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Digital Differential Protection

G. Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte, 7 to 9 Nov. 2005

No.: 1

Differential Protection: Discussion Subjects

Mode of operation

Measuring technique

Current transformers

Communications

Generator and motor differential protection

Transformer differential protection

Line differential protection

Busbar differential protection

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte, 7 to 9 Nov. 2005

No.: 2

Digital Differential
Protection
Principles and Application
Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 1

Contents
Pages
Mode of operation

3 - 27

Measuring technique

28 - 45

Current transformers

46 - 86

Communications

87 - 115

Generator and motor differential protection

116 - 122

Transformer differential protection

123 - 178

Line differential protection

179 - 216

Busbar differential protection

217 - 247

7UT6 product features

248 - 264

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 2

Digital Differential Protection


Mode of operation
Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 3

Comparison protection - Principles


Absolute selectivity by using communications
IA

IB
B

Exchange of YES / NO signals


(fault forward / reverse)

protection range
reverse

forward

Relay

forward

communication

reverse

Current comparison
| I |

Relay

Sampled values
Phasors
Binary decisions

Directional comparison

IA

IB

comparison of
momentary values or phasors
B

| I | = | IA - IB | > limiting value

A
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 4

Protection Criterion current difference


(differential protection)
n Kirchhoffs law: II1 + I2 + I3 + ... InI= Idiff = 0;

Current difference indicates fault

n Security by through-current dependent restraint

|I1|+|I2|+ ... |In| = IRes

protection
object

n Characteristic:

Idiff
Trip
Ires
n Absolute zone selectivity (limits: CT locations)

No back-up for external faults


n Differential protection: for generators, motors, transformers, lines and busbars

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 5

Current differential protection: Basic principle

I1
i1

I2
Protection
object

i2
I>

I=I1 + I2
=0

external fault or load

Differential Protection Symposium

I1

I2

Protection
object

i1

i2
i1

I>

I=I1 + I2

i2

internal fault

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 6

Differential protection: Connection circuit


Traditional technique

Digital technique

L1

L1

L2
L3

L2
L3

Galvanically connected circuits must only be


earthed once!

Different CT ratios need to be adapted by auxiliary


CTs!

Differential Protection Symposium

CT circuits of digital relays are


segregated and must each be earthed !

Digital relays have integrated


numerical ratio adaptation !

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 7

Generator and transformer differential protection

L1
L2
L3

L1
L2
L3

Differential Protection Symposium

Yd5

Matching
transformer

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 8

Transformer differential protection

Yd5
L1
L2
L3

Matching
transformer

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 9

Current transformer:
Principle, transformation ratio, polarity

i1

i2

i1
w1

u1
i2

u2

i1 w1 = i2 w2

Function principle
i1

u2

u1 u 2
=
w1 w2

w2

u1

Polarity marks

P1

P2

i2
i1

u1

i2

u2
S1
Equivalent electrical circuit

Differential Protection Symposium

S2

Designation of CT terminals
according to IEC 60044-1

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 10

Busbar differential protection


Digital protection 7SS52

Analog protection 7SS10/11/13


7SS600 with digital measuring relay (I)

I Central Unit
2

Optic
fibres

BU

BU

BU

BU

M
Grid
infeed

BU: bay unit

Load

Differential Protection Symposium

M
Grid
infeed

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Load

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 11

Line differential protection

50/60 Hz current comparison


through wire connection
I1

Phasor with digital communication


via OF, microwave or pilot wires
I1

I2
I2

DI

I1

I2

dedicated O.F.
up to about 35 km
Other
services

PCM
MUX

PCM
MUX

Other
services

O.F. or Microwave

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 12

Two wire (pilot wire) line differential protection


Voltage comparison principle
I2

I1

Grid

G
I

RS

U1

U2

RS

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 13

False differential currents during load or external faults

I / In
te

ri
st
ic

ac

IGF = total false current

re

la

ch

ar

3
2

IWF = CT false current


IAF = Inaccurate adaptation (CT ratios, tap
changer)

IWF = Transformer magnetising current

10

Differential Protection Symposium

15

ID / In

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 14

Percentage differential relay

A = I1 I2
operate
stabilise

B
S = I1+ I2

I1
Basicpick-up value (B)
I2
I1+ I2

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 15

Differential protection: analog measuring circuit


Rectifier bridge comparator with moving coil relay

I2

I1
protection
object

i1

Fault characteristic
(single side infeed)

i2

I =

W2

W1
W3

k1 I Re s

k1 I Re s

I1 I 2

Relay characteristic

W1

k 2 I Op

= k1 (I 1 I 2 )
k1 =

I1 + I 2 > k I1 I 2

W4

w1
w2

Differential Protection Symposium

k=

k2 I Op

I = I1 + I 2

= k2 (I1 + I 2 )
k2 =

w3
w4

k1
k2

with digital relays: I = I1 + I 2

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 16

Multi-end differential protection:


Analog measuring principle

Iop = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = I

Differential Protection Symposium

k I Re s

I Op

I Res = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = I

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 17

Optimised relay characteristic

G
R
2000A

Ideal fault characteristic

IOp =
I1 I 2

internal
fault

300A

Load
RL

IOp = 2000 A

relay characteristic

IS = 2600 A

I F1

I F2

CT saturation

I Res = I1 + I 2

Healthy
protection object

I Op = 2 I F cos

Differential Protection Symposium

I Re s = 2 I F

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 18

Digital differential protection: Relay characteristic


IOp
Positive current polarity
k2
I

k1

Id >
IR0

I Op = I = I1 + I 2

Settings:

