Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
G. Ziegler
No.: 1
Mode of operation
Measuring technique
Current transformers
Communications
No.: 2
Digital Differential
Protection
Principles and Application
Gerhard Ziegler
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 1
Contents
Pages
Mode of operation
3 - 27
Measuring technique
28 - 45
Current transformers
46 - 86
Communications
87 - 115
116 - 122
123 - 178
179 - 216
217 - 247
248 - 264
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 3
IB
B
protection range
reverse
forward
Relay
forward
communication
reverse
Current comparison
| I |
Relay
Sampled values
Phasors
Binary decisions
Directional comparison
IA
IB
comparison of
momentary values or phasors
B
A
Differential Protection Symposium
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 4
protection
object
n Characteristic:
Idiff
Trip
Ires
n Absolute zone selectivity (limits: CT locations)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 5
I1
i1
I2
Protection
object
i2
I>
I=I1 + I2
=0
I1
I2
Protection
object
i1
i2
i1
I>
I=I1 + I2
i2
internal fault
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 6
Digital technique
L1
L1
L2
L3
L2
L3
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 7
L1
L2
L3
L1
L2
L3
Yd5
Matching
transformer
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 8
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
Matching
transformer
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 9
Current transformer:
Principle, transformation ratio, polarity
i1
i2
i1
w1
u1
i2
u2
i1 w1 = i2 w2
Function principle
i1
u2
u1 u 2
=
w1 w2
w2
u1
Polarity marks
P1
P2
i2
i1
u1
i2
u2
S1
Equivalent electrical circuit
S2
Designation of CT terminals
according to IEC 60044-1
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 10
I Central Unit
2
Optic
fibres
BU
BU
BU
BU
M
Grid
infeed
Load
M
Grid
infeed
Load
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 11
I2
I2
DI
I1
I2
dedicated O.F.
up to about 35 km
Other
services
PCM
MUX
PCM
MUX
Other
services
O.F. or Microwave
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 12
I1
Grid
G
I
RS
U1
U2
RS
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 13
I / In
te
ri
st
ic
ac
re
la
ch
ar
3
2
10
15
ID / In
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 14
A = I1 I2
operate
stabilise
B
S = I1+ I2
I1
Basicpick-up value (B)
I2
I1+ I2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 15
I2
I1
protection
object
i1
Fault characteristic
(single side infeed)
i2
I =
W2
W1
W3
k1 I Re s
k1 I Re s
I1 I 2
Relay characteristic
W1
k 2 I Op
= k1 (I 1 I 2 )
k1 =
I1 + I 2 > k I1 I 2
W4
w1
w2
k=
k2 I Op
I = I1 + I 2
= k2 (I1 + I 2 )
k2 =
w3
w4
k1
k2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 16
Iop = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = I
k I Re s
I Op
I Res = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = I
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 17
G
R
2000A
IOp =
I1 I 2
internal
fault
300A
Load
RL
IOp = 2000 A
relay characteristic
IS = 2600 A
I F1
I F2
CT saturation
I Res = I1 + I 2
Healthy
protection object
I Op = 2 I F cos
I Re s = 2 I F
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 18
k1
Id >
IR0
I Op = I = I1 + I 2
Settings:
I Res = I = I1 + I 2
slope k1
IRes
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 19
I / I und I1 / I2 diagram
I =
I1 + I 2
I1
Internal
faults
IS0 1+ k
+
B
2 2k
k [% / 100 ]
slope
IS0
IS0 1 k
B
+
2 2k
I = I1 + I 2
I1 + I 2 > k I1 + I 2 I S 0
I1 + I 2 > B
IS0
2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 20
I2
I
1+ 2
1+
I1
> k or
>k
I2
1-
1
I1
I
Im 2
I1
I
= 2
I1
I2
Protection
object
I
with = 2
I1
I1
1+ k
1 k
+1
-1
(k=0,5)
1 k
1+ k
I
Re 2
I1
Restraint area
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 21
90
I 2 j
e
I1
120
I1 + I 2 > k ( I1 + I 2 ) + B
or
I2
> k 1 +
1+
I1
I2
I1
B
+
I
1
60
150
30
180
0
5
210
10
330
300
240
270
B/I1= 0,3
a1(): k=0,3
a2(): k=0,6
a3(): k=0,8
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 22
IL1
IL2
IL3
IL1
IM
IL3
7SD503: IM = 100 mA
7SS600: IM = 100 mA
7SD502: IM = 20 mA
IE
3
Mixing
transformer
IM =
IL3
1
3 I Ph 3
w
2 IL1
IL3
IL1
I M = 2 I L1 + 1 I L3 + 3 I E
IL3
IL2
= 5 I L1 + 3 I L2 + 4 I L3
composed current (vector sum)
Belo Horizonte November 2005
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 23
Mixing transformer:
Pickup sensitivity of standard connection (IM= 2IL1+IL3+3IE )
Fault type
Composed current
L1-E
IML1-E = 5 IL1
IL2 = IL3 = 0
IML1-E / IM = 5 / 3 = 2.9
L2-E
IML2-E = 3 IL2
IL1 = IL3 = 0
IML2-E / IM = 3 / 3 = 1.73
L3-E
IML3-E = 4 IL3
IL1 = IL2 = 0
IML3-E / IM = 4 / 3 = 2.3
L1-L2
IML12 = 5 I L1 + 3 I L2
IL3 = 0
IML12 / IM = 2 / 3 = 1.15
L2-L3
IML23 = 3 I L2 + 4 I L3
IL1 = 0
IML23 / IM = 1 / 3 = 0.58
L1-L3
IML13 = 5 I L1 + 4 I L3
IL2 = 0
IML13 / IM = 1 / 3 = 0.58
L1-L2-L3
IML123 / IM = 3 / 3 = 1
Highest
sensitivity
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 24
B
L1
L2
L3
IF
Tripping
L2 internal, L3 external
IM-A= - 1IF und IM-B= + 4IF
I = |IM-A + IM-B| = 3 IF und I = |IM-A| + |IM-B| = 5IF
I/I = 3/5 = 0.6
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 25
IM2=2IL1 + 1IL3+ 3 IE
=2IF + 1 IF+ 33IF = +12 IF
IM1=2IL1 + 1IL3 + 3 IE
=2 (IF) + 1 (IF) + 30= 3IF
IOp=| IM1 + IM2 | = 9 IF
IRes=|IM1| +|IM2| = 15 IF
k=9/15 = 0.6
IOp
Fault L2-E
k=0.5
k=1
k=1
IRes
Belo Horizonte November 2005
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 26
ISC
RCT
RCT
ISC
ISC
ISC
UR
UR = 0
ECT 2 = (RL + RCT ) iSC
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 27
Given:
n = 8 feeders
rCT = 600/1 A
UKN = 500 V
RCT = 4 Ohm
ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up value)
Pick-up sensitivity:
600
(0.02 + 0.05 + 8 0.03)
1
RR = 10 kOhm
Ivar = 50 mA (at relay pick-up value)
Stability:
I F min =
RR
I R pick up
RL + RSW
600 10,000
0.02
1
3+4
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 28
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 28
a: feeder, b: generator, c: substation, d: primary winding of CT, e: secondary winding of CT, f: earth or
return conductor, g: pilot wire, h: relay windings, i: circuit breakers, k,l: movable and fixed relay
contacts, m: circuit, n: battery, o: electromagnetic device with armature p.
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 29
I1
Schutzobjekt
i1
i2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 30
Protection
object
i1
I Re s
I = I
Op
i2
IOp
I Re s = k (I 1 I 2 )
I2
I Op = I 1 + I 2
+
Re s
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 31
Differential protection
Analog static measuring circuit
I1
I2
Protection
object
i1
I Re s = k (I 1 I 2 )
i2
I Re s R S
RS
V1
RS
I Op = I 1 + I 2
V3
V2
I Op R S
URef
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 32
MI
1.2 kHz
clock
Filter
1
IL1
IL2
IL3
IE
UL1
UL2
UL3
UE
a.s.o.
Processor system
S&H
CPU
A
D
RAM
MUX
ROM
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 33
Digital protection:
Measurement based on momentary values
I=
IRMS
0
I=
n 1
cos (
)
2
I
I RMS =
2
I =
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 34
4
7
3
2
I>
9
10
trip
7
8
restrain
0
10
18O
= 1 ms (50 Hz)
= 0.67 ms (60 Hz)
IA
IB
Operating quantity :
I = I A + I B
Restraining quantity : I = I A + I B
Differential Protection Symposium
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 35
i( k n+i )
Correlate:
Multiply samples and
add for one cycle
n
Correlate IS(k)
i
k-n
Correlate IC(k)
I (k )
IC(k)
cos 2 i
n
IS(k)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 36
i1 i2 i
3
iN
t
I = 2 sin( n t )in
S N n=1
i N-1
I = 2 O + N + cos( n t)in
C N 2 2 n=1
N-1
0 1 2 3 ....
n
0 1 2 3 ...
