James R. Ware. 1933.

Wei Shou on Buddhism T'oung Pao,

Second Series, Vol. 30, No. 1/2, 100-181.
WEI

SROU

ON

BUDDHISM1)

BY
R. WARE,
James
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY.

INTRODUCTION.
Wei

Shou

the Wei

is the author

varying

portions

impartial

view,

in

534 when

which
place

which,

Dynasty,

reigned

of North
however,

China

on to

We
Shou
-

composed

from

our

an Eastern

of the author

biography

the table

are necessary

is here

over

A more
Wei

This

is not the

and his ancestors,

to a fuller

under-

translated.

of contents

an autobiography,

of

and a Western,

550 and 556, respectively.

them

ruled

author,

the end of the Northern

recognizes

of the work which

know

TVei slzic a IIistory

from 399 to 550 A.D.

it split into two halves,

to give a detailed

standing

to

according

a few words regarding

yet

of the

of his history

but the fortunes

that

Wei

of time have

101
it to us only as quoted

preserved

of the three

for textual

Our author's
flJ Ql

that of the Pei

no

information

Wei

Yiieh

The

former

of Li IIsiao-po

Pei slzila 33.

died

in

That

the family

at the

Shou's

Wei

whole

real

held

several

Shantung),

(he married

age

of 59

important

the

varying.

from two facts: Tzii-ellien

elsewhere),

(unknown
was Fo-chu

style

and

Wei,

or 62, our sources

we know

as

positions

of the Northern

the monk T'an-ts'an

of the modern
life

exists
guerilla

was passed
in China

son of Wei

warfare,

Hopei.

(Buddha-

? J?

secretariat,
as governor

where

of Chii-lu
Born

a period

Having

capacities,

held

he remained,

of a province

received

in the south

quite

similar

of transition,

the Chinese

to that

of banditry

the beginning

the government
important

of

in 506 (he died in 572),

such as has marked

he entei'ed, inevitably,
literary

TZL1-chien, was a native

in an atmosphere

today:

Chinese dynasty.

education,
his

latter

in the prefecture

part

of every

of

who died in 457, v. 1Yei shu 53,

the second

Shou,

central

and

Tzu-chien

(in western

in the last years

childhood

Hsia-ch'il ? ?

which

Wei

his grandfather,

or The-Buddha-helps[-him]).

helper,

his

he reaches

his father

was Buddhist

had as house-guest
and

The

but we receive

Han,

of the fifth century

quarter

of province
533

until

of Chi-yin

was prefect

daughter

governor

names

and especially

in the third

back to a certain Wei Wu-chih

of the Former

elsewhere)

probably

and

is traced

beyond

It,

also the other two are

comparisons.
ancestry

(unknown

Therefore,

shit 104, Pei Ch'i shzc 37, and Pei shih 56)

I use more particularly

useful

historians.

of Wei Shou which are to be found in the

biographies

Histories

Dynastic

by later

and end

boy's usual

service and, because

posts

in the

imperial

even when his own official position

should have demanded

his presence

else-

102
to write

where,

his History

he was enjoined
Three

by the emperor

events

named

immediately

that

his name

as

rather

extraordinary.

there

history

arose

of

had preceded

the

work.

meaningless

complete

him,

This

dynastic

last

of

chapter

of the

presentation

was treating.

estimated,
who

Wei

played

in the

in the slightest
Middle

Shou

indispensable

calls

by reminding

had played

The importance

with

forms

degree
We

of

list of
of a

part

that

tradition
A?z

the 114th and

the

accompanying
to what

attention

he

us of the important

under the dynasty

of such a step cannot

character

Kingdom.

usual

the

In the memorial

his action

and its revolutionary

realizes

with

which

to an

dispenser

is here translated,

role which these two doctrines

he

to an insipid

a portion

completed
due

of the generations

It is to this break

essays,

the

me

forced two revisions

protest

an

saying

strikes

probably

our author

by tradition

history.

has done and justifics

of

of protest,

Taoism j$
his

i for us by

Such frankness

break

history.

composition

the

(3) He dared

?j
of the

seems to have belonged

presentation

happens

we owe the essay of which

and

On

and popular

seldom

formed

on Buddhism

to it.

on the part of

phrases.

which

essays

(2)

dots

a whirlwind

estimate

only too just

which

signed

Wei Shou was

(1) Kao Lung-chih

(for the statement

to his autobiography)
he merely

Ch'i.

that

of the

director

general

IlTei shu, but our author

to show

of mind:

independance

task to which

a welcome

of' the Northern

may be mentioned

a man of genuine
was

of the Wei,

which

be over-

will strike home to anyone

the part
must

which
not

tradition

expect

has

too much

103
Shou's

from Wei
a systematic

of the

not

events

which

to get at least

of the details

to him

some reason

he is treating,

the relationship

governing

does

of his space to the

and it is of particular

no matter

a glimpse,

for surprise

of Bodhiruci

most

given

particularly

at the absence

surprised

we have

of course,

has,

of the dynasty

interest

not

that his is not

an essay in which

a man of the importance

that

He

appear.)

seemed

if we are

instance,

we notice

it is merely

that

of Bodhidharma,

name

when

all

mentioned

(For

bear in mind

on the subject,

treatise

he has probably
important.

we must

account;

of some

how meager,

between

the doctrine

and

Shou acknowledges

the

the state.
By the

title

close relationship
mutual

debt

between

space assigned

82 columns

to Taoism.

makes

telling

the

a high

reach

documentation

me to withhold
Since
has

that

Taoist

practitioners

"the

and,

can respect."

have

given

interest

they

demand

it would

to many

I regret

comprehensive

someday

be the task

sider our present

as possible

where

duty

to a later

have

that
history

must

that,

more information

altho

my
and

on Taoism forces

date.

notes

what

Wei

our translation

the development

be left for future

of Chinese Buddhism

done, when

do not

the more abundant

overbalanced

of some philologist

seldom

they

at this time is to learn

of our meager

and merit:

for that

moreover,

needed for the few columns

its publication

to say,

respectively
to Buddhism;

end of his essay he

of excellence,

our primary

Shou

to them

to each: 250 columns

for the whole essay is complete,

translation
detailed

he assigned

we may

at the

tha,t one

capacities

possess

I think

Furthermore,

remark

degree

and Taoism and their

At the same time,

which

importance

by the relative

Wei

essay

Chinese Buddhism

to one another.

of the

judge

to his

given

to compile.

to

which

articles

and

which it shall
VVe must con-

we have indicated

as precisely

can be obtained,

and when we

104
have

called

The index
facilitate

to problems

attention

to the names

basic

text

In

company.

in the second

11 ?
the

monk

upon

which

was completed

the

miscellany

in 983, I have

noted

Le Canon Bouddhique

BB:

Bibliotheca

Buddhica.

Beal,

A Catena

of Buddhist

BEFEO:
CII:

Corpus

Documents

Chavannes,

Mission

Ch'u
Hasting's

Giles,

A Chinese
My

and

53rd

7C tli,
the editing

of the Wei shu.

, completed

quotation.

IN NOTES.

en Chine,

tome 1.

the Chinese.

from

Francaise

d'Extreme-Orient.

dans la Chine

chi chi

Encyclopedia
Biographical
references

are

Septentrionale.

of Religion

Taisho

Hsii Kao seng chuan

55.

and Ethics.

Dictionary.
to the T'u

shu chi ch'eng

edition.
HKSC :

by

chapters

Histories.

ERE:

Histories:

51st

USED

Ar cheologique

san tsang

in

of its name,

mention

sur les Tou-kiue.

CS: Chin shu

CSTCC:

in 664 A.D.

Indicarum.

Inscriptionum

Chavannes,

preserved

Scriptures

de 1'Ecole

Bulletin

any

but one negligible

ABBREVIATIONS
Bagchi,

been

y lan

T'ai

in the
ii

?/?7?

in 1013, beforc

encyclopedia

has

compiled

by the

widely

T8' lit

contained

Hun,q min,q chi (KHMC)

Without

drawn

encyclopedia

essay

of the

Buddhist

of the

is that

shu chi ch'eng n III

Shou's

Tao-hsan

it has been

In

imei

chapter

fl. jfi, a

in the text will

mentioned

translation

by the T'u

addition,

investigation.

of our notes for references.

for our

vVei sku as published

part

of the monks

any consultation

The

which need further

1W, Taisho

50.

iii

105
I have

1-ching:

used the lithograph

edition

chu shu fu chiao

san ching

pen shih

chi

1887 by the 1To

pub. in

of the Sung

wang

hsien kuan #

w g.
JA : Journal

Asiatique.

Kern,

Manual

Kern,

Histoire

KHMO:

of Indian

Buddhism,

du Bouddhisme

Kuang

Ilung

chi

ming

The Chinese

LTCKP:

kuan

ed.)Li tai san pao chi

LYCLC:

Lo-yang

Maspcro:

Sur la Date

ch'ieh-lan

Taisho

NS:

Nan shih #j j@ ;

PS:

Pei shih 4L jlj ;

du Fou

in Melanges
L6vi,

des Seminars

Paris

51.

fa tsang yin yuan

offerts

d'Indianisme

1911, pp. 129-149.

fur orient.

Sprachen.

v. Histories.
v. Histories.

The Mahavyutpatti,

Sakaki,

Sacred

Books

of the East.

Shan hsi t'ung

SHTC :

Sung

Taisho,

TCKM :

chih flJ Q

shu @ ; v.
Histories.
The latest Japanese
edition

Taisho

T'ung

chien

of

the

Chinese

ed.

Tripitaka,

The Yfi p'i

kang

ed.

TCTC : Tzu chih t'ung

chien

ed. of the Hu-pei

'
ffij .

Sung

Kuang-hsii

Issai-kyo

wood-block

49.

Taisho

chi

*i,

ft

ya shu

(Kuang

et l'Autlienticit6

M"SOS: Mittheilungen

SS:

50.

piao

par ses 616ves M. Sylvain

SBE:

Taisho

Classics.

LTSPC :

tchouan

52.

jfi, Taish6

f$ ,

Li tai chih

chii

as Kern.

dans l'Inde.

KSC : Kao seng chuan

Legge,

quoted

3i Q , Kuang-hsu
Ch'ung

w6n shu chii

imitation

'

106
Ts'd fu viian kuei

TFYK:

1642 ed. by Ting Jen-

and Wang
Fo hsiieh

Ting:

TP:

On Yian

iVS : Wei

I a trans.

ift
of Oda's Buddhist

by Ting

Dictionary.

Pao.

T'oung

Wacters,

Sheng-ming

ta tz'ii tien

Chuang.

shu

Histories.

@ ; v,

TRANSLA'1'ION.
to govern

arose

Sages

and

nurture

owing to the fact that before the knotting

r

were lacking,

sages did]. From

Yellow

we cannot

the time

Emperor]

thro

oracles

and the secret

the T'u-wei 3)

# I

world

and guiding

of the [Three]

texts,
the

succeed

people

the

in knowing

Three

Dynasties

method

were handed

and of the

but,

records

(what

and I?sicn

schemes
and

people,

of cords written

of (Fu-]hsi

down

the

jf

the

those
[the
divine

were gathered

into

for] regulating

the

down in the remains

JpQ , Ch'in

107
exhibiting

its

cinders1);

but the Han

became]

evil

[nature],

reduced

gathered
?
like
hills
and
mountains
again

has distinguished

of

the

six

schools );

the differences

LiiPh

on the
which

and Pan
X;

In the period Yuan-shou

iVu

of the Han,

and

[which

2). Ssu-ma Ch'ien 3)

of the doctrines

Mo, Ming, Fa, and Tao-t6

I1u 6) * [Q1

has composed
has written

an essay

of the Sakya form a subject

My account

of it is as follows:
I3.C.) of the [emperor]

7C

IIo Ch'ii-ping

to ashes

up the lost records,

Hsin 5)

but the teachings

has not yet been treated.

texts]

and likenesses
Ju,

Yin-yang,
Liu

the

[these

7)

was sent to punish the

108
1)

Hsiung-nu

he

Chii-yen 3)
When

the prince

ch'u

of Hun-yeh

and, taking
there

mission,
Since

the

were

emperor

ten

odd feet

was only burning

off heads

and

4) PL n

killed

his group

obtained
took

up in the Kan-ch'izan
all

cut

high.

and passing

at Kao-lan 2)

#%g . Arriving

them

large

captures.

the prince

of Hsiu-

of 50,000,

came to offer sub-

statues 6) in human

golden
for great

divinities,

they

The golden

palace 7)
No sacrifices

made

were

of incense and ceremonial

made

form.

were set

statues

to them;

were
there

bowing, and that is all 8).

109
This,

then,

marks
China].

the

beginning

of the circulation
,

of Buddhism

110
When

the western

countries

had been opened up, Chang Ch'ien 1)

was sent on an embassy to the Ta Hsia 2)

""
on his return that there bordered [on Ta Hsia]
Sh6n-tu

=It,

W'e first
the

first

heard

year
Ai

emperor

another
that

of the

was a Buddhist
Yuan-shou

was taught

When
understood

7).

heard

of this,

doctrine

when,

in

of the

Ch'in Ching-hsien
orally Buddhist

of the Ta Yiieh-chih

China

[called]

[2 B.C.]

