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_mnlo]nol[ ][lncf[achim[ j_lgcn_ [^_gym ko_ j_h_nl_h `y]cfg_hn_
fim l[simS sfim ofnl[mihc^im $`ca* 3-)-%*

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G[ gc_fchct[]c}h ]igc_ht[ ^ol[hn_ _f j_l{i^i `_n[f _h fim h_ol})
g_lim]_lpc][f_msm__rnc_h^__h^cl_]]c}h]_`yfc][s][o^[K#Y(j_li
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ko_ m_[h ch][j[]_m ^_ ][gch[l* Ph[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ cgjiln[hn_ ^_
_mn_ b_]bi _m ko_ fim [h_mnzmc]im fi][f_m jo_^_h j_h_nl[l s \fi)
ko_[l[f[m`c\l[mh_lpcim[m]ih gym`[]cfc^[^6 f[mmifo]cih_m^cfoc)
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fi ko_f[fc\_l[]c}h jlial_mcp[mo\mcaoc_hn_ _mg_hil(sjilko_f[
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> ^ l Z kkh eeh ] ^ eZl _e^ q n kZ l ] ^ eZ \ h en f g Z

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jo_^_h ]ihnl[ll_mn[lm_ `y]cfg_hn_g_^c[hn_ oh[`f_rc}h `ilt[^[ [
fi f[lai ^_ jly]nc][g_hn_ ni^[ f[ ch`[h]c[ jil f[ `f_rc\cfc^[^

--30

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f_mcih_m go]im[ms]onyh_[ms_f]yh]_l& #&Y* Gimhc|im ]ih [h_gc[
^l_j[hi]{nc][jo_^_h\_h_`c]c[lm_ go]bi ^_f[ [h[fa_mc[ _jc^ol[f
^ol[hn_ f[m ]lcmcm p[mi[]ncp[m i fim m{h^lig_m nily]c]im ]ih oh
^ifilchnl[n[\f_jilinlimg_^cim( mc_gjl_ko__f^ifil_mnzfi][fc)
t[^isf[`c_\l_ ]ih]igcn[hn_ hi m_^_\[ [\[]n_lc_gc[&Y##*

; g Z e` ^ l bZ \ k{ g b\ Z r \ n b] Z ] h l i Z ebZ mbo h l
@f^ifil]l}hc]i _mg_himb[\cno[f_hfim hc|im^_fi ko_hilg [f)
g_hn_m_]l_{[(sf[mnz]hc][ml_acih[f_m]igif[[h_mn_mc[_jc^ol[f(
_f\fiko_i ^_f a[hafci _mnl_ff[^i i fim\fiko_im h_lpcimim j_lc`z)
lc]im]ihnchoim(jo_^_h[so^[l[nl[n[l_mn[mcno[]c}h(s_h_mj_]c[f
_h _f ][mi ^_f ^ifil ^_f gc_g\li `[hn[mg[ s _h _f m{h^lig_ ^_
^ifil l_acih[f]igjf_di $N?M>%&Y* G[ _lcnlig_f[fac[( oh[ _hnc^[^
l[l[ j_li _rnl_g[^[g_hn_ ^ifilim[( jo_^_ [fcpc[lm_ m[ncm`[]nilc[)
g_hn_g_^c[hn_[h[fa_mc[_jc^ol[f]ihncho[&#*@f^ifilih]if}ac]i(
s[ m_[ ^_\c^i [ oh nogiljlcg[lci i [g_nymn[mcm( n[g\czhjo_^_

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< eh j n ^ h g ^ n kh Z q bZ e
< g ^ lm^ lbZ kZ j n z] ^ Z

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Ih

< g ^ lm^ lbZ \Z n]Ze

'''

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< g ^ lm^ lbZ ^ i b] n kZ e lZ\kZ

'''

Nb

< g ^ lm^ lbZ ^ i b] n kZ e en f [ Z k

'''

Nb

< g ^ lm^ lbZ ^ i b] n kZ e mh kx \ b\ Z

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< g ^ lm^ lbZ ^ i b] n kZ e \^ kob\Z e

@obmZk

Nb
H n r [ZcZ

@obmZk

< eh j n ^ h l ] ^ i e^ q h l g ^ ko bh l h l r ] ^ g ^ ko bh l i ^ kb_x kb\ h l

= eh j n ^ h Dg m^ k^ l\Z ey g b\ h

''

J \ZlbhgZe

= eh j n ^ h iZ kZ ^ l\Z ey g b\ h

'''

Nb

= eh j n ^ h Dg _kZ \ eZ ob\n eZ k

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= eh j n ^ h Z q beZ k

''''

J \ZlbhgZe

= eh j n ^ h ]^e \ h f i Z kmbf ^ g mh ]^ e ilhZl

'''

J \ZlbhgZe

= eh j n ^ h _^ f h kZ e

'''

Nb

= eh j n ^ h l \ bx mb\ h l i kh qbf Z e^ l

'' Z '''

Nb

= eh j n ^ h l \ bx mb\ h l ^g eZ _hlZ i h i ezm^ Z

'''

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Ih $lZeoh ^e g ^ ko bh mb[ bZ e ^g ^e mh [ beeh %

= eh j n ^ h Dg m^ k\ h lmZ e

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Z '

Nb

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Z '''m

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''''

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J \ZlbhgZe

< eh j n ^ h l \ h f i Z kmbf ^ g mZ e^ l

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gzni^im `[lg[]if}ac]im i mc zmnim a_h_l[h go]bim _`_]nim m_]oh)
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jo_^_ oncfct[lm_ j[l[ _f nl[n[gc_hni ^_ _mn_ ^ifil _h fim hc|im(
^_m^_ f[ [h[fa_mc[ _jc^ol[f( j[m[h^i jil f[m ch`omcih_m chnl[n_][f_m
i b[mn[ \fiko_im ^_ fim jf_rim ]_f{[]i i \l[koc[f&Y#&*