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 37
= t
IS =
1
I ( t ) sin t dt
2 360
IC =
1
I ( t ) cos t dt
2 360
I = I S + j IC
I0
= 1+ j 0
I
I30
3
1
= + j
I
2
2
O
I 60 1
3
= + j
I
2
2
O
jIC
I
IS
t
t=0
I90
= 0 + j 1
I
O
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 38
f/fn
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 39
Digital protection
Fast current phasor estimation
N
k-N
i(t)
Data window
i(t) = A sin( t ) +
Task:
Method:
Delta =
B cos( t) - e + C cos( t)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 40
IAC , IAS
IBC , IBS
trip
I>
restraint
jIAS
I
Operating quantity :
I = I A + I B
Restrainin g quantity : I = I A + I B
IBC
IAC
jIBS
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 41
tA1
tA2
curre
n
phas t
o rs
...
tPT1
tAR
tA5
tA1
tPT2
tV
tB3 tA1
tBR
tB2
tB3
nt
curre
.
.
.
rs
ph aso
t B3 - t A3
360
TP
tB4
IB( tB3 )
tB1
tD
tA3
tA4
IB( tA3 )
1
(t A1 - t AR - t D )
2
t B3 = t A3 - t PT2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 42
I2
180o
T[ms ]
10ms
I = I sin = I sin
2
2
I2
I1
Example:
Transmit channel time 3 ms
Receive channel time 4.2 ms
time difference = 1.2 ms
180o
1.2ms
10ms = I 0.19
I = I sin
2
I
/2
I = 19%!
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 43
Line end 2
GPS-Antenna
RS232
GPS-Antenna
GPS
RS232
UH
DC
GPS-Empfnger
supply
DCF-SIM
A
B
LWL
LWL IRIG-B
24V
GPS
GPS-Empfnger Hopf DC
supply
DCF-SIM
A
B
LWL
LWL IRIG-B
24V
IRIG-B Telegram
Sec. impulse (highly accurate)
LWL
K1
LWL
BE2
K2
IRIG-B Telegram
Sec. impulse (highly accurate)
LWL
K2
K1
7XV5654 Sync-Trans.
K1 X1 K2
K2
LWL
BE2
K2
K2
7XV5654 Sync-Trans.
K1 X1 K2
K2
+ - 24V + 1 3
8 4
+ - 24V + 1 3
8 4
Y-cable 7XV5105
1 3 8 4
RUN
7SD52
SIEMENS
ERR OR
L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A
to max.
SIEMENS
ERR OR
L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A
7SD52
V4
SIPROTEC
RUN
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat
1 3 8 4
V4
SIPROTEC
RUN
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat
1 3 8 4
V4
SIPROTEC
L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A
Y-cable 7XV5105
1 3 8 4
V4
SIEMENS
UH
SIEMENS
ERR OR
SIPROTEC
RUN
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A
Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat
ERR OR
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat
t0 max.
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 44
Outdoor antenna
FG4490G10 for GPS
GPS receiver
7XV5664
Tranceiver
7XV5654
Belo Horizonte November 2005
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 45
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 46
I
=|I1+ I2|
I1
I2
b%
I>
a%
I b
I = |I1|+ |I2|
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 47
Differential protection
CT saturation with internal and external faults
I
Protection object
I2
I1
Internal fault
External fault
I1
I2
I= |I1| + |I2|
I=|I1 +I2|
t=0
t=10
t=20 ms
t=0
t=10
t=20 ms
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 48
Saturation detector:
i Op( n ) = i1( n ) + i 2( n )
6'
7'
saturation
3'
re s
i 2( n )
in
tra
8'
External fault
5'
4' with CT
i1( n )
e
rat
e
op
i1( n ) + i 2( n )
9'
0
10
External fault
(ideal CTs)
4 5
i Re s ( n ) = i1(n ) + i 2( n )
i1(n ) + i 2( n )
n=0
n=10
n=20
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 49
50
I2
50
IOp=|I1 +I2|
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 50
i Op > iset
i Op > k i Re s
A
N
D
A
N
D
A
N
D
3 ms
A
N
D
Transient
blocking
1-out-of-1
2 150 ms
Saturation
detected
3 ms
Trip
n=2
Adaptive restraint
A
N
D
O
R
Trip
2-out-of-2
Trip
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 51
Internal
faults
Trip
Restrain
Area of
add-on
restraint
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 52
Transient CT saturation
causes false differential currents
IF
IF
+I1
+I2
87
I1
IF
I2
+I
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 53
Error
%
Load range
Fault range
fL
fF
10%
ALF/ALFN IN-CT
ALF IN-CT
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 54
I1
Trip Area
Trip level
With
saturation
Block-Area
IDiff>
0
0
Current summation:
Trip level
Without
saturation
I2
External
Fault
I2
I1
Max. error ()
without
saturation
IDiff = I1+ I2
Max. error ()
with
saturation.
IRest
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 55
External fault
Increase of stabilisation after detection of saturation
Begin of saturation
(K1:iE = -K1:iL1)
Increase of
restraint
IRestraint
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 56
Q1
iL1/kA
20
10
0
-10
-0,02
-0,01
-0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
-0,02
-0,01
-0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
-0,02
-0,01
-0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
t/s
-0,02
-0,01
-0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
t/s
t/s
-20
-30
-40
iL2/kA
20
10
0
-10
Q3
t/s
-20
-30
-40
iL3/kA
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
Diff G-AUS
Q
1/4
cycle
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 57
Side 1
Side 2
Sampled
momentary values
iRes = | i1 | + | i2 |
iOp = i1 + i2
Mean values
IRes = Mean(iRes)
Fundamental wave
IOp = RMS(iDiff)60Hz
87 algorithm
Operating characteristic
IOp
IDiff>
IRes.
Motor start
DC component
&
Trip
IOp>
Saturation detector
For security:
Harmonic Analysis:
-2nd Harmon. Blocking
-Cross Blocking
Adaptive restraint
IOp
IDiff>
>
For dependability:
Fast tripping using sampled momentary values
ensures fast operation with very high currents before
extreme CT saturation occurs!
iOp
Trip
IOp>>
IDiff>>>
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 58
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 46
jX1 R1
N1
N2
Im
P1
N1
P2
jX2
N2 U2
Ideal transformer
R2
I2
S1
Zm
Zb
S2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 47
Current transformer:
Phase displacement () and current ratio error ()
w1
.
I1 w
2
w1:w2 jX2
R2
U2
I2
I1
ZB
I2
I1=
w1
I
w2 1
Im
I2
Em
I1
Em
R2
U2
RB
Xm
Im
Im
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 48
300/1 A
Accuracy
limit factor ALF
Dimension criterium:
P + PN
ALF ' = ALF i
Pi + PB
I
ALF ' SC max KTF
In
KTF (over-dimensioning factor) considers the single sided CT over-magnetising due to the d.c.
component in short circuit current I SC.
KTF values required in practice depend on relay type and design.
Recommendations are provided by manufacturers (see Application Guide)
Differential Protection Symposium
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 49
Accuracy class
Current error
at nominal
current (In)
5P
1%
10P
5%
Angle error
at rated current
In
Total error at n x In
(rated accuracy limit)
60 minutes
5%
10 %
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 50
Class
TPX
(closed iron core)
TPY
with anti-remanence
air-gap
TPZ
linear core
TPS
closed iron core
Maximum error at
rated accuracy limit
Remanence
Angle error
0,5 %
30 min
10 %
1,0 %
30 min
10 %
1,0 %
180 18 min
10%
(a.c. current only)
no limit
< 10 %
negligible
No limit
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 51
U2
10 %
or
IEC 60044-1 Amendment 2000/07:
Class PX
UKN
50 %
Specify:
Knee point voltage
Secondary resistance RCT
Im
I
U KN K TF (R CT + R B connected ) SC max .
I n CT
Differential Protection Symposium
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 52
w1
I1= w I1
2
I2
Im
Em
RCT
RB
U2
U2,
Em
E al (U ANSI + 20 5 R CT )
= (20 5 Z B rated + 20 5 R CT )
Im
Differential Protection Symposium
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 53
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 54
CT saturation
Currents and magnetising
IP
saturation flux
IS
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 55
ISC
DC flux non-saturated
S
Im
AC flux
Magnetising current
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 56
P primary current
d.c. component
i p (t) =
Total flux
t
Tp Ts - t
max
Tp
K td (t) =
=
(e
- e Ts ) + 1
Tp - Ts
a.c.
Ktd(t)
transient
d.c. flux
cos( t)
t
Tp Ts - t
=
(e Tp - e Ts ) - sin t
a.c. Tp - Ts
t
Tp
- t
2 I p e Tp
max
a.c.
a.c. flux
a.c.
