Pleaseusebulletpoints

andorganizeitpls

ThursdayMarch26,2015
18th/19thCenturyForeignPolicy

A.RevolutionaryWarPeriod17761783
TheContinentalCongressisthegoverningbody
1776DOI
TheFrenchConnection=secretlyaidsthecause
1778TheFrancoAmericanAlliance=1stentanglingmilitaryalliance
1783TreatyofParis
Britremovetroops
USpayprewardebt
UScompensateforLoyalists
BritgiveFloridabacktoSpanishbufferbetweenUSandBritlandsin
Caribbean
NatchezTerritorynearFloridadisputedbetweenUSandSpain

B.TheConfederationperiod17771788
Reviewmercantilism,theNavigationActsandthenewgovernmentundertheArticles
ofConfederation
GreatBritain:(becauseofourfailuretoupholdtheTreatyof1783)
refusedtomakeanycommercialtreatiesorrepealnavigationlaws
shutoffwestindiestradefromUS
KepttradingpostsopenonNo.border
conspireswithindiansintheNo.West
Spain:
controlledmouthofMississippiandin1784closedittoAmericanuse
controlledlargeareaaboveGulfofMexicoclaimedbytheUS
Natchez
territory
France:(wewerestillalliedwiththem)
demandedrepaymentofwarloanscantpaycausecanttrade
restrictedtradeinWestIndies
PiratesinNorthAfrica:
RavagingUSMediterraneancommerce
enslavingUSmerchantsailors

C.TheNewShipofStatePeriod1788andon

 advice=gobackandreviewthenewpowersofthenationalgovernmentunderthe
Constitution,theformationofthepresidentscabinet,theroleofthepresidentandthe
secretaryofstateinconductingforeignrelations.
100yearsofpresidentsGeorgeWashington(1789)GroverCleveland#1(1888)
Jeffersonians=proFrancebecomeDemRep
Hamiltonians=proGBbecomeFederalists

GeorgeWashington17891796
French:
GBandFR.atwar=USobligatedunderFrancoAmalliance
1793neutralityproclamation=1stformaldeclarationofdistancefrom
oldworld
FrenchRevolution=causedturmoilbetweenFederalistsandDemoReps
CitizenGenettrytorecruitUStoinvadeFloridaandCanada
GB:
1794JaysTreatytoaddress:
northernoutposts,impressments,shipseizures,andtheirignoringour
neutralrights
JaysTreatyOutcome
GBtopaydamagesandremovetroops(cont.toarmIndians)
UStopayprerevolutiondebt(andlivewithimpressments)
Spain:
1795PinckneysTreaty:
outoffearofAngloAmAlliancegivesUSaccesstoMississippiandthe
Natchezterritory
1796:
WashingtonsFarewelladdress:
warnedagainstpermanentalliances
onlyoutofnecessityandtemporary

JohnAdamsF(17971800)
France:
AngrywithJaystreaty
seizureofUSmerchantvessels
refusaltoreceivenewUSEnvoytoFrance
XYZAffair:
ResultsinwarhysteriainUS
FederalistswanttogotowarespeciallyHamilton
BuildsupNavycreatestheUSMarineCorps
GetsCongresstoagreetoaddmorethethearmy
2yearsofundeclaredhostilitiesmainlyatseaandinthewestindies
(pseudowar)
Conventionof1800:

 AnnulstheFrancoAmAlliance

ThomasJeffersonDR(18011808)
Cutsbackonarmy/navybuiltupbyAdams
18011805=WarwithTripoli(Libya)overpirating
1805TripoliTreaty=$60,000forcapturedAmericans
1803LouisianaPurchase:
15million
relievedFrenchpresencetothewestandfearofneedtoallywithGB
needfornewrelationswiththeamericanindiantribesinthisarea
18031815=NapoleonicWarsbetweenGBandFrance.USdeclaresneutralityBUT
stillcaughtinmiddle:
GreatBritain:
OrdersinPrivyCouncil:
AllvesselsmuststopinBritportsfirstb4anyothers
impressmentsofUSsailors
1807ChesapeakeAffair:
warhysteriainUSDemRepwantwaragainstBritain
France:
OrdersseizureofallmerchantshipsthatenterBritports
USResponse
1807EmbargoActFederalistsmad
ForbadeexportsofallgoodsfromUSanywhere
1809
repealoftheembargoact
nonintercourseactreplaces
openstradeanywherebutwithGBandFrance

JamesMadisonDR(18091816)
1810MaconsBill#2
allowstradeanywherewithanyone
whoever(GB/FR)pullsofftheirrottenrulesagainstusfirst,wewillstoptrade
withtheother
Francebitsfirst
Badpolicy:
setspoliticalfavorofoneoverother
ultimatelyhelpstodriftustowardswarwithGB
Warof1812:
forourhonorandOHYEAH,CanadaandFloridatoo!!!
gobackandreviewwarhawksv.Federalists(NewEngland)thesectional
dissensionthatexisted
weattackCanada,luckythatBritpreoccupiedbyFrance
1814TreatyofGhent:

