UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
(CHE 175)

NAME

: ABDUL HALIM BIN NORDIN

(2008293172)
MUHAMMAD RAZI BIN ZAHARI
(2008424824)
NOOR SYAFIQAH AMERAH BT AHMAD TARMIZI (2008293072)
SITI NOR SAMRAH BT A.RAHIM
(2008291992)
NURUL ADILAH BT NASARUDDIN
(2008292022)

GROUP :

EXPERIMENT

: (6) 1-RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS

2-VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS
3-CURRENTS IN CIRCUITS

Remarks :
DATE PERFORMED

: 25 FEBRUARY 2009

SEMESTER

: DIS 2008 APRIL 2009

PROGRAMME/CODE

: DIPLOMA IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING / EH 110

No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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12.
13.

Checked by :

Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims/Objective
Theory
Procedure
Apparatus
Results
Calculations
Discussions
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Appendices
Total

Allocated Marks (%)

5
5
5
5
3
5
20
10
20
10
5
5
2
100
Rechecked by :

Marks (%)

SUMMARY
EXPERIMENT 6B: RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS
This experiment was done by the objectives to determine the resistance in circuits. This
experiment is done with six resistors where three of them have the same value and three other
have the different value. And according to the result, when the resistors are connected in series,
the current passes through each resistor will be same and the total voltage, V is equal to the sum
of the voltages across each resistor V=V1+V2+V3. The total resistance is the sum of the separate
resistances, Req=R1+R2+R3
The resistors also can be connecting in parallel then the current from the source splits into
separate branches, I=I1+I2+I3. But in parallel it has the same voltage across it. In parallel
connection, the resistance is less than each single resistance and the equation are
Req=1/R1+1/R2+R3.

EXPERIMENT 6C: VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS

This experiment was done to measure the voltages in three different circuits which is in series,
parallel n combination connection. In series connection, when the resistors are connected
together, the total voltage, V is equal to the sum of the voltages across each resistor,
Veq=V1+V2+V3 while in parallel connection, when the resistors are connected in parallel, the
total voltage, V are same across it, Veq=V1+V2+V3.The instrument for measuring potential
difference is voltmeter.

INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 6B: RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS
Resistors are used to control the amount of current. Resistors have resistances ranging from
less than an ohm to millions of ohms. When two or more resistors are connected in series, the
same current, I passes through each resistor. Another way to connect resistors is parallel which is
has the same voltage across it.

EXPERIMENT 6C: VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS

Voltage is the potential difference between its ends. It measures the potential energy of an
electric field to cause an electric current in electrical conductor. Instrument for measuring
potential difference is voltmeter.

OBJECTIVE

EXPERIMENT 6B: RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS

This experiment is to begin experimenting with the variables that contribute to the operation of
an electrical circuit.

EXPERIMENT 6C: VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS

The objective of this experiment is experimenting with the variables that contribute to the
operation of an electrical circuit.

THEORY
EXPERIMENT 6B: RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS
In series connection, the total resistance is the sum of the resistors, Req=R1+R2+R3 while in
parallel connection, the total resistance are, Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3.

EXPERIMENT 6C: VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS

In series connection, the equivalent voltage is Veq=V1+V2+V3 while in parallel
connection the equivalent voltage are same across each resistor, Veq=V1=V2=V3.

PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENT 6B: RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS
1- We choose the three resistors having the same value .we enter those sets of color in the table
4.1.we refer to one as # 1, another as #2 ,and the third as #3.
2-After determined the coded value of the resistor ,we enter in the table 4.1 as the coded
Resistance the tolerance value as as indicated by the color of the fourth band under the
Tolerance.
3-we use the multimeter to measure the resistance of each of the three resistances that,and
entered the values in the table 4.1.
4-The error of each resistances and the values in table 4.1.
Experimental Error = ((measured-coded)/coded)x 100%
5-Firstly , we connected the three resistors into the SERIES CIRCUIT ,figure 4.1.we used the
spring clips on the circuits Experiments Boards to hold to lead of the resistors together without
bending them.
6-After that,construct a PARALLEL CIRCUIT, first using combination of the two resistors , and
then using all the three,we are measured and record our values for these circuits.
7-Connect the COMBINATION CIRCUIT in the figure and measure the various combinations
of the resistance.
8-After finish with the same resistor ,we change with 3 resistors having different values,and
repeat the steps 1-7 as above, we recorded our data in the table.and we had called these resistors
with A,B,C.