K td max = 1 + Tp = 1 +
Xp
Rp
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 57
(KTF 1+TN)
60
5000
50
1000
40
TS
T N TS TN
KTF = 1+ TS
TS
TS [ms]
500
30
250
20
100
Linear core
10
TN = network time constant
(short-circuit time constant)
50
100
150
200
TN [ms]
TS = CT secondary time constant
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 58
tM
tM
15
2.5 cycles
Ktd
2.0 cycles
10
1.5 cycles
1.0 cycles
tTM
Ktd' = 1+ Tp 1 e p
0.5 cycles
20
40
60
80
100
Tp (ms)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 59
T
K td Envelop = 1 + Tp 1 e p
15
'
K 'td
(, t M ) = Tp cos 1 e Tp
+ sin sin (t M + )
15
2.5
Ktd( 0 , tM)
10
Ktd( 80 , tM)
2
1.5
Ktd( 90 , tM)
Ktd_Envelop( tM)
1
0.5
0
0
20
40
60
tM
80
100
100
0
0
5 6
tM
9 10
10
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 60
KTF
tM
(tM,TN)
10 ms
3.5
(el. degree)
180
160
140
3
8 ms
2.5
120
100
2
6 ms
1.5
tM
10 ms
8 ms
6 ms
4 ms
2 ms
80
60
4 ms
0.5
40
20
2 ms
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
80
100
TN in ms
TN in ms
60
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 61
Current transformer
Magnetising and de-magnetising
P
B
t
BMax
BR
BMax
BR
m
t
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 62
Current transformer
Course of flux in the case of non-successful auto-reclosure
B
Bmax
t DT dead time
t F2 =duration of 2nd fault
t
tF1
tDT
tF2
tF1
tDT + tF2
tF2
tF1
tF2
Bmax TN TS
TN TS
TS
= 1 +
(e TN e TS ) e
(e TN e T S )
+ 1 +
TN TS
TN T S
B ~
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 63
Current transformer
Magnetising curve and point of remanence
I
II
III
B
up to about 80%
< 10%
negligible
H = im w
I: closed iron core (TPX)
II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
III: Linearised core (TPZ)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 64
BR
BR
tF1
tDT
tF2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 65
S
B
m
t
tF1
tDT
tF2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 66
Pi + P N
Ri + RN
ALF' = ALF
= n
Pi + PB
Ri + RB
Actually connected
burden :
P + PB
Ri + RB
= ALF'
ALF = ALF' i
Pi + PN
Ri + RN
I
with ALF ' K OD SC
IN
with:
Theory:
No saturation for
the specified time tM:
K OD KTF K Re m
K Re m = 1 +
% remanence
100
No saturation during
total fault duration:
Practice:
K OD = KTF
PB= RB I2N2
BMax
XN
= 1 + TN = 1 +
RN
B ~
tM
tM
T
N TS
(e T N e T S
K ' 'TF = 1 +
TN TS
K' TF =
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 67
Practical CT dimensioning
using dimensioning factors Ktd (required minimum time to saturation)
IEC 60044-1 and 60044-6
ANSI C57.13
E al (U ANSI + 20 5 Rct )
ALF' K SSC K td
ALF' =
R ct + R b rated
ALF
R ct + R b connected
20 K td
I
R + R b connected
ALF K td F max ct
I pn
R ct + R b rated
I
E al = F max K td (R ct + R b con. ) Isn CT
I pn
U KN (0.8...0.85) E al
I F max R ct + R b connected
I pn
R ct + R b rated
No saturation:
1+X/R =1+Tp
Differential relays:
1 (87BB: 0.5)
Distance relays:
2 to 4 close-in faults
5 to 10 zone end
faults
O/C relays: I>> ALF > (I>>set / In)
Belo Horizonte November 2005
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 68
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 69
F2
OH-line:
l = 8 km,
zL= 0,4 /km
F3
Net
300/1A
7SD61
7UT61
Transf. :
IL
IL
IT
Net :
200/1A
200/1A
1200/1A
F4
U N 2 kV 2
110 2
ZN =
=
= 4.03
S SC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
Net :
U N 2 kV 2
uT [% ] 110 2 12 %
ZT =
= 36.3
PN -T [MVA ] 100
40 100
Transf. :
U N 2 kV 2
20 2
ZN =
=
= 0.13
SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2 kV 2
uT [% ] 20 2 12 %
ZT=
= 1.2
PN - T [MVA ] 100
40 100
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 70
F1
I F1 =
F2
I F2 =
F3 I F3 =
F4
I F4 =
1.1 U N / 3
1,1 20kV/ 3
=
= 2.8 kA
Z N + Z T + Z L 0.13 + 1.2 + 3.2
I
17300
ALF' K TF F1 = 0,75
= 43
IN
300
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 71
ALF
Pi + Poperation
2 + 2.5
ALF ' =
43 = 16.1 (Connected burden estimated to about 2.5 VA)
Pi + Prated
2 + 10
Chosen, with a security margin : 300 /1 A, 5P20, 10 VA, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA)
Specification of the CTs at the 20 kV side of the transformer:
It is good relaying practice to choose the same dimensioning as for the CTs on the 110 kV side:
1200/1, 10 VA, 5P20, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA)
Dimensioning of the 20 kV CTs for line protection:
For relay 7SD61, it is required:
The saturation free time of 3 ms
corresponds to KTF 0.5
See diagram, page 59
Criterion 1) therefore reads:
I
9550
ALF' K TF F3 = 0.5
= 24
IN
200
I
2800
ALF' KTF F4 = 1.2
= 16 .8
IN
200
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 72
For the 20 kV line we have considered the CT type: 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P?, internal burden ca. 1 VA
Pi + Poperation
1+1
ALF ' =
24 = 8
ALF
Pi + Prated
1+ 5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 73
w1
i1
i2
i1
w2
wa
i2
wb
i1 -i2
Relay
i2 =
w1
i1
w2
auto-transformer connection
Relay
i2 =
wb
i1
wa + wb
No galvanic separation!
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 74
1A
W1=
21 turns
600/1 A
1A
600/1 A
1,5 A
W2=
14 turns
1A
Wa=16
turns
0,5 A
Wb=32
turns
RB
1,5 A
RB
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 75
Yd5
-I1c
I1a
I2a-c
I1b
I2b-a
I2c-b
I1c
w1
I2a
I1a
-I1b
I2c
I1b
I1c
w1 = w2
w2
I1 =
150O
I2b
I2b
I2c
-I1a
I2a
o
1
w
I 2 2 e j ( n30 )
w1
3
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 76
L1
L2
L3
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 77
I1a
I3a
I2a
I1b
I3b
I2b
I1c
I3c
I2c
I 1a w1 + I 2a ww2 + I 3a w3 = 0
I 1b w1 + I 2b ww2 + I 3b w3 = 0
I 1c w1 + I 2c ww2 + I 3c w3 = 0
I 3a = I 3b = I 3c
I 2a + I 2b + I 2c = 0
Relay
I
w I +I +I
I 3a = I 3b = I 3c = 1 1a 1b 1c = E
w3
3
3
I +I +I
w
I 2a = 1 I 1a 1a 1b 1c
w2
3
I 1a + I 1b + I 1c
w1
I 2b =
I
3
w2 1b
I +I +I
w
I 2c = 1 I 1c 1a 1b 1c
3
w2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 78
L1
L2
L3
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 79
75 / 1 A
Yd5
6.3 kV
53.9A
915A
1200 / 5 A
L2
L3
0.719A
3.81A
3,81
= 2,20
3
In-Relay = 5A
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 80
I1 =
10,000kVA
= 45.2A
3 (110kV + 16%
6 kV-side:
I2 =
10,000kVA
= 62.5A
3 (110kV 16%
I1' =
I1 mean =
45.2 + 62.5
= 53.9A
2
10.000kVA
= 915A
3 6.3kV
i1 = 53 . 9
1
= 0 . 719 A
75
and
i 2 = 915
5
= 3.813
1200
.
The current in the star connected winding of the interposing transformer is
The current in the delta connected winding is:
i.1
i2 / 3 .
w1 i 2 / 3 3.813 / 3 2.202
=
=
=
= 3.06
w2
i1
0.719
0.719
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 81
P1
S1
i2
A B C DE
1
0,013
F G H I
0,025 0,08
S2
P2
i1
K L
M N O P Q
16
16
Windings
0,75
0,013
0,025
0,08
0,75
R in Ohm
14
32
14
32
U-max. in V
Rated current in A
w1 i2 / 3 3,813 / 3 2, 202
=
=
=
= 3.06
w2
i1
0,719
0,719
chosen :
w1 16 + 16 + 2 34
=
=
= 3,09
w 2 7 + 2 + 1 + 1 11
Connection and links as shown.
