 for curved bars in tension if cd > 3.0
where
cd is as shown in Fig. 8.19 for straight and
curved bars
is the diameter of the bar to be anchored
Table 8.14 Design anchorage lengths, lbd, as multiples of bar diameters assuming 32 mm and
good bond conditions for a range of concrete strengths
Steel Grade
Deformed bars
type 2
fyk = 500 N mm2
Concrete Class
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
47
41
36
33
30
28
25
33
47
29
41
25
36
23
33
21
30
20
28
18
25
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16 mm
> 16 mm
4
7
STRAIGHT BARS
High yield bars, fyk
Concrete strength, fck
Ultimate bond stress, fbd
Design strength of bars, fyd
=
=
=
=
500 N mm2
20 N mm2
2.32 (Table 8.13)
fyk / S = 500/1.15
CURVED BARS
The calculation is essentially the same for this case except that 1 = 0.7 for curved bars and therefore, lbd, is
lbd = lb,eq = 1lb,rqd = 0.7 47 33 (see Table 8.14)
z
(cot cot )
2
where
is the angle of the concrete strut to the
longitudinal axis
is the angle of the shear reinforcement to the
longitudinal axis.
z 0.9d
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(8.40)
9/3/09, 2:58 PM