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Home>Wiki>ApproximationSchemesforconvectivetermstructuredgrids...
ApproximationSchemesforconvectivetermstructured
gridsCommon
FromCFDWiki
Contents
1DiscretisationSchemesforconvectivetermsinGeneralTransportEquation.FiniteVolumeFormulation,structured
grids
2Introduction
3BasicEquationsofCFD
4ConvectionSchemes
5BasicDiscretisationschemes
5.1CentralDifferencingScheme(CDS)
5.2UpwindDifferencingScheme(UDS)also(FirstOrderUpwindFOU)
5.3HybridDifferencingScheme(HDSalsoHYBRID)
5.4PowerLawScheme(alsoExponentialschemeorPLDS)
6HighResolutionSchemes(HRS)
6.1ClassificationofHighResolutionSchemes
6.1.1Linearschemes
6.1.2Kappaformulation,KappaSchemesandOtherschemes
6.1.3NonLinearschemes
6.2NumericalImplementationofHRS(Defferedcorrectionprocedure)
7Diagonaldominancecriterion
8NormalisedVariablesFormulation(NVF)
9NormalisedVariablesDiagram(NVD)
10NormalisedVariableandSpaceFormulation(NVSF)
11ConvectionBoundednessCriterion(CBC)
12S.K.Godunovtheorem
13MonotonicityCriterion
14TotalVariationDiminishing(TVD)SimplifiedDescription
14.1Generalissues
15TotalVariationDiminishingDiagram(Swebydiagram)
15.1Fluxlimitingformulation
16DiscretizationschemesQualityCriterions
DiscretisationSchemesforconvectivetermsinGeneralTransportEquation.
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FiniteVolumeFormulation,structuredgrids
Introduction
Thissectiondescribesthediscretizationschemesofconvectivetermsinfinitevolumeequations.Theaccuracy,numerical
stability,andboundnessofthesolutiondependonthenumericalschemeusedfortheseterms.Thecentralissueisthe
specificationofanappropriaterelationshipbetweentheconvectedvariable,storedatthecellcenter,anditsvalueateachofthe
cellfaces.
BasicEquationsofCFD
Alltheconservationequationscanbewritteninthesamegenericdifferentialform:
(1)
Equation(1)isintegratedoveracontrolvolumeandthefollowingdiscretizedequationfor isproduced:
(2)
where isthesourcetermforthecontrolvolume
fluxesof acrossthecontrolvolumeface
,and
and
represent,respectively,theconvectiveanddiffusive
Theconvectivefluxesthroughthecellfacesarecalculatedas:
(1)
where isthemassflowrateacrossthecellface .Theconvectedvariable associatedwiththismassflowrateis
usuallystoredatthecellcenters,andthussomeformofinterpolationassumptionmustbemadeinordertodetermineitsvalue
ateachcellface.Theinterpolationprocedureemployedforthisoperationisthesubjectofthevariousschemesproposedinthe
literature,andtheaccuracy,stability,andboundednessofthesolutiondependontheprocedureused.
Ingeneral,thevalueof
theform:
canbeexplicityformulatedintermsofitsneighbouringnodalvaluesbyafunctionalrelationshipof
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(1)
where
denotestheneighbouringnode values.Combiningequations(\ref{eq3})through(\ref{eq4a}),thediscretized
equationbecomes:
(1)
ConvectionSchemes
Alltheconvectionschemesinvolveastencilofcellsinwhichthevaluesof willbeusedtoconstructthefacevalue
Whereflowisfromlefttoright,and isthefaceinquestion.
meanUpstreamnode
meanCentralnode
meanDownstreamnode
Inthefirstplot,itisnotsonatraltothinkthecentralnode"C"notasthepresentnode"P".Itmaybethoughtasthefirstnodeto
theupstreamdirectionofthesurfaceinquestion"f".
BasicDiscretisationschemes
CentralDifferencingScheme(CDS)
Italsocanbeconsideredaslinearinterpolation.