 Essentiallyanarmistice
resultsofwargoodfordiplomacy:
USshoweditcould/wouldresistwiththesword
gainedanewrespectintheworld
diplomatsabroadwereacceptedmorereadily
wedevelopamanufacturingbase
FromhereUSturnstothetaskofbuildingabroaderdemocracyathome

JamesMonroeDR(18171824)
TheEraofGoodFeelingsissuesincluded:tariff,bandandpanicof1819,internal
improvements,saleofpubliclands,crystallizingofsectionalism,andtheriseofslavery
asanissue
SecretaryofState=JohnQuincyAdams
1817RushBagotAgreement(GB/US)
limitednavalarmamentsontheGreatLakes
Treaty(Convention)of1818(GB/US)
shareNewfoundlandfisheries
fixedthenorthernborderbetweenUS/BritishCanadaat49thparallel
10yearjointuseofOregonCountry
CleanupagreementsfromtheWarof1812
1819AdamsOnisTreaty(FloridaPurchaseTreaty/TranscontinentalTreaty)
SpaintocedeFloridatoUSafterAndrewJacksonbeatsupSpanishand
Indians
Spainwasdistractedwithrevolutionsincentralandsouthamerica
SpaingivesupclaimstoOregonTerritoryUSgivesupclaimstoTexas
1823MonroeDoctrine:(helpstoavoidanalliancewithGB)
GBscaredthatotherEurocountrieswillclaimAmericanland
sternwarningtoEurope(especiallyRussia)
NocolonizationandnointerventioninW.H.
HidingbehindtheskirtsofGBnavy
1824RussoAmericanTreaty:
FixedRussiassouthernborderat54/40(presenttipofAlaskaspanhandle)

(JohnQuincyAdamsNR18251828)AndrewJacksonD(18291836)
1836TexasIndependencefromMexico
MexicocomplainstoUSthatitfailedtoenforceneutrality
1837:
Texasappealtobeannexed:
JacksonsaysnobecauseofSlaveryissue
TexassendsfeelersouttoGBandFrance
CarolineIncident:
USprivatecitizensaidingCanadianrevelsv.Brits

 BritNavycapturesandburnstheCarolineontheNiagaraRiver(US
Territory)
AlmostleadstowarbetweentheBritsandUS

MartinVanBurenD18371840
WilliamHenryHarrisonW18411841

JohnTylerW18411844AdemocratinWhigsClothing
1842WebsterAshburtonTreaty:
AroostookRiverValleyWarbetweenMaineandCanadianLumberjacks
settledtheMaineboundaryline+otherterritoriesbeyondGreatLakes(Mesabi
ironorearea)
AlsosettledtheCarolineIncident
1845AnnexationofTexas:
fearofEuroschemers
tookajointagreementbetweenhouseandsenatesincemajorityinsteadof

JamesK.PolkD(18451848)
1846Oregonterritorycompromise(GB):
setboundaryatitscurrentplace49thparallel
rememberthe54/40orfightshoutsbyNortherners!
184648warwithMexico=ManifestDestiny
notethatdiplomacysoughtfirsttobuyCalif.+east
thenwarstartsoversouthernboundaryofTexas
1848TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo:
$15millionforallthelandnowseatoshiningsea
topayourowncitizens$damagesowedbyMexico
confirmedTexaswasours

(ZacharyTaylorW18491850diedinoffice)MillardFillmoreW18501852
1850ClaytonBulwerTreaty(GB/US):
GBshowedstronginterestinandmovedtogainafootholdinNicaragua(for
canalinterests)
YankeesseeasachallengetoMonroeDoctrine
Treatyprovidedthatneithercountrycouldsecureexclusivecontroloverany
futureisthmianwaterwayinLatinAmerica(canals)
laterprovestobeaballandchainwhenconsideringPanamaCanal(connecttothe
HayPauncefoteTreaty1901)

FranklinPierceD18531856
1853GadsdenPurchasefromMexico:
For$10millionforasouthernrailroad
1854:

 CommodorePerryopenstradedoorwithJapan
OstendManifesto:
trytowrestcontrolofCubafromSpain(SouthwantedCubafor
slaves)
EmbarrassingtoPierceandslavocratswhenitleakedout
Eventuallydropped

JamesBuchananD18571860
AbrahamLincolnR18611865
assassinatedinofficeafterCivilWar
AndrewJohnsonD18651868
1865MonroeDoctrineinvoked:
UScallsonNapoleonIIItogetMaximillian(AustrianPrince)andtheFrench
influenceOUTofMexico
1867PurchaseofAlaskafromRussia:
$7.2million
SewardsfollyandSewardsicebox
laterprovestobeawindfalltoUSduetogoldandmineralreservesdiscovered