Cg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l gh Z g Z e` x l b\ Z l
@h ]c_ln[m _h`_lg_^[^_m( f[ [h[fa_mc[ hi _m _f ~hc]i \_h_`c]ci _mj_)
l[\f_ ^_ fim \fiko_im l_acih[f_m* @f \fiko_i mcgjync]i _m _m_h]c[f
j[l[ jlin_a_l s g_dil[l f[ cllca[]c}h m[hao{h_[ ^_ f[ _rnl_gc^[^
moj_lcil i ch`_lcil _h _f ]ihn_rni ^_ oh nl[og[ncmgi al[p_* <^_gym(
m_ b[ ^_gimnl[^i f[ _`c][]c[ ^_f \fiko_i _jc^ol[f ]ihnchoi j[l[ _f
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^_ F[q[m[ec( f[ chs_]]c}h chnl[[ln_lc[f []]c^_hn[f ^_ oh [h_mnzmc]i&#(
_f \fiko_i ^_f j_h_ ]ih oh [h_mnzmc]i fi][f ko_ ]ihn_ha[ _jch_`lch[Y
s j[l[ f[m ]iha_f[]cih_m al[p_mW G[ chmo`c]c_h]c[ p[m]of[l [ao^[ ^_
f[ _rnl_gc^[^ moj_lcil n[g\czh m_ b[ nl[n[^i m[ncm`[]nilc[g_hn_
g_^c[hn_ \fiko_im [rcf[l_m s ^_f a[hafci _mnl_ff[^i#Y

= hg mkZbg ] b\Z\bh g ^l r ebf bmZ\bh g^l

= h g mkZ bg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l Z [ l h en mZ l Z ehl [ eh j n ^ h l
g ^ n kh Z q bZ e^ l
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_h fim hc|im6 -% nl[mnilhim ^_ ]i[aof[]c}h al[p_m( \c_h ^_ ilca_h
]ihmncno]cih[f $b_gi`cfc[%( [^koclc^im $]i[aof[]c}h chnl[p[m]of[l
^cm_gch[^[% i n_l[jzonc]im7 .% ch`_]]cih_m al[p_m ]igi f[ m_jnc]_)
gc[ i f[ g_hchacncm7 /% bc^li]_`[fc[ i nogil_m chnl[]l[h_[f_m7
0% [f_lac[m p_l^[^_l[m [ [h_mnzmc]im fi][f_m( oh[ _hnc^[^ mog[)
g_hn_ l[l[ ch]fomi ]ih fim [gchizmn_l_m7 1% ]c_lnim jli]_^cgc_hnim
^_ kocgcin_l[jc[ $]igi ]ih ]cmjf[nchi% jlij_hmim [ ch^o]cl f_mci)
h_m h_olif}ac][m mo\]f{hc][m ko_ jo_^_h [al[p[lm_ ^_ `ilg[ [ao^[
jil _f \fiko_i7 2% bcjipif_gc[ hi ]ill_ac^[( s 3% f_mcih_m ]onyh_[m
i mo\]onyh_[m( ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ mo h[nol[f_t[ $ch`_]]cim[(
[hacig[nim[( ^cmnl}`c][ i nogil[f( n[no[d_m% _h _f mcnci ^_ joh]c}h
]ihn_gjf[^i* @f l_]b[ti ^_ fim jlia_hcnil_m _m oh[ ]ihnl[ch^c][)
]c}h [\mifon[ hi gz^c][*


?_j_h^c_h^i ^_ f[ mcno[]c}h ]f{hc][ ^_f j[]c_hn_ s ^_ f[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ]ol[]c}h $[f g_him n_gjil[fg_hn_% ^_f nl[mnilhi
chgch_hn_( jo_^_ ]ihn_gjf[lm_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ oh \fiko_i
l_acih[f [ j_m[l ^_ ko_ _rcmn[ oh[ ]ihnl[ch^c][]c}h gz^c][* @m
jimc\f_ jl[]nc][l oh \fiko_i ]_hnl[f ^_mjozm ^_ ]ill_acl f[ bcji)
pif_gc[( ^_ chs_]n[l`[]nilQ DDD [ohhc|ib_gi`cfc]i i ^_chmn[o)
l[lnl[n[gc_hni [hnc\c}nc]i [ohj[]c_hn_ m_jnc]zgc]i#Y&( mc_gjl_
ko_ fim \_h_`c]cim _mj_l[^im moj_l_h [gjfc[g_hn_ [ fim lc_maim(
]igj[l[^im ]ih inl[m nz]hc][m ^_ [h[fa_mc[* <^_gym( [faohim
[onil_m ]ihmc^_l[h oh[ ij]c}h []_jn[\f_ l_[fct[l oh \fiko_i
][o^[f_h hc|im ]ih ^cmjimcncpim ^_ ^_lcp[]c}h\[di f[jlin_]]c}h
^_ oh[jli`cf[rcm [hnc\c}nc][ *