Themostnaturalassumptionforthecellfacevalueoftheconvectedvariable
calculatesthecellfacevaluefrom:
wouldappeartobetheCDS,which
(1)
orformorecommoncase:
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(1)
wherethelinearinterpolationfactorisdefiniedas:
(1)
normalizedvariablesuniformgrids
(1)
normalizedvariablesnonuniformgrids
(1)
Thisschemeis2ndorderaccurate,butisunboundedsothatnonphysicaloscillationsappearinregionsofstrongconvection,
andalsointhepresenceofdiscontinuitiessuchasshocks.TheCDSmaybeuseddirectlyinverylowReynoldsnumberflows
wherediffusiveeffectsdominateoverconvection.
UpwindDifferencingScheme(UDS)also(FirstOrderUpwindFOU)
TheUDSassumesthattheconvectedvariableatthecellface isthesameastheupwindcellcentrevalue:
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(1)
normalisedvariables
(1)
TheUDSisunconditionallyboundedandhighlystable,butasnotedearlieritisonly1storderaccurateintermsoftruncation
errorandmayproduceseverenumericaldiffusion.Theschemeisthereforehighlydiffusivewhentheflowdirectionisskewed
relativetothegridlines.
(1)
(1)
UDSmaybewrittenas
(1)
orinmoregeneralform
(1)
where
(1)
(1)
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HybridDifferencingScheme(HDSalsoHYBRID)
TheHDSofSpalding[1972]switchesthediscretizationoftheconvectiontermsbetweenCDSandUDSaccordingtothelocal
cellPecletnumberasfollows:
(1)
(1)
ThecellPecletnumberisdefinedas:
(1)
inwhich
and
arerespectively,thecellfaceareaandphysicaldiffusioncoefficient.When
tendstobecomeunstablesothattheHDSrevertstotheUDS.Physicaldiffusionisignoredwhen
,CDScalculations
.
TheHDSschemeismarginallymoreaccuratethantheUDS,becausethe2ndorderCDSwillbeusedinregionsoflowPeclet
number.
D.B.Spalding(1972),"Anovelfinitedifferenceformulationfordifferentexpressionsinvolvingbothfirstandsecond
derivatives",Int.J.Numer.Meth.Engng.,4:551559,1972.
PowerLawScheme(alsoExponentialschemeorPLDS)
Patankar,S.V.(1980),NumericalHeatTransferandFluidFlow,ISBN0070487405,McGrawHill,NewYork.
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HighResolutionSchemes(HRS)
ClassificationofHighResolutionSchemes
HRScanbeclassifiedaslinearornonlinear,wherelinearmeanstheircoefficientsarenotdirectfunctionsoftheconvected
variablewhenappliedtoalinearconvectionequation.Itisimportanttorecognisethatlinearconvectionschemesof2ndorder
accuracyorhighermaysufferfromunboundedness,andarenotunconditionallystable.
Nonlinearschemesanalysethesolutionwithinthestencilandadaptthediscretisationtoavoidanyunwantedbehavior,suchas
unboundedness(seeWaterson[1994]).ThesetwotypesofschemesmaybepresentedinaunifiedwaybyuseoftheFlux
Limiterformulation(WatersonandDeconinck[1995]),whichcalculatesthecellfacevalueoftheconvectedvariablefrom:
(1)
where
istermedalimiterfunctionandthegradientration isdefinedas:
(1)
ThegeneralisationofthisapproachtohandlenonuniformmesheshasbeengivenbyWaterson[1994]
Fromtheequation(\ref{eq9})itcanbeseenthat
givestheUDSand
givestheCDS.
Pleasenotethatlineardoesnotmeanfirstorder
Linearschemes
Linearschemesarethoseforwhich islinearfunctionof
isupwinddifferencing(firstorderaccurate)
iscentraldifferencing(secondorderaccurate)
Kappaformulation,KappaSchemesandOtherschemes
kappaformulation
B.vanLeer(1985),"UpwinddifferencemethodsforaerodynamicsproblemsgovernedbytheEulerequations",Lecturesin
Appl.Math.,22:327336.
