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This article is about the Finnish composer. For other and 21 separate publications of choral music.
uses, see Sibelius (disambiguation).
Sibelius composed prolically until the mid-1920s.
Jean Sibelius (/sbelis, -beljs/;[1] Swedish proHowever, after completing his Seventh Symphony
(1924), the incidental music to The Tempest (1926), and
the tone poem Tapiola (1926), he produced no large scale
works for the remaining thirty years of his life. Although
he is reputed to have stopped composing, he in fact attempted to continue writing, including abortive eorts to
compose an eighth symphony. He wrote some Masonic
music and re-edited some earlier works during this last
period of his life, and retained an active interest in new
developments in music, although he did not always view
modern music favorably.
The Finnish 100 mark bill featured his image until it
was taken out of circulation in 2002 when the euro was
adopted as a cash currency.[3] Since 2011, Finland has
celebrated a Flag Day on 8 December, the composers
birthday, also known as the 'Day of Finnish Music'.[4]
1 Early life
Sibelius was born in Hmeenlinna in Grand Duchy of
Finland in the Russian Empire, the son of Swedishspeaking doctor Christian Gustaf Sibelius and Maria
Charlotta Sibelius ne Borg. As a boy he was nicknamed
Janne, as is common in Finland. However, during his
student years, he began preferring the French form Jean,
inspired by the business card of his seafaring uncle.[5] He
therefore became known as Jean Sibelius.
Sibelius in 1913
ther Finnish or Swedish, which became part of the syllabus, from elementary school up to university. Young
Janne Sibelius went to the Finnish-speaking Hmeenlinna
Normal-Lycee secondary school which he attended from
1876 to 1885, but his rst language was Swedish. Romantic Nationalism was to become a crucial element in
Sibelius artistic output and his political leanings. From
around the age of 15, he set his heart on becoming a great
violin virtuoso, and he did become quite an accomplished
1
Sibelius in 1889
In 1907, Sibelius underwent a serious operation for suspected throat cancer. The impact of this brush with death
has been said to have inspired works that he composed in
the following years, including Luonnotar and the Fourth
Symphony.[7]
3
phonic poem The Oceanides commissioned by the millionaire Carl Stoeckel.[8]
5 Activity in Freemasonry
Sibelius in 1891
6 Nature
Sibelius loved nature, and the Finnish landscape often
served as material for his music. He once said of his
Sixth Symphony, "[It] always reminds me of the scent of
the rst snow. The forests surrounding Ainola are often
Blue plaque, 15 Gloucester Walk, Kensington, London, his home
said to have inspired his composition of Tapiola. On the
in 1909
subject of Sibelius ties to nature, one biographer of the
Sibelius spent long periods abroad studying in Vienna and composer, Erik W. Tawaststjerna, wrote the following:
Berlin 18891891 and 19001901 with family in Italy.
"Even by Nordic standards, Sibelius reHe composed, conducted and socialized actively in Scansponded with exceptional intensity to the moods
dinavian countries, the UK, France and Germany. In
of nature and the changes in the seasons: he
1914 he was the composer of the year at the Norfolk
scanned the skies with his binoculars for the
Music Festival in Connecticut, USA, premiering his sym-
8 LAST YEARS
geese ying over the lake ice, listened to the
screech of the cranes, and heard the cries of
the curlew echo over the marshy grounds just
below Ainola. He savoured the spring blossoms
every bit as much as he did autumnal scents and
colours".[10]
Later works
Sibelius in 1939
8 Last years
Since 1903 Sibelius had lived in the countryside, but
from 19391944 Jean and Aino again held a residence
in Helsinki. After the war he came to the city only a couple of times. The so-called Silence of Ainola appears
a myth, knowing that in addition to countless ocial visitors and visiting colleagues also his grandchildren and
great grandchildren spent their holidays in Ainola.
Sibelius avoided public statements about other composers, but Erik W. Tawaststjerna and Sibelius secretary
Santeri Levas have documented his private conversations
in which he considered Bartk and Shostakovich the most
talented composers of the younger generations. In the
1950s he actively promoted the young Finnish composer
Einojuhani Rautavaara.
His 90th birthday, in 1955, was widely celebrated and
both the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy
and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Thomas
Beecham gave special performances of his music in Finland. The orchestras and their conductors also met
the composer at his home; a series of memorable photographs were taken to commemorate the occasions.
Both Columbia Records and EMI released some of the
pictures with albums of Sibelius music. Beecham was
honored by the Finnish government for his eorts to promote Sibelius both in the United Kingdom and in the
United States.
5
youth, he exclaimed. Suddenly, one of the
birds broke away from the formation and circled once above Ainola. It then rejoined the
ock to continue its journey.