= h g mkZ bg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l Z [ l h en mZ l i Z kZ ehl [ eh j n ^ h l
g ^ ko bh l h l i ^ kb_x kb\ h l
G[[f_lac[p_l^[^_l[[fim [h_mnzmc]imfi][f_m_mf[~hc][]ihnl[ch)
^c][]c}hgz^c][[\mifon[[fim\fiko_imh_lpcimimj_lc`zlc]im*Gim
nl[mnilhim ^_ f[ ]i[aof[]c}h mih g_him j_fcalimim ko_ ^ol[hn_
fim \fiko_im h_oli[rc[f_m( j_li _m jlo^_hn_ _pcn[l nz]hc][m ko_
]ihff_p_h lc_mai ^_ nl[og[ncmgi [ln_lc[f( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ _h tih[m
^ih^_ f[ ]igjl_mc}h m_[ ^c`{]cf i cgjimc\f_ $\fiko_i mojl[]f[pc)
]of[l ^_f jf_ri \l[koc[f%* G[ m_jnc]_gc[ hi ]ihnl[ch^c][ h_]_m[)
lc[g_hn_ f[ l_[fct[]c}h ^_ oh \fiko_i h_lpcimi j_lc`zlc]i mc fim
\_h_`c]cim _mj_l[\f_m mih mcahc`c][ncpim* Gi jl_`_lc\f_ m_l{[ ]ill_)
acl f[ bcjipif_gc[( [ohko_ _mn[ mcno[]c}h hi cgjc^_ jl[]nc][l
\fiko_im j_lc`zlc]im( s[ ko_ f[m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m b_gi^chygc][m
mih g{hcg[m*

J Z \ b^ g m^ l \ h g kb^ l ` h ] ^ l yg ] kh f ^ \ h f i Z k mbf ^ g mZ e
@f ^ifil _m ohi ^_ fim m{hnig[m ][l^ch[f_m ^_ oh m{h^lig_ ]ig )
j[lncg_hn[f( jilfi ko_[faohim_mj_]c[fcmn[m ]ihmc^_l[hko_ ]o[f)
koc_l nl[n[gc_hni [h[fazmc]i( ]igi f[ [h_mn_mc[ l_acih[f( ^_\_l{[
_mn[l]ihnl[ch^c][^i(s[ko_mojlcg__mn_m{hnig[^_jl_m_hn[]c}h(
l_nl[m[h^i ^_ _mn_ gi^i f[ ]cloa{[ ^_ l_m][n_* @mn_ l_]b[ti ^_f
nl[n[gc_hni[h[fazmc]ihim_]ihmc^_l[[]_jn[\f_(hc^_m^__fjohni
^_pcmn[gz^c]i hcz n c ] i G [ m `l[]nol[m mih gos`l_]o_hn_m _h f[
ji\f[]c}hj_^cynlc][(gc_hnl[m ko_fimm{h^lig_m]igj[lncg_hn[)
f_m mih gosl[lim7 _f ^ifil chn_hmi _moh[][l[]n_l{mnc][ ]ihmn[hn_
^_fm{h^lig_]igj[lncg_hn[f(]ihch^_j_h^_h]c[^_ko__mnz_pi)
fo]cih[h^iihi*Ph]ihnlif[h[fazmc]i[^_]o[^i(ch]foc^[f[[h[f)
a_mc[_jc^ol[f]ihncho[# #(hi cgjc^_oh^c[ah}mnc]ijl_]it(s_mn_
b_]bi`o_ ]ih`clg[^i _hoh[[o^cnil{[_jc^ol[fj_^cynlc][ [hcp_f
h[]cih[fl_[fct[^[ _h _fM_chiPhc^i# *
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]igj[lncg_hn[f* Gim j[]c_hn_m ^_ lc_mai ^_\_h mig_n_lm_ [ oh[
gihcnilct[]c}hs[g_^c^[m^_jl_][o]c}h[^_]o[^[m(f[m]o[f_mhi
mo_f_hjih_lm__hjly]nc][f[g[sil{[^_f[mp_]_m(hc_hfimbimjc)
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^[^(sgihcnilct[]c}hch]lo_hn[^_f[jl_mc}hchnl[]igj[lncg_hn[f(
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]igj[lncg_hn[f ]_l][ ^_f `i]i ^_ `l[]nol[6 _mn_ jli]_^cgc_hni _m
m_h]cffi s gos \[l[ni( s[ ko_ mif[g_hn_ m_ h_]_mcn[ oh[ ]yhof[
p_him[( oh[ f{h_[ chnl[p_him[soh g[h}g_nli ^_ jl_mc}h $]igi
j[l[g_^clf[jl_mc}hp_him[ ]_hnl[f%##&###Y*

B ^ mg h ` eh [ bg h i Z myZ l
Gim hc|im ]ih [h_gc[ ^l_j[hi]{nc][ mih jlij_hmim [ ^_m[lliff[l
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nc^im ^_ ^ifil chn_hmi m_]oh^[lcim [ gc]linlig\imcm [gjfc[^[m

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mbi]e( n i l h c k o _ n _ % N _ l { [ jl_`_lc\f_ _pcn[lfim\fiko_im l_aci)
h[f_m $s_h _mj_]c[ffim h_oli[rc[f_m% _h ][mi ^_ lc_mai ^_ bcjir_)
gc[ $h_ogij[n{[m% i ^_ nl[mnilhim b_gi^chygc]im $]cloa{[m ]ih
jzl^c^[m m[hao{h_[m cgjiln[hn_m( ]ifi][]c}h ^_ oh nilhcko_n_%