I Res = I = I1 + I 2

slope k1

IRes

Pick-up value Id >

slope k2 with footing point IR0

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 19

I / I und I1 / I2 diagram
I =
I1 + I 2

I1
Internal
faults
IS0 1+ k
+
B
2 2k

k [% / 100 ]
slope

IS0

IS0 1 k
B
+
2 2k

I = I1 + I 2

I1 + I 2 > k I1 + I 2 I S 0

I1 + I 2 > B

Differential Protection Symposium

IS0
2

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 20

I2

Polar diagram of differential protection


I1 + I 2 > k I1 I 2

-Plane (remote/local current)

I
1+ 2
1+
I1
> k or
>k
I2
1-
1
I1

I
Im 2
I1

I
= 2
I1

I2
Protection
object

I
with = 2
I1

I1

1+ k
1 k

+1

-1
(k=0,5)

1 k
1+ k

I
Re 2
I1

Restraint area

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 21

Polar diagram of digital differential protection:


Basic pick-up value B > 0

90

I 2 j
e
I1

120

I1 + I 2 > k ( I1 + I 2 ) + B
or

I2
> k 1 +
1+

I1

I2
I1

B
+
I
1

60

150

30

180

0
5

210

10

330

300

240
270
B/I1= 0,3

a1(): k=0,3
a2(): k=0,6
a3(): k=0,8

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 22

Mixing transformer of composed current differential protection

IL1

IL2

IL3
IL1

Composed current during


symmetrical 3-ph fault or load

IM

IL3

7SD503: IM = 100 mA
7SS600: IM = 100 mA
7SD502: IM = 20 mA

IE
3
Mixing
transformer

IM =

IL3

1
3 I Ph 3
w

2 IL1

IL3

IL1

I M = 2 I L1 + 1 I L3 + 3 I E
IL3

IL2

Differential Protection Symposium

= 5 I L1 + 3 I L2 + 4 I L3
composed current (vector sum)
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 23

Mixing transformer:
Pickup sensitivity of standard connection (IM= 2IL1+IL3+3IE )

Fault type

Per unit composed current


related to 3-phase
symmetrical current

Composed current

L1-E

IML1-E = 5 IL1

IL2 = IL3 = 0

IML1-E / IM = 5 / 3 = 2.9

L2-E

IML2-E = 3 IL2

IL1 = IL3 = 0

IML2-E / IM = 3 / 3 = 1.73

L3-E

IML3-E = 4 IL3

IL1 = IL2 = 0

IML3-E / IM = 4 / 3 = 2.3

L1-L2

IML12 = 5 I L1 + 3 I L2

IL3 = 0

IML12 / IM = 2 / 3 = 1.15

L2-L3

IML23 = 3 I L2 + 4 I L3

IL1 = 0

IML23 / IM = 1 / 3 = 0.58

L1-L3

IML13 = 5 I L1 + 4 I L3

IL2 = 0

IML13 / IM = 1 / 3 = 0.58

L1-L2-L3

IML123 = 5 IL1 + 3IL2 + 4IL3

|IL1| = |I L2| = |I L3|

IML123 / IM = 3 / 3 = 1

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Highest
sensitivity

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 24

Composed current differential protection


Behaviour during cross country fault (isolated/compensated network)
I

B
L1
L2
L3

IF

L1 internal und L3 external:


IM-A= 5IF - 4IF = 1IF und IM-B= + 4IF
I = |IM-A + IM-B| = 5IF und I = |IM-A| + |IM-B| = 5IF
I/I = 5/5 = 1.0

Tripping

L2 internal, L3 external
IM-A= - 1IF und IM-B= + 4IF
I = |IM-A + IM-B| = 3 IF und I = |IM-A| + |IM-B| = 5IF
I/I = 3/5 = 0.6

Tripping if k-setting < 0.6

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 25

Composed current differential protection


Through current stabilisation with unsymmetrical earthing conditions

IM2=2IL1 + 1IL3+ 3 IE
=2IF + 1 IF+ 33IF = +12 IF

IM1=2IL1 + 1IL3 + 3 IE
=2 (IF) + 1 (IF) + 30= 3IF
IOp=| IM1 + IM2 | = 9 IF
IRes=|IM1| +|IM2| = 15 IF

k=9/15 = 0.6

IOp

Fault L2-E

k=0.5

Faults in other phases:


Fault L1-E: IOp = (3+12) IF = 15 IF,
IRes= (3+12) IF = 15 IF,

k=1

Fault L3-E: IOp = (0+12) IF = 12 IF,


IRes= (0+12) IF = 12 IF,

k=1

Differential Protection Symposium

IRes
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 26

High impedance differential protection: Principle


Behaviour during external fault
with CT saturation

with ideal current transformers

ISC

RCT

RCT

ISC

ISC

ISC

UR

ECT 1 = (RL + RCT ) iSC

ECT 1 = 2 (RL + RCT ) iSC

UR = 0
ECT 2 = (RL + RCT ) iSC

Differential Protection Symposium

U R = (RL + RCT ) iSC

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 27

High impedance differential protection:


Calculation example (busbar protection)

Given:

n = 8 feeders
rCT = 600/1 A
UKN = 500 V
RCT = 4 Ohm
ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up value)

Pick-up sensitivity:

600
(0.02 + 0.05 + 8 0.03)
1

I F min = 186 A (31% )

Differential Protection Symposium

RR = 10 kOhm
Ivar = 50 mA (at relay pick-up value)

Stability:

I F min = rCT I R pick up + IVar + n I mR

I F min =

RL= 3 Ohm (max.)


