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Investigation Methods
Soil Sampling
Trial pit, trench
Disturbed sampling
Undisturbed sampling
Standard Penetration Test
Piston Sampler
= N CN
CN
'
N1
stress-adjusted N
and
lg '
20
C N = 0.77 lg = 1
lg 20
'
v'
C N = 1 1.25 log
r
'r = a reference stress = 1 t/ft2 (100 KPa)
Wet Sand
Dry Gravel
Robertson & Campanella (1983)
qc/ N
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
0,001
0,01
0,1
PARTICLE SIZE, D 50
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
qc/N (MPa/Blows)
qc/N (MPa/Blows)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.001
SAND
Fine
0.010
0.100
1.000
0.0
0.00
Medium
0.50
Coarse
1.00
1.50
2.00
10
20
30
200
100
200
300
Friction Ratio (% )
400
0.0
10
10
CLAY
20
SAND
SILT
20
15
SILT
DEPTH (m)
15
DEPTH (m)
SILT
DEPTH (m)
15
10
15
20
20
SAND
SAND
1.0
2.0
3.0
CLAY
CLAY
10
DEPTH (m)
100
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
4.0
Eslami-Fellenius
Chart
ESLAMI-FELLENIUS
CHART of Data
100
5
4
10
3
1
0.1
1
2
10
100
1,000
Determining E-Modulus
E25 = qt
CFEM, 1992
where E25 = secant modulus for a stress equal to about 25 % of ultimate stress
= an empirical coefficient
qt
= cone stress
Soil Type
1.5
Compact sand
2.0
Dense sand
3.0
4.0
qtM = qt C M
qtM
= qt
m
m =
0.5
v (1 + 2 K 0 )
3
31
qtM
0.5
Soil Type
Soft clay
Firm clay
Modulus Modifier, a
7
12
Silt, compact
15
Silt, dense
Sand, silty loose
20
20
Sand, loose
22
Sand, compact
28
Sand, dense
Gravel, loose
35
35
Gravel, dense
45
Results of CPTU
Cone Stress, q t (MPa)
10
CLAY
overconsolidated due to
building load
15
20
SILT
and
SAND
DEPTH (m)
DEPTH (m)
25
20
30
40
50
500
1,000
Friction Ratio, fR (% )
1,500
0.0
FILL
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
DEPTH (m)
DEPTH (m)
15
20
20
20
25
25
25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
10
15
20
10
DEPTH (m)
DEPTH (m)
qt filtered and
depth adjusted
15
qt filtered
10
15
20
20
25
25
Oedometer
test
Exponent "a"
Modulus Number, m)
0
25
50
75
100
10
10
DEPTH (m)
DEPTH (m)
From Filtered
CPTU Data
15
From Oedometer
Tests
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
qt measured
20
qt filtered
25
10
15
10
10
qt measured
20
qt filtered
15
DEPTH (m)
15
DEPTH (m)
Modulus Number, m)
0
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
qt filtered and
depth adjusted
40
20
40
60
80
100
qt
v
Nkt
=
=
I D = C I ln
ID
CI
KI
qt
=
=
=
=
r
v
=
=
qt
r 'v
+ KI
density index
a coefficient; CI 0.41
a coefficient; KI 2.75
cone resistance corrected for pore
water pressure on shoulder
reference stress = 100 KPa
effective overburden stress
C
K
qt
=
=
=
=
Dilatometer
Interpretation of PMT
Soil-Rock Drilling
Rock Drilling
54
ISSMGE TC 10 - SCPT
Procedure to Measure Shear
Wave Velocity
58
GV
Medium dense sand
61
0.5
v = 0,5 mm/s
Distance: 10 m
0.5
Distance: 15m
f = 53 Hz
Distance: 20 m
t = 0,033 s
1.5
0.05
0.1
Distance: 25 m
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time,s
62
Interpretation of Vibration
Measurement
Deformation vs - Time
Displacement
Amplitude
s
t
Time
63
Interpretation of Vibration
Measurement
Deformation, s
s = v / (2 f ) = 1,5 10-3 mm
64
Interpretation of Vibration
Measurement
Shear Strain,
65
66
Assuming = 0.3:
2
P
2
S
Gmax = C
E = 2(1+ )G
2(1 )
M=
G
(1 2 )
M: Kompressionsmodul
G: Skjuvmodul
E: Youngs modul
: Poissons tal
: Totaldensiteten
68