[of the Han], the

of the prince

a country

is T'ien-chu 3)

there

period

.LEE;
envoy

name

he reported

sutras by the
Ts'tin 1)

it was not yet believed

or

111
the emperor

Later,

that

one night
bore

a halo,
it]

[about

it was

Ts'ai

Yin 2)
and

Buddha
monks

came

the

of a man,

The

emperor

and
others

event.

Buddhist

the back of whose neck

palace.

Fu T 1)

to India

[Ts'ai]
ni

When

then

sent the
Ch'in
the

down

Yin then
and

he inquired

was the first to reply

the

to write

5he-tno-t'eng

regulation

the

into

ministers,
Buddha.

A.D.] dreamed

Ming

statue

flying

had bequeathed.

to Lo-yang

this

a golden

of his

that

Hsiao

laws which

the

east with

the

returned

Chu

Ching 3)

Fa-lan

5) Jrk * i)

6) 1% . The beginning of China's possessiun of the

for monks and for genuflection
and bowing dates from
Furthermore,
sutras 7) and

[Ts'ai]
a statue

Yin

got

forty-two

of a standing

chapters

Sahya[muni].

of
The

112
emperor

to be put on the Ch'ing-liang

tomb.
3)

porting

the sutras

Horse

west. of the

of the city Lo[-yang].

in this monastery

the Chinese

horse,

4)

Monastery

Completely

word

country's

pronunciations.

trans-

the White

gate 5)
Fa-lan

p9

both died

6).

[Buddha] correct
if. M
the sound of Fou-t'u
t'o approximates
western

of the

arrived

built

Yung

and [Chu]

[She-]mo-t'eng

Fou-t'u's

up in a stone vault

Yin on his return

Since [Ts'ai]
on a white

of the Buddha

terrace And the Hsien-chieh

1) m

sutr as were sealed

The

Lan-t'ai

to paint likenesses

artists

Ming commanded

It

may

Awakened

which

is Fo-t'o

1mL. Fo-

They both represent

received

be translated
Jt.

name

into

By destroying

upon
Chinese

its arrival

two

by the words

impurities

and attain-

one becomes a Saint and enlightens the world 8).

As for the content of their sutras - they treat on the whole

ing bodhi 7)

of the various
There

sorts of existence.

are the three

successive

Everything
periods

is the result

of past, present,

of Act.

and future.

113
is never destroyed.

The soul
have

their

refining

reward.

By gradually

the coarse and vulgar,

and purifying

Buddhahood

mental

activities

is far from
the

becomes

perfected.

It

complete

enlightenment

obedience,

when

Therefore,
in the Buddha,

general

consists

one reaches
the

and,
entirely

of the

and

forms,

non-birth

and

of steps and
with

begins
upon small

relying

the

things,
of

accomplishment

of fellow-feeling

and

of desires and lusts, and by the practise

they

first apply

There
stealing,

their

minds, they take refuge

and the Samgha

like the Three

are in addition
imnorality,

Wisdom,

and Fidelity

different.

IIe

the

# fl of

five prohibitions:

Abstention
2). The

lying, and wine-drinking

Justice,

Propriety,

only the names

who keeps
places

known

Reverences

idea is the same as [our] Fellow-feeling,

in the better

series

Everything

by the accumulation

the Dharma,

refuges

Man.

from killing,

works

and calm J.

of retirement

Superior

simple.

profound,

by the purification

as the three

the mind,
Meanwhile,

to attain

shallow

better

accumulating

after passing thro innumerable

and exercising

attains

All good and evil will assuredly

them

[the commandments]

of gods and men;

are

will be born

but he who neglects

them

114
will fall to the sufferings
of birth

places

Those

a teacher,

and following

shave

Way

off their

homes.

Attaching

and regulations,

rules

mendicancy

as

also are neighboring

to support

themselves.

sounds.

The

Group

pi-ch'iu

believe

collective

term

tenets

sang-mn,

sramana,

Way,

the

when

A woman
[bhiksuni].

@j

3), he becomes a Ta
this Way

The commandments
5). All take

is called
[that

the

is sf?n,r;

man is called

the ten precepts

but finally, perfected

who enters

of five hundred

for them

[These]

Tranquilminded

first practising

he is called slzcc-mi
250 [the pratimoksa]

purity,
men are

?'Vhen laymen

the woman,

[upasaka],
As for the

of this

to

may be translated

Mendicant

[bhiksu],

in the

These

[grarnana].

All of these are foreign

itN;

themselves

they dwell together

or

Harmony-lotted

beards and hair,

their minds under control, and pursuing

Keeping

practise

known

this

The good and evil

six 1).

bonds and quit their

in harmony.
they

are, all told,

who embrace

loosen their

of pretas and animals.

in the

[Great Monk] 4).

a

she keeps]

ae
attain

five salrz as a basis

the number
and

apply

115
themselves
attend

mind,

the body,

covetousness,
immorality,
as lying is known
The
but

and regulate

and

anger,
or theft;

the mouth,

the

the mind eschews

the body commits

is free from unupright

no murder,
speech such

known as the Ten Good Paths 2). He who masters them

as one whose

doings

one will

gradually

classes.

Their

spoken

of as the

buddha-vehicle,

is pure.

of ordinary

who are at the beginning

transport

stupidity;

the mouth

if able to comprehend

evil,

the number 1). To protect

to increasing

afterwards

individuals
[the doctrine

Vehicles:

one to the attainment

of] reward

for good and

Those

to Sainthood

are of three

are vastly different

and they are

of the mount

and the Large

to the extreme,

in the steps of the Saint.

mount

bases and activities

Three

are coarse

the Sravaka-vehicle,

Vehicle 4). (From

of enlightenment

their
they

Pratyekacapacity

to

get their

116
name

(of vehicle].)
and

of evil,

These

three

apply

their

solely

and helping

creatures

the

of

individual

the

the Twelve

receives

Altho
that

mount

they

world

basis

is the

Middle

the individual

many

1) ;
and

Vehicle,

basis

3) [paramitas].

the important

vehicles,

many,

Truths

of the supreme

the Six Perfections

[different]

following

all classes

the Four

of the

thing is

and aiding

practises,

of men far and wide they can mount to the

of the Buddhas.

The

name

original

Capable

of him who is known

41-V?0 _ [,,,-t k y a. 1 4)The

Shih-chia

of Practising

[his] Virtue

is

complete

six Buddhas

5). Sakya,

enlightened

and appeared

and

and

to

during

Before
the

Sakya

to Sakya

will come down into

was the son of the prince

India.

3LO

(India

is the particular

name.)

month

was born

Sakya

six

the present

texts say that the future will have 1Iaitreya

immediately

at night

by

when

perfected,
there

Buddhas,

Bhadrakalpa

Buddha,

was

word
that

say

Sakya

were

became
6). The

who succeeding

the world.

of the kingdom

is the general

Formerly,

the

enlightenment

[his]

all creatures.

succeeding

as the Buddha

translate

writers

Fellow-feeling

of helping

[he] is capable

'

middle

three

impediments,

The individual

and practises

and practises

by increasingly

and saving

their merit.

Vehicle,

Causes);

is the Large Vehicle,

to banishing

minds

to increase

first basis is the Small

have lost all trace

[classes of] men

name,

on the eighth

of Kapilavastu
and Kapilavastu

day of the fourth

from his rnother's

right

side.

117
Since the marvelous

signs [that he bore] at birth were of thirty-two

kinds 1), the portents

sent down by the gods to receive

2). The sutra

also thirty-two

time of the Buddha's

on his origin

birth coincides

of king

Chuang

? of

the Chou

of duke

Chuang

? of

Lu

in summer,

the fourth

fixed

did not appear

stars

Down

In

his

of

thirtieth
years

forty-nine

month.

year

directed

ii
Birth]

M-

* fj(

eighth

year

it makes
Sakya

between

and Crossing

is translated
beyond

period,

[650 A.D.]

of the period

1237 years 4).

the

became

creatures.
a pair

Buddha,
Then,

of Sala

Annihilation

[the Stream

"the

was bright"

day of the second month 5) he entered

Nirvana

[687]

year

[It was on the occasion when]

and converted

Kuinagara

on the fifteenth

and the seventh

but the night

to the

all 3). The

with the ninth year [? 688 B.C.]

of the Ch'un-ch'iu

of the Wei

Wu-ting j ? ?

gives them

him were

for

and

in the city
trees
parinirvana

[of the Causes

of Existence].

of

Others say

118
Eternal

We

Joy.

are

and from sufferings

death,
The

and real;

and

real

stimulus

it

to place

and

death

come

the

upon

depends

is without

form

form

true

mysterious

real

forms

many

Altho

reality.

that

birth

is not

it is not always
a real

As for the

to join with the

existence.

and its duration

at any

of a stimulus,

but its
the

shape pcrishes,

because
visible.
and

birth,

is a

it occupies

W4 [that

is merely

there

pure.

season,

the temporary

It

change.

either

of worldly

as the result

arises

unable

When

it is said to deign

the

form;

his

times

lack

It is clear

the
that

is not

death

death.
When

grains

which

times,

foreign

the Buddha
wood.

fragrant

At

is ever

form

As for the

supreme

and

bonds,

its

stimulus

a Buddha's

and

form of existence

does not

first,

and associate.

[for it] in their

Its shape

specific time].

tTo meanings:

has

to shape.

body,

to share

and

or restricted
[but]

and

free from change

to be the utterly

hindrances

responds,

Paths

Birth

from

and associate

temporary
Six

it is said

body,

to be limited

Buddhas

the temporary

second,

free

mysteriously

iii

and bonds 1).

2) of the

the true
true

enlightened

IIis
could

they

language

had

left the world,

divine

bones

not be crushed
a gleam

they are called

his corpse

broke

up into

by blows

indicative

was burned
bits

the size of

or scorched

of their

divinity.

[sanraj.

with

by fire.
In the

The disciples

119
received
They

them
them

paid

erected

so that

word

people

his royal

power

divinities

to build

were

called

[signifying

something]

after

divided

had a
Sakya

same

Travellers

to and from Madhyadesa

and

written

9) down

in India.

Sakya

shrine,

1) ? ? by

among

The

day.

the spirits

and

Lo-yang 4)

and show remains

of it.

he left shadow foot-prints,

'1'o this day they are still there.

all speak of having seen them 8).

said in teaching

immediately

modern

and Lin-wei

6)

Ku-tsang

the parinirvana,

and his teeth

what

too

king

Asoka Monastery,

his nails,

Formerly,

T'a

84,000 stupas as gifts to the world 3).

5) ,

entered

and

like an ancestral

the Buddha-relics

King

and flowers,

(stupa] 1).

this a certain

on the

completed

incense

urn.

in a precious

t'a-shrines.

[for them]

P'ong-ch'Eng
all
Altho

with

a building

years

them

placed

and respect

call [them]

A hundred

All

honor

[for them)

is a foreign

and

respectfully

after

his Law was collected

the

nirvana

by certain

120
sravakas
etc.,

and disciples:

[the

knowing

into

[the teachings]
Then

our

Schools

divisions
of

[we may

Vehicles

as their

posed in succession

sum

end

that]

in the

years

the Arhats

up

compiled

between

their

general
Three

and Bodhisattvas

com-

they

take

of the meaning

the
the Dharma-

+
and thc

are [examples].

question,

the

the large and small lllcchcc?an?rbh?z-

j#
the

in the divisions

was over-

the

sastras in praise and explanation

of the sutras to combat heresies:

ttt

and examine

like the differences

To

2)

doctrine]

basis.

hundred

several

of texts

they

it,

personally

so that nothing

writings,

Philosophy

say

on [the

able to arrange

the

together

having

to hand

to the very bottom;

tendencies

After

men. Ananda,

was

putting

twelve

Xnanda

fl

injunctions

it all 3)

Tripitaka's
Nine

hundred

Buddha's]

and

looked.

'

five

laltogether]

received

Mahakasyapa

of the Tripitaka.

and answer

JVt If

They are all based upon the teachings

They

it by reference

pose a fictitious

to their

contained
opponent's

own teachings.

121
of the emperor

In the time
[Later]
,

Han [76-88

pieces of yellow
ransom

he keeps

fasts

but

should

why

doubts?

serves

We

the whole

in esteem

months,

that

upasakas

to the state ministers 2) ...

in

decree

imperial

the Buddhist

and makes

be suspicious?

be returned

to] the

The

holds

for three

It is fitting

the ransom

of the fasts and commandments

silk. Going

wrongs".

of Ch'u

Ying

the

to present thirty

and white

my

] of

Prince Ying 1) of Ch'u

IIe sent a

of Buddhism.

"Prince

[read Ming

A.D.; but read

was given to the practise

f g $

"to

Chang At

Why

should

[our former

to help with

the feasts

read:

monasteries;

vows with

we regret

and sramanas.

reply

his gods;

We

entertain

complaints].

Let

[which

he

Let this be proclaimed

to

country."

In the time

of the emperor

Ch'iai 3) M ftf
remonstrating

spoke
[with

and despise killing;

Huan

of the doctrines

the emperor].

fa

[147-167

of Buddhism

IIe wanted

[him]

to lessen his desires, abandon

A.D.] Ilsiang
and Taoism

in

to respect life

excess, and esteem

Non-interference.
Formerly,

Emperor

wanted to destroy

Ming

of the Wei

the stupa $$ fi

west of his palace

(227-2:39]
The foreign

122
sramanas,
took

hall,

after

then,

the Buddha

into the water,

emperor

the

he planted
a ccrtain

Afterwards
came

to Lo[-yang]

the beginning
After
[the

city]

and

common

rules

following

an

three,

made

in text 1)] ...