> ^ _h k f b] Z ] ^ l { l ^ Z l r Z kmb\ n eZ k^ l
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pzln_\l[( _mjch[ \{`c^[ i]ofn[( _h`_lg_^[^ ^_ N]b_o_lg[hh% hi
cgjc^_h f[ l_[fct[]c}h ^_ \fiko_im h_oli[rc[f_m( j_li m{ f[m g[f)
`ilg[]cih_m _rn_h^c^[m ^_ f[m pzln_\l[m( f[ `omc}h p_ln_\l[f( fim
gc_fig_hchai]_f_m( f[ _mjch[ \{`c^[ [\c_ln[sf[m _mjih^cfifcmn_mcm
g[sil_m* @f m{h^lig_ ^_ gz^of[ [h]f[^[ hi mo_f_ m_l b[\cno[f( s
[ g_ho^i hi m_ ^c[ahimnc][7 _f \fiko_i h_oli[rc[f jo_^_ ch]l_)
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_h i][mcih_m( jlipi][ ^[|im g_^of[l_m ^_ jilpc^[* ?_\_ mimj_)
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f[f{h_[ ^_ f[m [j}`cmcm _mjchim[mi _h_f ][mi ^_ nl[mnilhim h_oli)
f}ac]im g_hil_m ]ih [`_]n[]c}h ^_ h_lpcim ^_ f[ j_fpcm $nl[mnil)
him _m`chn_lc[him g{hcgim( ^cm_mn_mc[ j_lch_[f%* <ohko_ [faohim
[onil_m]ihmc^_l[hko__mn[_h`_lg_^[^hi]ihmncnos_oh[]ihnl[)
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l_hn_ [f\fiko_i _jc^ol[f*
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[h_mn_mc[ l_acih[f( ch]foc^i _f \fiko_i h_oli[rc[f* Gim nl[mnilhim
jl_pcim ^_f mcmn_g[ h_lpcimi ]_hnl[f s f[m _h`_lg_^[^_m [rih[f_m
^_a_h_l[ncp[m m_ b[h ]ihmc^_l[^i ^ol[hn_ go]bi nc_gji ]ihnl[)
ch^c][]cih_m([fg_himl_f[ncp[m(mc\c_hhib[s^[nimko_l_mj[f^_h
f[bcj}n_mcm^_ ko_oh\fiko_i l_acih[f jo^c_l[ [al[p[l mo_pifo)
] c} h * @h oh _mno^ci j_^cynlc]i l_]c_hn_ _h -/5 j[]c_hn_m m_
^_gimnl} ko_ f[ jl_m_h]c[ ^_ nl[mnilhim h_olif}ac]im hi m_ [mi)
]c[\[[]ihm_]o_h]c[m h_olif}a{][m [^p_lm[m $m{m_i\m_lp}fi ]ih)
nl[lci% ^_mjozm ^_b[\_l l_[bt[^i \fiko_im ]_hnl[f_m# *

= hf ieb\Z\bhg^l
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f_msa_h_l[f_m $i mcmnzgc][m%*

= h f i eb\ Z \ bh g ^ l eh \ Z e^ l
C[s]o[nli ncjimjlch]cj[f_m ^_ ]igjfc][]cih_mfi][f_m6
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h_lpcims^_ f[m _mnlo]nol[m [h[n}gc][m ko_fimli^_[h*
.* <ll[mnl_^_n_dc^im_chnli^o]]c}h^_]zfof[m_jcn_b[f_m_h_f
chn_lcil ^_ n_dc^im [fim ko_ hi j_ln_h_]_hs^ih^_jo_^_h
^_m[lliff[lm_ ]iginogil_m ]igjl_mcpim $_mj_]c[fg_hn_ _h
_f ][h[f g_^of[l% Y*
/* Dhs_]]c}h ^_ mifo]cih_m h_olin}rc][m $d_lcha[ _kocpi][^[(
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0* Aoa[m[fl_^_^il^_fjohni^_joh]c}h(_mj_]c[fg_hn_]o[h^i
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jiloh\fiko_ij[l]c[fs`[pil_]_lf[ ]ihn[gch[]c}h\[]n_)
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mchi ko_ f[ nirc]c^[^ ]_l_\l[f s ][l^cip[m]of[l [j[l_]_h
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^cmn[f6 _mn[ ^cmn[h]c[ ^_\_l{[ m_lfim gym ]iln[ jimc\f_ j[l[ _pcn[l
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]ih `[gcfc[m [n_hn[m* Gim hc|im \offc]cimim hi ^_\_h m_l ^[^im ^_
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ginil[7 [^_gym( jo_^_h om[lm_ [j}mcnim ^_ jlin_]]c}h $ch]foc^[m
`zlof[m% j[l[_pcn[lko_ m_f_mcih_h f[ _rnl_gc^[^ ij_l[^[*
G[j_lmcmn_h]c[^_f\fiko_i ginilhi mojih_ oh[]ihnl[ch)
^c][]c}hj[l[_f[fn[jl_]it[g_himko__f_hnilhi`[gcfc[lhim_[
_fgym[^_]o[^i* G[g_^c][]c}h[h[fazmc][^_\_jl_m]lc\clm_mcmn_)
gync][g_hn_( [^gchcmnlyh^if[ m_a~h oh bil[lci _mn[\f_]c^i ^_
[hn_g[hij[l[_pcn[lko_l_[j[l_t][oh ^ifilchn_hmi_h_f^igc)
]cfci( ]o[h^i b[^_d[^i ^_ n_h_l _`_]ni _f\fiko_i m_hmcncpi# &#*


G[ g[sil{[ ^_ fim [^cncpim hi cgjc^_h _f [fn[ jl_]it( m[fpi
_h_f][mi ^_fimijcy]_im _jc^ol[f_m+chnl[^ol[f_m(s_h _mj_]c[f^_
f[ gil`ch[( ]ih f[ ]o[f_mjl_]cmi ^_d[l chal_m[^i [f hc|i ^ol[hn_
f[hi]b_*

