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c. Drainage
d. Breathing
e. Seasonal allergies
f. Changes in the ability to
smell or taste
C. Throat
a. Difficulty in chewing or
swallowing
b. Occurrence/Extent
Findings
d. Hoarseness
Abnormal findings: Pallor around the lips; cyanosis; reddish lips, swelling
2. Inspect the teeth and gums. Ask client to open mouth. Note the number, color
and alignment of teeth. Put on gloves and retract the clients lips and cheeks to
check gums for color and consistency.
Normal findings: 32 pearl-white teeth with smooth surfaces and edges (28
teeth if 4 wisdom teeth have not erupted yet). Upper molars rest directly on the
lower molars. Front upper incisors should slightly override the lower incisors. Gums
are pink, moist and frim with tight margins to the tooth. No lesions or masses.
Abnormal Findings: Yellow of brownish teeth; tooth decay/ dental caries
appear as brown dots; missing teeth; chalky white teeth; Malocclusion seen when
upper or lower incisors protrude. Receding gums in younger clients; red, swollen
gums; Bluish black or grey-white line along the gum line (seen in lead poisoning)
3. Inspect the buccal mucosa. Use a penlight or tongue depressor to retract the lip
and cheeks to check color and consistency