[break
a hundred

rooms.

On

pool

adorned

the

2)

of the pratimoksa

lilt
-

pratimoksa.

increasingly

old Indian

five, seven,

a translation

Monastery

governing

the

how could it have

Q@.
monk Dharmakala

Horse

became

Thereupon,

it

mallows

of the Chinese

was

with

and threw

he dug the Meng-fan

stupa

Hindu

and

the White

paintings,

building

of the

location

wherc

1B i&

colors arose.

moved [? the stupa?] ...

a circular

them

former

of many

"If this is not a divine miracle

He then

for

erected

dish of water in front of the

was in the stupa]

relic [that

and a gleam

sighed:

happened?"

a golden

placing

model
[the

model,

had been built

with
for

of]

are built

or nine stories 3). People

stupas
As

evcrywhere.

construction
they

marvelous

at Lo-yang,
and

for the

stupas

with

traditionally

from one to
call them

123
fou-t'u

or fo-t'u

if. Ii

Under
they

in Lo-yang

the stupas

[265-317]

the

changed
During

all the

Han

to various

the period

dynasty

a foreign

Buddhist

sutras :

Under

the Chin

occupied

forty-two

sites 2).

Ii.

monks

wore red clothing;

(291-299?

Chih Kung-ming

the Vimalakirti

there

shan

Saddharmapundarika

read ten thousand

out the hidden

words

are subtle and the

of Ch'ang-

was the monk Wei Tao-an 5)

who was by nature

of the Chin
translated

4)

the

three P6n-ch'i The

and
ideas profound to the extreme.
Later

afterwards

colors 3).

Yian-k'ang

monk,

dynasty

quick

and intelligent.

Daily

he

odd words from the sutras

and carefully

sought

the lack

of a teacher,

he sat

meaning.

Regretting

124
alone for twelve
to the

in a quiet habitation

years

essentials

and attaining

dictions and differences,

Fou-t'u-tng
Fou-t'u-teng 3)
he met an arhat
BI

As a youth

and entered

and trusted

in U
??iyana
Uddiyana

received

to

him and marvelled

After

[Fou-t'u-]teng's

accordingly,

leading

Wishing

consulted

him

came true.

on

Tao-an

[Fou-t'u-]t6ng

at him.

death,

China was in confusion 8). Tao-an,

his disciples,
the

4) vo
,$ %x fl 14

by Shih Lo and given the appellation

to visit

Yeh 7)

monk

fl fifl . Afterwards,

He frequently
ft.
1'?Taho???clh?aya ? ?
military matters and what he said generally
came

and errors.

In the time of Liu Yao 5)

of

once

many contra-

was the Hindu

he arrived in Hsiang-kuo )

[31 8-328]

he was honored

the Way.

there

of the

understanding

their disagreements

Lo 2) 1i 1J

gui m

deep thought

edited texts contained

he corrected

of Shih

In the time

?J

a divine-like

since the previously

subtleties,

1). Giving

[doctrine

wandered

south

of the] Mystic

to Hsin-yeh

9)

__

to

125
be part

of what

was current,

each in his own direction:

split up and sent his disciples

he

went to Yang-chou

Fa-t'ai 1)

entered Shu 4) # . Tao-an and Hui-yizan 5)

to Hsiang-yang 6) % $ .
Tao-an later went to Fu

Fa-ho S)
went

r country 1.
1 character

and

Chicn

Since

he

learning,

had

received

always
and

respected

honored

him

as a teacher ?).
At that

time

the

name of Kumarajiva

him

Kumarajiva

often

even

him as The Saint

had

a foreign

monk

by the

who was desirous of spreading

Tao-an

and

lands

9)

the Law 1)
with

western

urged

received

was

desirous

[Fu] Chien
a message

of the Eastern

of holding

to send for Kumarajiva.

from [Tao-]an

Quarter.

discussions

At times

and spoke of
he paid him

126
his respects
after

by bowing

Tao-an's

death

He regretted
The

ideas

edited
'

Before
customs

the Wei

were

themselves.
countries,
of Buddha,
they

throut

known

widely

As
they

3) Jtt 1m .

had established

their

simple,

were

they

and

could have no relations

realm in the north,

cut

had

not

had not yet put their

trust

in them.

In the time

of Sh?n-yiian

were opened with Wei

was in Lo-yang,
IIsiang-kuo
Buddhism
While

yet

[ruled

they

of Nan-hsia 9)
1) *

studied

to protect
the

western

or, if they

220-277]

had,

relations

emperor Wen 6) 3t

Cliao-ch'6nthoroly

their

Of the teachings

heard,

and Chin 5) The

and the [emperor]

8), where

T'ai-tsu

4)

off from

with them.

they

therefore,

did nothing

they

completely

free

of the Law was made

Chung-yuan

and

pure

and entirely

harmony

the content

Thereupon,

and the translations

by Tao-an

are in complete

by Kumiirajiva

from disagreements.

corrected

years 1)

m *.
it a deep affliction.

and considered

[Tao-]an,

texts

Some twenty

at Ch'ang-an 2)

arrived

Kumiirajiva

not finding
in the

from afar.

Ito him]

7) qn "17

matters

relating

went to
to the

Qj j$/ .
1fdl

was pacifying

Chung-

127
Chao ? and
he
shan 1) ttt L1J and arranging
since
Yen 2)
was shown the greatest respect by the monks 3) of the Buddhist
monasteries

in the

he forbade

his troops

Taoism
ment
move

districts

and kingdoms

to pillage.

and

all

while

matters

Previously,
hermit

certain

with his followers

rough

for

the establish-

draft,

on the

he did not

invite in groups of monks.

or
them

sought
monk,

he passed,

were frequently

were still in their

he constantly

before

but,

the war-chariots

yet build stupas and monasteries

Nevertheless,

sutras ;

which

had a fondness

The emperor

and often read Buddhist

of the empire,

thro

everywhere.

S6ng_lang 4)

in the K'un-jui

lived

as a

valley of Mount

T'ai 6) fl@. The emperor named a messenger to take a letter [to

him] and to present him with silk, felt, a begging bowl, and a staff.
[The place] is today still known as the Valley of Lang-kung
The

decree

and succor

in the first year

read:

T'ien-hsing
has been

issued

going

"The

prosperous

on for a long time.

mysteriously

reach

(398-?399?
advance

Its meritorious

of the period
of Buddhism
deeds of help

the living and the dead.

The divine

128
examples

and the rules which have been bequeathed

be relied

upon.

Therefore,

shall erect shrines 1) %

adepts

[of Buddhism]

In this

it is decreed that in the capital the officers

prepare

dwellings

may have a place

to stay."

and

were built

there

cells for the aramanas When

for Taoism

liking
and

the sramanas

in

impressive

[409-42:3]

Mo-

and

furnishings.

mounted

the throne,

Buddhism.

In the capital

and images

and ordered

the people.
period

of Chao 5)

#fl

Iluang-shih
possessed

[396-398]

the

a monk

[by the name

of]

practise

of the commandments

to the extreme,

and who spread

books on the doctrine

T'ai-tsu

of his

flh

heard

he

IIe too had a

also reverenced

the

whose

and

chambers,

of T'ai-tsu

to teach

Formerly,

Fa-kuo

and Mount Sumeru

rooms1 meditation

not without

he set up stupas

everywhere

prefecture

preaching

T'ai-tsung
the policy

followed

of The Five-

adorned with paintings.

nasteries 4)
Apart

that the

same year 2) there was begun the erection

stupa 1), and the Mount Grdhrakuta

storied

can, We believe,

fame,

he

commanded

that

was exact
.

When

he should

be

129
invited

respectfully

to the capital.

Monks 1)

to the emperor

was pleased,

hsing

rewarded.

and reverenced.

Sometime

but he firmly

??

emperor

often

doorway

was too small

he

sedan-chair,
the period

a personal

paid

conferred

visit

and narrow
it.

enlarged

declined

visited

his funeral

upon him posthumously

and

liking

that

the

[to the
spread

often
our

to say:

doctrine,

monks
emperor]

our doctrine

he would
is the

the emperor,

but have

Fa-kuo

forty

was

when

of] a

odd years,

he died. Before

in

he was

three times, and

celebration

being

prince

the

IS

intelligent

Then

"Since

of men,

I have

paid my respects

Formerly,
and

wise

It is fitting

whenever

people:

he first became

Tathagata.

present-day

tell

merely

and, since the

age of eighty

him full honor".

pay

The

the titles Lczo shoit chiang-chn 5)

"T'ai-tsu,

is a

all.

[the passage

()fwo laac-liyac/kung 6) ? ?
used

them

to his home,

[416-423],

and

Yung-

($Q , and

to permit

At the

T'ai-ch'ang

the emperor

he was still

the period

during

fioii 1)
)

Fa-kuo

[the emperor

Under 'r'ai-tsung

buried,

which

Whenever

he was offered the titles of

?406-413?

with

things

many

he was richly

honored

he made him Chief of the

to have general charge of the monks.

he related

more

Later

he bowed
he who can

not bowed

to

to the Buddha"

7).

a monk.

IIe had a son

130
named

Meng 1) It.

inherit

the rank

monk

named

the

emperor,

respecting

even conferred

was given that [he] should

emperor

went

on [Fa- ]kuo.

to Kuang-tsung

3) 4% ria, about a hundred years of age,

`
on the road, and presented some fruit. The

T'an-cheng

an interview

sought

order

had been conferred

which

when

Later,

An imperial

his old age and unfailing

upon him the title

At this time Iiumarajiva

will-power

and strength,

of Lao shou

4).

5) was held in honor by Yao Hsing 1)

at Ch'ang-an
7) 1/i. : i#
there were gathered together 8) eight hundred students % fb to
retranslate
the sutras. Kumarajiva
was intelligent
and eloquent,
In the Ts'ao-t'ang

was

deep

languages.
Tao-heng 11)

thinker,

and

monastery

knew

both

At that time the monks rrao-t'ung

Tao-piao 12)

the

eastern
fJ3,

and

western

Seng-lueh
S6ng-chao

131
and T'an-ying 1)

another

one

to

elucidate

be clear

might

as models

sutras

and

translations,

were

The monk

were

all

While

on the

men of vast learning,

but

Kumarajiva

the

his brush

constantly

composed

to fix the text.

lrimcclak;irtisut,?a 3), and several

of profound

??a-hsien 4) 1! 11

content,

and students

take

When

he studied

southern

After
sea

language

ten years
he

of their

east

with

sea arriving

passing

which

01

thro thirty

had sutras

books and wrote

from Ceylon

sailed

5) days of storm-tossed

to India,

to a place

he came
the

the incompleteness

regretting

from Ch'ang-an

travelled

the translation.

hundred

are taken

model.

odd countries.

the

all

composed

as their

the vinaya,

held

was made

they

by all the sramanas.

others

Seng-chao

A commentary

vinaya,

the

sastras,

the text

to this day they

Down

helped

For ten odd

and

so that

was by far the best.

S6ng-chao

sastra

studies

Kuniarajiya,

obscure.

very

profound

and intelligible.

in their

Tao-t'ung

in

was

and fixed the composition

altered

them

what

of long,

works 2) consisting

with

along

8m ::. Ii
merchants.

at the southern

and
down
is

which
After

two

extremity

132
mountains

of the Pu-ch'i-lao 1)
the

of the prefecturc

of Ch'ing

province

he dis-

This was the second year of the period Shen-jui

embarked.

[415] 2). Fa-hsien

he passed,

wrote

an account

and it is current

of the vinaya

today.

he obtained,

which

to finish its correction,

when

of all the countries

thro which

As for the complete

translation

since he had not yet been able

he arrived

in Chiang-nan

he discussed and finished it with the Hindu Dhyana-master

bhadra 4)

by the modern

Before

more complete

monk

7) m

with

the

translation

years
sramana

after

It is

than its predecessors.

finishing

Fa-yeh

by the name

of k'a-ling

fN to the western countries and obtained

a copy of the Avatamsakasutra

Several

[Buddha-]

sramanas.

this a certain

went from Yang-chou

WI ,

It is called the [Mahajsamghavinaya

R.
and is much

learned

in

of lllh'ang-kuang

8)

[of it] and proclaimed

[Hua yen ching]

the vinaya,
and

M .

Buddhabhadra,
several

[it] in their

time

along

others made

133
Shih-tsu

When

of eminent
of

fourth

the

month

Before

this Chii-ch'ii

viewed

monks

On the eighth

the

statues

of the

From the balcony

and

[the procession]

of Liang 3)

also

was familiar

the sutras

with

along

translated

ten

He was clever

with

came true.

had a liking

named

the

of the

Meng-hsun

In the period
Meng-hsun

Chih-sung

[including]

in fortune-telling,
fortunes

the

of other
him

who

and who, at Ku-tsang

and

6)

5)

others

[M?hx]parinirv3<iastitra.
and

magic

states,

much

on affairs

[428-431]

to send [T'an-mo]-ch'an

There

4)

in preventive

often consulted

Shen-chia

for Buddhism.