Higherorderschemesareusuallymembersofthe
class,forwhich
(1)
Usingthisequationfacevariablescanbeexpressed:
inusualvariables
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(1)
innormalisedvariables
(1)
Themainschemesare
CDS(centraldifferencingscheme)
QUICK(quadraticupwindscheme)
LUS(linearupwindscheme)
Fromm
CUS(cubicupwindscheme)
NonLinearschemes
Nonlinearschemesarethoseforwhich isnotalinearfunctionof .Theyfallintothreecategories,dependingonthelinear
schemesonwhichtheyarebased.
QUICKbased:
SMART(piecewiselinear,bounded)
(1)
HQUICK(smooth)
(1)
UMIST(piecewiselinear,bounded)
(1)
CHARM(smooth,bounded)
(1)
(1)
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Frommbased:
MUSCL(piecewiselinear)
(1)
vanLeer(smooth)
(1)
OSPRE(smooth)
(1)
vanAlbada(smooth)
(1)
other:
Superbee(piecewiselinear)
(1)
MinMod(piecewiselinear)
(1)
Waterson,N.PandDeconinck,H(1995),"Aunifiedapproachtothedesignandapplicationofboundedhighorder
covectionschemes",9thInt.Conf.onNumericalMethodsinLaminarandTurbulentFlow,Atlanta,USA,July1995,
TaylorandDurbetakieds.,PineridgePress.
Waterson,N.P.(1994),"Developmentofboundedhighorderconvectionschemeforgeneralindustrialapplications",
ProjectReport199433,vonKarmanInstituteforFluidDynamics,SintGenesiusRode,Belgium.
NumericalImplementationofHRS(Defferedcorrectionprocedure)
TheHRSschemescanbeintroducedintoequation(\ref{eq4b})byusingthedeferredcorrectionprocedureofRubinand
Khosla[1982].Thisprocedureexpressesthecellfacevalue by:
(1)
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where
ApproximationSchemesforconvectivetermstructuredgridsCommonCFDWiki,thefreeCFDreference
isahigherordercorrectionwhichrepresentsthedifferencebetweentheUDSfacevalue
orderschemevalue
andthehigher
,i.e.
(1)
Ifequation(\ref{eq10a})issubstitutedintoequation(\ref{eq4b}),theresultingdiscretisedequationis:
(1)
where
isthedeferredcorrectionsourceterms,givenby:
(1)
ThistreatmentleadstoadiagonallydominantcoefficientmatrixsinceitisformedusingtheUDS.
Thefinalformofthediscretizedequation:
(1)
Subscrit representsthecurrentcomputationalcell
representstheprevioustimestep(transistentcasesonly)
representthesixneighbouringcellsand
Thecoefficientscontaintheappropriatecontributionsfromthetransient,convectiveanddiffusivetermsin(\ref{eq1})
P.K.KhoslaandS.G.Rubin(1974),"Adiagonallydominantsecondorderaccurateimplicitscheme",Comput.Fluids,2207
209.
S.G.RubinandP.K.Khoshla(1982),"Polynomialinterpolationmethodforviscousflowcalculations",J.Comp.Phys.,Vol.
27,pp.153.
Diagonaldominancecriterion
NormalisedVariablesFormulation(NVF)
B.P.Leonard(1988),"Simplehighaccuracyresolutionprogramforconvectivemodellingofdiscontinuities",InternationalJ.
NumericalMethodsFluids,8:12911318.
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NormalisedVariablesDiagram(NVD)
AccordingtoLeonard[1988],forany(ingeneralnonlinear)characteristicsinthenormalizedvariablediagram(seefigure
below):
Passingthrough
Passingthrough
isnecessaryandsufficientforsecondorderaccuracy
withaslopeof0.75(forauniformgrid)isnecessaryandsufficientforthirdorderaccuracy
Thehorizontalandverticalcoordinatesofpoint inthenormalizedvariablediagram,andtheslopeofthecharacteristicsat
thepoint forpreservingthethirdorderaccuracyforanonuniformgrid,canbeobtainedbysimplealgebrausingeqs.[.....]