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 82
11
12
0
10
9
3
8
4
7
6
4
8
1
0
1
0
5
9
1 (13)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 83
II
III
12
II
12
III
III
II
III II
HS
I
I
II
III
NS
II
12
III
11 12
I
III II
I
III
II
I
II
III
Dyn11
12
II
III
I
5
Yny0d5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 84
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 85
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 86
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
10 4
2
10
10
5 11
12
12 11
10
4
8
10
4 3
8 7
Yd5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 87
3
1
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 88
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
3
3
= 3
Dy5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 89
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
Dy5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 90
Comparison protection
Absolute selectivity by using communication
IA
IB
Directial comparison
distance protection
Exchange of YES/NO signals
(e.g. fault forward / reverse)
Current comparison (phasors)
differential protection
Protection
Relay
Communication
samples, phasors,
binary signals
| I |
Protection
Relay
IA
IB
| I | = | IA - IB | > Ipick-up
87L
87L
Composed current
measurement
Comparison of analogue values
Modern:
Phase
segregated
measurement
Relay A
G
IF
F1
E/2
F2
A) Symmetrical
coupling along
the pilot cable
E/2
F2
F1
B) Unsymmetrical
Coupling along
the pilot cable
RG STP
STP
E = I SC G R G
PGA
RGP
Legend:
RG
STP
PGA
RGP
E
pilot
resistance
Core Loop
pilot
capacitance
mm
/km
/km
nF/km
1,4
0,8
11,9
---
--73,2
--60
American practice
Neutralising reactor to compensate potential rise at the station
Gas tube
Relay
neutralising
reactor
Relay
potential
gradient
potential at insulating
transformer and relay
Voltage profile at the
neutralising reactor
potential of the
pilot wires
potential of the
remote earth
Core
Coating
62,5 m
125 m
250 m
Refractive index
LC connector
10 m
125 m
250 m
n2
n1
rL
n
A) Graded index
fibre
AA
AE
A
EingangsInput
impulse
Output
impulse
impuls
B) Mono-mode
fibre
Geometric design
Wave propagation
n2
n1 r
L
AE
AA
n
t
t
EingangsInput impulse
impuls
Output
impulse
10,0
5,0
Attenuation
(dB/km)
Infrared
absorption
1,0
Rayleigh
dispersion
0,85
0,1
0,8
1,3
1,0
1,2
1,55
1,4
1,6
1,8
Attenuation:
at 1550 nm
at 850 nm
at 1300 nm
Gradient fibre
SPL = 0.1 dB
Per splice
Per connector
Reserve
FSMA
CON = 1.0 dB
FC
CON = 0.5 dB
RES = 0.1 to 0.4 dB/km
Given:
Device data:
Seached:
Solution:
we get:
repeater
station
terminal
station
radiolink
terminal
station
Digital communication
Message
Digital coding
Segmentation into
information blocks
wide band
transmission
Error control
Parallel-to-serial
conversion
modulation
block
synchronisation
coding
base band
transmission
Start
Control
Start sign
Kind of telegram
Block limit
Transmission
cause
Identification
Information
Error check
Address
User data
Checking
Origin
Measuring
values
Check bits
Destination
Telegram length
Status
etc.
Commands
End
End sign
etc.
Information field
Block length
Transmitted frame
Digital communication
Synchronous transmission mode
all bits follow a fixed time frame
synchronism between sending and receiving station. (separate
clocking line or signal codes with clock regain)
block (frame) synchronising by opening and closing flags
suitable for high data rates
used protocol: HDLC (high-level data link control)
cyclic redundancy check (CRC) or frame check sequence (FCS) by
16 or 32 added check-bits (probability of non-detected telegram block
errors: 105 (CRC-16) or 1010 (CRC-32))
used for high speed teleprotection
Opening
Flag
Address
Field
Control
Field
01111110
8 or more bits
8 or 16 bits
Information Field
any length
Frame Check
FCS
Closing
Flag
16 or 32 bits
01111110
Multiplexing
Frequency Multiplexing
f1
f2
Coded voice tones
300 to 4000 Hz
FC +f1+f2
M
U
X
Carrier frequency,
FC e.g. 100 kHz with PLC
M
U
X
f1
f2
FC
64 kbit/s channels
Clock
M
U
X
> 2 Mbit/s
Clock
Belo Horizonte November 2005
M
U
X
A
User /
Source
Modem
Network node
circuit / packet switching
trunk
Modem
Station
user terminal point
M
U
X
line
Transmission path
B
loop
User /
Destination
622 Gbit/s
622 Gbit/s
Packet switching
Node
F
Node
E
Node
D
Standby
path
Node
A
tP2
Node
B
Relay
End 1
tP1
Node
C
tP1
tP2
Healthy
path
Relay
End 2
PDH Hierarchy
PCM 1920
M
U
X
M
U
X
M
U
X
M
U
X
M
U
X
565 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
32 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
64 kbit/s
SDH Hierarchy
Synchronous
SMT-1
155 Mbit/s
SMT-4
622 Mbit/s
SMT-16
2.5 Gbit/s
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
4
SMT-64
10 Gbit/s
1
4
Belo Horizonte November 2005
Multiplexing structure:
Base rate 64 kbit/s (digital equivalent of analogue telephone channel)
Equipments may generate slightly different bit rates due to independent internal clocks
Bit stuffing is used to bring individual signals up to the same rate prior to multiplexing
(Dummy bits are inserted at the sending side and removed at the receiving side)
Intermediate inserting and extracting of individual channels is not possible, but the full
multiplexing range has always to be run through.
Hierarchical level
0
1
2
3
4
Europe
64 kbit/s
2048 Mbit/s
8448 Mbit/s
34368 Mbit/s
139264 Mbit/s
USA
56 kbit/s
1544 Mbit/s
6312 Mbit/s
44736 Mbit/s
139264 Mbit/s
Aggregate Rate
155,520 Mbit/s
622,080 Mbit/s
2488,320 Mbit/s
9953,280 Mbit/s
SONET
OC level
STS level
Aggregate Rate
OC-1
OC-3
OC-12
OC-48
OC-192
STS-1
STS-3
STS-12
STS-48
STS-192
51,840 Mbit/s
155,520 Mbit/s
622,080 Mbit/s
2488,320 Mbit/s
9953,280 Mbit/s
Voice Audio
Fax
Data
Video
ISDN
Hicom
FO
MUX
>2 Mbit/s
L1-L2
21,3 KA
73,6 kW
I
O
x 64 kbit/s
p=
01111110
Address
Control
I(x)
Data field
Check field
Flag
I(x) + R(x)
Receiver
Sender
Division
by G(x)
R(x) = CRC
error free
data block
Division
by G(x)
R(x) = 0
faulty
data block
Received data
Error detection
e.g. CRC = 32
Residual data
R=
T=
n
vR
Example:
Telegrams of n =200 bit are continuously transmitted at 64 kbit/s.
R
10-7
20 hours
10-10
2.3 years
10-15
230000 years
typical application
cyclic transmission (metering)
D
7SA6
D
7SA6
optical wave
length
maximum
attenuation
permissible
distance
Multi-mode
62.5/125 m
820 nm
16 dB
ca. 3.5 km
Monomode
9/ 125 m
1300 nm
29 dB
ca. 60 km
9/ 125 m
1500 nm
29 dB
ca. 100 km
D
7SD52
D
7SD52
D
7SD52
Chain topology or
redundant ring topology
typical <1.5 km
multimode fibre
62.5/ 9/ 125 m
Communication
network
X21 or
G703.1
Communication
converter
X21 or
G703.1
Differential protection
with communication through data net
l Microsecond exact time keeping in the relays
Each relay has its individual time keeping
n Sent and received telegrams get microsecond accurate time stamps
n
Time reference
iB
iA
Ort : A
Ort : B
IM
IA
relay A
RE
IB
relay B
tA1
tA2
curre
n
phas t
o rs
tAR
tA5
...
tA1
tPT1
tB2
tBR
tB3
tPT2
...
tV
tB3 tA1
nt
curre
rs
ph aso
IB( tB3 )
tB1
tD
tA3
tA4
IB( tA3 )
t B3 - t A3
360
TP
tB4
t PT1 = t PT2 =
1
(t A1 - t AR - t D )
2
t B3 = t AR - tTP2
Belo Horizonte November 2005
Data rate
64 kbit/s (min.)
< 5 ms
< 0.2 ms
< 10 -6
< 10-5 *)
> 99.99 %
*) Report of WG34/35.11, Brochure REF. 192, Cigre Central Office, Paris, 2001,
*) It is suggested that for a BER of less than 10-6 the dependability shall not suffer a noticeable deterioration . For a
BER of 10-6 to 10-3 the teleprotection may still able to perform its function although a loss in dependability is to be
expected.