T'an-mo-ch'an

and sastras,

monk

odd sutras

in detail

in the pro-

M6ng-hsiin 2)

monk

manded

all

along the broad thoroughfare.

was a Kashmirian

spoke

him.

he

flowers to pay his respects

scattered

M-

with

paraded

in person

the throne

and often invited

the sastras
they

the emperor

of the gateway

mounted

first

[386-409]

to discuss

ability

in chariots

Buddha

vince

of T'ai-tsu

the policy

followed

day

?424-451

of which

of state.

the emperor
to the capital;

com-

but out

134
of avarice

he did not send him.

he

remonstrances,

he said to his pupils:

We can eat early

coming.

meal was over the messenger

him

that

he knew

and

sastras

of the sastras,

meanings

arrived.

was strict

respectful.

Knowing

of Liang,

with

way there

He discussed
an Account

and published

he wanted

was famine.

When

the grain supply

remained

to force himself

considered
In

bones

the

that

from

its

countries,
had

many

were

disciples

a reward

of Liang

in Buddhism.

the

with

the

obtained

their

old models,

and

swore himself

a pyre
and

only

his

in study

monasteries.

and
and

When

the

then

and preaching.
of Chang

laity

his

tongue

The people

descendants

religious

west

to burn

The land of Tun-huang

contacts

stupas

meat and begged

unchanged.

for his ability

On the

in the mountains

made

to ashes,

reduced

its color and form

had faith

and

had been exhausted

to eat. But [Chih-]sung

The

province

to go to the west.

and died of hunger

1) 1m

whole,

of the commandwere refined

out bird and animal

sought

to the commandments,

The

the subtle

that there was going to be war in the province

for days, the pupils

body.

and his followers

pupils

of Chiu-chuan

said of

of the Meaning

His practise

several

[Chih-]sung

the

and applied himself seriously

in Liang

and ordered,

When

<

of [the word] Nirvana

ments

him."

His contemporaries

too was intelligent

sutras

and

there is a

"Today

so as to await

his destiny.

Chih-sung
to the

authority

sent a man to murder (T'an-Ino-]ch'an.

On the day of his death

visitor

Later, fearing Wei's

3)

of the

villages,

in the period

Kuei 2)

western
all alike,
T'ai-yen

135
the
moved

population

to the

the

capital l),

increased

far and wide.

sramanas,

imperial

monks

and the Buddhist

order

was

given

Teaching

to the large

owing

Presently,

and its

to unfrock

those

number
under

of
fifty

of age 3).
when Shih-tsu

Formerly,

had defeated

he got the monk Hui-shih

Chang and

whose

shih],

that

hearing

Ch'ang-an
of

was conquered

all came east, and the Counterfeit

paraphernalia

years

of Liang

province

sutras,

he

sat

7)
to the
in quiet.

Kumarajiva

explanation,

him.

in

but

The intelligent

had

Directing

issued

of San-fu 8)

[Hui-

went

to

to the learning

his attention

he returned

iPJ;

a new sutra,

of the

the day he entered

at night

was

whose surname

5) 11

north

contemplation

During

Ch'ang 4)

was from

family

to interview

Ho-lien

White

Canal

the city to listen

to his abode

honored

to sit

him highly.

136
After
he

Liu

left

his

son

T-ch6n and

his

defeated

assistants

him

the

up in

caught

the

and Ho-lien
monlis

and

executions.

Ch'ii-kai
laity,

it to [Ho-lien]

and reported
Hui-shih
carried,

before

and

struck

his

conquered,

wrong.

Hui-shih

and guidance,
valued

Then

When

went to the capital.

him greatly

from the time he practised

he went bare-footed,

a bare

at the marvel

in anger summoned
the dagger

which

he
and

had

been

6)

He gave much instruction

could not fathom

his manner.

and often did him homage.

[Hui-]shih,

to his death,

contemplation

to have

lain down

and, tho he walked

soiled his feet, [but rather]

with

all

he became frightened

T'ung-wan

but his contemporaries

odd years never

with

were

old,

struck

Ch'u-kai

him

him.

and

All wondered

Ch'u-kai.

but it did not harm

acknowledged

Shih-tsu

him

was

and

pursued

4)

young

Hui-shih

but his body was not harmed.

blade,

fifty

to garrison
Ch'ang-an.
It 1
all paid him respect and honor. When

I-chen 3)

[Liu]

left Ch'ang-an,

I-chn

had put an end to Yao Hung 2)

Yii 1)

their

is said for

once to sleep. At

times

thro mud and dirt, it never

color became cleaner

and whiter,

137
him The White-footed

so that

people

called

In the

period

T'ai-yen

Pa-chiao

monastery
attained

all

sides,

he

ten

odd

days.

remained

marvelled

should

was kept for

and

change

that

buried

was all right,

When

[in which]

first

his

painted

When

and

there

grave

was opened,

the burial

Shih-tsu

his good

was set up a stone

Altho

for Buddhism
[424-451]

it has

had been

were not unaffected.

composed

his

character.

Over Hui-

fl

[on which]

shrine
passed

thro

a period

of

preserved.

came to the throne

he was young 4),

himself

constantly

considered

the

crushing

be done].

In

spite

[to

but

it is still standing

he

devoted

city

his appearance

it

afterwards

thing

year

had not set in at all, so that the

he extoled

picture.

in the

[Hui- ]shih

I?ao Yiin 3)

destruction

but

be left

suburb,

the grave

odd men who attended

The

was

the south

and decomposition

six thousand

shih's

Then

in the sixth

When,

not

[bodies] 1 could
outside

be interred

biography

its color

[4451, it was

for ten years.

dead

him on

surrounding

of the period
ordered

in the

position

at it as a divinity.

the monastery.

him within

his end, he

The corpse

did not

position

everybody

perfect,

buried

they

its

monks

and died.

repose

Since

The

lf .

jlj

gm 1).

approaching

by a fast and took up a correct

himself

purified

when

?435-440?

Teacher

ardently

to military

of the

of the

fact

rebellions
that

exploits,
as the

he revered

138
Buddhism

and

retentively

the teachings

to learn
the

about

of

that

possessed

of the sutras,

K'ou

not

yet

study

nor did he trouble

himself

in contact
the

1) > Q Z,
and

of Immortality

did

On coming

Ch'ien-chih

Quietude

evidences

he

sramanas,

cause and consequence.

teachings

believing

the

respected

emperor,

Non-interference

All

then faithfully

ffi 1t,

with

practised

his prescriptions.
At this time [there lived] the ssil-t'u Ts'ui Hao 2)
[a man

of]] vast
him

sought

of [K'ou]

and

learning

out on important

Ch'ien-chih

and

wisdom.

great
affairs.

the

upon

that

saying

world.
rather

emperor
About

trusted

[therefore]
When

Interior

the imperial

the

emperor

gave the attendants

buildings
spears,
the

emperor

was

was an expense

and plague

and vast learning

the

at Hsing-ch'eng

Ch'ang-an.

wheat

planted

in to examine

said :

monastery,

the sramanas
their side

of bows, arrows,

out and reporting

"These

the

on the wheat.

entered

there were large quantities

and

the

the horses

An attendant

On his coming

Previously

within

4)

The emperor

the horses

pastured

wine to drink.

angry

revolted

and reached

grooms

went

and saw that

and shields.

[the Buddhists],

of the Pass was in turmoil.

had

Ch'ang-an

the teachings

him.

west to attack,

at

often

in Buddhism.

slandered

of his eloquence

this time Kai Wu 3) i$#

went

monks

talk

empty

Because

and the
then

[their]

The emperor

disbeliever

In his talks with the emperor he frequently

always

iff

Hao followed

was an utter

'

the matter,

are not utensils

for

139
sramanas.

They

IIe then

my people."

must

simply

have

directed

supplies

of liquors

wealthy

people of the provinces

in innumerable
dwellings

and wines

items.

the

the stores there were obtained large

and things

which

the governors

there

subterranean

were kept

with the women

debauchery

practised

and

had stored there

and the prefectures

Furthermore,

the monks]

[where

to harm

the officials to try and condemn

On examining

whole monastery.

with Kai Wu

plotted

of the finer homes.

Since

and destroyed.

and that

Order

"As for those

brastings

empty
madness

was given

of the

send

hide them.

There

to have things

carried

out every-

in plants

and

so that

[the people]
character

on down let whoever

officials.

will be killed

put to death

with

their

and those
whole

in perfect

keeps

to

day of the second

the sramanas

who give them shelter

2).

sramanas

It is not permitted

the fifteenth

families"

there

to the empire,

After this date if they have not been produced,

themselves

by their

produce

and animals,

an unblemished

is set as a limit

in the

put their reliance

barbarians

all to the

The decree

as at Ch'ang-an.

and transforming

and dukes
them

be burned

since they

western

and of transmitting
the princes

should

on down,

sramanas,

of governing

in private

month.

should

images

the Buddhist

omens of misfortune

is no way

from

of the

irreligiousness

Ilao was at that time with him, and, accordingly,

from the capital 1)

where,

accord

the

with

his advice, it was decreed that the monks at Ch'ang-an

be put to death,

read:

was angry

emperor

and [Ts'ui]

monks,
gave

the

will be

140
At this time Kung-tsung
and customarily
exposing

excesses

that

moreover,

no wrong.

"If we today

the people

two or three

times,

he

as follows:

guiled

worshipped

by

but they

falsehood

the demon

into confusion

the norm

Provinces

had

not have

their

rebellious

princes

been
roots

of a degenerate
and

Therefore,

government

forms

and good conduct

the

demon

regulations

blazed

up

had

a dream,

so that

he threw

Since from antiquity

the Nine

nature,

[true]

and big talk

ignorant

age have been utterly

instruction

increasingly,

as non-existent.

and a decree was

to have

it, and exageration

in man's

petitions]

IIan, a stupid ruler,

of the barbarians,

of heaven.

without

the latter

pretending

jt

and

had done

Thus [did he present

under

and

death,

and the buildings

were not approved,

"Formerly,

Regent

and close the monastery

[this doctrine]

will perish naturally."

with

and images

ban this teaching

will not follow

Prince

several petitions

the sramanas

the stupas

and paintings

issued

He presented

of punishing

[showing],

doors

Buddhism.

respected

the

was Crown

1)

were

fell in utter
and

looked

rulers

upon

and

bewildered.

not operative,
ruin.

do

and

The Way
the

of

rulers'

141
"After
Heaven's
last

came

punishment

man.

Within

"We,

receiving

the humiliation

of [Fu-]hsi
foreign

the

succession

of the present

"From

"Altho
foreigners
divinity].

this

inferior

from

whoever

either

images

of a foreign

west,

all

they

that

reply

foreign

will be put to

3) fi (fl

having

barbarians,

superimposed

and
destitute

of the rulers'

modern

is no [such

there

is that formerly

Lu Po-ch'iang

great

to worship

god, when we question

some

effictiveness

in the hope

of them,

presumes

stripling,

entirely

let us all destroy

of clay or of bronze

The sum of the matter

with

the government

household.

speak

talk of the western

undergone

to the F6ngs 2).

day onward

the

all traces

an unreliable

Being

All was

We want to sweep

Q . Therefore,

his whole
they

have

and restore

IIan,

it

and in

and desert,

heaven,
fortune.

the true,

gods and exterminate

gods and make

with

from

wretched

and

of not proving

death

hills

was seen no trace of man.

there

the false and establish

the

all became

to the

of this.

because

aside

and the people perished

quickly,

the empire

of a thousand li

solitudes

have passed thru revolt and misfortune.

this, the dynasties

a Chinese uf the

some Liu Yuan-chen

of truth,
laws,

and

they

out

sought

or

the empty

upon it and augmented

doctrine

Ohuang[-tzu's

causing

of
the

the]

Void 4).

ruin

and

form the chief factor

in-

in the

disorders.
"Where

there

are extraordinary

individuals

there

will

ensue

142
extraordinary
drive

the falsehoods

away

the armies,

and the governors

are

without

to be beaten

of the

the exception

seventh

of Us, who can

under the successive

have existed

issue proclamation

to the generals,

that all stupas, paintings,

and burned

down

of the

year

period

and foreign
the sramanas,

utterly;

of age, are to be destroyed."

distinction

month

which

Let those in charge

dynasties?

sutras

But with

happenings.

This was the third

Chen-chiin

[T'ai-p'ing]

[446] 1).
Altho

words

Kung-tsung's
of the

promulgation

were
so that

decree

he

unheeded,

did

all learned

everywhere

in advance

and each one was able to lay his 'plans.

the

on the

monks

the capital

also escaped

the

and

sutras

sastras

for the most part

but the guildings

reached

were completely

not listen.

He

death

your

with

to death
seventy
After

hard

restoring

relaxed

with

Four

years

torture

1i

suite with

but IIao

Hao,

would

you will suffer

afterwards

Hao

was put

1ftJ. At that time he was

old.

reparation.

and put to death, the emperor

but, once a deed is done,

[the persecution];

make

Kung-tsung

was

and brought

low during

or eight

years more.

and

faithful

the

sramanas

and

the emperor's

Nevertheless,
could

carry on

devotees,

they

desirous

secretly

but, since he did not yet dare speak,

it,

As for the

con-

instructions

the emperor's

"In the near future

Hao had been condemned

persecuted
seven

to Hao :

household".

regretted
to

first entered

remonstrated

with all possible

years

rather

said

in being

succeeded

destroyed.

he earnestly

[`I's'ui] Hao,

at

Those

of gold and silver and

and stupas where the imperial

Ch'ien-chih

[K'ou]

of it

Everywhere

and escaped.

The images

whole.

cealed,

When

fled into hiding

whole

the

delay

Buddhism

it is
of
was

life which lasted

the decree was gradually

their

practices

continued

in secret.

to wear their

143
m private ;

study

garments

openly in the capital.