Two days afterwards Sibelius died of a
brain hemorrhage, at age 91 (on 20 September
1957), in Ainola, where he is buried in the garden. Another well-known Finnish composer,
Heino Kaski, died that same day. Aino lived
there for the next twelve years until she died on
8 June 1969; she is buried with her husband.
Heritage
10
Musical style
11 RECEPTION
ginning with the early En Saga and culminating in the late cated his Third Symphony to the English composer, and
Tapiola (1926), his last major composition.
in 1946 he became the rst President of the Bantock
Over time, he sought to use new chord patterns, includ- Society). More recently, Sibelius was also one of the
ing naked tritones (for example in the Fourth Symphony), composers championed by Robert Simpson. Malcolm
and bare melodic structures to build long movements of Arnold acknowledged his inuence, and Arthur ButterSibelius music as a source of inspiration
music, in a manner similar to Joseph Haydn's use of built- worth also saw
[25]
in
his
work.
in dissonances. Sibelius would often alternate melodic
sections with noble brass chords that would swell and fade Eugene Ormandy and to a lesser extent, his predecesaway, or he would underpin his music with repeating g- sor Leopold Stokowski, were instrumental in bringing
ures which push against the melody and counter-melody. Sibelius music to American audiences by programming
Sibelius melodies often feature powerful modal impli- his works often; the former developed a friendly relationcations: for example much of the Sixth Symphony is in ship with Sibelius throughout his life. Later in life he was
Olin Downes, who wrote a biograthe (modern) Dorian mode. Sibelius studied Renaissance championed by critic [26]
phy
of
the
composer.
polyphony, as did his contemporary, the Danish composer Carl Nielsen, and Sibelius music often reects the
inuence of this early music. He often varied his movements in a piece by changing the note values of melodies,
rather than the conventional change of tempi. He would
often draw out one melody over a number of notes, while
playing a dierent melody in shorter rhythm. For example, his Seventh Symphony comprises four originally
sketched movements fused into telescopical and partly
parallel functions without pause, where every important
theme is in C major or C minor; the variation comes
from the time and rhythm. His harmonic language was
often restrained, even iconoclastic, compared to many of
his contemporaries who were already experimenting with
musical Modernism. As reported by Neville Cardus in
the Manchester Guardian newspaper in 1958:
Sibelius justied the austerity of his old
age by saying that while other composers were
engaged in manufacturing cocktails he oered
the public pure cold water.[22]
11
Reception
12.1
Orchestral works
ern modernism, standing outside the perpetual progression of the status quo.[17] In 1990, the composer Thea
Musgrave was commissioned by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra to write a piece in honour of the 125th
anniversary of Sibelius birth: Song of the Enchanter was
premiered on 14 February 1991.[29] In 1984, American
avant-garde composer Morton Feldman gave a lecture in
Darmstadt, Germany, wherein he stated that the people you think are radicals might really be conservatives
the people you think are conservatives might really
be radical, whereupon he began to hum Sibelius Fifth
Symphony.[17]
Sibelius has fallen in and out of fashion, but remains one
of the most popular 20th century symphonists, both in the
concert hall and on record. Sibelius had spent much time
producing protable chamber music for home use, salon
music, occasional works for the stage and other incidental
music, all of which has now been systematically recorded
on BIS Records' complete Sibelius Edition. This major
editorial project to record every note Sibelius left us also
encompasses surviving sketches and early versions of the
major works.
Jean Sibelius celebrates 150th Anniversary in 2015. The
Helsinki Music Centre produces an illustrated and narrated Sibelius Finland Experience show every day during summer 2015. The production runs also in 2016 and
2017 at least.
12
Selected works
12.1
Orchestral works
14
Impromptu, Op. 78 (1915)
REFERENCES
14 References
Jordens sng (Song of the Earth) for chorus and orchestra, Op. 93 (1919)
Andante Festivo (for string quartet 1922; string orchestra and timpani 1938)
[13] Vesa Sirn, Is this the sound of Sibelius lost Eighth Symphony?" Helsingin Sanomat, October 2011.
12.2
Other works
13
See also
15
Sources
17 External links
Jean Sibelius the website (English)
The Sibelius Society of Finland
Fennica Gehrmans Sibelius page (publisher)
16
Further reading
Ekman, Karl. Jean Sibelius, His Life and Personality. New York, Tudor Publishing Co., 1945.
Levas, Santeri. Sibelius: a personal portrait. London, Dent, 1972. ISBN 0-460-03978-4.
de Gorog, Lisa (with the collaboration of Ralph de
Gorog) From Sibelius to Sallinen: Finnish Nationalism and the Music of Finland. New York, Greenwood Press, 1989.
Layton, Robert. Sibelius. New York: Schirmer
Books, 1993. Master Musicians Series. ISBN 002-871322-2.
Rickards, Guy. Jean Sibelius. London and New
York, Phaidon Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-71484776-4.
Goss, Glenda Jean Sibelius: Guide to Research. New
York: Garland Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8153-1171-0
10
Free scores by Jean Sibelius in the Choral Public
Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
Veijo Murtomki, Sibelius, Jean (18651957). National Biography of Finland, online collection.
16.9.1997. Finnish Literature Society.
List of compositions at AllMusic
Jean Sibelius at the Notable Names Database
Jean Sibelius at Find a Grave
17
EXTERNAL LINKS
11
18
18.1
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18.2
Images
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18.3
Content license