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Grammar
Sir: Ghazi Iqbal
Grammar
Grammar: is the Art to put the word in the right place and it carry Subject, Verb and
Object
11.01.2010 (Monday)
Noun: it is the name of person, place, thing and state of being.
The chair of the subject can be occupied by noun
Proper Common
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Adjective: adjective is a word which modifies or clarifies the noun, and it always come
before the noun.
Noun A boy
Adjective Young
A young boy
Note: a noun can be adjective, a verb or by itself a noun, but when it followed by an article
then that is exactly a Noun and without an article that can be an adjective or a verb.
A university (Noun)
Student
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Pronoun: is a world which replaces the noun.
Verb: Verb is a word which describes the action of the subject. Or a verb is an action.
Infinitive: When a word starts with TO is called infinitive verb.
Infinitive Base
To come Come
To buy Buy
To do Do
To eat Eat
Future Tense:
Progressive or continuous:
There is no progressive form of the word. It is basically a helping the verb
To be + (Verb+ing)
Present Progressive Tenses:
Present form of the verb (To be) + (Verb +ing)
1. I am playing cricket.
2. I am writing my homework.
3. I am playing tennis.
4. I am not studying English.
Perfect:
To have + Verb Past Participle
Present: I have written a letter.
Past: I had written a letter.
Future: I will have written a letter.
Perfect Progressive
To have + To be (V.P.P) + (Verb +ing)
Present: I have been writing a letter.
Past: I had been writing a letter.
Future: I will have been writing a letter.
3. may
by defective we mean that they do not have complete five forms or states as shown below:
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2. Have to: both Have to and Must have the same meaning of the obligation and compulsion.
Example: You have to speak English.
Yesterday you had to speak English.
MUST has another meaning also, which is strongly Guess or logic conclusion.
Example: there must be an accident
Note: if the guess is weak, instead must, it can use MAY BE.
Example: he may be in the cafeteria.
29.01.2010 (Thursday)
Clause: is the combination of word that has some meaning.
1. Singular clause sentence: The sentence that has one clause
Example: He was ill. He went to hospital.
3. Multiple clause sentence: The sentence that has more than one clause
Example: he need some money, so he went to hospital, didn’t find his father and he came
back.
Dependent Clauses: the clause that has not complete meaning and it need to have another
clause.
Example: If you work hard, you will pass
Note: Independent clause need linker, but when we have dependent at first so we do not
need a linker.
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Less Dogmatically
Example: We don’t think it’s far.
We should have thought it was far.
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Note: for home we use at home and for house we use in home.
Adverb
A word that describes or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a
sentence, For example: 'slowly' in 'He walked slowly' and 'very' in 'It was a very good book'
are adverbs.
Adverb
1. Adverb of Place: A word that tells about place, (where, here, there )
Example: I will reach to Abpara
I will reach there.
4. Adverb of degree: a word that tells about the degree of something. Or the answer
of (how much), like fully, badly
Note: if we need more than one adverb and it is called (Manner, Place, Time)
5. Adverb of frequency: a word that tells about frequency or how much an action
happened or the answer of (how often), like always, usually, often, sometimes, never
seldom, rarely, frequently
Note: Adverb of frequency always comes before the verb, and when to emphasis the adverb
come at the beginning of the sentence.
Example: Always I come at time to class.
Yesterday I saw u at the market.
Everyday you abuse me.
Present sample Tense: It is the tense of habit and in this tense it can only use adverb of
frequency (Every) only.
Example: He speaks English everyday.
Present continuous tense: the action that happing at the moment of speaking or shows
the continuity of the action and the word (Now) can use with this tense.
Example: I am speaking now.
Present perfect tense: the action that have recently happed in the past and it shows
Example: I have written a sentence just now.
Present perfect continues tense: the action that started or happened in the past and continuing
to the present and may or may not go to future. For instance I start teaching in the year 1972
and now year 2010 and still I am teaching.
So I have been teaching English since 1971.
Note: Adverb of frequency that use with this tense is (For “for period of time” and since “for
point of time”)
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