= hgmkhe r l ^ ` n bf b^ g mh ]^ eZl mx\gb\Zl

\hgmbgnZl
Gim hc|im]ihoh[ch`omc}h _jc^ol[f]ihncho[i [ ^_g[h^[^_\_h
j_lg[h_]_l bimjcn[fct[^im j[l[ l_]c\cl f[ gihcnilct[]c}h [^_)
]o[^[* @h i][mcih_m jo_^_ j_lgcnclm_ ko_ [faohimjo_^[h pifp_l
[mom^igc]cfcim ]ihoh][nzn_l_jc^ol[f( mi\l_ni^i _h_f]ihn_rni
^_ oh^ifil]l}hc]i o ih]if}ac]i _h hc|im _h mcno[]c}h n_lgch[f*
Gim[^ofnimmig_nc^im[nz]hc][m]ihncho[m^_\fiko_ij_lc)
`zlc]i jo_^_h pifp_l [ mom ^igc]cfcim mc_gjl_ s ]o[h^i _f nl[n[)
gc_hni kocl~lac]i hi _rcd[ mo chal_mi bimjcn[f[lci* @mn[m nz]hc][m
]ihncho[m mih\[mn[hn_hip_^im[m _h_f ]ihn_rni j_^cynlc]i shi
_mnyha_h_l[fct[^[m* @hoh[chmncno]c}h(fimhc|im]ihm{h^lig_^_
^ifil l_acih[f ]igjf_di _l[h nl[n[^im _h mom ^igc]cfcim ]ih ][nz)
n_l_m h_lpcimimj_lc`zlc]imY* @m jli\[\f_ ko_ ^c]b[m gi^[fc^[^_m
n_l[jzonc][mp[s[ha[h[h^i[]_jn[]c}h_hoh`onolijl}rcgi(j_li
bis_h ^{[ ni^[p{[ _mnyh_h `[m_ ^_ _p[fo[]c}h*

A b` n kZ 3 - )0 ? blmZg\bZ ] ^ l] ^ eZ ib^e aZlmZ ehl ^ l i Z \ bh l ^ i b] n kZ e r

l n [ Z kZ \ g h b] ^ h ^g ] b_^ k^ g m^ l ^ l i Z \ bh l o ^ km^ [ kZ e^ l r Z mkZ o y l ]^ e a bZ mh lZ\kh*
-( < g ^ lm^ lbZ bg mkZ ] n kZ e7 .( Z [ h k] Z c^ ^ i b] n kZ e en f [ Z k $ebg^Z f ^]bZ%7 /( Z [ h k] Z c^
^ i b] n kZ e mh kx \ b\ h $ebg^Z f ^]bZ%7 0( Z [ h k] Z c^ ^ i b] n kZ e lZ \kh 7 1( Z [ h k] Z c^ \Z n]Ze*

G[ [h_mn_mc[][o^[f _mf[ nz]hc][^_\fiko_i _jc^ol[f gym [hncao[

sni^[p{[ f[gym `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ oncfct[^[ _h fim hc|im* N_ l_[fct[
[nl[pzm^_fbc[nim[]li( [nl[pzm ^_f[g_g\l[h[m[]li]i]]{a_[* G[
[h_mn_mc[ ][o^[fl_^o]_]ihmc^_l[\f_g_hn_f[ l_mjo_mn[ bilgih[f
^_ _mnlzm [ f[ ]cloa{[# &Y##&#&7 jil n[hni( fim f[]n[hn_m _h [soh[m mih
\[mn[hn_ jlij_hmim [ ^_m[lliff[l bcjiafo]_gc[ mc hi m_ f_m mogc)
hcmnl[hf{koc^imchnl[ij_l[nilcim ko_]ihn_ha[hafo]im[*

; g Z mh f yZ ] ^ e a bZ mh l Z \ kh

N x \ g b\ Z

@fbc[nim[]li_mohilc`c]ci_h`ilg[^_Q ko_m_]ill_mjih^_]ih
f[ `[fn[ ^_ ]c_ll_ ^ilm[f ^_ fim [l]im p_ln_\l[f_m ^_ f[ kochn[s( _h
a_h_l[f( ^_ f[ ]o[ln[ pzln_\l[m m[]l[m* @mny^_fcgcn[^i [ fim f[^im
jil^im]l_mn[m}m_[m`y]cfg_hn_j[fj[\f_m(fim]o_lhimm[]lim(sm_
b[ff[ l_]o\c_lni jil f[ g_g\l[h[ m[]li]i]]{a_[( ko_ _m f[ ]ihnc)
ho[]c}hm[]l[^_ffca[g_hni[g[lcffi*G[^cmn[h]c[_hnl__fg[la_h
moj_lcil^_fbc[nim[]lis_fm[]i^ol[f_m^_/,-,(0gg $f{gcn_m6
-/(2)10(3gg%_hfimhc|im^_m^_fim -,g_m_mb[mn[fim -4[|im# &Y*
G[ ^cmn[h]c[g_^c[^_m^_f[jc_fb[mn[f[j[l_^ m[]l[ _m ^_ .-gg
$_rnl_gim6 -,)/5gg% _hnl_fim.g_m_msfim 3 [|im ^_pc^[# &#* G[
^cmn[h]c[^_m^_f[jc_fb[mn[_f_mj[]ci_jc^ol[f_mny[j_h[mch`fo_h)
]c[^[ jil f[ _^[^ s _f j_mi ^_f j[]c_hn_ $`ca* 3-)0%6 f[m [aod[m ^_
.1gg ^_ f[lai nc_h_h f[ fihacno^ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ff_a[l b[mn[ _f
_mj[]ci _jc^ol[f m[]li s mihfi mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ ]iln[m j[l[ _pcn[l
oh[joh]c}h ^ol[f ch[^p_lnc^[_h f[g[sil{[^_ fim j[]c_hn_m*
@f _d_ ^_f m[]li p[l{[ ]ih _f ]l_]cgc_hni6 l_mofn[ gym ]ig)
jfc][^ic^_hnc`c][l_fbc[nim[]li_ch]fomijo_^_ff_a[l[]_ll[lm_# &Y*
Ncgofnyh_[g_hn_( f[ al[m[ _jc^ol[f m_ [j_fg[t[ gym ^_hm[g_hn_(
^cmgchos_h^i f[ ^cmnlc\o]c}h ^_ fim [h_mnzmc]im fi][f_m* @mnim
][g\cim ^_n_lgch[h ko_ f[ [h_mn_mc[ ][o^[f m_[ g_him c^}h_[ s
gym ^c`{]cf ^_ l_[fct[l_h fim hc|img[sil_m ^_2)3 [|im*

