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Hidrostática
1
al elemento plano sobre el que actúa. Si no fuera así, existiría una
componente tangencial que rompería el equilibrio.
F
p=
s
dF
p = lim
ds→ 0 ds
Py
Px P
O dx
dy A x
y Pz
2
• Fuerzas másicas, es decir, las fuerzas exteriores que actúan sobre la
masa del elemento líquido. Se deben a la gravedad, dependen del peso
del elemento considerado, y por tanto son proporcionales al producto de
las tres dimensiones (dx ⋅ dy ⋅ dz ) , es decir, al volumen.
• El empuje sobre cada una de las caras del tetraedro, debido a las
presiones ejercidas por el resto del líquido.
p = px = py = pz
3
∂P
P+ dz
∂z
z P
D F
∂P
P P+ dx
A ∂x
B
C E
∂P
P+ dy P
∂y
4
Las presiones que actúan sobre las demás caras dan proyecciones
nulas sobre el eje OX.
∑ Proyecciones sobre OX = 0
∂p
ρ ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ dz ⋅ x + p ⋅ dy ⋅ dz − p + ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ dz = 0
∂x
∂p
p + ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ dz = ρ ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ dz ⋅ x + p ⋅ dy ⋅ dz
∂x
∂p
p ⋅ dy ⋅ dz + ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ dz = ρ ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ dz ⋅ x + p ⋅ dy ⋅ dz
∂x
Simplificando se obtiene:
∂p
= ρ⋅x [ 1]]
∂x
∂p
= ρ⋅y [ 2]]
∂y
∂p
= ρ⋅z [ 3]]
∂z
∂p ∂p ∂p
⋅ dx + ⋅ dy + ⋅ dz = ρ ⋅ ( x ⋅ dx + y ⋅ dy + z ⋅ dz )
∂x ∂y ∂z
5
dp = ρ ⋅ ( x ⋅ dx + y ⋅ dy + z ⋅ dz )
( x ⋅ dx + y ⋅ dy + z ⋅ dz) = 0
x = 0 y = 0 z = -g
z
Superficie libre
M0 (P0)
O
z0 y0 M (P) x
x0 y
z
x
y
6
La ecuación fundamental de la Hidrostática quedaría:
dp = ρ ⋅ (0 ⋅ dx + 0 ⋅ dy − g ⋅ dz)
dp = −ρ ⋅ g ⋅ dz ; y puesto que γ = ρ⋅g dp = − γ ⋅ dz
Z0 (P0)
Z (P)
x
p z z
∫p0
dp = ∫ − γ ⋅ dz = − γ ⋅ ∫ dz
z0 z0
p − p0 = − γ ⋅ ( z − z0 ) [ 4]]
p = p0 + γ ⋅ h
7
p = γ ⋅h
p − p0 p p
= z − z0 ⇒ − + 0 = z − z0
−γ γ γ
p p
z 0 + 0 = z + = cte = Altura o cota piezométrica
γ γ
p
El cociente = h , de dimensiones una longitud denominada altura de
γ
presión (tema 1, conceptos), representa la altura h de la columna de líquido de
peso específico γ capaz de producir la presión p.
p
La altura o cota piezométrica z + = cte indica que si en cada punto
γ
de un líquido en reposo se levanta un segmento vertical representativo de la
altura de presión en ese punto, los extremos de dichos segmentos se contienen
en un mismo plano horizontal, el plano de carga hidrostático relativo, que si se
prescinde de la presión atmosférica, coincide con la superficie libre del líquido.
Plano de referencia
8
Es evidente que en los líquidos en reposo todas las superficies de nivel
son planos horizontales.
Demostración:
dp = ρ ⋅ ( x ⋅ dx + y ⋅ dy + z ⋅ dz )
k
γ ⋅ dz = 0 → γ ⋅ ∫ dz = γ ⋅ z = cte = k → z= = cte
γ
Ecuación que representa a un plano paralelo a la superficie libre del
líquido.
P0 γ⋅h
P = P0 + γ⋅h
Altura (m)
9
La ecuación p = p0 + γ ⋅ h corresponde a una recta, luego indica la
variación lineal de la presión con la profundidad del líquido, cuya
representación, tomando como eje horizontal las presiones y como eje vertical
las profundidades, proporciona el diagrama de presiones (figura).
p
tg θ = =γ
h
10
6. 1. Cálculo del valor de la presión total.
ε
Superficie libre del líquido β
z
x
dw
Pared α
dp = p ⋅ dω = γ ⋅ z ⋅ dω → dp = γ ⋅ x1
4⋅ sen
24 3θ ⋅ dω
z
La fuerza de presión total, p, que actúa sobre la cara de una superficie
plana finita será la integral en toda el área ω, puesto que todos los elementos
de fuerza son paralelos.
