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I. INTRODUCTION
___________________________________
T.Thakur and Jaswanti are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Punjab Engineering College (Deemed University), Chandigarh, India -160012
(e-mail: tilak20042005@yahoo.co.in; jaswanti98@yahoo.co.in)
(2)
Qij
(3)
>(V
ss
j 1
@ PD j
V j ) y ss , j *
jss
(4)
(V
VDI
Li
VLiLIM ) 2
(5)
i 1
III.
Bus
1
S/S
I4
B3
Bus
2
B4
Bus
55
I5
Bus
3
B1
(6)
Vi k
(8)
(9)
(10.1)
(10.2)
(10.3)
B2
I3
B5
Bus
6
I6
Fig. 1. Equivalent current injection based model of distribution network
(11)
(12)
Start
(13)
Vi k
(14.1)
Iteration = k
No
Yes
(14.2)
(14.3)
End
V. TEST RESULTS
The proposed algorithm for distribution system
reconfiguration has been tested on 33-bus RDS given in
Fig. 3. Substation voltage is 12.66 KV and base MVA has
been taken as 10 MVA; the load data, line details and the tie
lines available for switching in [21].
System has five tie lines. The two configurations are
termed as Base Configuration and Optimal Configuration
respectively. Using DLF program voltages at the buses, real
and reactive powers flowing through lines, real power loss and
voltage deviation index (VDI) were calculated for the two
configurations. Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP)
simulation was performed and results obtained from the
simulation proved the authenticity of the program developed.
Results are shown here in three parts as base case, optimal
case and comparisons between various results.
Loss(DLF/
VDI(DLF
Worst
Lines switched
given
in
/given in
Voltage
out
[21])
in
[21])
(DLF/given
in [21]in p.u.
KW
Base
Optimal
201.42/
0.0174/
0.9143/
33 - 34 -35 -
211
0.0248
0.9038
36 - 37
158.24/
0.0039/
0.9388/
06 -14 - 09 - 32
178
0.0041
0.9378
- 37
%Loss
Reduction
4.5
%
VDI
Improvement
30
% Increment in
Worst Voltage
1.16
Optimal
11.1
4.8
0.106
The valley point or lower most point shown in the Fig. (5)
shows the lowest voltage bus and the lowest bus voltage is on
bus number 18 of the system investigated. This bus is situated
at extreme end of the network. There is no significant change
in shapes of the graphs for different iterations which was
plotted for all the iterations simultaneously shows that there is
very little deviation in bus voltages in first iteration and
second iteration. It only signifies the fact that load flow
solutions get converged very early on, even in second
iteration. Because of the above fact, execution is very fast.
Best voltage is at bus number 2 and worst at bus number 18.
C. Comparison of Base and Optimal Voltages
DLF
1.02
1. 0 2
1
Bus Voltages in p.u
ETAP
Softw are
0 . 9 8
0 . 9 6
0 . 9 4
0.98
Optimal
Case
Base
Case
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0 . 9 2
0.86
1
0 . 9
0
10
15
2 0
B uses
2 5
3 0
3 5
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Buses
Voltage Comparision
Bus Voltages in p.u
1.02
1
0.98
Optimal Bus
Voltages(DLF)
0.96
0.94
Optimal Bus
Voltages[6]
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
1
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31
Buses
Fig. (6) compares the results obtained for the two cases
considered .It is concluded that voltages at the buses in case of
optimal case is much better than that in the base case for
majority of buses. Few buses have lower voltages (in case of
optimal case) than that in base case. Fig. (7) compare the
results of optimal bus voltage and [6]. Again the results of
optimal DLF case are better than [6] optimal case.
D. Comparison of Base and Optimal Real and Reactive Power
Real Power Comparision
4000
Re3500
al
3000
Po
wer2500
(k
W) 2000
Real Power
(Base Case)
Real Power
(Optimal Case)
1500
1000
500
0
1
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Line No.
Fig. (8) and (9) are showing the comparisons between real
and reactive power respectively flowing through the lines in
the two cases. In optimal case lesser real power is required
because the loss has been decreased. This was the objective to
be achieved through reconfiguration. This discussion is
equally applicable to reactive power.
2500
2000
Reactive Power
(Base Case)
1500
Reactive Power
(Optimal Case)
1000
500
0
1
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31
Line No.
VII. REFERENCES
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6
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VIII.
BIOGRAPHIES