EXPERIMENT 6C: VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS

1. Three equal resistors is connected into the series circuit like the shown below, by using
the springs to hold the leads of the resistors together without bending them. Two wires
are connected to the D-cell, carefully noting which wire is connected to the negative and
which is connected to the positive.
2. Then, the voltage function on the Multimeter was used to measure the voltages across the
individual resistors and across the combinations of resistors. The polarity of the leads (red
was +, black was -) was carefully observed. The readings were recorded.
3. Then, the parallel circuit was connected by using all the three resistors. The voltage was
measured across each of the resistors and the combinations.
4. Next, the circuit below was connected and the voltages were measured. The previous
resistance readings could be used for this step.

APPARATUS
EXPERIMENT 6B: RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS
EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
Circuit Experiment Boar
Multimeter
Resistors

EXPERIMENT 6C: VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
Circuit Experiment Board
D-cell Battery
Wire Leads
Multi meter
Resistors

RESULTS

#1
#2
#3

1st
Green
Green
Green

Table 4.1
Colors
codec
measured
error% tolerance%
2nd
3rd
4th resistance/ resistance/
Blue Brown Gold
560
555
0.89
0.1
Blue Brown Gold
560
553
1.25
0.1
Blue Brown Gold
560
552
1.43
0.1

Series
R12= 1.108k
R23= 1.109k
R123= 1.663k

Parallel
R12= 0.554k
R23= 0.282k
R123= 0.553k

Combination
R1= 0.554k
R23= 0.2786 k
R123= 0.834k

#A
#B
#C

1st
red
red
red

Colors
2nd
3rd
red
yellow
red
yellow
red
yellow

4th
gold
gold
gold

Table 4.2
codec
measured
Tolerance
%error
resistance resistance/
220000
217000
2.36
0.1
220000
217200
1.27
0.1
220000
217300
1.23
0.1

Series (figure 4.4)

RAB= 0.432m
RBC= 0.432m
RABC= 0.649m

Parallel (figure 4.5)

RAB= 216.6k
RBC= 108.1k
RABC= 72.1k

Combination (figure 4.6)

RAB= 215.8k
RBC= 108.6k
RABC= 324.4k

RESULTS 6(C)
Series (figure 5.1)
R1= 215.7k
R2=216.6k
R3=216.6k
R12=1.108k
R23=1.109k
R123=1.663k

V1=1.2Mv
V2=4.5mV
V3=4.4mV
V12=4.5mV
V23=5.6mV
V123=5.3mV

Parallel(figure 5.2)

R1=0.1175k
R2=0.118k
R3=0.116k
R123=0.117k

V1=4.9mV
V2=4.8mV
V3=5.1mV
V123=4.8mV

Combination (figure 5.3)

R1=0.554k
R23=0.2786k

V1=4.8mV
V23=4.6mV

R123=0.834k

V123=5.0mV

Series(figure 5.4)
RA=217.5k
RB=217.4k
RC=217.7k
RAB=0.432m
RBC=0.432m
RABC=0.649m

VA=4.9mV
VB=1.0mV
VC=1.0mV
VAB=1.1mV
VBC=3.2mV
VABC=4.7mV

Parallel (figure 5.5)

RA=0.757k
VA=1.2mV
RB=0.758k
VB=1.3mV
RC=0.756 k
VC=4.7mV
RABC=0.759k
VABC=1.2mV

Combination (figure 5.6)

