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Alumno:
Sistemas Lineales.
Contenido
INTRODUCCIN .................................................................................................................................. 2
DESARROLLO ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Cdigo del programa desarrollado en ForTran 90 .......................................................................... 2
Salidas del programa desarrollado en ForTran 90 .......................................................................... 4
Usando MatLab ............................................................................................................................... 6
CONLCUSIONES ................................................................................................................................... 6
BIBLIOGRAFA ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Sistemas Lineales.
INTRODUCCIN
Considerando () = para = 1, se tiene que (1) = . Usando expansin en serie de
Taylor, obtenemos:
= + +
2
2!
3
3!
+ + + !
(1)
1
Dnde es la matriz identidad. Adems se observa que para grandes nmeros de k, el trmino !
Hace a un valor muy pequeo. Una computadora digital puede ir aadiendo estos trminos hasta
que la suma de punto flotante se sobrecargue. Para ver esto, se expresa mediante sumatoria.
=
=0
DESARROLLO
Como una computadora tiene un nmero finito de longitud de memoria, tiene por lo tanto,
precisin finita. Para ver claramente esto, se supone:
=[
49 24
]
64 31
Sistemas Lineales.
end do
end do
!Icinializa el producto de matrices del segundo elemento de la serie
AUX=matmul(matrizA,matrizA) !A^2
!Construye la matriz exponencial
do k=2,n
write(7,*) 'ITERACION',k
do i=1,m
do j=1,m
expm(i,j)=expm(i,j)+(AUX(i,j)/(fact(k)))
write(7,*) 'e^A =', expm(i,j)
end do
end do
AUX=matmul(AUX,matrizA)
!Se acumula el producto para el
!siguiente elemento de la serie
end do
Sistemas Lineales.
Precisin sencilla
para k=80
Doble precisin
para k=200
ITERACION
2
e^A = 384.5000
e^A = -192.0000
e^A = 512.0000
e^A = -255.5000
ITERACION
3
e^A = -2071.667
e^A = 1036.000
e^A = -2762.667
e^A = 1381.667
ITERACION
4
e^A = 8368.375
ITERACION
2
e^A = 384.500000000000
e^A = -192.000000000000
e^A = 512.000000000000
e^A = -255.500000000000
ITERACION
3
e^A = -2071.66666666667
e^A = 1036.00000000000
e^A = -2762.66666666667
e^A = 1381.66666666667
ITERACION
4
e^A = 8368.37500000000
Cudruple precisin
K=400
e^A =
e^A =
e^A =
e^A =
e^A =
e^A =
e^A =
e^A =
e^A =
ITERACION
2
384.500000000000000000000000000000
-192.000000000000000000000000000000
512.000000000000000000000000000000
-255.500000000000000000000000000000
ITERACION
3
-2071.66666666666666666666666666667
1036.00000000000000000000000000000
-2762.66666666666666666666666666667
1381.66666666666666666666666666667
ITERACION
4
8368.37500000000000000000000000000
e^A = -4184.00000000000
e^A = 11157.3333333333
e^A = -5578.29166666667
ITERACION
5
e^A = -27128.0333333333
e^A = 13564.2000000000
e^A = -36171.2000000000
e^A = 18085.9666666667
.
.
ITERACION
45
e^A = -0.895151866808233
e^A = 0.631515652191651
e^A = -1.68404174368147
e^A = 1.20990031375638
ITERACION
46
e^A = -0.677780695629625
e^A = 0.522830066602347
e^A = -1.39421351544332
e^A = 1.06498619963731
ITERACION
47
e^A = -0.756404310736781
e^A = 0.562141874155925
e^A = -1.49904500225286
e^A = 1.11740194304208
.
.
ITERACION
198
e^A = -0.735758757930781
e^A = 0.551819097752925
e^A = -1.47151759851153
e^A = 1.10363824117141
ITERACION
199
e^A = -0.735758757930781
e^A = 0.551819097752925
e^A = -1.47151759851153
e^A = 1.10363824117141
ITERACION
200
e^A = -0.735758757930781
e^A = 0.551819097752925
e^A = -1.47151759851153
e^A = 1.10363824117141
Sistemas Lineales.
e^A = -4184.00000000000000000000000000000
e^A = 11157.3333333333333333333333333333
e^A = -5578.29166666666666666666666666667
ITERACION
5
e^A = -27128.0333333333333333333333333333
e^A = 13564.2000000000000000000000000000
e^A = -36171.2000000000000000000000000000
e^A = 18085.9666666666666666666666666667
.
.
ITERACION
45
e^A = -0.895151867022205340677237609184987
e^A = 0.631515654096823831136380689770560
e^A = -1.68404174425819688303034850446153
e^A = 1.20990031330054076311069802348163
ITERACION
46
e^A = -0.677780695843596980705200839739214
e^A = 0.522830068507519651150362305047673
e^A = -1.39421351602005240306763281186717
e^A = 1.06498619918146852312934017718445
ITERACION
47
e^A = -0.756404310950753196014235415921728
e^A = 0.562141876061097758804879593138930
e^A = -1.49904500282959402347967891344385
e^A = 1.11740194258623933333536322797279
.
.
ITERACION
398
e^A = -0.735758758144753079636047750354125
e^A = 0.551819099658097700615785760355128
e^A = -1.47151759908826053497542869268705
e^A = 1.10363824071557258908323811759439
ITERACION
399
e^A = -0.735758758144753079636047750354125
e^A = 0.551819099658097700615785760355128
e^A = -1.47151759908826053497542869268705
e^A = 1.10363824071557258908323811759439
ITERACION
400
e^A = -0.735758758144753079636047750354125
e^A = 0.551819099658097700615785760355128
e^A = -1.47151759908826053497542869268705
e^A = 1.10363824071557258908323811759439
Sistemas Lineales.
Usando MatLab
Corroborando con la doble precisin que maneja MatLab, en la ventana de comandos se obtiene
lo siguiente, mediante la subrutina expm
>> A=[-49 24; -64 31]
A=
-49 24
-64 31
>> expm(A)
ans =
-0.7358 0.5518
-1.4715 1.1036
CONLCUSIONES
BIBLIOGRAFA
[1] Computer-Aided Analysis of Electronic Circuits, Algorithms and Computational Techniques, by
Leon O. Ch. (1975).
[2] Numerical Methods for Engineers by Steven Chapra and Raymond Canale (Jan 24, 2014).
[3] Introduction to Programming with Fortran: With Coverage of Fortran 90, 95, 2003, 2008 and 77
by ian chivers and Jane Sleightholme (Feb 9, 2012).
[4] Linear Systems; A State Variable Approach with Numerical Implementation. Raymond A.
DeCarlo. Prentice Hall (14 Mar 1989)