. Before this the monk
rule,

and,

the extermination

During

all their

put

part,

the lay life. When

to the lay life,
into

faith]
several

When

must

the

of fellow-feeling.
the

antiquity,

Codes

all classes,

the exhaltation

so much

the

more

the ends of the earth.

praise

teachings

Chiliocosm
These

his penetrating

value

his

in the

subtle

intellect.

the

Consequently

to

belong

the Annals

and the Sacrificial

themselves

to the offerings.

Sakyatathagata;

and his mercy

who study
insight,

they

illustrations

even tho they

case of the
3)

the

who can have compassion

of the intelligent,

record those who applied

deeds aid the Grand

death

benefit

the throne

and princes,

and render

As for those

wore his

him.

"As for emperors

powers

[the

exhortation

him for a moment.

mounted

their merits have been recorded.

approve

But

and

people

his

[T'an-yao]

did not leave

supernatural

to preserve

added

stopped.

[452-465]

back into

and urged to return

he wanted

and honored

was issued:

for the most

one another

personally

of it praised

to the

Kung-tsung.

by

the sramanas,

that

his will,

against

Kao-tsung

respect

practise

swore

and the utensils

decree

following

upon

then,

respected

into following

Kung-tsung

who heard

Those

and

out [by his friends,

T'an-]yao

in secret,

robes

known

of Buddhism

sought

death.

times,

1)

energies

not movc. about

could

was devoted

'P'an-yao

was

moreover,

but they

[the question

his

flows to

of] life and

and those who have read his

He

seconds

the prohibitions

144
and

of princes

regulations

natural

and

of Fellow-feeling

goodness

all error

and propagates

dynasties,

therefore,

"When

of the Way

The good example

and [the monhs]

and

the

and the teachings

and

lewd

licentious

the preaching

so that

Our predecessor,
of them

often grieved
state

affairs,
"We,

is permitted
may

that

duct

homes

one

to restore

missing

monastic

and

over the

intention

of exalting

this

to the provinces,

prefectures,

and

No

people

limit

live in groups

sincere

it

is set to the amount

who love and find pleasure

without

if their con-

and free from all doubt and

are known in a village,

life:

the

[Buddhism].

and ruling

come from a good family,

are normally

and if they

large province

put to death

of the Way and want to become sramanas,

of age, if they

for the

stupa.

of criminals,

The emperor Ching-mu

succession

As for those

be expended.

and actions

indecency,

is given

of trust.

betrayal

to the press of military

in each place where

to erect

in the doctrine
distinction

but owing

Our predecessor's

command

Today,

sub-prefectures

that

the

plan to follow

empire,
Way.

forbade everything.

did not have the leisure

receiving

the

permit

The ofhcers, however,

illustrious

in crowds].

and seas contain many monsters,

because of their wrong-doing,

at conditions,

in the

had their effect on one another,

can

who were guilty.

our

came from afar.

halls there came to be meetings

real] intention

[emperor's

skilled

like a forest [i.e., present

were usually

Within

those

became

the depths of mountains

"Now,

enlarged

and the Practitioners

distance,

and men like Hui-shih

Sincerity,

banishes

and served him.

[424-451],

of the Sramanas

of Perfect

practise

to the

Since the previous

honored

T'ai-wu

to the

spread

IIe

Knowledge.

has always

the emperor

his Virtue

frontier,

is helpful

has he been honored and esteemed,

most certainly

Shih-tsu,

and

enlightenment.

perfect

and also our own government

and

governors,

as a rule,

fifty

and forty from a small province.

they may quit their

individuals

from a

As for the prefectures

145
far

from

removed

the
are

charge,

particular

good and to spread

took

mediately
which

the doctrine

up the

The

statues

The metropolitan
of Kashmir,

the capital.

doctrine

restoration

he

associates,
the

of the

feet black

the

covered

for

whose

emperor's

[4541 the

officials

monastery

As

again.

he went

on to

disguising

and

very

him

for

of the

day

and

his

personally

performed

Shih-hsien

as before
This

to make

a statue

finished

it had on both

Those

of his perfect

of the

east to

of stone

same
in the

face and

color was like tha black spots which

body.

autumn

the

came

the

When
dark

of the

to the lay life but obOn the

them,

ordered

emperor.

it the result

considered

grand

sramana

relative

Shih-hsien,

five men, the emperor

were

stones

young,

subdued

reverted

alteration.

ceremony

officials

likeness

In

order

was forbidden,

without

[altogether]

the

im-

and the sastras

gffi #f , a

was

Liang

Chief of the Members of

became

to

to their former

the sutras

the

practitioner,

became

hair-cutting

year

After
Buddhism

While

the

evil

and monasteries

were restored

Shih-hsien

entered

having

as a medical

himself
served

sramana

3) yR

Liang.-ch'4ng

the

1). The empire

the stupas

Buddha,

his

with

in reappearing.

all succeeded

king

and

destroyed

of the

to convert

of the Way"

example,

each

individuals,

sufficient

entirely

had been previously

condition.

ten

capital,

first

year

were

of the Five-storied

who

discussed

the question

sincerity.
of the

ordered

period

to cast

IIsing-kuang

in metal

in the

stupa 4) for the five emperors

146
T'ai-tsu

from
sixteen

In

on down,

feet high.

There

the

part

early

certain

foreign

others,

[altogether]

kingdoms

of the

from Ceylon,

like

brightness

lands

diminishes

the

period
and

with

portraits

of the

had traversed

all the

three

They

shadow

one after

?jJ,

and usnisa.
sent

the other,

but they

had not been

As for [the copy] which [Buddha-]nandi

if one looks at it from a distance

fire, but

of copper
.

Buddhanandi,

had,

copies of the likeness

each

Sakya

Yasagupta,

and said:

foreign

able to equal [the shadow].

shines

of the

* 1i:

five individuals

of the

to make

had made,

'1"ai-an

of the west and seen the Buddha's

princes

artists

statues

was used all told 25,000 pounds

came 'to the capital

Buddha,

The

monks

five upright

nearer

of ten odd paces, it

one approaches

the

it the more

3).

A foreign monk of Kashgar f?` ?

came to the capital to present
the Buddha's begging bowl and his painted portrait.
In

the

Shih-hsien

first
died.

part

of the

T'an-yao

succeeded

Chief of the Sramanas

restoration

of

Chung-shan

4)

period

IIo-p'ing

[460-465]

him and changed

his title

1PJt. Previously,

Buddhism,

T'an-yao

to the

capital.

was

the year

ordered

When

to

after

come

to
the

from

he met on the road

147
the

who had come out, one of' the horses

emperor

took

[T'an-]yao's

that

the

robe

horse

west of the capital

chisel

out

caves,

should

highest

the

in years

famine.

as the

It

it would

requested
and

wrongs

the

for the

Households,

sweeping

and

time they

till fields and furnish

households
everywhere

and

for the

with
others

and -grain

become

the Saipghas'

that

the

the

Hindu

translated

were also certain

monk
and

monks

carved

furnish

of
sixty

the Samghas'
Then

G-rain.

suffering
who

have

official slaves be looked

upon

while

the contribution

posts.

people

of providing

purpose

monasteries,

military

The

households

to the people

and Monastery-households

at the provincial

can

who

gave his consent to both requests.

tsung

along

of the

sprinkling

up five

in the world.

anything

let them

become

that

in each.

Buddha

be distributed

is further

serious

Stupas'

people

to the Samghas,

of dearth

committed

the

for the

at the

of grain".

same
Iiao-

After that Samghawere to be found

Furthermore,

T'an-yao

Cli'aii.-na-yeh-sh6

published

of renown

they should

"As

memorial:

and let the grain

IIouseholds,

to the emperor

feet, and the next, sixty feet -

and
of grain

afterwards

emperor

and, opening

of the

so as to surpass

presented

at the time

1)

of the mountain

was seventy

I"ing-c1'i
hu

The

suggested

a statue

out

marvelously

T'an-yao

T'an-yao

wall

rocky

[statue]

man.

in the pass of' Wu-chou

carve

and adorned

from

a good

recognized

him as a teacher.

respected

It was believed

in his teeth.

and

advanced

fourteen

new

sutras.

at this time, Tao-chin

There

,'

148
l

ae!!, and

the [Buddhist]

scriptures

t3ng-ch'ao

When

believer

2).
ascended

monks

Mystery

14

and

all

when

Chung-hsing

to go and

[Liu]

finished
Chun

vention,

at him,

and

changed

his

but

no one

he suddenly

ministers,

the name

about

of their

principles.

5)

taking

T'ien-an,

and seven years afterwards,

mounted

the throne,

the year-title

[455-459]
a fast 4) in
a

appearance
him.
who

inquired

When

When

the

he

was, he

asked

where

The honorable

it for a supernatural

inter-

from Chung-hsing

when the emperor

became

caused

monastery".

j% fl/

disappeared.

of the monastery

the

f$1

knew

"I come from the T'icn-an

speaking,

to talk

distinguished

went and
6) m
his name was Hui-ming

he lived, he replied:
Having

of Tan-yang

of exceptionally
look

able

'1"ai-an fl flQ
was keeping

Chiin 1)

Hui-chii
that

replied

Liu

he was

He often summoned

him the essentials

monastery

sramana

sramana

with

who were

at the end of the period

of Kao-tsung,

certain

masters

to discuss

Formerly,

the

the

the throne,

IIe read all the sutras and

[than Iiao-tsung?.

sastras and was fond of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu.

the

and recited

who spread

flfi tll

Hsien-tsu

a still greater

tja-tsun

to

[Hsien-tsu]

"first year of the period

149
'1"ien-an"

That

[466].

of Hsii-chou

of cities and territory

[the emperor]

had possession

In

at the

year

time

storeyed

pagoda 8) over three hundred

vast

Moreover,
an erect
one

and

that

in the 'r'ien-kung
statue

hundred

pounds

so

of gold

pounds

pagoda

piece of workmanship,

the

Ch'ung-kuang

where

in

the

there

feet high

forty-three
of copper

and the pillars, carefully

all of stone! 1) - one hundred

Kao-tsu

first

ranked

Seven-

empire.

was made
which

used

and six hundred

period [467-471]
of stone - the beams,

lintels,

When

was

h .

In the Huang-hsing
a three-storeyed

it

5).

the

and

year

feet high, its base and frame

monastery

of akya[muni]

thousand

first came and

birth 6) there

7) jJ'\

monastery

high,

governor

4). The following

of Kao-tsu's

the

Yung-ning

the

of all the land north of the Iluai

erected

being

and

Yii 1) ?J?

An-tu 3) flQ fl,

Hsieh

offered the submission

this

Liu

year

joined

feet high.

the throne

palace

hc read books on the Mystery.

the chevrons,

from top to bottom,

the
were

Being strong and a fine

it was the attraction

ascended

there was erected

of the capital.

Ilsien-tsu
in the

went away 1) to

Pei-yan 12)

He erected

a I)eerpark

stupa

150
at

the

Meditation

Yen-fang 1)

Meditation

In

the

fourth

period

Yen-hsing

without

residing

the summer,

month,

in a monastery
to village

from

hamlet

years.

It is [now] ordered

protect

themselves

that
to

over

to the military

let

metropolitan

convert

of the

the metropolitan
from

to go about.
Anothcr

area

decree

them

the

are laying

size and of vast renown

wealth.

While

then

bending

their

when

in

a sealed

they will be allowed

will be punished."

up large

with

[the

from the

with

be provided

area

measures
which

in the

are enormous

in

the Supreme

to] surpass the other,

one another
energies

and

of meritorious

fitting to glorify

are each [trying

and the poor and rich are vying

a letter

metropolitan

and entirely

But, the ignorant

outside

when

of

the people

among

with

and monasteries

stfpas

in a

official

post of the province;

[of this order]

"In

are any, let

to the

Jewels,

be provided

let

read:

men

Three

of the capital;

Violators

k-ar?ina in erecting

their

monks.

post of the province;

who go about

military

fr,

the Wei-na

provinces

of five

groups

there

over

for

the lawless

with

3). When

be handed

for the

let them

area]

vVei-na 4) @ #Q

Doctrine.

them

In the case of those

and

have been wandering

the people,

among

the regulations

district

teach

outer

that,

mingling

apply

be handed

place.

letter

and

"Bhik?us,

and not be allowed to receive unregistered

Let us zealously

metropolitan

year of the

of the second

or dwelling,

of the

[palace].

[472] this decree was issued 2) :

about

them

of the Tsung-kuang

[= west]

where

ijij. 1i!:,
Mountain

D -m

on the Western

lived,

ten li to the right

garden,

Chambers

in squandering

towards

preserving

151

If

can give

they

are

they

magnanimity,

themselves

is not lost;

of merit

but,

[it is evident

the merit,

Another
goes

far;

look

in

have

when

nature.

over

the

?H 1* a

has

changed

surpassing

to the

form.

that

both

and know

In

twelfth

the

mandarin

ducks.

and

inquired

month

ages, we find that

birds

take

and trees have

plants

Its

would

mate,

not

the

female

is giving
color - an

They

replied:

From

the point

"The

spiritual

and animals
their

changed

of Chi

forth a gleam, and

thing

extraordinary

is a present

reason

to

let the officials and T'an-

[Buddhism],

the province
and

laity

to send the statue

gaze

may

to the whole

upon its

empire

that

all

it."
of the third

Ilsien-tsu

year

went

one of a pair of male and female

a cry

uttering

of grief,

The emperor

go away.