Digital Protection
of
Generators and Motors
Gerhard Ziegler
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
Seite 116
a
a
c
S
S
A
IA/In
3
2
S
S
A
1
S
A
Connection circuit
IS/In
Operating characteristic
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
Seite 117
a
b
c
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
Seite 118
S
S
S
S
S
A
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
Seite 119
L1
L2
L3
IE>
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
Seite 120
L1
L2
L3
U0>
IE>
Tripping
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
Seite 121
20
IRush /IN
TRush
15
Tst
10
Ist/IN
5
0
5
50
100
150
200
250
300
tst (ms)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
Seite 122
Transformer
Differential Protection
Gerhard Ziegler
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 123
w1
w2
I2
U1
X1
R1
U2
1
U1
I1
I w + I w = I w1
1 1 2 2
I << I 1, 2 '
R2 '
I2'
U 2'
X 2'
RTK
U1
X TK
I1 = I 2 '
I1 w1 = I 2 w 2
U 2'
X TK = X 1 + X 2 '
RTK = R1 + R 2 '
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 124
kV/kV
Short-circuit
voltage
% UN
No-load magnetizing
current
% In
850
850/21
17
0.2
600
400/230
18.5
0.25
300
400/120
19
0.1
300
230/120
24
0.1
40
110/11
17
0.1
16
30/10.5
8.0
0.2
6.3
30/10.5
7.5
0.2
0.63
10/0.4
4.0
0.15
Rated power
Ratio
MVA
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 125
IRush
Flux
Rem
Im
Inrush-current of a single
phase transformer
U
t
Source: Sonnemann, et al.: Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 126
IA
B
A
IB
I mC
ID
IC
I mA
Oscillogram:
IA
5
1
I A = I mA I mC
6
6
IA
IB
1
1
I B = I mA I mC
6
6
IB
IC
5
1
IC = I mC I mA
6
6
IC
Source: Sonnemann et al. : Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 127
100
B
80
360O
60
I m (2)
40
I m (1)
I m (3)
20
I m (1)
90O
17,5%
180O
270O
240O
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 128
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 129
I
Rush
I
N
12
Rated power
in MVA
time constant
in seconds
0,5....1,0
0,16....0,2
1,0
0,2 .....1,2
10
10
>10
1,2 ....720
10
50
100
500
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 130
Sympathetic Inrush
Wave form:
Transient currents:
I1
I1
I2
I2
IT
IT
I1
IT
T1
G
resistance
I2
Current circulating
between transformers
Transformer
being closed
RS
IT
Transformer
already closed
T2
XS
I1
I2
T1
T2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 131
Transformer overfluxing
Harmonic content
Im
B
1,5
10 4 Gau
1,0
%
100
80
I150/I50
60
I250/I50
40
I350/I50
I50/InTr
20
0
0,5
10
15 A
Im
10
100
120
20 ms
% 160
140
U/Un
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 132
I1
Ir
IS
I2
IT
I3
Is
It
3 /1
87T
87T
87T
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 133
Yd1
IA
Ia
IB
Ib
IC
Ic
cp
Ic
= 3
IT=3
cn
3 /1
87T
87T
87T
Ia
= 3
Cn
Cp
A0 B0 C0
30O
cp
cn
bp
Bp
Ap
An
Bn
ap
ap
an
30O
bn
an
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 134
a
A
b
B
c
87T
87T
87T
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 135
a
A
b
B
!
87T
87T
87T
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 136
a
A
b
B
3/1
87T
87T
87T
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 137
a
A
b
B
3/1
87T
87T
87T
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 138
L1
IA1
IB1
UA
L2
IA2
IB2
UB
(110 kV)
L3
IA3
IB3
(20 kV)
Digital protection
contains:
Adaptation to
7UT6
Ratio UA / UB
Vector group
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 139
JR-sec
JS-sec
JT-sec
W2
W1
JR-prim
Jr-prim
JS-prim
Js-prim
JT-prim
Jt-prim
N
o
r
m
I N Transf W1 =
IR
IS
IT
IR*
I0elim. IS*
IT*
Comparison
I
SN
J R sec
I N Prim CT 1
IS =
J S sec = kCT 1
I N Transf - W1
IT
JT sec
It**
Vector
group
adapt.
Ir*
Is*
It*
I0elim.
Ir
Is
It
N
o
r
m
I N Transf W2 =
3 U N -1
IR
Ir**
Is**
J R sec
J S sec
JT sec
CT 2
Jr-sec
Js-sec
Jt-sec
SN
3 U N -2
Ir
J r sec
I N Prim CT 2
Is =
J s sec = k CT 2
I N Transf -W2
It
J t sec
J r sec
J s sec
J t sec
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 140
JR-sec
JS-sec
JT-sec
1
(I R + I S + I T )
3
IR * = IR I0
W2
W1
JR-prim
Jr-prim
JS-prim
Js-prim
JT-prim
Jt-prim
N
o
r
m
IR
IS
IT
IR*
I0elim. IS*
IT*
Com_
parison
I
I0 =
Ir**
Is**
It**
Vector
group
adapt.
Ir*
Is*
It*
I0elim.
Ir
Is
It
N
o
r
m
IS * = IS I0
IT * = IT I0
I T
IT *
It **
Ir **
1 0
1
1
Is ** =
1 1 0
3
0
1 1
It * *
Jr-sec
Js-sec
Jt-sec
I0 =
Example Yd5:
IR
IR *
Ir **
IS = IS * + Is **
CT 2
Ir *
Is *
It *
1
(I r + I s + I t )
3
Ir * = Ir I0
I s * = Is I 0
I t * = I t I0
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 141
UN (kV)
SN (MVA)
INW (A)
Line or BB
direction of CT neutral
UN = 2
Elimination /
Correction /
without
I0-treatment
Side XX
INW S (A)
Neutral CT
U max U min
U max + U min
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 142
3000/5 A
UN2= 110 kV
Yd5
W1
600/1 A
2.400 A
7621 A
1A
5A
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 143
20-kV-side
I N Trafo W2 =
100MVA
= 2887A
3 20kV
I N Trafo W1 =
1
3 = 4,4 3 A
13200
3000
3000
3A
I Norm =
4,4 3 = 4,57
2887
J r,s, t - sek =
J R, S, T -sek =
I Norm =
4,57
I A S = I S * + I s * * = 2 4,57
I A T = IT * + I t * * =
1
2400 = 4,0 A
600
600
4 = 4,57A
525
I0-elimination:
Ir **
1 0
1
4,57 3
4,57 / 3
1
Is ** =
1 1 0 4,57 3 = 2 4,57 / 3
3
It **
0
1 1
0
4,57 / 3
IA R = IR * + I r * * =
100MVA
= 525A
3 110kV
4,57
3 4,57
3 + 2 4,57
3 4,57
=0
3=0
=0
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 144
1500/5 A
2000/5 A
500 kV,
1050 MVA
1213 A
(1050
MVA)
1000/1 A
43.930 A
(1050 MVA)
4,04 A
43,43 A
13,8 kV,
30 MVA
1/0.2A
8,786
k CT _ 3* =
8,786
= 1,76 < 4!
5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 145
1050 103
3 500
n Tr W 1sec =
1213A
= 4,04 A
1500 / 5
4.04
kCT 1 =
= 0,809
5
I n Tr W 2 =
I
1050 103
3 345
n Tr W 2 sek =
kCT 2 =
15
40In
0,122%In
32.36
351,44
= 1757 A
1757 A
= 4,39 A
2000 / 5
1050 103
3 13,8
n Tr W 3 _ sek =
kCT 3 =
Transformer
winding 3
4,39
= 0,878
5
I n Tr W 3 =
I
Transformer
winding 1
Relay
= 1213A
= 43.930 A
43.930 A
= 43,93 A
1000 / 1
43,93
= 8,786 > 4!
5
0,099%
1,072%
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 146
7UT6
Operating characteristic
ST
F =
IF
7UT6
7
6
I DIFF >>
AB
ID
IDiff/ In
I2
I1
2
e
op
Sl
Stable operation
Slope
I DIFF >
0
0
Additional stabilisation
for high Is.c.
1
3
10
11
Istab / In
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 147
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 148
UR
hUR
IF
Infeed side
IF
IK
IK
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 149
UR
%
100
hUR
Infeed side
50
IF
IK
IK
RE
0
20
40
100
60
80
Short-circuited winding part h in %
h U R
RE
U 2n
h w2
=
IF = h
IF
w1
U 1n 3
IF =
IK
IF
I Max
1 U 2n U R
I K = h2
3 U 1n R E
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 150
100
IK
10
IF , I K
x In 80
60
IP
x In
IF
4
40
IK
20
IF
0
10
15
20
25
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 151
100
80
2
120
60
1.2
I0 *
e (I 0 * /I 0 * *)
I 0 * *40
0.8
20
1.6
K0= 1.4
140
160
0.4
K0= 1
180
Blocking
+
1
Tripping
200
I>
IN
IE
I0*
I0**
340
220
320
240
300
260
280
3.14
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 152
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 153
IR
Ir
IS
Is
IT
It
ZE
IE>
IN
IE>
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 154
Ir
IR
Is
IS
It
IT
87
87
87
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 155
Ir
IR
Is
IS
It
IT
IN
I>
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 156
IE>
Insulated
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 157
Transformers
Generators
Motors
Busbars
7UT612:
7UT613:
7UT633:
7UT635:
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 158
7UT6
Integrated protection functions
Function
ANSI No.