G[nz]hc][m_l_[fct[]ih_fj[]c_hn__hjimc]c}h^_^_]~\cnif[n_l[f
i( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ _h fim f[]n[hn_m jl_g[nolim hi [h_mn_mc[^im( _h
^_]~\cni jlihi ]ih oh[ [fgib[^[ ^_mfct[^[ \[di f[ j_fpcm i ]ih
f[m jc_lh[m `f_rcih[^[m _h jimc]c}h ^_ l[h[* Gim ^im ]o_lhim
m[]limko_fcgcn[hf[Q ^_fbc[nim[]lim_fi][fct[hj[fj[h^if[f{h_[
^_f[m[j}`cmcm_mjchim[m[f[[fnol[^_f[[lnc]of[]c}hm[]li]i]]{a_[
$`ca* 3-)1%* N_ ^c]_ ko_ _f bc[ni( dohni ]ih f[m ^im ]l_mn[m cf{[][m
jimn_limoj_lcil_m(`ilg[hohnlcyhaofi_kocfyn_li(j_li_hf[jly])
nc][]f{hc][_mn[mojimc]c}h hi [so^[ [fi][fct[l _fbc[ni ]o[h^i f[
j[fj[]c}h hi nl[hmgcn_ ch`ilg[]c}h*
G[[h_mn_mc[][o^[f_m\ymc][g_hn_oh[nz]hc][^_chs_]]c}h
~hc][* @h i][mcih_m m_ ]ihn_gjf[ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ chnli^o]cl oh
][nzn_l_jc^ol[fj[l[ch`omcih_ml_j_nc^[mi]ihncho[m* G[fihacno^
hilg[f ^_ ][nzn_l ko_ m_ chnli^o]_ _h _f _mj[]ci _jc^ol[f _m ^_
.)/]g( ]igi j[l[ ]o[fkoc_l\fiko_i _jc^ol[f* ?[^i ko_ f[al[m[
_jc^ol[f_m gos`foc^[_hfimf[]n[hn_m(f[ [aod[jo_^_chm_ln[lm_ [
oh^cmn[h]c[g[silb[mn[[f][ht[lhcp_f_mfog\[l_m(ich]fominily)
]c]im6 _mn[nz]hc][^_\_l{[]ihmc^_l[lm_]ih ][on_f[( ^_\_m_ll_[b)
t[^[~hc][g_hn_jil_rj_lnims]ihnlif[h^if[jimc]c}h`ch[f^_f[
john[ ^_f ][nzn_l( s[ ko_ _h _f .4! ^_ fim ][mim mo jimc]c}h _m
_ll}h_[&Y &*@mnimo_f_b[]_lm_g_^c[hn_oh[l[^cial[`{[]ihl_`o_lti
^_ ]ihnl[mn_( [ohko_ _rcmn_hinl[m nz]hc][m6

; g ^lm^lbZ \Zn]Ze

J^lh#d`$

ni^i jil ^_\[di ^_fig\fcai%( ]igi f[m b_lhcial[`c[m( ij_l[]cih_m

mi\l_ _f [j[l[ni olch[lci s jli]_^cgc_hnim ilnijz^c]im mi\l_ f[
]chnol[ jzfpc][sf[m _rnl_gc^[^_m ch`_lcil_m##&&## &* Iilg[fg_hn_ m_
l_[fct[ ]ih oh jf[hi [h_mnzmc]i moj_l`c]c[f( mc \c_h jo_^_ om[lm_
]igi~hc]ilzacg_h[h_mnzmc]i_hf[]n[hn_m]igjf_n[g_hn_^_mjc_l)
nim ko_s[hi mihjl_g[nolim( ]ih oh[_^[^^_mjozm ^_f[ ]ih]_j)
]c}h ch`_lcil [ 1,)2, m_g[h[m( ^_mjozm ^_ [h_mn_mc[l fi][fg_hn_ f[
jc_fko_l_]o\l__fbc[nim[]li(]ihoh[nz]hc][^_joh]c}h~hc][&#&Y&
i ^_mjozm ^_ f[ ]ifi][]c}h ^_ oh ][nzn_l _jc^ol[f ko_ j_lgcn[ f[
chs_]]c}hl_j_nc^[i ]ihncho[^_ [h_mnzmc]imfi][f_m& #&YY
@hnl_ f[m ]ihnl[ch^c][]cih_m _mj_]{`c][m j[l[ f[ [h_mn_mc[
][o^[f _mnyh f[m al[h^_m g[f`ilg []cih_m ^_f m[]li $gc_fig _)
hchai]_f_( _mjch[ \{`c^[ [\c_ln[%( g_hchacncm _ bcj_ln_hmc}h
chnl[]l[h_[f*