"Is this bird which

or the

it for the

the

If we

1) in the province

Since there

caught

of his followers:

shrieking
"We

by

religious

about

and his falcon

down,

vouchsafed

omens

Let this be announced

may hear

hunting,

the

of' the ?rama1).as, order

capital

actual

its effect is profound.

(those of] antiquity.

yao, Chief

[them]

all this is forbidden."

of a divinity

Law

since

[But,]

confidence is complete, the response

to a gold or bronze

the Marvclous

glorify

creatures.

living

of Tung-p'ing

statue

an eye to

with

of the people, and nourishing

and that

In the prefecture

measure

is sincere,

previous

color,

their

life.

do not yet know the [kind of]]

they

"When

an action

during

changed

to build

by slaying

decree read:

succession

powers

if they want

and mother

with

things

to building,

is our preoccupation,

solicitude

with

and

earnestly

that]

[one accumulates]
we are the father

animals

slaying

male

female."

male nature

of view of hard

bird?"

The

was overawed

and

is flying about and

The followers

emperor

is hard;

flew up and

replied:

inquired:

the female nature

and soft we infer

is soft.

that this must

152
be the female."
affairs

The emperor

and those

of birds

differ ence :a" Thereupon

It is not allowed
In

the

it was decreed:

month

and delivered

and

men

first year of the period

of the

For the hundred

of good families

women

the hair

them

the robes of the order, commanding

performed

and

the

cutting

received

and

monks

and gave

ceremony,

that they should cultivate

and

commandments,

Ch'eng-

and some

who were ordained

the emperor

doctrine

Kao-tsu

monastery

nuns

the

what is the

and feelings

"Birds of prey are forbidden.

the YungLning

1476J in

instruction

differ, in nature

to keep them."

eighth

ming

"Altho human

was moved and sighed:

the

transfer

to

merit

Hsien-tsu.
In the same month command

was given to erect the Chien-ming

2) m

monastery

M.
In the secund month of the first year of the period T'ai-ho

[477] the emperor

Pardon

was granted

In

the

third

rites s)

to the criminals
month,

to hold

monastery

the

an assembly

the Privy

and discuss
to them

with

clothes

In addition,
there

utensils

on the mountain

was built

went

Fang

the Ssiz-yuan

offenses.

the

to

Yung-ning

of practising
The emperor

the preaching.

the monks the meaning

and precious

of capital

for the purpose

Council and the Imperial

to keep a fast.

monastery

guilty

emperor

and of hearing

manded

camp,

went to the Yung-ning

flu

Secretariat
of Buddha,

according

the
com-

4) to examine
and to present

to their

rank.

the place of T'ai-tsu's

monastery

5),

153
From

the Hsing-kuang

[476] the monasteries,

time

and

one hundred,

In the

In

but that

of the

falcon

nun

Iiui-hsiang
dead

her

were

two thousand

odd..

and 77,258

At that

In

winter

the

formerly

aviary

there

be built

[485]

an official

of the prefecture

were

ordered

the Pao-t6

of the

tenth

the
the

declaring

themselves

religious

year

were ordered

and

years,

[486]

tried

an official

and

reported:

'At the beginning

their

of

luck at falsely

with a view to escaping

Let the unregistered

and returned

a pine tree,

now for three

order:

have

4)

Shang-ku

at it.

imperial

people

under

reported

to see her by hundreds

coming

time all marvelled

received

nuns be unfrocked

Mountain

undecomposed

registrations

imposts.

year

Northern

enforced

of monks

[480]

3) QJ fi

was

women

thousands.

"We

the emperor

year

ninth

on the

corpse

and

men

of the

autumn

the

the

site

was

and

nuns

2) tR

monastery

"We

and

fourth

of the

spring

on the

that

monks

were about

and nuns.

monks

that

new and old, in the capital

the whole empire there were 6478 monasteries

Throughout

that

the

down to this

period 1) [454/5]

[with a monastery]

monks

taxes
and

to the laity'.

by a second

and nuns, let the members

decree:

'As for the inspection

of the monasteries

5)

154
and the
monasteries.

respective

Those

whose

practises

those

"Today,

monks

In the sixteenth
day of the fourth
it is permitted
and nuns,

the imperial

to the laity

decrees,
all the

throughout

and nuns together,

or

registered

to the laity'.

1327 persons.",

year [492] a decree was issued:

the large

middle-sized

it is issued

The

20.

That

visit

year

month

to

as the normal

rule,

the

Master

"This
of the

Ch'eng-shih-lun

in 47 sections

of the nineteenth

White

Stupa

monastery

and addrcssed

has recently

1)

and

the

he taught
latter

the princes

had renowned

monks.

who received

from Kumarajiva
Later

in the

Law [Sng- ]sung 3)

here.

the emperor

year

Monastery

He turned

4)

[of that text]

[Sng-lyan

was decreed that there should

[493] it

of IIsii 2)

and attendants:

mission

50, and the small pro-

in the form of an edict."

In the fourth

province

to ordain

month

100 persons as monks

this may be taken

be set up a code for the saygha

"On the eighth

day of the seventh

to ordain

provinces

provinces

In the seventeenth

Law

whether

with

month and the fifteenth

to ordain

vinces

The

perfectly

in the order as before.

was approved.

report

paid

out the doctrine

and returned

in accordance

and returned

[numberJ,

in their

are wordly and vulgar,

who,

have been unfrocked

examination

to remain

are all to be unfrocked

unregistered,

provinces

a careful

who carry

are to be allowed

and diligently
Those

make

*i

carried

the

on the trans-

it to the Master of the

handed

it on to the two

155
of the Law

Masters

and [Hui-]chi

We have often studied

subtle

nature.

the precepts,
him

upon

became

and Kao-tsu,

regretting

one thousand

pieces

the

of silk [for his funeral

and

departed,
Until
attend
outside

medecine

for all

Master
are

cures

the monks

[the funeral.

There was a sramana

bhadra 5)
and trusted

of the

In addition

and ordered

the capital

Law

[Tao-]tng,

grief,

offerings

with
[We]

was

further

decreed:

has

suddenly
distress.

unquenchable
shall

not

be allowed

due a teacher,

to his departed

to

We weep

spirit" 4).

from the west, whose name was [? Buddha-]

1mL. He cultivated
by Kao-tsu.

he died,

expensesJ.

It

Yet, as befits respect

our door, and make

apartments,

year

days.

overcome

[Our]

imperial

he was

his loss, issued the order to present

deeply

rites 3) for seven

the

and often attended

In the twentieth

q.

to practise

teacher,

in the

emperor

a fast

"Our

followed

Once, when

he inaugurated
the

of Kao-tsu

the

with

night

who fittingly

Tao-t6ng,

the favourite

both saw a spirit

they

we have come to this monastery."

the sramana

to explain

at

talking

time

which can explain man's

the Ch'6ng-shih-lun

Therefore,

that

During

2) 11

the Way, and was greatly

An imperial

order was given

that

honored
on the

156
northern

of the Shao-shih

slope

the Shao-lin

be erected

In

the

order
may

was

fifth

month

issued:

be called

a man

and

Il9
still

and whereas

permission

who

surplus

in the traces

of the twenty-first

who

the

entered

the monastery

and

gave

his

him, and that

expense.
an imperial

year

of the Law Kumarajiva

upon

the

Four

which he constantly

like a

Practises 3)
inhabited

and take pleasure

which affect deeply

[all] far and near;

to erect in his memory

on the site of the old building

"Moreover,

should

we respect

and whereas

of his practises

is granted

Master

there

has quit the world 2) 1. 7y

resolutely

land;

to lodge
at state

be provided

"Whereas

divinity

has

monastery

should

his food and clothes

mountain

1) #' %

[which

he suffered the misfortune

a three-storied

stupa

he inhabited].
of being forced to marry,

body for the Way 4). Since he shared

the lay life

157
for

and

a time

search

[them]

must

out and make

this there

Before

a report.

must

We

to

is given

permission

complete
In

had been established

its name

j . Then

have a meeting

the

time

of

?471-499]

1:,

Seng-i 4) l

9)

, S4ng-hsien

were respected
While

[imperial]

the

instructions

and the prohibitions

have

11 @fl ,
Chih-tan 8)

and S4ng-li

in accordance

practises

of the period

"Since

I-Iui-chi 5)

:g,
Hui-tu
,

Yung-p'ing
and

religious

Consequently,
become

1v-ith. the precepts.

each

their

in the autumn
[508] a decree

j fl

laity

the

differ,

the Way

own

and
and

manifestation,

and the encouragements

respective

laws

[Buddhism]

known by mutual

[of Buddhism]

Tao-shun

sramanas

was on the throne,

are also different.

government]

S4ng-I j

Shih-tsung

was issued:
vinaya

m,

for their

of the first year

the

Kao-tsu

with

2) fl

to the Samgha.

pertaining

Tao-pien 7)

Seng-fan 6)

the office of chien-fu')

to chao-hsuan

was changed

to decide matters

jurisdiction

Hui-chio 3)

the

descendants,

them."

with

1l

have

sphere

[of the
of action.

158
From

whenever

today

a more

serious

layman.

All other

the monks

[crime]

shall

and shall be decided

the crime

as is usual,

shall,

they

offences

commit

like a

to the chao-hsiian

to the vinaya

according

be judged

be submitted

or

of murder

and the special code

for the monks"

of the second year [509] the Chief of the Monks,

In the winter
Hui-shn 2)

presented

m
of monks

body

and

nuns

and careless

are not differentiated;

group

of Masters

those

[skilled] I in the

of the

the karmadanas,

and vinaya,

of the order.
vinaya

will

be returned

and the diligent

in the

[skilled]

discussed

sutras

and

and

set up

posts of the provinces

and the members

in accordance
three

vast
and

intermingled;

to train themselves

[of these

in the

along with the whole

therefore,

3)

and entirely

of the

in the command-

with the prohibitions

who does not know

classes]

to his original

grade

[i.e.,

he will

a layman].
who have

ought not transgress

left their

on all
carts,

occasions

cattle,

homes

to enter

the monastic

the Law and heap up the Eight Impure

but [rather]

vinaya,

are

and military

ordered

Any one

"Persons

[should]

bad

we have

vinaya,

the superiors

are severally

monastery

become

and

those

Law,

In the prefectures

regulation:

the

good

they do not follow the code of prohibitions

whereas

ments

"Whereas

[a report]:

and

the regulations

life

Things 4)

of the sutras and vinaya

be the rule.
servants 1) are Impure

According
Things

to the
and may

159
not

be kept

[by the monks].

personally

is aged or sick, or more than

one who

of late

Moreover,
gj

interest.

From

monks

some

have

contracts

been

who

hindrances

mourning,

and

is

shall

lay. If he hears

home

out their

free

"There

not abandon

shall

monastic

life and

observances

of

life to follow

the

the

of a parent
to mourn

or of [one of]I
for three days.

to fifty or more,

and returned

and, after

a petition

be punished

for

If anyone
the

and

of such persons.

to the laity.

the number

to build.

a monastery,

in the doctrine

the result

is built,

will be granted
shall

inhabiting

Confusion

are entirely

be unfrocked

a monastery

he

at

property

[as the dead] the limit [for mourning]

the people.

with

of wrongs

the commission

permission

religious

days.

staying

"When

their

to do so 1).

the religious

are cases where [monks], without

roam about

Violators

of age, there

private

the

from

from afar of the death

is set at seven

crime

of monks

shall

be

has been presented,

builds

on his own

of violating

an im-

edict.

"The
of the

thro

to enter

entirely

If he is in the same locality

perial

nuns

teachers 2), he may be permitted

his three

accord,

years

may not contime

his

leaves

and

letting

new on they

abandons

limited

sixty

to one carriage.

is restriction

"One

in the case of

However,

of the

regulations
laity.

jurisdiction

Violators
they

monks

shall

and nuns are not for the use

be handed

back

to those

in whose

are.

"As for foreign

monks

and nuns

out the best and those of good behavior

who come to join us, seeking

in accord with the Tripitaka,

160
them to stay; if they are not of good behavior,

permit

If they do not go, their wrongdoings

sent away to their own countries.

in accordance

shall be punished
A decree

was issued

Previous
mountain

to

there

the winter

time

the Pao-t6 1 j

In

as an aid.

In

of plenty,

years
and

nuns

will,

and

however,

interest,

and

in

being

whether

consideration
cases where

the people

without

increased

this poverty,

"From

yearly

they

of grain].
of gain,

debts

Karmadiinas-1).

on the
Permission

not

There

and there

into
are

are cases

They have gradually

and the cries and sufferings

and

to collect
taken

or drought.

the principal;

at

too were to be

'1'he directors

have

ruined

of the people

This is not the way to alleviate

and to hold in honor Our original

today

To the monks

have plotted

they

had been rain

and monthly.

for and helping

out, but in

to be loaned
and stored.

have been altered.

limit,

was issued:

2) to be distributed

were in poverty,

exceeds

at

1%, and

it was to be distributed

the

there

the interest

the contracts

solicitous

it was

covetous

collecting

of the Lo

intended

[by distribution

helped

officials,

have

of famine

In

and erected

[51 1] a decree

year

was originally

the people

of serpentine.

and paid it honor.

in the monasteries

immediately

where

visited

it was to be collected

when

statue

on the bank

of the fourth

years

[memorial].