UlyssesS.GrantR18691876

RutherfordB.HayesR18771880

JamesGarfieldR18811881
assassinatedinoffice

ChesterArthurR18811884
credithimforbeginningtobuildupamodernnavy

GroverClevelandD18851888:

II.TheNewManifestDestiny
1880s1914
BenjaminHarrisonR18891892
Connectournewaggressivenesstothe3Gs!!!
1889PanAmericanConference:
leadbyUStoestablisheconomiccooperatoinwithLatinAmericancountries
(BalinesBigSisterpolicy)
18891893Seriesofminicrisiss:
Demonstratedournewaggressivenationalmood
GermanyandtheSamoanIsalnds
nearwarwithItalyoverlynchingof11Italians
nearwarwithchileoverdeathof2USailorsinValparaiso

 US/Canadasealhuntingargument

GroverClevelandD18931896
1893ClevelandrejectsannexationofHawaii
18951896VenezauelaBoundaryDispute(GB):
connecttothePanicof1893!!!
BritainandVenezuelasquabbleoverboundarylineofBritishGuiana
USusesMonroeDoctrinetochallengeBritishauthorityinherattemptsto
extendintoVenezuelasterritory(rememberOlneysarrogantlettertoBrits)
RichardOlneywaswriter
BritainbacksdownreluctantlyandagreestoallowUStomediate(onlydueto
extraworldcircumstancesthatpitheraloneagainstotherEuropowers)

TheGreatRapprochement1896andon
ThistimeeraendsthepattingtheEaglesheadbytheBritishandthetwistingofthe
LionstailbytheUS
ItinauguratesthetimeoftheGREATRECONCILIATIONthenewAngloAmerican
cordiality

WilliamMcKinleyR18971901
1898SPAMWar
CubansRevoltagainstSpanish
USSeekstomediatetoprotectUSinterests
USSMaineexplodesinHavanaHarbor
McKinleygoadedintowarbypublicpressure
TellerAmendmentaddedtoWarDeclaration
PromisesCubanIndependence
1901PlattAmendment:
ContingenttoindependenceCubansHADtoaddtoconstitution(gobackand
review)
ResultsofSPAMWar
USaworldpowerwithanempire
Guam,PuertoRico,Philippines($20million)
CubaindependentBUTw/stringsattached!
EurorivalsenviousespeciallyGermany
LatinAmericancountriessuspiciousofUS
1898Hawaiiannexedasanafterthought
ThoughGermansorJapanesemighttakeher
AsplendidlittlewarSecretaryofStateJohnHay
18991901PhilippineInsurrection
1899FirstOpenDoorNoteinChina
Designedtocountersphereofinfluence

 soughttoinfluenceEuropeanimperialpowerstoallowopentradeforall
inChina
soughttoincreaseChineseterritorialrights
1900:
BoxerRebellioninChina:
USsendstroopsinamultinationalmissions
1901SecondOpenDoorNoteIssued:
UStobetheoverseeroftheopendoorinChina
soughttoupholdChineseterritorialrights

TheodoreRooseveltR19011908
KnownfortheBigStickDiplomacyortheNewdiplomacy
BeginningofthebadneighborpolicyinLatinAmerica
1901:
InsularCasesconstitutiondoesnotnecessarilyfollowtheflag
letCongressdecidecasebycase
McKinleyassassinatedTRtakesover
HayPauncefoteTreaty(GB/US)
NullifiesoldClaytonBulwerTreaty
ClearswayforbuildingofPanamaCanal
ShowsthatBritandUShavetrust
190204theColombia/PanamaCanalevent:
GoodexampleofBigStickDiplomacy(gobackandreview)
1904RooseveltCorollarytotheMonroeDoctrine
Policyofpreventativeinterventiongobackandreview
1905applicationofpolicyinDominicanRep:
Takeoverofcustomshousestomanagetariffcollectiontopayofftheir
European/USdebts
190506TRwinsNobelPeacePrize
MediatesapeacebetweenJapaneseRussiansandbetweenNorthAfrican
countries
190607TheGentlemensAgreement(Japan/US)gobackandreview
190609USMarinesinCuba:
Restoreorderinuprising
UnderPlattAmendmentandatrequestofCubangovt.
1907TheGreatWhiteFleet:
Diplomaticfrolicaroundtheworld(connecttoGentlemensAgreementprevious
year)
paidoffbigtimeinLatinAmerica,Hawaii,NewZealand,Australia,andJapan
(connecttonext)
1908RootTakahiraAgreement(Japan/US):
EachpledgesrespecttoothersPacificterritory
eachpledgestoupholdopendoorpolicyinChina