Function
ANSI No.
Differential
87T
Overfluxing V/Hz
24
Earth differential
87 N
Breaker failure
50BF
Phase overcurrent,
50/51
Temperature monitoring
38
50N/51N
50G/51G
86
46
74TC
49
49
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 159
I
I
Shunt Reactor
Three winding
transformer
Two winding
transformer
Generator / Motor
Transformer bank
(1-1/2-LS)
Busbars
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 160
yn0
d5
R
S
T
>
(2)
>
(1)
I>>,
I>t
ITE
IT
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 161
Idiff >>
I
7
Locus of
internal faults
45
6
Op
5
In
pe
o
l
S
operate
restrain
4
3
2
Idiff >
S lo p
0 0
supplementary
restraint
e1
10
12
14
16
IRes
In
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 162
RS485 Interface
7XV5662-(x)AD10
7XV5662-(x)AD10
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 163
h = O + H gr k Y
Aging rate:
Oil Temp.
HV
LV
V=
Aging at h
= 2( h 98)/6
Aging at 98C
2
1
L=
V dt
T2 T1 T1
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 164
h = o + H gr k Y 73 + 23 1.151.6 = 102C
(L)
k,
V,
L
98C
102C
73C
h Hot spot
temp.
o oil temp.
(from thermodevice)
[C]
h
o
1.6
k (I/In)
V (relative
aging)
L (mean
value of V)
1.15
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 165
1. Serial connection
Directy or with modem
to standard DIAL-UP
network
2. HTM L page view
at IP-address of the relay
http://141.141.255.160
WEB server
in relay firmware
Server sends HTML pages and
JAVA code to WEB Browser via
DIAL-UP connection
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 166
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 167
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 168
Application examples
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 169
7SJ600
7UT512
50
51
W1
52
87T
Bu
W1 (OS)
49
W2 (US)
W2
52
52
51
52
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 170
51
52
7UT513
W1 49-1
Bu
87T
W1
W2
W2 49-2
W3
W3
51
52
Load
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 171
51
W1 49-1
52
Bu
W1 (OS)
87T
W2 (US)
ZE
51
87TE
52
52
W2
52
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 172
Protection of an autotransformer
52
7SJ600
51BF
51N
50
51
7UT513
87
TL
Load
52
87
TH
7VH600
49
52
3Y
51
59
7RW600
50
BF
Bu
50
51
50
BF
7SJ600
7SJ600
51
N
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 173
52
7SA6
49
21
7UT513
87
TL
50
BF
87
TH
7VH6 (3)
49
Load
52
52
51
59N
7RW6
50
BF
7SJ6
7SA6
21
51N
49
51
BF
7SJ6
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 174
Phase regulator
Bu
50/50N
50/50N
51/51N
Exciting
transformer
Bu
51/51N
87
TS
87
TP
51N
50N
51N
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 175
3
52
49-1
50
51
87N
7UT613
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 176
7SJ600
50
3
52
51
7UT613
49
87
87N
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 177
c)
d)
e)
52
52
52
52
IT
IT
IT
IT
G
G
IG
52
IG
IG
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 178
52
IT
52
*)
IT
IG
*) same ratio as generator CTs
52
Auxiliaries
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 179
250 MVA
220 /10 kV
T1
IT
Fault F1:
High fault currents in relation to the rated current
of the station-service transformer T2 (>100xIN)
and long DC time constants (>100 ms) require
considerable over-dimensioning of CT cores
and .
IK-T
250 MVA
10 kV
IK-G
G
F1
25 MVA
10,5 / 5 kV
IT
T2
F2
EB
7UT61
Fault F2:
uncritical as current is limited by short-circuit
impedance of station-service transformer T2.
CT can have normal dimensions
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 180
I0-correction
+ vector group adaptation
PTD Service
Power Training Center
Nrnberg 2005
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 1
L1
L2
L2
L3
L1
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
1
3
1:3
I0-correction
PTD Service
Power Training Center
3
Nrnberg 2005
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 2
L1
L2
L2
L3
L1
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
1
3
1:3
I0-correction
PTD Service
Power Training Center
3
Nrnberg 2005
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 3
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 179
Three-wire
(control cables)
up to
about 15 km
current comparison
I2
I1
voltage comparison
I2
I2
Two-wire
(telefon pilots)
up to about 25 km
I
U2
U1
I1
7SD503
7SD502/
7SD600
7SD61
Other
services
I2
I
2
I1
Up to ca. 200 km
line length
PCM
MUX
Data net
PCM
MUX
PCM
MUX
dedicated optic
fibres up to ca. 35 km
OF or microwave
PCM
MUX
7SD61
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 180
Combines
Traditional pilot wire protection principle
with
Modern digital relay technology
Novel features:
Self-monitoring and pilot wire supervision
Saturation detector
Measurement of pilot loop resistance
Add-on functions
Differential Protection Symposium
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 181
Composed current
measurement
Comparison of analogue values
Modern:
Phase
segregated
measurement
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 182
or
E
O
87L
87L
E
or
ISDN
O
E
or
O
Pilot wires
Communication according to given possibilities
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 183
7SD52/61
7XV5662-0AC00
5 kV
insulated
7XR9516
OF-cable
mutli-mode fibre
max. 1,5 km
Barrier
transformer
20 kV (optional)
Wire
connection
up to ca. 8 km
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 184
7XV56
Digital
data
network
OF
Multi-mode fibre
max. 1.5 km
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 185
Commsconverter
FO 820 nm
FO 820 nm
X21 or
G703.1
Main
connection
interrupted
Hot standby
connection
Permanent
supervision.
Commsconverter
I2
Direct FOconnection.
Main
connection
512 kBit/s
for the 87L
function
Loss of main
connection
Data
Comms
network
E
X21 or
G703.1
(64 kBit/s)
I2
Hot standby
connection
active
Switchover
takes 20 ms
I1
Data
Comms
network
I1
O
Main connection
re-established
Closed ring
Differential Protection Symposium
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 186
Chain
side 2
side 2
I2
side 3
I3
side 3
I2
I3+ I1
I3
I2
I1+ I2
I1
I3+ I1
I3
I1
I1+ I2
side 1
side 1
Partial current sums
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 187
5P20
1600:1
Cable tab 110 kV
8 km, 0.25 F/km
IC=40 A
OH-line A-B
110 kV, 60 km
8 nF/km, IC=10 A
10P10
400:1
O
E
OF: 820 nm
PCM
5P20
1600:1
Digital
communication
network
PCM
O
E
Wired interface:
X.21 or G701.1
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 188
87L
7SA52
7SA52
87L
Net
Net
7SA52
87L
7SA52
87L
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 189
8 km
50/51
LWL
7SD61
87T
50/51
50 BF
87T
50/51
50 BF
7SD61
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 190
I1
Error
%
i1
10%
fL
fF
Load range
Fault range
I1
ALF/ALFN IN-CT
ALF IN-CT
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 191
IDiff
I2
Tripping
area
Restraint
area
IDiff>
Operation
I3
I1
I3
I1
External
fault
I2
fCT
IStab
IDiff = I1 + I2 + I3
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 192
E1
U1
I2
IC
U2
E2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 193
IL= 1000 A
1000/1 A
1000/1 A
Infeed
7SD52
IF
Load
RF
7SD52
lline = 120 km
Ic = 72 A
Channel unsymmetry: 0.2 ms = 4.32 O 5O (60 Hz)
5P type CT, i.e. 1% error in the load area, set: f CD= 2%
Relay pick-up setting about 4xIC: IDiff> = 30% In = 300 A
I Op = I A + I B = 1000 A + I F 1000 A = I F
I Re s = I Diff > + Fsync + f CTA I A + f CTB I B = I Diff > + ( I L + I F ) sin
+ I L sin
+ f CTA ( I L + I F ) + f CTB I L
2
2
I Diff > + (2 sin ( / 2 ) + f CTA + f CTB ) I L 300 A + (2 sin 5o / 2) + 0.02 + 0.02) 1000 A
IF >
=
= 457 A
o
1 (sin ( / 2 ) + f CTA )
1 (sin(5 / 2) + 0.02)