p= ∫
ω
γ ⋅ x ⋅ sen θ ⋅ d ω =γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ ∫ x ⋅ dω
ω
[ 5]]
∫ x ⋅ dω
ω
es el momento estático del área ω respecto a la traza
11
∫ x ⋅ d ω = ∫ x ⋅ dω
∫ x ⋅ dω = x
ω
xG = w
→ ⋅ω
∫ dω ω
G
w
w
p = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ x G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ z G ⋅ ω = p G ⋅ ω
p = pG ⋅ ω
Superficie libre
zG
xG zC
G
xC
C
Eje de simetría
(pared)
12
p ⋅ x c = ∫ x ⋅ dp
A su vez, dp = p ⋅ dω = γ ⋅ z ⋅ dω , luego:
p ⋅ x c = ∫ x ⋅ γ ⋅ z ⋅ dω = γ ⋅ ∫ x ⋅ z ⋅ dω
como z = x ⋅ sen θ
p ⋅ x c = γ ⋅ ∫ x 2 ⋅ sen θ ⋅ dω = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ ∫ x 2 ⋅ dω
∫x ⋅ dω = I G + x G ⋅ ω
2 2
Luego (
p ⋅ x c = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ I G + x G ⋅ ω
2
)
xc =
(
γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ IG + x G ⋅ ω
=
)
γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ I G + x G ⋅ ω
2
( 2
)
p γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ x G ⋅ ω
xc =
(I G + xG ⋅ ω
2
)
xG ⋅ ω
IG
xc = xG +
xG ⋅ ω
Con lo que se demuestra que el centro de presión está por debajo del
centro de gravedad.
13
Si fuera necesario calcular las coordenadas yc, zc (no será nuestro caso),
las ecuaciones serían análogas a las utilizadas para la determinación de xc.
p ⋅ y c = ∫ y ⋅ γ ⋅ z ⋅ dω = γ ⋅ ∫ y ⋅ z ⋅ dω
p ⋅ z c = ∫ z ⋅ γ ⋅ z ⋅ dω = γ ⋅ ∫ z 2 ⋅ dω
θ P
z G D
C
z/3 z
θ
B
p = p G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ z G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ x G ⋅ ω
h
Si AB = h → xG = y ω = b⋅h
2
14
Entonces:
h
p = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ ⋅ b ⋅ h
2
1
p = ⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h2 ⋅ sen θ
2
h3
b⋅
I
xc = xG + G = +
h 12 = h + h = 3 ⋅ h + h = 4 ⋅ h
xG ⋅ ω 2 h 2 6 6 6
⋅b⋅h
2
2
xc = ⋅ h
3
90º
z=h G
C P
B D
1
p= ⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h2
2
15
La presión hidrostática sobre el elemento de pared AB equivale al peso
del prisma de líquido de base triangular ABD y altura b, aplicado en C, siendo
2
xc = ⋅ h .
3
ε
d
θ d
h G
G C
h C
b b
h
p = p G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ z G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ x G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ d + ⋅ b ⋅ h
123 14243 1 23
pG zG 424
xG
h
p = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ d + ⋅ b ⋅ h
2
zG ≡ x G
16
h
xG = d +
2
h
p = pG ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ zG ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ x G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ d + ⋅ b ⋅ h
2
h
p = γ ⋅ d + ⋅b ⋅h
2
ε ε
d
θ d
r
G G
C C
p = p G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ z G ⋅ ω = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ x G ⋅ ω
siendo: xG = d + r
ω = π ⋅r2
Luego: p = γ ⋅ sen θ ⋅ (d + r ) ⋅ π ⋅ r 2
17
xG = d + r
π ⋅ D 4 π ⋅ (2 ⋅ r ) π⋅r4
4
IG = = =
64 64 4
ω = π ⋅r 2
π ⋅r4
xc = d + r + 4
(d + r ) ⋅ π ⋅ r 2
r2
xc = d + r +
4 ⋅ (d + r )
p = γ ⋅ (d + r ) ⋅ π ⋅ r 2
A1
A2
A’
C
P
P1
C2
C1
P2
1/3 h1
1/3 h2
B’ B
18
Si h1 y h2 son las profundidades respectivas del agua, la presión a cada
lado de la pared (caso de paredes rectangulares verticales) será:
1
p1 = ⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h1
2
2
1
p 2 = ⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h2
2
p = p1 − p2 =
1
2
(
⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h1 − h2
2 2
)
p ⋅ CB = p1 ⋅ C1B − p2 ⋅ C2B
1
C1B = ⋅ h1
3
1
C 2B = ⋅ h 2
3
1
2
( 1
) 2 1 1 2 1
⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h1 − h2 ⋅ CB = ⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h1 ⋅ ⋅ h1 − ⋅ γ ⋅ b ⋅ h2 ⋅ ⋅ h2
2 2
2 3 2 3
1 h1 − h2
3 3
CB = ⋅
3 h12 − h2 2
3 3
(
h1 − h2 = (h1 − h2 ) ⋅ h1 + h2 + h1 ⋅ h2
2 2
)
h1 − h2 = (h1 + h2 ) ⋅ (h1 − h2 )
2 2
19
1 h + h2 + h1 ⋅ h2 1 h1 ⋅ (h1 + h2 ) + h2 1 h ⋅ (h + h ) 1 h
2 2 2 2
CB = ⋅ 1 = ⋅ = ⋅ 1 1 2 + ⋅ 2
3 h1 + h2 3 h1 + h2 3 h1 + h2 3 h1 + h2
2
1 1 h
CB = ⋅ h1 + ⋅ 2
3 3 h1 + h2
20