WilliamH.TaftR19081912
KnownforDollarDiplomacy
StateDept.encouragedUSbankerstoinvest$intoforeignareasofstrategic
concern
especiallytheFarEastandLatinAmerica(areascriticaltothesecurityofthe
PanamCanal)
1909ManchurianRailProposal:
USproposedtobuytheseRRlinesfromJapanandRussiaintentiontosell
backtoChina
WoodrowWilsonD19121920[boosbigstick/$diplomacy,ironic]
Moral/missionarydiplomacy,promotedemocracy
1913exit$diplomacy,nolongerspecialgovtsupportofinvestorsinlatinam/cuba
Tensionsw/japanoverCALaw,Banjapaneseowningland
Violationofgentlemansagreement/diffusethrudiplomacy
19131917Mexicanrevolt/civilwar(HuertavCavranza)
IntervenetocollapseHuerta,supplyarms,wantstoputinCaranza||germany
believedtosupportHuerta
SendnavytoveraCruz(2deaths,USSailorsinTampico)~ActofWar,
success
PanchoVillaRampage(wantsUSWarw/Carranza)>NewMexico
Military>Mexico=almostwar,wilsontakesbait,chasesVilla
1914JonesActGrantPhillippinesterritorialstatus(independentwhenstable)

MondayMarch30,2015
Labor&Industrialism

TheRiseofOrganizedLabor
1700s1900s:Atimeline
Begin1700s:
IndependentCraftsmenformguildsassociationsbasedontheircraft&class
1776Threeimportantdocumentswrittenthatexpressmansrighttolife,liberty,&
equalitytheconceptsareaspringboardforalaterworkersrightsmovement
WealthofNationsAdamSmith
CommonSenseThomasPaine
DeclarationofIndependenceThomasJefferson
1791SlatersMill:
Ushersinthefactorysystem&childlabor
By1820,ofnationsfactoryworkers=children

 Begin1800s:
Workersforbiddenbylawtoformunionstoincreasewages:
Wasacriminalconspiracytointerferewithtradeandcommerce
Stillformationofguildsandcraftalliances
Someattemptsstillatformingunions
1820s30sAdventofJacksonianDemocracy
Universalmanhoodsuffrage
Workersnowhaverighttovoteandbeginformingworkingmansparties
TheseeventuallywillmorphintotheDemocratParty(Jacksonsfrom
DemocratRepublicanparty)
Goalsofworkingmansparties:
10hrworkday,higherwages,betterconditions,publiceducationfor
theirkids,anendtodebtorprisons
1830s40sLaborStrikes
Atriskofprosecution
Mostcauseslostbutsomedidwin
Employersfoughtbackwithscabsusuallyfreshofftheboat(fobs)
[Workerswhoarentpartofunionsusedasstrikebreakers]
Laborwillalwaysbeagainsteasyimmigration!!!
By1830=circa300,000tradeunionists(eventhoughillegal)
By1835only24recordedstrikes
1837EconomicPanic!!!(poorMartinVanBuren)
Unionsandunionmembershipdrop
1840PresidentVanBurenestablishesa10hrworkdayforfederalpublicworks
employees
1842
Commonwealthv.Hunt
:
LaborunionsNOTillegalconspiraciesaslongastheirmethodsarehonorable
&peaceful
BeginPostCivilWar1865andon:
IndustrialRevolutionGildedAge:
Laborforcewilltriplefrom18801910
Unionactivismandstrikeswillincrease
#1GoalofUnionswillbetosecuretheRIGHTbylawtoexist[until
WagnerAct,NewDeal]
1866NationalLaborUnionforms
1869KnightsofLaborforms
1877TheGreatRailRoadStrike
1878GreenbackParty+WorkingmansParty=GreenbackLaborPartyforms[soon
tocomePopulistParty]
1886:
HaymarketSquareRiotChicago
AmericanFederationofLabor(AFL)formsmanyworkersbailonKnightson
Labor