R F max . =
230 kV
230 kV
=
= 290 Ohm
3 I F min .
3 457A
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 194
Q1
Q3
1/4 cycle
n+4
n+3
n+2
n+1
n
n-1
speed
64 kbit/s
128 kbit/s
512 kbit/s (FO)
t +T 4
Q=
i
i
I(t) dt ( n + n + 5 +
2
2
n+4
In ) T
QDiff =
Q1+Q2+Q3
n +1
2 relays
21 ms
16 ms
14 ms
3 relays
21 ms
16 ms
14 ms
6 relays
41 ms
24 ms
17 ms
Trip
Area
Restrain
Area
QDiff>>
Settable pick-up value
0
Qrest= Q errors
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 195
Year
Memory
1986
192 kB
0.5 MIPS
16 bit
19.2 kbps
1992
768 kB
1.0 MIPS
16 bit
115.2 kbps
1998
8.5 MB
35 MIPS
32 bit
2004
28 MB
80 MIPS
32 bit
Processing
power
Bus width
Communication
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 196
21 & 87 Relay
United full scheme distance and differential protection
21
87
85 - 21
67N
85 - 67N
68, 68T
27 WI
79
25
59
27
49
81
51/51N
50 BF
21 & 87
2 in 1
87
IRest
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 197
line protection
67 DEF
For all kind of lines
Short to long lines
Parallel lines
Multi-terminal lines
Dedicated OF
Tapped lines
Digital microwave
Transformer lines
Comms networks
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 198
87
21
21
Net
Net
87
&
21
Permissive
tripping
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 199
400/1 A
Net
Net
110 kV
SSC1=2000 MVA
ZS1 = 6.05
l1= 8 km
XL1=
3.2
l2= 10 km
XL2=
4.0
20 MVA
uT=12 %
XSC-T= 73
1.1 U N / 3 1.1 110/ 3 kV
ISC
=
= 957 A
X SC T
73
l3= 5 km
XL3 =
2.0
5 MVA
uK=8 %
XSC-T= 194
l4= 4 km
XL4=
1.6
110 kV
SSC2=1000 MVA
ZS2= 12.1
10 MVA
uK=10 %
XSC-T= 121
S N T
I Rush 5
= 5
3 U N
35 MVA
3 110 kV
= 918 A
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 200
87
MUX
comms net
MUX
87
21
21
87
87
PLC
PLC
21
21
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 201
87 differential
and
21 pilot protection
Ph a - E
Ph b - E
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 202
87 differential
and
21 pilot protection
Ph a - E
Ph b - E
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 203
I2
Grid 1
Grid 2
U1
U2
Digital comms
XLI1
XLI2
U2
U1
(I1+I2)RF
Distance
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 204
Conclusions
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 205
I2
PCP
PCP
7SD512
7SD512
i2(t)
i1(t)
Sign.{ i2 }
Sign.{ i1 }
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 206
I2
PVS
PVS
PVS
PVS
7SD512
7SD512
7SD512
7SD512
i1(t)
I1
i1(t)
i2(t)
no coincidence
I2
no coincidence
i2(t)
+
Full coincidence
Full coincidence
Tripping
External fault
Tripping
Internal fault,
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 207
I1=IL+IC
-I2= IL
IL
IC
E1
I1
E2
KO
IC
I1
-I2
-I2
undefined
range
I2
Tripping
range
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 208
i(t)
Sign.{ i(t) }
00
11
+++
START
1 1
1 0 1
CHECK
END
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 209
I2
I1
ZV2
RF
E2
E2
I1L
I2L
ZV2
UFL
ZV1
I1=I1F
I2=I2F
RF
ZV2
UFL
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 210
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 217
Iop
k I Res
IOp
Measuring
circuit
Tripping
area
Operating
characteristic
k%
Iop>
IRes
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 218
4AM
3
100mA /IN
7SD601
7TM70
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 219
IA
Id >
IS
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 220
1
_
BB 2
I1
I2
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 221
Optic fibre-communication
- HDLC protocol
- 1,2 MBaud
Wired
connections
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 222
Transfer bus
7SS50
centralised
Bays
7SS52
decentralised
32
48
BB-zones
12
couplings
16
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 223
Connection to
central unit
OF
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 224
IOp
Relay characteristic
(k =0.1 - 0.8)
k
Optional extension
for networks with limited earth
current (impedance earthing)
(release by U0>)
I >
IE >
IRes<
IRes
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 225
BB-Protection 7SS52
Performance in networks with earth current limitation
110 /10 kV
40 MVA
IL =
35MVA
10kV 3
= 2 kA
I F = I E = 10/ 3kV/6 1 kA
Restraint current:
I Res = I = (2 + 1) + 2 kA
Operating current:
I Op = I = I E = 1 kA
k=
35 MW
IOp
I Op
I Re s
1
= 0.2
5
I>
Iop-E= IE = 1kA
IE>= 500 A
IRes-L= 4kA
IRes
Ihres-E= 1kA
IRes<= 7kA
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 226
ISS1
ISS2
ICheck
Check zone:
in the past used with HI protection on EHV level (needs separate CT cores)
in general not used with traditional low impedance busbar protection (too expensive)
However, now integrated as software function in full scheme versions 7SS51 and 7SS52
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 227
Check zone
I1
I2
IOp
I4
I3
I3 + I4
IOp
I1 +I2
I1 +I2
2(|I3| +|I4| )
I1 +I2
IRes
Normal restraint:
Sum of all current magnitudes
|I3 + I4|
I Res = I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I 4 + I3 + I4
IRes
I n = I3 + I 4
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 228
BB-A
BB-B
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 229
BB-B
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 230
BB-B
87 A
87 B
Coupler CB auxiliary contacts connected to 7SS52:
Coupler currents are removed from 87-A and 87-B current
comparison with open coupler CB.
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 231
BB-A
BB-B
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 232
Busbar
protection7
SS52
Bay
protection
&
Fault
detection
Trip
&
T-BF
Current
reversal
I
87
Trip
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 233
trip
7SS52
T-BF
&
I>
&
Isolator
replica
Selective
bus
trip
Fault
detection
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 234
I of check zone
calculated
from all samples
I of discriminative
zones, calculated from
even samples
I of discriminative
zones, calculated from
odd samples
Trip- relay
(per bay)
L+
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 235
Odd
Samples
Even
Samples
dI S
dt
dI S
dt
1 ms
dI S
dt
Check zone
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 236
I2
1
1
IOp= |I1+I2|
I1
0
10
20
I2
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5
10
20
20
10
20
10
20
1.5
10
20
kIRes = k(|I1|+|I2|)
1
0.5
1.5
IRes=|I1|+|I2|
I = IOp - IRes
0.5
0
10
20
1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 237
I2
2
I1
10
20
IOp= |I1+I2|
I2
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5
10
20
10
20
10
20
1.5
10
20
kIRes =k(|I1|+|I2|)
1
0.5
1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5
I=IOp - IRes
IRes=|I1|+|I2|
0
10
20
Tripping!
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 238
I1
IM
RB
I2
E2
max
180O
54O
90O
Im
max
180O
180O
180O
x
180
I
sinx dt = ALF'I 2N 2
2F sinx dt = ALF'I 2N
I 2F
2
= ALF'
x
I 2N
sinx
I
I
2
k OB = 2F 2N =
x
ALF'
sinx
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 239
IRes= |I1|+|I2|
0.5
0
10
sinx >
0
0
I F < k 2 I F sin x
1
2k
I
I
2
2
= 2K 2N =
=
x
n'
1 cosx
sinx
(from previous transparency)
20
2 I F sin x
IOp= |I1+I2|
IK
k>
K OB
4 K OB 1
10
20
20
or
k>
1
4 K TF K 2 TF
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 240
I2
2
2
I1
IOp= |I1+I2|
0
20
40
60
20
20
40
60
40
60
40
60
I2
0
20
40
60
kIRes =k(|I1|+|I2|)
IRes=|I1|+|I2|
I=IOp - IRes
20
1
0
20
40
60
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 241
I2
3
2
1
IOp= |I1+I2|
I1
20
40
60
40
60
1
0
I2
20
40
kIRes =k(|I1|+|I2|)
0
20
2
3
60
40
1
0
60
20
1
t
2
2
2
I=IOp - IRes
IRes=|I1|+|I2|
0
20
40
60
0.75
0.5 0
40
60
1.75
3
20
Tripping!