[510] it was received

year

millet

saygha's

for the samgha."

Heng-nung-ching

a sixteen-foot

personally

itt

this

with

the

monastery

the summer

"The

on

was made

of the third

Shih-tsung

with the regulations

in accordance

this

they shall be

intention

of being

[the people].
charge
is

is not
given

to

to be given
have

all

to the Chief
the

governors

161
given

the additional

[with

powers]

original

amount

interest,

the

of repayment.

are to present

and where

principal,

In

be collected.

to be straightway

shall

needy
shall

conform

make

loans

selves

to excesses,

to the

entirely
on their
they

to the throne,

first year
Chief

households

grain

to the

of the period

have been altered,

the

the law and shall not

to the Samghas

debts repaid

there

in the future,

old provisions.

The

and if they

the poor and

for collection
rich

to render

still expose

help

the

law

long

to the

ago in the

IN [476] by the former

families from the military

to be employed
of dearth.

of the

may not belong to one monastery

them-

of Chao Kou-tziz

all were to be given

to

call attention

presented

two hundred

Samgha-households

or laity

"According

memorial

in years

may not

by law."

"I respectfully

consisting

may be no

presented

Ch'6ng-ming

T'an-yao

of Liang,

became

religious

the

with

shall be punished

saying:

according

of Sramanas

others,

exceeds

Kao Chao 3)

that

fact

interest

to the people,

own accord,

at the

[department]

the

contracts

made

are

at

and the year

care the first. The regulations

The
report

where

in gifts

loans

be taken

record

in accordance

used

When

investigation.

cases

case of private

the

and receipts

[the destitute],

to the

the original

be remitted

shall

the

[the loan] has not been repaid, ,

When

In

for each province

the payments

to help

a report

capital 2)

debt

on hand],

given

where there are localities

to list

are

They

[of grain

amounts

month

they

all the provinces

to inspect

Samgha-grain.

possessing

and

[title of]

Without

and
in storing

up

distinction

of

help.

order

the

in particular,

Samgha-households
but the karmadanas

162
of the capital 1), Seng-hsien
an imperial

by memorial

to

nurture

Your

[His

those

causing

[people]

their

complaints

with

white

Ordinary
much

be

take

to go about

which

look

people

this

upon

to their

everywhere

disobedience
condemned
and

it be permitted
homes

crying

with

[Chao]

at the palace

to

and

needy.

out this distribution]

the

frontier.

the others

in disobeying

regarding

the vinaya,

and in presenting

requested

that they be handed

in accordance

over to the
with

it:

of dearth
If

is any

let [the guilty]

be

of [Seng-]

command,

a fallacious

to

gifts

there

As for the excesses

an imperial

how

and the others

in years

poor

with

be content

Kou-tz

gate.

and grief,

that

the

are

they

and, ears pierced

compassion

and kind

neglect

in the streets and alleys

accusations

to guard

It was decreed:

Then,

Refuges.

or

purpose

utterly

to pay taxes;

[in carrying

and punishment

the

no place of resort,

have

the less can the solicitous

made

hsien

to

They

of

their

hanging

Your Majesty's

sollicitude?

feathers 4), to file their

"I beg that

return

with

people]

seek

abandoning

by self-imposed

and upholding

intention

Majesty's

odd individuals,

Fifty

Is this respecting

drowning.

and

their own inclinations,

life, have perished

and taking

violating

order 3), and thus cause iiiiiri-nurings

an oppressive

to fill the highways.

children

') ff1

to their own vinaya,

and acting contrary

command

their own ideas and following

spreading

grief

Seng-p'in

and

in dis-

memorial,

it is

for prosecution

the laws for the Samgha."

"As for [Seng-]hsien

and the others, let them be

163
The rest [is to be carried

pardoned.

specially

out] according

to the

memorial."
had a sincere

Shih-tsung
and

of Buddhism,
sutras
and

and
wide

every

sastras

in the

of the precepts

meanings

as the doings

still more.

monasteries
of the

to

explained

together

gathered

make

and

known

The sramanas

personally

wrote

the

from far
the

explain

up [these things]

of the court 2).

Since the emperor

them

He

palace.

monks

illustrious

he often

year

for the principles

regard

honored them [the monks], the people esteemed

In the period

and nuns in the provinces

3) of monks

13,727 4), and their

numbered

empire

the

Yen-ch'ang

and prefectures

adherents

were very

numerous.
first

In the
given

to gather

The

were obtained
the

years

5) [516]

on mission

Cheng-huang

order

to the western

In the winter

of the

lE 7t; [522] he returned

and seventy

was

to

sutras and sastras which

are current.
of the
issued

to ordain

Hsi-p'ing

all the sutras and vinayas.

one hundred

spring

Liiig

period

Hui-sheng

year of the period

the capital.

In

of the

to send the monk

countries
third

year

monks

second
this

under

year [517] the empress

order:

"It

restrictions.

has
In

been
the

dowager

the rule for

case of a large

164
which is allowed one hundred

province

of the province

ten days before

hundred

individuals;

let

hundred;

the small provinces,

fill the
of refined
choose

number

[required]

incapable

with

five hundred li

choice

the

and their

to become

are none

chief,

If they
shall

be

t'ai-shou

The

decree.

colleagues

the

shall be tried conjointly

and the Chief Karmadana

away

If there

is not to be made.
as

and

are to choose

care.

governor,

two

[send]

The Chief' Karmadana

officials

greatest

an imperial

to rank,

according

the

send three

provinces

one hundred.

with

persons,

for violating

the hsien-liny

middle-sized

a haphazard

behavior,

sentenced

[the date of choosing]

the

province

let the prefectures

individuals,

be removed

1) shall

monk in a different

an [ordinary]

province.
now

"From

on

to quit their

permitted

both

slaves,
homes

male

[permission

men's

for slaves to be ordained].

Those who disobey

hundred li

and

away

"'rhe

monks

the

children
ordain

age they

an imperial

and nuns

and nuns in many

of other
them

persons'

as pupils.

and

those

who

The

members

are

being

kept

of a monastery

[in the monastery]

permit

own accord
five

they too shall be removed

two,

instances

today

shall

who permit

shall be banished

on this

be returned

will revert to

for a distance

are keeping

slaves, and when

From

who act to the contrary

if they

of their

to be religious.

and those

remain

decree.

who ordain

male or female,

slaves,

and the princes

a special memorial

"As for the monks

other

not be

to present

for opposing

will be sentenced

shall

female,

to become religious,

and Our kin also shall not be allowed

requesting

and

their

relatives

they

are ot

is forbidden
to the laity,
original

class.

one [such] individual

for a distance

of 1000 li.

to

of 500 li;

As for the monk

165
who was ordained
[of the monastery] ;
too

"Since

one degree.
ordained

In

decree:

oflicials

menial

in

In the first part

Shih-tsung

them

monastery

in the I-chiieh 9)

the rock to Kao-tsu

been

[have

from office,

according

to rank.

shall be condemned

to

But the laws and

or removed

so it

entirely,

respect.

Pai

the

at the capital

be degraded

Ching-ming

model

[-yang]

conjointly

in private

inspire

of the period

had ordered

as the

in a provincial

and

in question."

province

to make

for

be removed

shall

at the time 5) were relaxed

was impossible

on,

individuals

thirty,

be tried

who are ordained

prohibitions

today

be sentenced
2)

if fifteen

The individuals

the

all shall

ta.n,q 4) 1ti shall

the
shall

from

tolerated,

the

with

in a prefecture,

thirty,

colleagues

service

been

in private,

a sub-prefecture

center,

their

has

of the li

privately],

military
and

excess

an imperial

all is the result of the Three Heads I)

is not his.

is ordained

each leader

chief,

the fault

much

if one individual
opposing

in private

Ch6ng 6)

the caves of the Ling-yen

in Tail)

.f% , and, south

mountain

to build

and [his consort]

7)

of Lo

two caves in

the empress dowager

166
1) 3t lffl. At the very beginning of the work the crests
of the caves were 310 feet from the ground.
In the second year
W6n-chao

[505] of the period

mountain

said that

up, it would

a memorial

presented
hundred

feet

direction

[they

Yung-p'ing

three

period

Ching-ming
[523]

of the

8()2,a366 work-days
the

dowager

Ling
7). The

for

that

in

period

to complete.

and
the

During

Liu T,6ng 8) Up jr

to construct
all.

From

first

month,

there

Chng-kuang

period
#i

[5001 of the

year

exclusively,

south

cave for Shih-

an additional
the

He

to one

be lowered

in a north

140 feet.

the

of the fourth

had been employed

4).
Hsi-p'ing
within

was erected

[the height]
and

to the sixth

period

Su-tsung

that

extend]

the throne

were cut away too

and be difficult

ground,

should

making

there

the

from

tsung,

In

asking

[008-512 ?

memorialized

year

Then the

if the mountain

waste labour

to cut out the

began

they

230 feet [from the ground].

Chih 2)

Wang
high

Cheng-shih

the city,

the Yung-ning

in person
stupa

with

of the

fll

emperor

west of the T'ai-she

P91
all the

monastery

e). The empress

officials erected

was of nine stories,

a mast of

and 400 and some feet

167
high 1). Its

total

ming 2)

cost was incalculable.

monastery

and

monasteries

were

very numerous.

In
the
- "

the

winter

[erected

The stupa

was even its inferior.

at]

public

of the first year

and

and

private

of the Ching-

As to the stupas
[expense],

[518] of the period

they

Sh6n-kuei

Ch'6ng 3), Prince

168
of Jen-ch'eng
throne:

memorialized
us respectfully

"Let

reflect upon Kao-tsu

the
who

[471-499]

set up the tripods 1)

on [Mount] Sung 2) I1i and on [the banks of]]

and divined by the tortoise-shell
a long line of

the Ch'an 3) 11,

descent.

1'lanning

harmony

heaven

in two

the tablets

'Within

devising

and man.

the

should

long

infringe

this

follow

therefore,

one

that

capital

the first

rest

shall

be

It was his desire

that

we

and

the

that

none

Ching-ming

of this prohibition.

dare

should

within

the

city

monasteries

there
for

Hsiao-]wen

monks

Because

the

religious

they arranged

that

the laity

been dazzled

have

have

clear prohibition,

the two should

and

greedy

they

have taken

he

and nuns -

and

not

laity

like

have

favors.

[Shih-tsung
and

esteem

different

not be confused.

for rich

and

Is it that the two emperors

by the empty glory

been

issued

not be built

should

did

Buddhism?

desires,

[471-4f)9]

Hsuan-]wu

monks

Shih-tsung

the

to check their hopes and desires.

there

(300--503]

his predecessor's

renewing

and

stupas

[Kao-tsu

the

for the

and within
All

nunnery.

regulation,

to our

shall be only the

there

monastery,

of the period

respectfully

decree

wanted

that

them

upon the precedent.

were slight infringements

erected

regulations

and the first suburb.'

city

"In the beginning

clear

the

city it is decided

one site for the Yung-ning f?

suburb there is to be only
outside

he has transmitted

Accordingly,

the

and breaking

his institutions,

Creating

set in

his regulations

everything,

of investiture,

forever.

descendants
read:

and

Nevertheless,

[of building],
Altho

upon themselves

goals,

there
to build.

and
was a

169
"In the third
Chief

of the

Sramanas

for the

monasteries

bear

that

that

from today

being

upon

the

year

and the others

are limited

mission

an imperial

to build [within

permitted

issued

Later

proclamations
every-

business.
Yung-p'ing
Their

set up regulations.

to build.

be punisbedl

edict.

The monks

the

and the laws

there ensued

of the period

or more

to fifty

[he shall

accord,

It is requested

and destroyed.

on private

again

be granted

will

we cannot

completed,

circular

on, when one wants to build a monastery,

today

monks

been

the formerly

[509]

of

said:

edicts being relaxed,

request,

of visits

second

read:

some violations

being

and not executed.

up again

a hurly-burly

"In

be removed

The previous

suppressed

where

have

on it be no longer

limits].'

were rolled

which

should

they

proscribed

there

Ifui-sli6n,

the

JE i,

of the period Ching-ming

the prohibitions
'As

[506] of the period Ch6ng-shih

year

and

a report

if the

is made,

perown

If anyone

build

on his

like a layman

guilty

of violating

of this monastery

will be exiled

to

the provinces.
the last ten years

"For
own

all do wrong
the

none

while

Samgha

follow

religious,

merely

stand

It

is peculiar

them.

[this]

which

their

of the Mystic

words?

But

religious

not

are clear,

regulations

and out of regard

to the laity

neither

to break

for profit
nor to the

the law.

But

and are not the things

would understand.
can they

Sect

a pure

dwelling

free

The

doctrine

of merit

prefer.

have

in morit P The regulations

are most profond,

intellect

silences

there,

exiles

of man know no limit?

teachings

a frivolous

trust

of one's energies

bending

can the insatiableness

"Now

and

punishments

their

putting

on one's

[of monasteries]

of. Is it not that, altho the court's

been heard

for

but

has increased,

accord

the building

from

the

The vastnesses
be discussed
world

is obscure

and

in a few

is what

the

and profound,

170
and

no

lays

believe

sincerely
can attain
could

value

sham

upon

a child

that

and

who builds

the

If they

dissitnulation.

[at play] a stupa of sand

and that

be served

between

a pair

modest

of trees,

what

repast
is there

necessity

to give free rein to their thefts in order to build monasteries

is a case where

This

to luck there

is no prosperity'

"Of late, however,

private

go to request

[People]

extend

the laws beyond

which

he holds.