 KnightsofLaborsplitspeaksoutand&beginsdecline
1890:
ShermanAntiTrustAct:
Usedtobreakupunionsasillegaltrusts
UnitedMineWorkers(UMW)forms
1892HomesteadSteelStrike(Carnegie)
1894PullmanStrike
1895InreDebsSupremeCourtCase:
Oktouseinjunctionsagainstunion/strikestostop
19021903
TeddyRooseveltPennsylvaniaCoalMinersStrike(gotpresidenttohelp)
TRarbitratesasettlement
Stronglypersuadesemployerstogivehigherwages
USdeptofCommerceandLaborestablished
SecretaryofLaborhaspowertomediateinlabordisputes
1903InternationalBrotherhoodofTeamstersforms
1905InternationalWorkersoftheWorld(IWW)forms:
Affectionatelyknownasthewobblies
Advocateasocialistagenda
1906UptonSinclairs
TheJungle
published
1908Mullerv.Oregon
Oktosetdownmaximumhoursforfemaleworkers
1913FederalReserveAct:
Establishesafoundationforfuturemonetarysecurityofthenation
PresidentWilsonsadministrationinstitutesmanyprogressivereformshelpfultolabor:
1914ClaytonAct:
exemptslaborandagriculturalinstitutionsfromantitrustprosecutions
legalizesstrikes&peacefulpicketing
1915LaFolletteSeamansAct:
Regulatesworkingconditionsformerchantmarines
1916:
WorkingmansCompensationAct:
Aidtofederalcivilservicedisabled
AdamsonAct
8hourworkdayforallrailworkers
KeatingOwensAct
Prohibitschildlaboronproductssoldinterstate
Supremecourtchopsdown2yearslater
1917FederalGovernmenttakescontrolofrailroadsduringwartime(returnsin1920)
1918Nationalwarlaborboardformed
purposetoheadofflabordisputes
Helpedwin8hourworkday&increasewages

Refusetosupportlaborsrighttoorganize&collectivebargain[Righttoforman
union]
1919Over4millionstrikethisyear:
NationwideGreatSteelStrike
millionstrikeforrighttoorganize&collectivebargain
Strikecollapsesasscabsbroughtin
Setsentireunionmovementbackdecades
(Possiblecontrastofstrikesbetweentwowarsandeconomicrecession)
BostonPoliceStrike
1ststrikeofpublicsafetyworkersinUShistory
GovernorCalvinCoolidgebreaksitup!(thisiswherehegetshisname)
UnitedMineWorkersStrike
Wins27%wageincreaseinarbitrationwithgovt
1920sDecadeofintoleranceandsocialtension
Fearofanarchy,socialism,andcommierevolutions
UnionsshunnedcallsforclosedshopsassociatedwithSovietismin
disguise
RedScareusedtobreakunioncauses
BacktoLaissezFaireeconomics
Employersplayoffethnicdifferences=feudingamongstworkers
EmployerscalledforopenshoportheAmericanplan
SomeemployersbegantogivebenefitstodiscourageUnion
1920EshCumminsTransportationAct
Railroadstoprivateownership
1921SupremecourtholdsthatClaytonActdoesnotprotectstrikes
Injunctions(formalcourtordertostopstrike)CANbeusedinconspiracyto
restraintradeinstrikes
1922RailwayLaborBoard(successortoWarLaborBoard):[Werebackto
LassiezFaire)
Orderswagecutof12%triggers2monthstrike
StoppedwithaninjunctionbyJusticeDept.
19201930unionmembershipshrivelsbynearly30%
Begin19291939:GreatDepression
Anincreaseinlabormovementduringthistime
sitdownstrikesbringrecognitionofunions(sitdownandsleepthereandlive
there)
Laborfinallygivenokbygovttoorganizeandcollectivebargain
1935:
CongressofIndustrialOrganization(CIO)forms:
combineswiththeAFL=AFLCIO
NationalLaborRelationsAct(WagnerAct):
Assertstherightoflabortoorganizeandbargaincollectively
1936CIOsitdownstrikeatGM

 TheUnionwins&becomessolebargainingagentforallworkersatGMauto
plants
1938:
FairLaborStandardsAct:
Setsupminimumwages&maximumhours(40/40)
Affectsonlyinterstatecommercebusinesses
Forbidchildlaborunder16
CIObreaksofffromAFL:
By1940willhave4millionmembers
200,000areblack(cantgetalong)
BeginWWIIperiod19391945
1941CIOandAFLmakenostrikepledgeduringwar
1942WarLaborBoardimposesceilingonwages:
Rashoflaborwalkoutsdespitepledges
1943:
SmithConnallyAntiStrikeAct:
Authorizesgovttoseizeandoperateindustriestiedupin
disputes/strikes
Criminaloffensetostrikeagainstanygovtoperatedindustry
Govthadtobrieflytakeovercoalminesandrailroadsafterthisactpassed
PostWarAmerica&on
BeginPostWarAmerica1945
Immediatelyfollowingwartheeconomyfaltered
Highinflationwhenpriceceilingswerelifted
GDPdown
OperationDixieUnionswilltrytogetafootholdintheSouthandwestbutfail
Fearofracialintegration
Rapidlygrowingfemaledominatedservicesectorhardtoorganize
(antiblackandraciallydivided)
1946Strikesacrossthenation(similartorightafterWWI):
4.6millionworkerswillstrike
1947TaftHartleyAct
DubbedtheslavelaboractvetoedbyTrumanCongressoverruledhisveto
itbecamelaw!
Outlawedclosedshops=righttoworkconcept
Restrictedunionlabors
Madeunionsliablefordamagesduringdisputes
1950s60sLaborassociatedwithcorruption,racketeering,themob
1950unionmembershippeaks&thendeclines
1955AFLandCIOcombineagain:
85%ofallunionmembers(stillaremarriedtodayandexist)]
1959LandrumGriffinAct:
designedtomakelaborleadersaccountable

 topreventbullyingtacticsbyunionorganizers
1964CivilRightsActs
prohibitsdiscriminationinemploymentbasedonrace,color,religion,sex,or
nationalorigin
1981AirTrafficControllersUnion(PATCO)(mightuseacronymonexam)Strike:
PresidentReaganfiresthemall(11,000)[govtowesairspace,FAA]
Decertifiestheirunion