IR-pick-up.= 20 mA (fixed value)

I F through max < rCT

I F throuh max <

RR
I R pick up
RL + RSW

600 10,000

0.02
1
3+4

I F through max < 17kA = 28 I n


Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 28

Digital Differential Protection


Measuring Technique
Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 28

Merz and Price differential protection


Patent dated 1904

a: feeder, b: generator, c: substation, d: primary winding of CT, e: secondary winding of CT, f: earth or
return conductor, g: pilot wire, h: relay windings, i: circuit breakers, k,l: movable and fixed relay
contacts, m: circuit, n: battery, o: electromagnetic device with armature p.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 29

Electro-mechanical differential protection


based on induction relay
I2

I1
Schutzobjekt

i1

Differential Protection Symposium

i2

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 30

Electro-mechanical differential protection


Rectifier bridge comparator with moving coil relay
I1

Protection
object

i1

I Re s

I = I

Op

i2

IOp

I Re s = k (I 1 I 2 )

I2

I Op = I 1 + I 2

+
Re s

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 31

Differential protection
Analog static measuring circuit

I1

I2

Protection
object

i1

I Re s = k (I 1 I 2 )

i2
I Re s R S

RS
V1
RS

I Op = I 1 + I 2

V3
V2

I Op R S

URef

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 32

Digital differential protection


Measuring value acquisition and processing

0.67 ms (18 degr. el.)

MI

1.2 kHz
clock

Filter

1
IL1
IL2
IL3
IE
UL1
UL2
UL3
UE
a.s.o.

Processor system

S&H

CPU
A
D

RAM

MUX

ROM

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 33

Digital protection:
Measurement based on momentary values

I=

IRMS
0

Tsamp. corresponds to ( 60Hz: 0.67 ms = 18O el.)

I=
n 1
cos (
)
2
I
I RMS =
2

I =

Differential Protection Symposium

when n sampled values exceed the


pick-up limit I=
f
= Tsamp. = N 360O
fA

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 34

Digital differential protection:


Measurement based on momentary values
4
3

4
7

3
2

I>

9
10

trip

7
8

restrain

0
10

18O
= 1 ms (50 Hz)
= 0.67 ms (60 Hz)

IA

IB

Operating quantity :

I = I A + I B

Restraining quantity : I = I A + I B
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 35

Discrete Fourier-Transformation (Principle)


sin 2 i
n
0 1 2 . .

i( k n+i )

Correlate:
Multiply samples and
add for one cycle
n

Correlate IS(k)

i
k-n

I (k) = I S(k) + j I C(k)


k

Correlate IC(k)

I (k )

IC(k)

cos 2 i
n

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

IS(k)

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 36

Discrete Fourier-Transformation (calculation formulae)


i
0

i1 i2 i
3
iN
t

I = 2 sin( n t )in
S N n=1

i N-1
I = 2 O + N + cos( n t)in
C N 2 2 n=1

N-1

0 1 2 3 ....
n

0 1 2 3 ...

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 37

Orthogonal components of a current phasor


dependent on the position of the data window
Data window

= t
IS =

1
I ( t ) sin t dt
2 360

IC =

1
I ( t ) cos t dt
2 360

I = I S + j IC
I0
= 1+ j 0
I

I30
3
1
= + j
I
2
2
O

I 60 1
3
= + j
I
2
2
O

jIC

I
IS

t
t=0

I90
= 0 + j 1
I
O

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 38

Transfer function of a one cycle Fourier-filter


Hrel
1,0
0,75
0,5
0,25
0
0

Differential Protection Symposium

f/fn

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 39

Digital protection
Fast current phasor estimation
N

k-N

i(t)

Data window
i(t) = A sin( t ) +

Task:
Method:

Delta =

B cos( t) - e + C cos( t)

Estimation of the coefficients A, B, C on basis of


measured currents and voltages
Gaus Minimization of error squares:
Delta = quality value
k
= sampling number
k
N
= length of data window
2
i(n T) - f (n)
MIN
n
= variable
n=k-N
T
= sampling interval
sampled values

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 40

Differential protection with phasors (principle)


A

IAC , IAS
IBC , IBS

trip

I>

restraint

jIAS

I
Operating quantity :

I = I A + I B

Restrainin g quantity : I = I A + I B

IBC
IAC
jIBS

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 41

Digital line differential protection


Synchronisation of phasors (ping-pong time alignment)
A

tA1
tA2

curre
n
phas t
o rs

...

tPT1

tAR

tA5

tA1

tPT2
tV
tB3 tA1

tBR

tB2

tB3
nt
curre
.
.
.
rs
ph aso

Differential Protection Symposium

t B3 - t A3
360
TP

tB4

Signal transmission time: t PT1 = t PT2 =


Sampling instant:

IB( tB3 )

tB1
tD

tA3
tA4

IB( tA3 )

1
(t A1 - t AR - t D )
2

t B3 = t A3 - t PT2

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 42

Split path data transmission


Impact of unsymmetrical propagation time
I1

I2

180o
T[ms ]

10ms
I = I sin = I sin
2
2

I2
I1

Example:
Transmit channel time 3 ms
Receive channel time 4.2 ms
time difference = 1.2 ms

180o
1.2ms
10ms = I 0.19
I = I sin
2

I
/2

I = 19%!

To keep the false differential current below about 2 to 5%, the


propagation time difference should not exceed about 0.1 to 0.25 ms!
Otherwise:
more insensitive relay setting
or GPS synchronisation
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 43

Synchronisation of Differential relays via GPS


Line end 1

Line end 2

GPS-Antenna
RS232

GPS-Antenna
GPS

RS232

UH

DC
GPS-Empfnger
supply
DCF-SIM
A
B
LWL
LWL IRIG-B
24V

GPS

GPS-Empfnger Hopf DC
supply
DCF-SIM
A
B
LWL
LWL IRIG-B
24V

IRIG-B Telegram
Sec. impulse (highly accurate)

LWL
K1

LWL

BE2

K2

IRIG-B Telegram
Sec. impulse (highly accurate)

LWL

K2

K1

7XV5654 Sync-Trans.
K1 X1 K2
K2

LWL

BE2

K2

K2

7XV5654 Sync-Trans.
K1 X1 K2
K2

+ - 24V + 1 3
8 4

+ - 24V + 1 3
8 4

Y-cable 7XV5105

1 3 8 4

RUN

7SD52

SIEMENS

ERR OR

L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A

to max.