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 242
25 106
I N T =
= 1440A
10 103 3
110kV
SSC= 4 GVA
110/10 kV
25 MVA
uT= 14%
TT= 60 ms
1500/1
2MW
600/1
300/1
150/1
5MW
10 kV
10 MVA
Xd= 15%
TG= 100 ms
300/1
300/1
ISt= 6IN
Xd= 17%
TM= 35 ms
5MW
5MW
I N G =
10 10 6
= 577A
3
10 10 3
5 10 6
I N M -HV = 2
= 577A
3
10 10 3
IFT =
1.1 1440
= 11.3 kA
0.14
IFG =
1.1 577
= 4.2 kA
0.15
I F M =
1.1 577
= 3.7 kA
0.17
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 243
I
T + I F G TG + I F M TM 11.3 60 + 4.2 100 + 3.7 35
TEquiv. = F T T
=
= 64 ms
I F T + I F G + I F M
11.3 + 4.2 + 3.7
We consider a CT type 5P?, 30 VA, internal burden Pi= 15% (4.5 VA):
Connected burden Pa= 1 VA
CT over-dimensioning factor for 3ms saturation free time: KTF ca. 0.45
Corresponding to an overburdening factor of kOB= 1/KTF = 2.2
Checking of the k-setting
(Stability with symmetrical fault currents):
ALF ' =
I F
I N CT
K TF =
19 .200
0 . 45 = 58
150
k>
k OB
4 kOB 1
ALF =
2,2
= 0 .5 (chosen: k=0.6)
4 (2 .2 1)
Pa + Pi
1 + 4.5
ALF ' =
58 = 9.3
PN + Pi
30 + 4.5
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 244
1.5
1.5
KTF
1.4
TM
1.3
KTF
1.4
1.2
1.2
5 ms
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.8
4 ms
0.7
0.5
0.5
3 ms
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3 ms
0.4
0.3
4 ms
0.7
0.6
0.4
5 ms
0.8
0.6
TM
1.3
10
TN
TN
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 245
RCT
RCT
RCT
RCT
RL
RL
RL
RL
RRS
Varistor
IV
IS
RRV
I
IR
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 246
Given: :n = 8 feeders
rCT = 600/1 A
UKN = 500 V
RCT = 4 Ohm
ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up voltage)
600
(0.02 + 0.89 + 0.05 + 8 0.03 )
1
RR
IR
R L + R CT
600 10.000
0.02
1
3+ 4
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 247
IM=2IL1 + 1IL3+ 3 IE
=2IF + 1 IF+ 33IF = +12 IF
IM=2IL1 + 1IL3 + 3 IE
=2 (IF) + 1 (IF) + 30= 3IF
IOp=| IM1 + IM2 | = 9 IF
IRes=|IM1| +|IM2| = 15 IF
k=9/15 = 0.6
IOp
Fault L2-E
k=0.5
k=1
k=1
IRes
Belo Horizonte November 2005
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 248
110/10 kV
40 MVA
35MVA
10kV 3
= 2 kA
I F = I E = 10/ 3 kV/6 1 kA
RE= 6 Ohm (IE = 1 kA)
Ph-E
I Res = 3 3 kA
I Op = 3 I KE = 3 kA
k=
35 MW
I Op
I Re s
IL1
IL3
IE
2IL1
IM-L
IL2
3
3 3
= 0,57
Fault L2-E
IOp
IL3
k=0.5
|IM-L|
IRes
Load
IRes
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 249
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 248
Transformers
Generators
Motors
Busbars
7UT612:
7UT613:
7UT633:
7UT635:
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 249
Relay version
current inputs
(normal)
(sensitive)
7UT612
7UT613
7UT633
7UT635
7 (7)1)
1
--3
4
1
4 rows3)
11 (6) 1)
1 2)
3/1
5
8
1
4 rows3)
11 (6) 1)
1 2)
3/1
21
24
1
Graphic
14 (12 1)
2 2)
--29
24
1
Graphic
1)
2)
3)
alpha-numeric
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 250
Function
ANSI No.
Function
Differential
87T/G/M/L
Overfluxing V/Hz
24
Earth differential
87 N
Breaker failure
50BF
Phase overcurrent,
50/51
Temperature monitoring
38
50N/51N
50G/51G
86
46
74TC
49
49
ANSI No.
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 251
7UT6: Application
(1)
I
I
Shunt Reactor
Three winding
transformer
Two winding
transformer
Generator / Motor
Transformer bank
(1-1/2-LS)
Busbars
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 252
7UT6: Application
Generation Unit
protection
(overall differential)
(2)
7UT6xx
7UT635
G
3~
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 253
7UT6:
selectable: I0-correction or restricted earth fault protection
YN
yn0
d5
R
S
T
49
(1)
49
(2)
50
51
ITE
IT
7UT613
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 254
Idiff >>
7
Locus of
internal faults
I Op
In
45
5
operate
e2
p
lo
restrain
*)
3
2
Idiff >
e1
p
o
l
S
0 0
supplementary
restraint
10
12
14
16
IRes
In
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 255
Restrain
45
Trip
Area of
add-on
restraint
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 256
Measuring value
processing
i1L
Side 1
i2L
iOp = i1 + i2
Side 2
Average value
IStab = iRest
Fundamental wave:
IDiff = Eff(iDiff)50Hz
Operating characteristic,
Saturation detector
IDiff
IDiff>
IStab
&
Trip
IDiff>
Trip
IDiff>>
Motor start,
DCcomonent
Harmonic Analysis:
-2nd Harmon. Blocking
-Cross Blocking
iRes IRes
IDiff
IDiff
IDiff>>
I / InO
I / InO
iDiff
ms
iDiff
2IDiff>>
ms
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 257
RS485 Interface
7XV5662-(x)AD10
7XV5662-(x)AD10
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 258
Aging rate:
Oil Temp.
HV
LV
Aging at h
V=
= 2( h 98)/6
Aging at 98C
2
1
L=
V dt
T2 T1 T1
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 259
h = o + H gr k Y 73 + 23 1.151.6 = 102C
(L)
k,
V,
L
98C
102C
73C
h Hot spot
temp.
o oil temp.
(from thermodevice)
[C]
h
o
1.6
k (I/In)
V (relative
aging)
L (mean
value of V)
1.15
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 260
(1)
WEB-Technology
Access to WEB Browser
Help system in the
INTRANET / INTERNET
http://www.siprotec.com
1. Serial connection
Directy or with modem
to standard DIAL-UP
network
2. HTM L page view
at IP-address of the relay
http://141.141.255.160
WEB server
in relay firmware
Server sends HTML pages and
JAVA code to WEB Browser via
DIAL-UP connection
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 261
(2)
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 262
G. Ziegler, 5/2005
page 263
7UT612
80 MVA
Yy0
2500A/1A
20 kV
110 kV
500A/1A
Side 2:
Side 1:
2L1
1L1
IL1,S1
2L2
1L2
2L3
1L3
IL1,S2 = IL1
UL1,S1
UL1,S2
IL1,S1
UL3,S2
UL2,S2
UL3,S1
UL2,S1
0
Vector group is
Yy0
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 3
Transformer Protection
7UT612
80 MVA
Yd11
2500A/1A
20 kV
110 kV
500A/1A
Side 2:
Side 1:
2L1
IL1,S1
2L2
1L1
1L2
2L3
1L3
IL1,S1
UL1,S1
UL1,S2
UL2,S2
UL3,S1
UL2,S1
UL3,S2
Vector group is
Y d 11
330
(n * 30)
Siprotec 4 (Browser)
Phase angles
Side 1: 0
(reference phase)
Side 2: 210
Please subtract 180,
than you get 30
(360 - 30 = 330)
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 6
IL1;Side 1
Way 1:
IL1 Side: 150 + 180 = 330
Way 2:
IL1 Side: 210 - 180 = 30
leads 30 or lags 330
I0-correction
+ vector group adaptation
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 1
L1
L2
L2
L3
L1
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
1
3
1:3
I0-correction
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 2
L1
L2
L2
L3
L1
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
1
3
1:3
I0-correction
G. Ziegler, 10/2005
page 3
7UT612
80 MVA
Yy0
2500A/1A
20 kV
110 kV
500A/1A
Side 2:
Side 1:
2L1
1L1
IL1,S1
2L2
1L2
2L3
1L3
IL1,S2 = IL1
UL1,S1
UL1,S2
IL1,S1
UL3,S2
UL2,S2
UL3,S1
UL2,S1
0
Vector group is
Yy0
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 3
Transformer Protection
7UT612
80 MVA
Yd11
2500A/1A
20 kV
110 kV
500A/1A
Side 2:
Side 1:
2L1
IL1,S1
2L2
1L1
1L2
2L3
1L3
IL1,S1
UL1,S1
UL1,S2
UL2,S2
UL3,S1
UL2,S1
UL3,S2
Vector group is
Y d 11
330
(n * 30)
Siprotec 4 (Browser)
Phase angles
Side 1: 0
(reference phase)
Side 2: 210
Please subtract 180,
than you get 30
(360 - 30 = 330)
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 6
IL1;Side 1
Way 1:
IL1 Side: 150 + 180 = 330
Way 2:
IL1 Side: 210 - 180 = 30
leads 30 or lags 330