FamousUnions:

WorkersUnite!!!(TheUnionManCometh)
Inpostcivilamericaintothefirsthalfofthe20thcentury
laborunionswerealwaysassociatedwith
socialism
and
communism
=antifree
marketcommunism
Unionsingeneralfoughtfor
higherwages
shorterworkweek
better/saferconditions
workerscompensationforinjuries
equalpayforallworkers

StrategiesBigBusinessUsedtoBreakUnions
YellowDogcontract(Ipromisenottojoinaunion!)
Blacklistsorblackballworkers(theseworkerswillcreateaunionandscrewwithus)
Injunctionscourtordertostopastrike
Bringinscabs/replacementworkers
Callongovernmentforhelpcourts,police,troops,etc
Pitracial&ethnicgroupsagainstoneanother
Lockouts
(Givethemalivingwageandsidebenefits)golly![~sarcastic]

TurnofCenturyGovernmentandUnionRelationship
Lawrence,MassachusettsTextileStrike1919IWWworkers

SomeExamplesofEarlyUnions
NationalLaborUnion1866WilliamHSylvis
Skilled&unskilledfarmers,afewwomen&blacks
Wantedarbitrationforindustrialdisputes
8hourworkday
Diesoutwiththedepressionofthe1870s
KnightsofLabor1869TerencePowderly
Agitatedforeconomicandsocialreform

 Sought8hrworkdayandhealth&safetycodes
opentoALLskilled,unskilled,black,white,men,women,etc.
EXCEPTNonproducers,NOTwelcome(banker,lawyer,gambler,etc)
Peakin1886,700,000members[Haymarketriot]
SkilledlaborersbailtoAFL
1881AFL(AmericanFederationofLabor)SamuelGompers
soughtbetterhours,wages,etcandclosedshop
stayedoutofpolitics&socialmovements[=stillalivetoday]
supportednotionofcapitalismbutworkersrights
onlyallowedwhite,skilledmales(atthattime)
by1900,1.5millionmembers
1905Industrial/InternationalWorkersoftheWorld(IWW)
nicknamedthewobblies
organizedthemostignoredoftheworkers
migrantandunskilledlaborers,allcolors
actuallyagitatedforSOCIALISTREVOLUTION!!!
Dieoutwiththesocialtensioninthe20s

20thCenturyUnions
1903InternationalBrotherhoodofTeamsters,Chauffeurs,Warehousemen,&
HelpersofAmerica(orTeamstersUnion)
Earlystrongcenters=Chicago,NYC,Boston,&St.Louis
1933beganorganizinglongdistancetruckingindustry
Associatedwithorganizedcrime/mobin50s70s
NotoriousleaderJimmyHoffadisappearedin75
Since1940=largestprivatesectorunionincountry
In1998,ithad1.4millionmembers
CurrentpresidentJamesP.Hoffa,Jr.(son)
1935CIO=CongressofIndustrialOrganizationJohnL.Lewis
Beganasaunionofunskilled&teamedupwithAFL
Knownassitdownstrikesespeciallyinautoindustry
1938breaksofffromAFL(skilledandunskilledcantgetalong)
1955willagaincombine

MainLaborStrikestoKnow
1877GreatRailroadStrike
1886HaymarketRiot,Chicago,Illinois(KnightsofLaborvMcCormickReaperPlant)
1892CarnegieHomesteadSteel,PN(Lockedout,violencew/scabsCarnegiewins)
1894PullmanRailCarStrike(Pres.CleavelandusestroopsMAILSTOPPED)
1902CoalMineStrike
1919BostonPoliceStrike
1919SteelStrike
1946RailRoadStrike