Differential Protection Symposium

SIEMENS

ERR OR

L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A

7SD52

V4

SIPROTEC
RUN

Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A

Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat

1 3 8 4

V4

SIPROTEC

RUN

Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A

Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat

1 3 8 4

V4

SIPROTEC

L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A

Y-cable 7XV5105

1 3 8 4

V4
SIEMENS

UH

SIEMENS

ERR OR

SIPROTEC

RUN

Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A

L1 402,1A
L2 402,1A
L3 402,1A
E
00.0A

Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat

ERR OR
Max450.1A
Max450.1A
Max450.1A

Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde
Automat

t0 max.

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 44

Devices for GPS time synchronisation


n GPS receiver with 2 optical outputs
(7XV5664-0AA00).
Output for IRIB-B telegram
and output for second/
minute pulse
n Galvanic separation between the
receiver and the tranceiver
7XV5654
n Optic/electric signal
conversion in the tranceiver
n Distribution of the electrical
signals via Y-bus cable to
port A of the relays (telegram)
n Electronic contact for the
minute pulse in case of
synchronisation through binary
input with battery voltage

Differential Protection Symposium

Outdoor antenna
FG4490G10 for GPS

GPS receiver
7XV5664
Tranceiver
7XV5654
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 45

Additional components for SICAM SAS


GPS-System

Differential Protection Symposium

24 satellites move in a height of


20 000km on 6 different paths
Transmission frequency 1,57542GHz
For a continuous time reception min. 4
satellites is necessary
High accuracy : 1 usec

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 46

Operating characteristic of digital differential relays

I
=|I1+ I2|

I1

I2

b%

I>

a%

I b

Differential Protection Symposium

I = |I1|+ |I2|

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 47

Differential protection
CT saturation with internal and external faults
I
Protection object

I2

I1
Internal fault

External fault

I1
I2
I= |I1| + |I2|
I=|I1 +I2|
t=0

t=10

Differential Protection Symposium

t=20 ms

t=0

t=10

t=20 ms

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 48

Saturation detector:

Locus of I/I for external faults without and with CT saturation

i Op( n ) = i1( n ) + i 2( n )
6'
7'

saturation

3'

re s

i 2( n )

in
tra

8'

External fault

5'
4' with CT

i1( n )

e
rat
e
op

i1( n ) + i 2( n )

9'

0
10

External fault
(ideal CTs)

4 5

i Re s ( n ) = i1(n ) + i 2( n )

Differential Protection Symposium

i1(n ) + i 2( n )

n=0

n=10

Belo Horizonte November 2005

n=20

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 49

Differential current caused by transient CT saturation (ext. fault)


with operating and restraint current of busbar protection 7SS5
I1
100

50

I2

50

IRes.= |I1| + |I2|

IOp=|I1 +I2|

Differential current appears only every second half wave!

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 50

Tripping logic of digital busbar protection 7SS600/7SS5


with saturation detector (simplified)
di Re s
> k s [A / ms]
dt

i Op > iset
i Op > k i Re s

A
N
D

A
N
D

A
N
D

3 ms
A
N
D

Transient
blocking

Differential Protection Symposium

1-out-of-1

2 150 ms

Saturation
detected

3 ms

Trip

n=2

Adaptive restraint

A
N
D

O
R

Trip

2-out-of-2
Trip

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 51

Transformer differential protection 7UT6:


Saturation detection and automatic increase stabilisation

Internal
faults

Trip

Restrain

Area of
add-on
restraint

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 52

Transient CT saturation
causes false differential currents

IF

IF

+I1

+I2

87

I1

IF

I2

+I

Wave shape similar to


transformer inrush current ?

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 53

Adaptive restraint against CT errors (7SD52/61)


Detection of CT saturation
(wave shape analysis)

CT Error approximation (no-saturation)

Error
%

Load range

Fault range

fL

fF
10%

ALF/ALFN IN-CT

Differential Protection Symposium

ALF IN-CT

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 54

Adaptive 87 restraint (7SD52/61)


considers current CT- errors
IDiff

I1

Trip Area

Trip level
With
saturation
Block-Area

IDiff>
0
0
Current summation:

Trip level
Without
saturation

I2

External
Fault

I2

I1

Max. error ()
without
saturation

IDiff = I1+ I2

Max. error ()
with
saturation.

IRest

Max. error summation: IRestraint = IError = IDiff> + CT1 I1 + fSat CT2 I2

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 55

External fault
Increase of stabilisation after detection of saturation
Begin of saturation

(K1:iE = -K1:iL1)

Increase of
restraint

IRestraint

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 56

Fast charge comparison supplement


speeds up phasor based line differential protection (7SD52/61)
Q2

Q1

iL1/kA
20
10
0
-10

-0,02

-0,01

-0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

-0,02

-0,01

-0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

-0,02

-0,01

-0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

t/s

-0,02

-0,01

-0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

t/s

t/s

-20
-30
-40

iL2/kA
20
10
0
-10

Q3

t/s

-20
-30
-40

iL3/kA
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30

Diff G-AUS

Q
1/4
cycle

1 cycle data windows for phasor


comparison
Synchronized with fault inception
cycle data windows of fast charge
comparison

Differential Protection Symposium

Released by Idiff >>

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 57

Generator, Motor and Transformer protection: Adaptive algorithms to


upgrade relay stability and dependability with CT saturation (7UT6)
Measured value
processing
i1L
i2L

Side 1
Side 2

Sampled
momentary values
iRes = | i1 | + | i2 |
iOp = i1 + i2

Mean values
IRes = Mean(iRes)
Fundamental wave
IOp = RMS(iDiff)60Hz

87 algorithm
Operating characteristic
IOp

IDiff>

IRes.