(1)
(1)
(1)
where
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(1)
(1)
(1)
Forauniformqrid,
and
Normalisedvariablediagramforvariouswellknownschemes
NormalisedVariableandSpaceFormulation(NVSF)
DarwishM.S.andMoukalledF.(1994),"NormalizedVariableandSpaceFormulationMethodologyforHighResolution
Schemes",Num.HeatTrans.,partB,vol.26,pp.7996.
AlvesM.A.,CruzP.MendesA.MagahaesF.D.PinhoF.T.,OliveiraP.J.(2002),"Adaptivemultiresolutionapproachfor
solutionofhyperbolicPDEs",ComputationalMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,191,39093928.
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ConvectionBoundednessCriterion(CBC)
ChoiS.K.,NamH.Y.andChoM.(1995),"Acomparisonofhighorderboundedconvectionschemes",Computational
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandengineering,Vol.121,pp.281301.
GaskellP.H.andLauA.K.C.(1988),"Curvativecompensatedconvectivetransport:SMART,anewboundednesspreserving
trasportalgorithm",InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinFluids,Vol.8,No.6,pp.617641.
GaskelandLauhaveformulatedtheCBCasfollows.Anumericalapproximationto
for
(0,0)and(1,1)
for
or
, isboundedbelowbythefunction
isboundedif:
andabovebyunityandpassesthroughthepoints
, isequalto
TheCBCisclearlyillustratedinfigurebelow,wheretheline
andtheshadedareaaretheregionoverwhichthe
CBCisvalid.TheimportanceoftheCBCistoprovideasufficientandnecessaryconditionforguaranteeingthebounded
solutionifatmostthreeneighbouringnodalvaluesareusedtoapproximatefacevalues.Itiswellknownthatthepositivityof
finitedifferencecoefficientsisalsoasufficientconditionforboundedness,butthisisoverlystringent,fortheexistenseof
negativecoefficientsdoesnotneccesarilyleadtooverorundershoots.
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S.K.Godunovtheorem
MonotonicityCriterion
TotalVariationDiminishing(TVD)SimplifiedDescription
Generalissues
A.Harten(1984),"Onaclassofhighresolutiontotalvariationstablefinitedifferenceschemes",SIAMJ.Num.
Analysis,21,p1.
A.Harten(1983),"Highresolutionschemesforhyperbolicconservationlaws",J.Comput.Phys.,49:357393,1983.
P.K.Sweby(1984),"Highresolutionschemesusingfluxlimitersforhyperbolicconservationlaws",SIAMJ.Num.
Analysis,21,p995.
TVDcriterion
nonewlocalextremamustbecreated
thevalueofanexistinglocalminimummustbenondecreasingandthatofthelocalmaximummustbenonincreasing
TotalVariation(TV)ofafunction isdefinedby
(1)
TotalVariation(TV)ofanumericalsolutionisdefinedby
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(1)
where gridpointindex
forasetofdiscretedata
theTVisdefinedby
(1)
(1)
Formonotonicitytobesatisfied,thisTVmustnotbeincreased!
FinallyanumericalschemeissaidtobeTVDif:
(1)
where timesteporiterationindex
Usingnormalisedvaribles,TVDconditioncabbewritten:
(1)
(1)
Toobtaindifferencingscheme,satisfyingTVDcondition,fluxlimiter
gradients.
isincluded,whichdependsuponfunction's
Inordertoprovidemonotonicityofthesolution,itisnecessarytoimplementcondition[K.Fletcher]
(1)
where
(1)
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TotalVariationDiminishingDiagram(Swebydiagram)
Fluxlimitingformulation
DiscretizationschemesQualityCriterions
ReturntoNumericalMethods
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