C < ehjn^hl g ^n kh Z qbZe^l

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]^

Cg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l r \ h g mkZ bg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l
G[ [h_mn_mc[ ][o^[f _mny l_]ig_h^[^[ j[l[ f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ fim
jli]_^cgc_hnim kocl~lac]im ^_ f[ gcn[^ ch`_lcil ^_f ]o_lji $mi\l_

I_oli_mncgof[]c}h]ihchn_hmc^[^_m\[mn[hn_[fn[m$mch_g\[lai(
him_b[_mn[\f_]c^if[m_aolc^[^^__mn[nz]hc][%&YY#&YY*


b[]_ [|im( ]o[h^i _f [sohi jl_ij_l[nilci _l[ _r]_mcp[g_hn_jli)
fiha[^i( j_li _mni hi ^_\_l{[ m_l s[ oh jli\f_g[ sf[ l_n_h]c}h
olch[lc[p_l^[^_l[_m $gos% l[l[* Ii _m ch`l_]o_hn_ ko_`[ff_h fim
\fiko_im $/)1! %( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ _h fim hc|im g[sil_m ^_ 3 [|im(
j_li ch]fomi_hfimj[]c_hn_mgymd}p_h_m_f{h^c]_^_`[ffimjo_^_
m_l\[mn[hn_ _f_p[^i#Y*

; g^lm^lbZ ^ i b] n kZe bg m^ ko ^ km^ [ kZ e

; g Z mh f yZ r _bl bh eh ` yZ ] ^ e ^ l i Z \ bh ^ i b] n kZ e

A b` n kZ 3 - )1 = eh j n ^ h \Z n]Ze* < ( Dg l^ k\b| g ]^ eZ Z` ncZ ^g x g ` n eh l k^ \ mh l \hg

k^ l i ^ \ mh Z eZ ib^e* -( > |\\bq7 .( f ^ f [ kZ g Z lZ \ kh \ h \ \ b` ^ Z * =( M ^] bk^\\b| g
\^ _x eb\Z ]^ eZ Z` ncZ mkZ l Z mkZ o^ l Z k eZ f ^ f [ kZ g Z lZ \kh \h \ \b` ^ Z *

M_acmnli ^_ fim nl[t[^im @>B ^_m^_ _f ][\f_ g_nyfc]i ^_f

][nzn_l(]igj[lyh^ifim]ihfimi\n_hc^im^_m^_oh_f_]nli^i
]ifi][^i _h f[ f{h_[ ^_ f[m [j}`cmcm _mjchim[m( [ f[ [fnol[
^ih^_ ^_\_l{[ _mn[l ]ifi][^[ f[ john[ ^_f ][nzn_l* G[ jimc)
]c}h _m ]ill_]n[ ]o[h^i fim ^im nl[t[^im mih c^zhnc]im#Y#*
@mn[ nz]hc][ _m mog[g_hn_ _f_a[hn_ _ ch]lo_hn[( j_li _f
m_aoh^i nl[t[^i @>B hi jo_^_ f__lm_ `y]cfg_hn_ _h
[faohim j[]c_hn_m $_mj_]c[fg_hn_ ]o[h^i _mnyh ]ihm]c_hn_m
sgipczh^im_%*
Bo{[ _]ialy`c][#YY( ko_ l_jl_m_hn[ f[ nz]hc][ ch]lo_hn[ gym
jlig_n_^il[( j_li ni^[p{[_h`[m_ ^_ _mno^ci*
<faohim [onil_m b[h l_]ig_h^[^i noh_fct[l _f ][nzn_lj[l[
l_^o]cl _f lc_mai ^_ ]ihn[gch[]c}h \[]n_lc[h[#Y&* @f _mko_g[ ^_
^imc`c][]c}h^_<lgcn[a_jo\fc][^ib[]_go]bim[|immcao_mc_h^i
_fgym`c[\f_# 6
>ih,(1g+ea m_\fiko_[h ni^im fim ^_lg[nig[m m[]lim*
>ih f(Jgf+ea m_ \fiko_[h ni^im fim ^_lg[nig[m m[]lim s
fog\[l_m*
>ih f(.1gf+ea(_ff{gcn_^_f[[h_mn_mc[ko_^[([fg_him( _h
f[ tih[ nily]c][g_^c[*

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jilf[m fygch[mp_ln_\l[f_ms_ffca[g_hni [g[lcffi(sm_ ]igohc][
]ih \[mn[hn_ fc\_ln[^ ]ihfim _mj[]cim j[l[p_ln_\l[f_ms_f _mj[]ci
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aocni ^ol[f jl}rcg[[fima[hafcim l[ko{^_imao[l^[oh[l_f[]c}h
{hncg[ ]ih _f_mj[]ci mo\[l[]hic^_i ^_\c^i [f[jlis_]]c}h ^_f[m
al[hof[]cih_m[l[]hic^_[m(`y]cfg_hn_[nl[p_m[^[mjilfim[h_mnzmc)
]im fi][f_m* >ihnc_h_p[mim m[hao{h_imsfch`ync]im( s_mny ff_hi ^_
al[m[ _hfimf[]n[hn_ms_hfim hc|im ^_b[mn[2)4 [|im*
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]igi mo]_^_ _h fim hc|im g[sil_ms_h fim [^ofnim#&#* G[ ch]fch[)
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j[l[ l_[fct[l oh \fiko_i _jc^ol[f% gi^c`c][ f[ [fnol[ [ f[ ]o[f f[
f{h_[ ^_ Oo``c_l ]lot[f[ ]ifogh[ _h _f 14(/! ^_ fimj[]c_hn_m*
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]ihmc^_l[\f_m* Q[m s ]icm( gc^c_lih fim ][g\cim mcaoc_hn_m nl[m
]ifi][loh ][nzn_l_jc^ol[f ^_f ][fc\l_ ., _h .,f[]n[hn_m#Y6
Kl_mc}h[fj_h_nl[l_f_mj[]ci_jc^ol[f6 --,ggCa$_rnl_)
gim6 )- 3 [)c)-2ggCa%*
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[ Dgf+gch6 .3(4-4(2 ggCa ]ih oh[ jl_mc}h l_mc^o[f ^_
-.'1(1 ggCa - gchoni ^_mjozm ^_ ]igjf_n[l f[
chs_]]c}h*
Kl_mc}hgyrcg[ ^ol[hn_ f[chs_]]c}h^_oh [h_mnzmc]ifi][f[
,(1gf+gch6 -1(.5(1 ggCa ]ih oh[ jl_mc}h l_mc^o[f ^_
-0(41(0ggCa - gchoni^_mjozm^_]igjf_n[lf[chs_]]c}h*
>igi s[ b_gim g_h]cih[^i( fim hc|im j_ko_|im nif_l[h
\[mn[hn_ \c_h f[ [h_mn_mc[ _jc^ol[f mch g[hc`_mn[l \l[^c][l^c[ hc
][g\cimhin[\f_m _hf[jl_mc}h [ln_lc[f&Y####*