Motor start
DC component

&

Trip
IOp>

Saturation detector

For security:

Harmonic Analysis:
-2nd Harmon. Blocking
-Cross Blocking

Adaptive restraint

IOp
IDiff>
>

For dependability:
Fast tripping using sampled momentary values
ensures fast operation with very high currents before
extreme CT saturation occurs!

Differential Protection Symposium

iOp

Trip
IOp>>

IDiff>>>

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 58

Current Transformers for Differential Relaying


Requirements and Dimensioning
Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 46

Equivalent current transformer circuit


I2 = I1
I1

jX1 R1

N1
N2

Im

P1
N1

P2

jX2

N2 U2

Ideal transformer

R2

I2
S1

Zm

Zb

S2

X1 = Primary leakage reactance


R1 = Primary winding resistance
X2 = Secondary leakage reactance
Z0 = Magnetising impedance
R2 = Secondary winding resistance
Zb = Secondary load
Note:

Normally the leakage fluxes X 1 and X2 can be neglected

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 47

Current transformer:
Phase displacement () and current ratio error ()
w1
.
I1 w
2

w1:w2 jX2

R2
U2

I2

I1

ZB

I2

I1=

w1
I
w2 1

Im

I2

Em

I1
Em

R2

U2

RB

Xm

Differential Protection Symposium

Im

Im

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 48

Dimensioning of CTs for differential protection


Pi = I sec .2 R CT

CT classes to IEC 60044-1: 5P or 10P


Specification:

300/1 A

5P10, 30 VA RCT 5 Ohm


Rated burden
(nominal power) PN

Ratio In -Prim / In -Sek.


5% accuracy
at I= n x In
Actual accuracy limit factor
in operation is higher as the CT
is normally under-burdened :
Operating ALF: ALF

Accuracy
limit factor ALF
Dimension criterium:

P + PN
ALF ' = ALF i
Pi + PB

I
ALF ' SC max KTF
In

KTF (over-dimensioning factor) considers the single sided CT over-magnetising due to the d.c.
component in short circuit current I SC.
KTF values required in practice depend on relay type and design.
Recommendations are provided by manufacturers (see Application Guide)
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 49

Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance

IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:

Accuracy class

Current error
at nominal
current (In)

5P

1%

10P

5%

Differential Protection Symposium

Angle error
at rated current
In

Total error at n x In
(rated accuracy limit)

60 minutes

5%
10 %

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 50

Current transformers, Standard for transient performance


IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:

Class

Error at rated current


Ratio error

TPX
(closed iron core)

TPY
with anti-remanence
air-gap

TPZ
linear core

TPS
closed iron core

Maximum error at
rated accuracy limit

Remanence

Angle error

0,5 %

30 min

10 %

1,0 %

30 min

10 %

1,0 %

180 18 min

10%
(a.c. current only)

Special version for high impedance protection


(Knee point voltage, internal secondary resistance)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

no limit
< 10 %

negligible

No limit

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 51

Definition of the CT knee-point voltage (BS and IEC)

British Standard BS3938: Class X

U2
10 %

or
IEC 60044-1 Amendment 2000/07:
Class PX

UKN
50 %

Specify:
Knee point voltage
Secondary resistance RCT
Im

I
U KN K TF (R CT + R B connected ) SC max .
I n CT
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 52

CT specification according to ANSI C57.13

w1
I1= w I1
2

I2

Im

Em

ANSI C57.13 specifies:

RCT
RB

U2

Secondary terminal voltage U2


at 20 times rated current (20x5=100 A) and
rated burden
Error <10%
Example:
800/5 A, C400 (RB= 4 )

U2,
Em

Resulting magnetising voltage:

E al (U ANSI + 20 5 R CT )

= (20 5 Z B rated + 20 5 R CT )

Im
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 53

Current transformer saturation

Steady-state saturation with a.c. current

Transient saturation with offset current

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 54

CT saturation
Currents and magnetising
IP

saturation flux

IS

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 55

Transient CT saturation due to DC component

ISC

Short circuit current

DC flux non-saturated
S

Im

Differential Protection Symposium

AC flux

Magnetising current

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 56

Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current

P primary current
d.c. component

i p (t) =

Total flux

t
Tp Ts - t
max
Tp
K td (t) =
=
(e
- e Ts ) + 1

Tp - Ts
a.c.

Ktd(t)
transient
d.c. flux

cos( t)

t
Tp Ts - t

=
(e Tp - e Ts ) - sin t

a.c. Tp - Ts

t
Tp

- t
2 I p e Tp

max

a.c.

a.c. flux

a.c.

Differential Protection Symposium

K td max = 1 + Tp = 1 +

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Xp
Rp

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 57

Theoretical CT over-dimensioning factor KTF


KTF

(KTF 1+TN)

60
5000

Closed iron core

50
1000
40

TS

T N TS TN
KTF = 1+ TS
TS

TS [ms]
500

30
250
20
100

Linear core

10
TN = network time constant
(short-circuit time constant)
50

100

150

200

TN [ms]
TS = CT secondary time constant

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 58

CT with closed iron core,


Over-dimensioning factor KTF for specified time to saturation (tM)
20

tM

tM

15

2.5 cycles

Ktd

2.0 cycles
10

1.5 cycles

1.0 cycles

tTM
Ktd' = 1+ Tp 1 e p

0.5 cycles

20

40

60

80

100

Tp (ms)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 59

Transient dimensioning factor Ktd for short time to saturation tM

T
K td Envelop = 1 + Tp 1 e p

15

'
K 'td
(, t M ) = Tp cos 1 e Tp

+ sin sin (t M + )