RA=215.k
RBC=108.6k

VA=1.9mV
VBC=4.6mV

RABC=324.4k

VABC=4.0mV

CALCULATIONS
Table 4.1
Percentage error (%) #1=(555-560 )x100
560
= 0.89%

Percentage error (%) #2=(553-560 )x100

560
= 1.25%

Percentage error (%) #3=(552-560 )x100

560
= 1.43%

Table 4.2
Percentage error (%) #1=(217k- 220k)x100
220k
= 1.36%

Percentage error (%) #2=(217.2k-220k)x100

220k
= 1.27%

Percentage error (%) #3=(217.3k-220k)x100

220k
= 1.23%

DISCUSSIONS
EXPERIMENT 6B: RESISTANCES IN CIRCUITS
1. How does the % error compare to the coded tolerance for your resistor?
The % error for the same value of the resistor is 99.99, however the coded tolerance is 0.1r the
three sets of colours. There are #1, #2 and #3. Besides that , the % error for the different values is
99.98% until 99.99% and tolerance is 0.1r the four colours.
2. What is the apparent rule for the total resistance when resistor are added up in
series ? In parallel ?
The total resistance when resistor are added up in series circuits is will become
increase, but the current through the circuit will decrease .Besides that , we used to get the total
resistance by the equation Req = R1 + R2 + R3. However , the total resistances in parallel circuit
will become decrease , but the current through the circuit will increase. Although we also used to
get the total resistance by equation in parallel circuit ,
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
3. What is the apparent rule for combining equal resistances in series circuit ? In
parallel circuits ?
In combination equal resistance in series circuits the resistances get distributed equally through
each resistor . However the equal resistance in parallel , resistance is to through cicuit.

4. What is the apparent rule for combining unequal resistances in series circuit ? In
parallel circuit ?
In combination unequal resistance in series circuit , the resistance values are distributed based on
the resistance value given by the formula Ohms law V = IR. However , the unequal resistances
in parallel circuits, resistance are at the same potential.

EXPERIMENT 6C: VOLTAGES IN CIRCUITS

1. Based on the data from Figure 5.5 , what is the pattern for how voltage distributed
itself in a parallel circuit for unequal resistances ? Is there any relationship between
thesizeof the resistance and the size of the resulting voltage ?
Since the current is different on each component of the parallel circuit , change in the size of the
resistance does no effect size of the resulting voltage . In figure the voltage across the each
resistor are the same.
2. On the basis of the data you recorded on the table with Figure 5.4 , what is the
pattern for how voltage gets distributed in a series circuit with equal resistance?
The voltages have different value across each of the resistor in a series circuit since the resistance
is indirectly proportional to the voltage . However , the current (1) is always constant along this
type of circuit.
3. According to the data you recorded with Figure

, what is the pattern for how

voltage gets distributed in a series circuit with unequal resistance ? Is there any
relationship between the size of the resistance and the size of the resulting voltage?
Similar to the Figure , the voltage have different values across each of the resistor, even though
the resistance have different value each. The change in value of the resistor does not affect the
value of voltage distributed in the series circuit.
4. Utilizing the data from Figure

, what is the pattern for how voltage distributes

itself in parallel circuit for equal resitance?

In this type of circuit , the voltage across the resistor are the same . The resistors have the same
value but the current is changed across the circuit

CONCLUSIONS
The experiment has done does illustrate the theory of Ohms Law. The relationship between the
three variables has apparently demonstrated in this experiment . In experiment 6B the concept of
the total resistance is prove by the calculating the resistance in the series , parallel and
combination of both circuit. The variable in this experiment is the resistance values that have
used. Not just that, the percentage error of the resistor can be calculated by the equation

Percentage error % = (measured value coded value) x 100%

Furthermore, this method also determine the current of the circuit , either its in series or
parallel . Experiment 6C established the idea of the relationship between the voltage and the
resistance by measuring the voltage across each of the resistor , with same and different values of
the resistance. Moreover, even though the experiment was quit hard, students able to finish it on
time and gain more experience in the lab.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Student sometime confused about wire that they have connected,whether it is in
connecting to the right position.This action can lead miscalculation in reading the
resistance.
2. Student must careful when connecting the wires.
3. Student should always compare their circuits with the diagram given in the lab manual.
4. Determining the colour coded resistor and its values properly.

REFERENCES

PHYSIC GIANCOLI (SIXTH EDITION)

DOUGLAS C. GIANCOLI

MANUAL LAB
ENGENEERING PYHSICS LABAROTORY (CHE 175)

PROGRAM MATRIKULASI MODUL FIZIK

EDISI PERTAMA 1999
PROF. MADYA DR. ELIAS SAION
PROF MADYA DR. AZIZAN ISMAIL

APPENDICE