 1981AirTrafficControllers(PATCO)Strike

TheRiseofIndustrialAmerica
Part1TheFirstIndustrialRevolution(17901860)
Circa1750EuropesIndustrialrevolutionbegins
ItreachesUSbylate1700swhysolate?
Cheap/plentifullandwhycoopselfupinfactory?
Laborand$forcapitalinvestmentscarce
Undevelopedandundiscoveredrawmaterials
Undevelopedtransportationandcommunicationsystems
Nomarketforproducts=nodemandforproduct=nomarkets=nodemand
Bynature/traditionsAmericanswereagrarian
EconomicSectorsserveasinfrastructurefortheFirstIR
1.FactorySystem
2.Agriculture
3.TransportationandCommunication
1.TheFactorySystem
ThemajorcomponentsoftheearlyUSfactorysystem
Labor:
NorthernLaborForce=birthrate+immigration
SouthernLaborForce=predominantlyslaves
SamuelSlatersTextileMill(northPawtucket,RI)
EliWhitneysCottonGin(usedintheSouthandspurstheneedfor
moreandmoreslaves)
YankeeIngenuity/Entrepreneurship=inventions,businessrisks,etc
*Formula:Labor+machineryforspinningcotton+cottongin+
entrepreneurship=diverseinterdependenteconomy
FutureLaborForce(populationgrowth)
By1790=circa4millionAmericans
17901840=steadygrowth,highbirthrate+annualimmigrationon
averageof60k
18301840=highimmigrationrate(Germans&Irish)
By1840s=immigrationhadtripledtheaverage
By1850s=immigrationhadquadrupledtheaverage
USpopulationby:
185023m
186031+m
191092+m
1791SamuelSlatersTextileMill
LocatedinPawtucket,RhodeIsland
Atfirst,employedonlychildren
Laterwomenandmen

 1793EliWhitneysCottonGin
Separatedtheseedfromthecotton
Immediatelyincreasedtheneedsforcotton,andthusslaves
YankeeIngenuityandEntrepreneurship
CertainlyWhitneyscottongin
1798whitneysinterchangeableparts
startswithmassproductionofmusketsforusarmy
by1850theconceptwaswidelyused
isthebasisformodernmassproductionandassemblylinemethods
180714allofthefollowingspursUStohavetodoitsOWNmanufacturing:
EmbargoAct,NonIntercourseAct,MaconsBill#2,Warof1812
1814andonHenryClaysAmericanSystem
UsedtopromoteUSbusiness
Internalimprovements,hightariffs,theBUS
1820sLowellTextileFactors:
GroupofBostoninvestorsopensaseriesoftextilefactoriesinLowell,
Mass.
Employsthousandsofyoungfarmgirlsfromdarktodark[Livedin
factories]
1846EliasHowessewingmachine
Isfoundationforthereadymodeclothingindustry
Causeshugeriseinnorthernindustrialism
CausesNorthtobemorereliantonsoutherncotton
Driveswomenfromthefarmtothefactory
1848FirstIncorporationlawspassedinNY
Whatusedtobeforaselectfewnowopentoall
Sellownershipofcompany(stock)toinvestors
Conceptoflimitedliability(onlyresponsiblefortheamountyouve
invested)facilitatesincreasedinvestmentcapitalfornewbusiness
RecordofPatentedInventions:
By1800,306patents
By1860,38,000patents
By1890,468,000patents
1791CongresscreatedUSpatentoffice
2.Agriculture:
south=slavelaborcottonbecomeskingafterWhitneyscottongin[prior
tobacco]
1820s30s:
TransAlleghenyregion(OhioRiverValley)=breadbasketofthenation
latertheworld
Corn+hogs+graintradeddowntheriverstothesouthandtheeast
Lucrativebusinessinallregions=incentivetocultivatelandtowest
1830sCyrusMcCormicksmechanicalreapers

 wastowheatfarmerswhatcottonginwastocottonfarmers
++++landnowdevotedtocashcropwheat
1837JohnDeeressteelplow
Lighterfastereasier,nonstick(replacediron)
productivityperacreincreased
increasedagricultureproductionnowrequiredasophisticatedtransportation
system

3.Transportation
Roadsoftheearlyrepublic:
primitivemodesoftravel
treacherous,muddy,&rutfilleddirtroads
1790sto1810sturnpikes
Buildbyprivatecompanies
LancastertoPhilly,Penn(62miles)
Payatolltouse,thenturnthepiketoletgoby
Attractedothercompaniestobuild
1807RobertFultonssteamboat:
cannowgowithandagainstcurrentsofrivers
opensthewestandthesouthtopopulationgrowthandcommerce
Mostriversfacilitateandsouth?hownorthandsouth?canals!
1811TheNationalRoad(CumberlandRoad)
Afederalgovt.interstateprojectfromMarylandtoIllinois(591)miles
Ultimatelyacombooffederalandstate$$$
1814andonHenryClaysAmericanSystem
UsedtopromoteUSBusiness
Internalimprovements,hightariffs,theBUS
18171840sCanals:
Loweredshippingcostsandtime
Mostlylocatedinthenorthforeastwesttrade
connectedriversandlakes
1828FirstRailroadintheUS
By1860=30,000milesoftrackinUS
Locatedmostlyinthenortheasteffects:
eastwestconnection
mississippiriverislessused
establishedthenortherncitiesintothemaincommerceterminals
establishedregionalspecialization:
east=manufacturesmachinesandtextilesforsouth
south=growscottonfornortheastandoldengland
west=providesgrainandlivestockforall
Circa18431868Clipperships:fortransoceanictravel,fasterthansteamers