15

2.5

Ktd( 0 , tM)
10

Ktd( 80 , tM)

2
1.5

Ktd( 90 , tM)
Ktd_Envelop( tM)

1
0.5

0
0

20

40

60
tM

Differential Protection Symposium

80

100
100

0
0

Belo Horizonte November 2005

5 6
tM

9 10
10

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 60

CT over-dimensioning factor KTF (tM,TN)


in the case of short time to saturation (tM)

KTF

tM

(tM,TN)

10 ms

3.5

(el. degree)

180
160
140

3
8 ms

2.5

120
100

2
6 ms

1.5

tM
10 ms
8 ms
6 ms
4 ms
2 ms

80
60

4 ms

0.5

40
20

2 ms

20

40

60

80

100

20

40

80

100

TN in ms

TN in ms

Differential Protection Symposium

60

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 61

Current transformer
Magnetising and de-magnetising
P

B
t

BMax
BR

BMax
BR
m
t

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 62

Current transformer
Course of flux in the case of non-successful auto-reclosure
B

t F1 = duration of 1st fault

Bmax

t DT dead time
t F2 =duration of 2nd fault

t
tF1

tDT

tF2

tF1
tDT + tF2
tF2
tF1
tF2

Bmax TN TS

TN TS

TS
= 1 +
(e TN e TS ) e
(e TN e T S )
+ 1 +
TN TS
TN T S
B ~

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 63

Current transformer
Magnetising curve and point of remanence
I

II

III

B
up to about 80%

< 10%
negligible

H = im w
I: closed iron core (TPX)
II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
III: Linearised core (TPZ)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 64

Current transformers TPX und TPY


Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure

BR

BR
tF1

tDT

Differential Protection Symposium

tF2

closed iron core (TPX)

core with antiremanence air-gaps (TPY)

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 65

Current transformer with linear core (TPZ),


Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure
P

S
B

m
t
tF1

Differential Protection Symposium

tDT

tF2

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 66

Dimensioning of CTs for protection application


Rated CT burden:
PN
Internal CT burden: Pi=Ri I2N2

Pi + P N
Ri + RN
ALF' = ALF
= n
Pi + PB
Ri + RB

Actually connected
burden :

P + PB
Ri + RB
= ALF'
ALF = ALF' i
Pi + PN
Ri + RN

I
with ALF ' K OD SC
IN

with:

Theory:

No saturation for
the specified time tM:

K OD KTF K Re m
K Re m = 1 +

% remanence
100

Differential Protection Symposium

RB=RL+RR= total burden resistance


RL= resistance of connecting cable
RR= relay burden resistance

No saturation during
total fault duration:

Where KOD is the total


over-dimensioning factor:

Practice:

K OD = KTF

PB= RB I2N2

BMax
XN
= 1 + TN = 1 +
RN
B ~
tM
tM

T
N TS
(e T N e T S
K ' 'TF = 1 +
TN TS

K' TF =

Remanence only considered in extra high


voltage systems (EHV)
KTF-values acc. to relay manufacturers guides

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 67

Practical CT dimensioning
using dimensioning factors Ktd (required minimum time to saturation)
IEC 60044-1 and 60044-6

ANSI C57.13

300/5 A, 5P20, VA (Rb= 1.0 ),


Rct= 0.15

300/5 A, C100 (Rb= 1 )

E al (U ANSI + 20 5 Rct )

= (20 5 Z b rated + 20 5 Rct )

ALF' K SSC K td
ALF' =

R ct + R b rated
ALF
R ct + R b connected

20 K td

I
R + R b connected
ALF K td F max ct
I pn
R ct + R b rated

Transient dim. factor: Ktd

BS 3839 (IEC: 60044-1 addendum)

I
E al = F max K td (R ct + R b con. ) Isn CT
I pn
U KN (0.8...0.85) E al

Differential Protection Symposium

I F max R ct + R b connected

I pn
R ct + R b rated

No saturation:

1+X/R =1+Tp

Differential relays:

1 (87BB: 0.5)

Distance relays:

2 to 4 close-in faults
5 to 10 zone end

faults
O/C relays: I>> ALF > (I>>set / In)
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 68

Coordination of CTs and digital relays


Summary
Digital relays use intelligent algorithms and are therefore highly
tolerant against CT saturation.
In particular differential relays allow short time to saturation
of cycle and below.
Determination of transient dimensioning factors for short time to saturation
must consider the real flux course after fault inception.
With time to saturation < 10 ms, the critical point on wave of fault inception
is not close to voltage zero-crossing (fully offset current), but
varies and is closer to voltage maximum (a.c. current).
CT dimensioning is normally based on relay specific Ktd factors provided by
manufacturers
In practice, fully offset s.c. current has been assumed while remanence has
been widely neglected for CT dimensioning.
A new dimensioning factor is discussed in CIGRE WG B5.02,
composed of more probable transient and remanence factors.
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 69

CT dimensioning for differential protection (1)


1. Calculation of fault currents
110/20 kV
F1 40 MVA
110 kV, 3 GVA
uT=12%

F2

OH-line:
l = 8 km,
zL= 0,4 /km

F3

Net
300/1A

7SD61

7UT61

Impedances related to 20 kV:

Impedances related to 110 kV:

Transf. :

IL

IL

IT

Net :

200/1A

200/1A

1200/1A

F4

U N 2 kV 2

110 2
ZN =
=
= 4.03
S SC ' ' [MVA ] 3000

Net :

U N 2 kV 2

uT [% ] 110 2 12 %
ZT =

= 36.3
PN -T [MVA ] 100
40 100

Transf. :