Cg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l r \ h g mkZ bg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l
Nch_g\[lai( ]o[h^im_chs_]n[h f(.1gf+ea_rcmn__fj_fcali
^_ ko_ _f [h_mnzmc]i m_ ^cmnlc\os[ _h m_hnc^i ]_`yfc]i $jil_h]cg[
^_
jil n[hni( _m jl_`_lc\f_ hi [^gchcmnl[l gym ^_ fJgf+ea
^_ [h_mnzmc]i fi][f*
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l_^o]clm_ f[m chs_]]cih_m jil _f ][nzn_l j[l[ _pcn[l f[ nirc]c^[^
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[f[gcn[^^_f[m_aoh^[^imcm $_mni_m(ohm_rni^_f[^imcmchc]c[f%(
l_mj_n[h^i fim gcmgim nc_gjim _hnl_ f[m ^imcm*

= h f i eb\ Z \ bh g ^ l ^ l i ^ \ y_b\ Z l
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g[fg_hn_ g_hil_m# Y ]o[h^i m_ _gjf_[h fim ^cmjimcncpim [^_)
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h_mkocl~lac][m[\^igch[f_m(l_nlij_lcnih_[f_m(jzfpc][msnily]c][m
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_hoh[m ji][m chmncno]cih_m# j_li _mn[ch^c][]c}h_m ]ihnlip_l)
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jilf[[hnc]i[aof[]c}h*
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+ O FTUFTJBFQ JE V SB MMV N C B S
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hin[\f_ hc \l[^c][l^c[#&#&( ch]fomi _h fim ][mim ^_ g[f`ilg[]cih_m
][l^{[][m#Y Nch _g\[lai( m_g_h]cih} oh ^_m]_hmi _h f[jl_mc}h
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chs_]]c}h ^_ ,(4ga+ea ^_ \ojcp[][ch[ [f ,(1! _h f[]n[hn_m ^_
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m_ nif_l[\[\c_hsm_ ]ill_a{[lyjc^[g_hn_ ]ih`foc^in_l[jc[chnl[)

p_him[*M_mofn[^immcgcf[l_m(]ihoh^_m]_hmimcgofnyh_i ^_f`fodi
m[hao{h_i]_l_\l[f(m_g_h]cih[lih_hf[]n[hn_mko_b[\{[hh[]c^i
jl_nzlgchi s]ihoh[ _^[^jim]ih]_jno[f^_0- m_g[h[m#Y*

Cg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l r \ h g mkZ bg ] b\ Z \ bh g ^ l
G[mch^c][]cih_m^_f[[h_mn_mc[l[ko{^_[_hfimj[]c_hn_mj_^cynlc)
]im mih fcgcn[^[m* Ph[ ^_ _ff[m _m f[ l_j[l[]c}h ^_ f[m b_lhc[m
chaoch[f_m _h f[]n[hn_m ko_ b[\{[h h[]c^i jl_nzlgchi s ]ih oh[
_^[^ ^_m^_ f[ ]ih]_j]c}h g_hil ^_ 2, m_g[h[m#&##&Y s[ ko_ mih
jlij_hmim[^_m[lliff[l[jh_[jimnij_l[nilc[^_mjozm^_oh[[h_m)
n_mc[ a_h_l[f i ch]fomi ]ih oh[ m_^[]c}h mo[p_#&& * Nch _g\[lai(
ch]fomi ^_mjozm ^_ oh[ [h_mn_mc[ l[ko{^_[ jol[( jo_^_h [j[l_]_l
[jh_[m jimnij_l[nilc[m $s n[g\czh _h _f jl_ij_l[nilci% s fi gym
jlo^_hn_ _m g[hn_h_l chal_m[^im [ fim f[]n[hn_m ^_ lc_mai* Jnl[m
ch^c][]cih_m( [ohko_ chmo`c]c_hn_m( mih f[]cloa{[ _f_]ncp[ mi\l_ _f
b_gc[\^ig_h ch`_lcil i f[ ]cloa{[ ^_ f[ _rnl_gc^[^ ch`_lcil#Y# #
s _h i][mcih_m j[l[ ]cloa{[ ][l^{[][ i ][n_n_lcmgi ][l^{[]i##&#&Y(
j_li _mn[m ~fncg[mch^c][]cih_m mih gincpi ^_ ^_\[n_*

     





  

 

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