 &Communication
1844:SamuelF.B.Morsestelegraph
1860:PonyExpressU.S.mail(lastsonly18months)
1861:Firsttranscontinentaltelegraph
1866:Firstpermanenttransatlanticcable
Transportation&Communication
Ultimatelythesenetworkswouldspeedthenationtoindustrialize:
1820=75%ofpopulationwerefarmers
By1850=only50%ofpopulationwerefarmersANDthevalueof
industrialproductswasgreaterthanthevalueofagriculturalproducts

Part2:TheSecondIndustrialRevolution(18651900)
Background:
BetterknownastheGildedAge,thisisatimeof
Growthofbigbusinesstrustsmonopolies
Bigbusinessandgovernmentinbedtogether(graftandcorruption)
Workingconditionsterriblewageslow
Attemptsbylabortounionize=strikes+riots
Hugeinfluxofimmigrants(mostlyfromSEEurope)
5Categoriesserveasthebasisofindustrialgrowthatthistime:
1.RailRoads
2.Mechanization
3.TheIndustrialists
4.Steel
5.Labor(Seeabove!)
1.Railroads
Transcontinentalrailroadbuilding
Governmentsubsidies
Landgrantsand$$$permileoftracklaid
By1869connectedeastandwest
Effects:
Unitedthenationandknitthewestcoastsecurelyintothecountry
Increaseddomesticmarketforallkindsofgoods
Increasedindustrializationbecauserawmaterialsgottothefactories
muchmorequickly
Increasedminingandagriculture
Creationofnewcitiesandgrowthofexistingcities
Migrationofpopulationwest
Helpedtosettleprairielands
Mademanypplmillionaires
NegativeimpactonNativeAmericansandenvironment
2.Mechanization
In1860US=4thinmanufacturingworldwide

 By1894US=1st!!!Why?
Liquidcapital($$$)WillingtoinvestinUS
CivilWarcreatedhugeprofitsforinventors
Profitsnowcouldbecombinedwithborrowedforeign$and
investedintoUSbusiness/industry
Naturalresources
Coal,oil,ore,timber,etcdiscoveredaswemovedwest
Shortsupplyoflabor
encouragedindustrialiststoinventandmechanize
Mechanization=HIGHERPRODUCTIVITY
Immigration
Asindustrygrew,immigrantscameindroves
Abundant,cheap,unskilledlaborforce
Needtodevelopmachinestostimulateskilledworkers=
increasedproductivity!!!!
YankeeIngenuity/Entrepreneurship
Businesssavvynewwaystoorganizebusiness
Utilizenewtechniquesofmassproduction
Inventionssuchaselectricity,telephone,internalcombustion,
engine,etc
Urbanization
Conveniencesofcitylivingfacilitatedbynewinventions
3.TheIndustrialists
AndrewCarnegie
SteelKingpin
PreachedTheGospelofWealth(Notsocialgospel)
Knownforverticalmonopoly
Combinedallphasesofmanufacturingintoone
Effects
Moreefficient
Lesscostly
J.D.Rockefeller
Oilkingpin
SocialDarwinist
Knownforhorizontalmonopoly
Buyingoutcontrollingshareofstockofcompetitors
Combiningofallcompetitorsunderoneroof
CreateaTRUSTormonopolyoftheproduct
J.P.MorganBankingandFinancialKingpin
Knownfortheinterlockingdirectorates
Companiesin$$$trouble,soughthishelp=loans
OfficersofMorgansbanksatontheBoardsofthesecompanies
(boardofdirectors)(interlockthemselves)

 Wouldthenexerciseinfluence(directorates)overthebusiness
WillalsobyCarnegieSteelandcreateUSSteel
ThefirstBILLION$Americancompany
(AttemptedtobustbyTaft)
4.SupremacyofSteel
Steelmuchstronger,moreduable,lighter,etcthaniron
Couldbuildbigger,higher,better,faster,cheaper,stronger
Esp.effectstheconstructionindustryskyscrapers,bridge,rails,etc
1850BessemerProcess:
madeeverybatchofsteelconsistent
bringsdownproductiontimeandcost
increasesdemandforsteelanditsuse

InConclusion
18651914=hugeindustrialexpansion
From#4#1,by1894
by1913,outproduceenglandfranceandgermanycombined
by1890,valueofmanufacturinggoodsexceededvalueofAg.Yetagstill
growing
Americanwillbecomearsenaloftwoworldwarsandtheprimeindustrialpowerinthe
world

Thursday,April2,2015
Immigration