U N 2 kV 2

20 2
ZN =
=
= 0.13
SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2 kV 2

uT [% ] 20 2 12 %
ZT=

= 1.2
PN - T [MVA ] 100
40 100

Line : Z L = l[km ] z L ' [/km ] = 8 0,4 = 3,2

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 70

CT dimensioning for differential protection (2)

F1

I F1 =

1.1 U N / 3 1.1 110kV/ 3


=
= 17.3 kA
ZN
4.03

F2

I F2 =

1.1 U N / 3 1,1 110kV/ 3


=
= 1.73 kA
Z N + ZT
4.03 + 36.3

F3 I F3 =
F4

I F4 =

1.1 U N / 3 1.1 20kV/ 3


=
= 9.55 kA
Z N + ZT
0.13 + 1.2

1.1 U N / 3
1,1 20kV/ 3
=
= 2.8 kA
Z N + Z T + Z L 0.13 + 1.2 + 3.2

Dimensioning of the 110 kV CTs for the transformer differential protection:


Manufacturer recommends for relay 7UT61:

1) Saturation free time 4ms for internal faults


2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF 1,2
for through flowing currents (external faults)

The saturation free time of 3 ms


corresponds to KTF 0,75
See diagram, page 59
Criterion 1) therefore reads:

I
17300
ALF' K TF F1 = 0,75
= 43
IN
300

For criterion 2) we get:


I
1730
ALF' K TF F2 = 1,2
=7
IN
300

The 110 kV CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 71

CT dimensioning for differential protection (3)


We try to use a CT type: 300/1, 10 VA, 5P?, internal burden 2 VA.

ALF

Pi + Poperation
2 + 2.5
ALF ' =
43 = 16.1 (Connected burden estimated to about 2.5 VA)
Pi + Prated
2 + 10

Chosen, with a security margin : 300 /1 A, 5P20, 10 VA, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA)
Specification of the CTs at the 20 kV side of the transformer:
It is good relaying practice to choose the same dimensioning as for the CTs on the 110 kV side:
1200/1, 10 VA, 5P20, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA)
Dimensioning of the 20 kV CTs for line protection:
For relay 7SD61, it is required:
The saturation free time of 3 ms
corresponds to KTF 0.5
See diagram, page 59
Criterion 1) therefore reads:
I
9550
ALF' K TF F3 = 0.5
= 24
IN
200

1) Saturation free time 3ms for internal faults


2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF 1.2
for through flowing currents (external faults)

For criterion 2) we get:

I
2800
ALF' KTF F4 = 1.2
= 16 .8
IN
200

The 20 kV line CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 72

CT dimensioning for differential protection (4)

For the 20 kV line we have considered the CT type: 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P?, internal burden ca. 1 VA

Pi + Poperation
1+1
ALF ' =
24 = 8
ALF
Pi + Prated
1+ 5

(Connected burden about 1 VA)

Specification of line CTs:


We choose the next higher standard accuracy limit factor ALF=10 :
Herewith, we can specify: CT Type TPX, 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P10, R2 0.04 Ohm ( Pi 1 VA)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 73

Interposing CTs, Basic versions

w1

i1

separate winding connection

i2

i1

w2

wa

i2

wb

i1 -i2

Relay

i2 =

w1
i1
w2

auto-transformer connection
Relay

i2 =

wb
i1
wa + wb

No galvanic separation!

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 74

Interposing CTs, Example

1A
W1=
21 turns

600/1 A

1A

600/1 A

Differential Protection Symposium

1,5 A
W2=
14 turns

1A

Wa=16
turns

0,5 A

Wb=32
turns

RB

1,5 A

RB

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 75

Interposing CTs in Y--connection

Yd5

-I1c

I1a

I2a-c

I1b

I2b-a
I2c-b

I1c

w1

I2a

I1a

-I1b

I2c

I1b
I1c

w1 = w2

w2
I1 =

Differential Protection Symposium

150O

I2b
I2b

I2c

-I1a
I2a

o
1
w
I 2 2 e j ( n30 )
w1
3

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 76

False operation during external fault


of transformer differential protection without zero-sequence current filter

L1
L2
L3

Differential Protection Symposium

I>0 without delta winding!

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 77

Zero-sequence current filter

I1a

I3a

I2a

I1b

I3b

I2b

I1c

I3c

I2c

I 1a w1 + I 2a ww2 + I 3a w3 = 0
I 1b w1 + I 2b ww2 + I 3b w3 = 0
I 1c w1 + I 2c ww2 + I 3c w3 = 0
I 3a = I 3b = I 3c
I 2a + I 2b + I 2c = 0

Differential Protection Symposium

Relay

I
w I +I +I
I 3a = I 3b = I 3c = 1 1a 1b 1c = E
w3
3
3
I +I +I
w
I 2a = 1 I 1a 1a 1b 1c

w2
3

I 1a + I 1b + I 1c
w1

I 2b =
I

3
w2 1b

I +I +I
w
I 2c = 1 I 1c 1a 1b 1c

3
w2

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 78

Biasing of transformer differential protection during external earth fault


with zero-sequence current filter (closed delta winding)

L1
L2
L3

With delta winding: I=0 !

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 79

Current matching with interposing CTs (1)


Calculation example
110 kV 16%
L1

75 / 1 A

Yd5

6.3 kV

53.9A

915A

1200 / 5 A

L2
L3
0.719A

3.81A

3,81
= 2,20
3

Differential Protection Symposium

In-Relay = 5A

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 80

Current matching with interposing CTs (2)


Calculation example
Current transformation ratio:
We take through flowing rated current as reference:
:
110kV-side:
Mean current value of upper and lower tap changer position:

I1 =

10,000kVA
= 45.2A
3 (110kV + 16%

6 kV-side:

I2 =

10,000kVA
= 62.5A
3 (110kV 16%

I1' =

I1 mean =

45.2 + 62.5
= 53.9A
2

10.000kVA
= 915A
3 6.3kV

The corresponding secondary currents are:

i1 = 53 . 9

1
= 0 . 719 A
75

and

i 2 = 915

5
= 3.813
1200

.
The current in the star connected winding of the interposing transformer is
The current in the delta connected winding is:

i.1

i2 / 3 .