Chief

of the

old decrees,

Of

his

own

a monastery

a hundred.
their own

by permission,

they

with his poor talents truly disgraces

the position

their

limits.

figure.

But respectfully

and

accord

has surpassed

and wrongs

Boards

the

much

Such deceptions

to no small
minister

$f(?

themselves

3).
construction

in building

or, succeeding

"Your

entrust

public land in order to strengthen

merit,

amount

the people

'when

can

following

he has opened

of Works,
pondered
he

has

established

upon

sent

their

plans

a subordinate

customs,

as

up and examined
and

provisions.

to his secretary

171
Lu Ch'ang 1)

and first suburb

into the capital

number

is the
more

the

result
than

of the capital,

two

which

of twelve

periods

the monasteries

Their

the vacant

ground,

arc not yet completed.

not revering

people's

2)

the monasteries.

not including

and the stupas

of the

Hsiao-fen

to inspect

five hundred,

surpasses

the mast of chattra,

This

Ts'ui

,#

the law.
the

since

years

During
removal

a third of the people's

have usurped

dwellings-land].
"`Vlren

to differentiate

in

followed
forbid

the

the

regulated

of the

paths

minutest
his

religious

details

and

was merit

There

laid

did he want

and laity,

but he also

deep

and

foot-steps,

[Kao-tsu's]

[building].

not only

set up his regulations,

Kao-tsu

Shih-tsung

plans.

also

did

not

at that

for building

stop

or
and

time,

had not yet begun. But the present-day monasteries

crowding ILL
no spot is without one. Either side by side they fill the center
of the city,

or close upon one another

and

wine

one

monastery ;

their

in

submerged
in

the

about

and stench

in

are

face

[them.

"Formerly,

are

form

of butchers

unite

and

[these] 1 practises
to face with

and

are

powers

falsehood

and confused.

pell-mell

do not

dwell
The
blame

the regulations,

but do

taints

the true

when

soils trained

and stupas

and the spiritual

Truth

However,]

northern

cries

over the meat

together

The statues

nature

the same utensils,

at the

monks

the

desire.

relations

when the world

share

man's

and

acquiesce

monks

inquire

practises,

lust

and
caves.

contiguous

disorder;

lov?rer officials
[them];

chants

in odors of meat;

together

not

Sanskrit

spread

or five young

Three

under

echoes

wrapped
are

markets.

they

wrong

monks, and when fragrance

is it not excessive?

capital

there

occurred

the plot of

172
Fa-hsiu
trouble

with

disorder

caused

the minds

and deception
of

regulations
but

Fa-hsiu,

they

the

with the imminent

troubles

with

Ching-ming

was [already]

due

to
The

past.

were concerned

[500-504]

As soon as they knew

under Mahayana.
[Kao-]tsu

own madness.
were

what

on perceiving

energy:

their

T'ai-ho

were preventing

[the facts] the wise saints

troubles]

a divine

of all, but in the end they

meet to satisfy

period

of the period

prohibitions

has experienced

I3oth at first pretended

so as to deceive

teaching

The

the province of Chi 2) a

recently,

and [Shih-tsung

blocked

signs of approaching

[the

danger 4)

one must be cautions.

"Formerly,
much

inclined

cries
monks]

the Tathagata

to mountains

to conduct
stay

in the

in accordance
abodes

are so attracted

explained

his doctrines,

and forests, but the modern

dote on cities and towns.

disciples
fitting

when

Are congested

he was

monks and

and narrow

places

with the sutras:? Must meaningless

of meditation?
by profit that

Now, the minds

they

of [the

can get no rest. Since

173
the dwellers

[ in the monasteries]

the builders

have

the

of the

code

should

in such a state,
of the empire

cast

also different.

hearts

are

while

be carefully

perished,

assume

my views,
"Your

that

minister

certain

has

execution;

on the true

garments

of the

Such persons

should

the

how are we to

for the law and encourage

customs

Rectify

When

and repairing

the desires

minds

but avoid

11!fwill agree.
act alone and discuss

to fall into confusion.

center

upon the people

all alike,

a nation's

dis-

code has utterly

neglected,

Wherefore,

the

only what he

[of it] arc extremely

the net of the law is momentarily

are going

upon

the recalling

is

same, and good and bad are

disorders.

regard

to be

alone

is pure and far [from the world];

cherish

does Your minister

has found

the

knows.

everybody

the

on every side violate

who keep their

[then all] men

satisfaction,
"Why

Ilave

military

encroachment

If [we treat]

distinguished.

are what

When

they

the good?

encourage

not

who outwardly

inwardly

which

cries and suffering.

of the Way

those

the capital

in the provincial

Gradual

are

and husks

and which

tolerate,

is not that

It

are those

There

and whose practise

and there

The dregs

of fields and dwelling-land

men's

"But,

himself

do not

and pity, and produce

solicitude

good

aside.

the monasteries

and the usurping

Law,

order

are also such.

merit.

their true [pursuits],

1) of the law are creatures

and earth-rats

commandments

rulers

lost their

probably

of the Buddhists

have abandoned

difficult.

its provisions

I make bold to expose

of both sides may be benefited.

heard
that

that
when

the

establishing

setting

of laws rests

up punishments,

value

174
their

to inspire

capacity

not executed,
cannot

it were better

violations

will

sever

have

then

strictly

later

decrees
the

neglect

future

[the

altho

the present

those

of the past.

law.

and

violations],

decree

no punishments?

issued, but the builders

and

thick

while

their

own interests,

accusations

not prevented

have

there

Today,
strict

rectify

past

but

show

with

the wrongs

from

indulgences

may be clear,

merit

their luck that the punish-

bringing

grant

but

fast,

pretending

men seek their

up specially

violations

repress

When
in

from

imposed

are trying

regulations

past

of setting

rules,

check

differ

were

difficulty

and

past,

men

it

Is it not that,

they

if a punishment

were no laws;

does

be applied?

not

When

diligence.

all

not ceased.

goodness,

officials

of the

there

limits

Strict

have

and claiming

the

awe. If we make laws that are

clear decrees have been frequently

increased.

ments

how

awe,

inspire

Recently,
have

men with

on,

today

is need of applying

prohibitions
neglect.
leniency,

it may again

in order

to

If we do not
I fear

that,

become

like

"As for the posting [of building plans] in all the places of worship,
as provided
opinion,

by decree, it is allowing,

places of worship.

to build
would
name

Therefore,

to inform

[a temple],

become

[building].

In my

is not usual, and it would be difficult to inspect

posting

up a notice

not restricting

the

if those who wanted to build should post

the public, this declaration

complying

with

the words

about their going

of the decree (?),

an usual custom 1). In this case, it is vain to put the

of prohibition,

as in fact it is a way to spread out building

2).

175
since the removal
decrees

have

official

consent

circulated

of the capital
but those

everywhere,

have not feared

who build

the regulations

It is simply

because the net [of the law) is leaking,

are relaxed,

there is toleration

"In the opinion

has

been

removed.

As for those

we act]

with

if it was

land,

indicates

[the

that

obtained
they

fact],

shall

government

land

gotten

government

shall

be ordered.

by

it may not be removed.

"it

that

the

letter

very

of the

gates to be erected
"If anything
and restricted

"As

for

dwelling
"Even
buildings
to avoid

ones.

so as to block

affected

it.

If it is

return

to the

of a divinity

decree

quarters

has been

we conform

all activity

Regulate

to

in the

to be destroyed

and

the traffic in the neighborhood.

by the decree

first suburb,

clearly

to transfer

present

Do not allow

is not within

the regulated

it shall be settled on the model of these

or statue

a temple

is close by butcher

of animals

the

deed

for the first suburb]

[regulations

which

former

[of the city].

quarters

thro

the

immediate

If a statue

completed,

is requested

its

the

seems best. As for

and

be allowed

[that

Outside

regulations.

purchase

tlieft,

it may be

I would request

we do what

by

the prohibitions

is incomplete

building

the previous

[it is requested)

the laws?

the capital, altho there

within

are completed,

which

in accordance

first suburb,
the

if the

notice,

public

Is it

and there are bad people.

of pretense,

of Your minister,

without

and decrees.

in executing

because the officers and officials are negligent

and

decisions

in that

shops,

neighborhood

that

is completely

it is requested
be forbidden

erected,

but

that the slaughter

so as to purify

the

of the divinity.
tho

there

are

are removable,
crowding.

the

proper

number

of monks,

if the

order

jthem]

to go to the open spaces

176
"According
it

year

to the decree 1) [issued]

in the first month

is

future

to the Samgha's

according

that

requested

the

builders

of this

be judged

or according

to the provisions

do not number

fifty, since they

regulations

of the law.
"In

cases

receive

where

the

one another
ones

larger

that

they

the

let

everywhere,

small

group

go to the

be sure to fulfil the requirements

may

let it be sold or returned

The land,

numbei].

monks

[of
as in

I to the state]

the above examples.

"After
the outer
have

when

today,

and the monks

provinces

in question

the province

the

After

building

may

and

with

prefectures

prohibit

[unlawful

violation

of an imperial

"It

is

hoped

execute

that

the kind,

the previous
on down
their

let

regulations.

which

is approved,
everything

the
be

As for the pro-

out of indulgence

wrong-doing

to

is similar

do not
to the

decree.
[the

will

people]

compassionate

honor

emperors,

orders

will remain

and

the

and will respectfully

of the present
whole,

follow

edict.

and the Way

Then
of our

will not fail."

The report
Shortly
Because

of infraction

of our former

the rules and regulations

rulers

if the report

cases

building],

works

imperishable

In

in a petition

the matter

explain

in

a monastery

fifty or more, let them

number

examination,

be done.

done in conformity
vinces

is a desire to build

there

was approved.

afterwards

of the disaster

the

empire

at I?o-yin 2)

was

thrown

into

confusion.

and the death

of the

177
officials, their families for the most part abandoned

capital

their homes

as gifts to the monks and nuns, and the better homes of the capital

were not practised

a decree
its concept

of the first year [538] of the period Yiian-hsiaLng

read:

belongs

In

the

under

formerly

common

later

was no permanancy

loaned,

giving

that

away],

there

are

of a monastery].

builder
spread

Knowing

widely

to charge

but, when the princes

deliberation

men

and damage

have

a new city outside

there was

but a moment

jfl P4,

in many

the homes

upon themselves
it

wcre

to Yeh 1) all

removal

to all 2). In an instant

or, abandoning
taken

[the monasteries]

[to the decision].

to the reports

have

they

nasteries.

of maturc

is a Pure

the noise and dust [of the

predecessor

a home

a pretense

in two places,

with

came to the capital,

everywhere

land

The monastery

the old regulations,

first

people

"According

solitudes.

Since our later

with

the old one also offered

there

is subtle

of our

restrictions.

and obscure ;

brahmavi hara

is a variance

capital

has been in accord

and

"The

to peaceful

its principle

world].

and orders

again.

In the autumn

Land;

The former restrictions

on the whole, monasteries.

became,

pretending
Finally,
greatly

the officers to apply

own

them

that

the constant

the regulations

the
norm,

into
they

[that

all this renown

fearing

the old city

which

to turn

was not their

cases obtained

[of being
practise

mowere
the
may

it is fitting

zealously.

The old

178
monasteries

and

registration;

let

homes
the

in

newly

the

both

city

erected

have

an

established

be destroyed

[monasteries]

all of them."
in the winter

Moreover,
decreed :

"The
shall

empire

and chang
shou - ,
of the
ling
of them allow the building of monasteries.
If

mu 4X,
none

cases of disobedience,

are

there

of the money

or the meritorious

all shall

buildei's],

be sentenced

In the spring

of the second

it was decreed

jSL

that

into the T'ien-p'ing

From
period

the

@
Tao-hsi

S8ng-hsien

4) m

flfi , Fa-jung

the Buddhist

After
suffered

much

people

the old palace at Yen should be turned

J to the

in their

beginning

were

period
anxiety,

everywhere

sramanas

Ilui-msng'

respective

dynasty

entered

enjoyed
,

Scng-hsien

11
fi ,

and

down to its transfer

in large numbers

forming

the empire

IE

religion

in China.

1919 rolls.

and ser vice increased

all

of the

generations.

of the Wei

Cheng-kuang

who

Hui-kuang 3)
1ft
and Tao-chang 5) ;ti

( ,

415 works

end

IIui-pien
Tao-ch'in

1ft JI,

sutras spread and gathered

the

the law."

[540] of the period Hsing-ho

year

Seng-shen 2)

there

Altogether

the

the following:

were honored
the

for breaking

the

IIui-shon

From

act that was held in view [by the

jj

were

they

into the source

inquiring

of Shih-tsung

renown

IIui-hsien

without

monastery.

time

vVu-ting :Lit

fit

[of the same year, 5138j it was further

greatly.
pretending

Thereupon,
a love for

179
the sramanas,

but in reality

avoiding

Abuses and excesses attained

of Buddhism

into China.

a peak unequalled

Calculated

group of monks and nuns totalled

30,000
The

assignment

for military

service.

since the introduction

in round

numbers,

the grand

Their monasteries

were

down to this time,

and,

2,000,000.

odd.
disorders

accordingly,

have

not

the wise heave

abated

even

signs of regret.

180

181

Carte du territoire de Jehol et du Nord de la Mandchourie.