The ratio of the interposing CT must be :

w1 i 2 / 3 3.813 / 3 2.202
=
=
=
= 3.06
w2
i1
0.719
0.719

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 81

Link selectable interposing CT 4AM5170-7AA

P1

S1

i2

A B C DE

1
0,013

F G H I

0,025 0,08

S2

P2

i1

K L

M N O P Q

16

16

Windings

0,75

0,013

0,025

0,08

0,75

R in Ohm

14

32

14

32

U-max. in V

Rated current in A

w1 i2 / 3 3,813 / 3 2, 202
=
=
=
= 3.06
w2
i1
0,719
0,719

chosen :

w1 16 + 16 + 2 34
=
=
= 3,09
w 2 7 + 2 + 1 + 1 11
Connection and links as shown.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 82

Designation of transformer or CT vector groups (1)


Clock-wise notation according to IEC 60076-1

11

12
0

10
9

3
8

4
7
6

4
8

1
0

1
0

5
9
1 (13)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 83

Designation of transformer or CT vector groups (2)


Clock-wise notation according to IEC 60076-1, examples

II

III

12

II

12

III

III
II

III II

HS

I
I

II

III

NS

II

12

III

11 12
I
III II

I
III
II
I

II

III

Dyn11

12
II

III
I
5

Yny0d5

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 84

Frequently used vector groups (IEC 60076-1)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 85

Finding the vector group by using the clock principle

Proceed in the following steps:


1. Starting on the high voltage winding, the phase connection terminals are
numbered with 0, 4, 8 (always 4 x 30 O= 120O phase shift).
2. The opposite end of each winding is labelled with a number incremented
by +6 relative to the phase connection (6x 30 O =180O).
3. The secondary windings are numbered the same. In this context it is
assumed that the polarity of the windings is the same in the diagram. (If in
doubt, polarity marks may also be applied.)
4. The phase connection is labelled with the average value of the
corresponding terminal designations belonging to the winding terminals
connected to this phase terminal, e.g. (6+4)/2= 5
5. The difference between the high and low voltage side terminal numbers of
same phases corresponds each with the vector group number, being Yd5 in
this case.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 86

Checking the connections of transformer differential protection


using the clock-wise notation method

Yd5
L1
L2
L3

10 4
2

10

10

5 11

12

12 11

10

4
8

10

4 3

8 7

Yd5

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 87

Current distribution in Y--transformer circuits


for different external fault types

3
1

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 88

Checking the connections of transformer differential protection


using the arrow method (two-phase fault)

Yd5

L1

L2
L3
3
3

= 3

Differential Protection Symposium

Dy5

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 89

Checking the connections of transformer differential protection


using the arrow method (single-phase earth fault)

Yd5

L1
L2
L3

Differential Protection Symposium

Dy5

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 90

Digital Differential Protection


Communications
Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 87

Comparison protection
Absolute selectivity by using communication

IA

IB

Directial comparison
distance protection
Exchange of YES/NO signals
(e.g. fault forward / reverse)
Current comparison (phasors)
differential protection

Protection
Relay

Communication
samples, phasors,
binary signals

| I |

Protection
Relay

IA

IB

| I | = | IA - IB | > Ipick-up

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 88

Signal transmission channels for differential relaying


Pilot wires
- AC (50/60 Hz), voice frequency and digital communication (128 - kbit/s)
- for short distances (< about 20 km)
- influenced by earth short-circuit currents!
Optical fibres
- wide-band communication (n 64 kbit/s)
- digital signal transmission (PCM)
- up to about 150 km without repeater stations
- noise proof
Digital microwave channels 2 - 10 GHz
- wide-band communication (n 64 kbit/s)
- digital signal transmission (PCM)
- up to about 50 km (sight connection)
- dependent on weather conditions (fading)
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 89

Analog pilot wire differential relaying

87L

87L

Pilot wires are normally operated insulated form earth


Voltage limiters (glow dischargers) connected to earth ,
as used with telephone lines, are not allowed!

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 90

Relay-to-Relay pilot wires communication


New technology on existing (copper-) pilots
Traditional:

Composed current
measurement
Comparison of analogue values

Modern:

Phase
segregated
measurement

Digital data transmission


64 kbps bi-directional
4 value digital code (2B1Q)
Amplitude and phase modulation
Spectrum mid frequency: 80 kHz

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 91

Wire pilot cables


Longitudinal voltage induced by earth currents
Relay B

Relay A

G
IF

F1

E/2
F2

Differential Protection Symposium

A) Symmetrical
coupling along
the pilot cable

E/2

F2

F1

Belo Horizonte November 2005

B) Unsymmetrical
Coupling along
the pilot cable

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 92

Disturbance voltage caused by rise in station potential

RG STP
STP

E = I SC G R G

PGA
RGP
Legend:
RG
STP
PGA
RGP
E

station grounding resistance


station potential
potential gradient area
remote ground potential
station potential rise against remote ground (ohmic coupled disturbance voltage )

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 93

HV insulated protection pilot cable (example)


core diameter

pilot
resistance
Core Loop

pilot
capacitance

mm

/km

/km

nF/km

1,4
0,8

11,9
---

--73,2

--60

test voltage (r.m.s. value)


triple pair pair to
core- coretriple
to
core
core shield
core
pair
to
triple
core
kV
kV
kV
kV
kV
2,5
8
8
8
2
2
2

Symmetry: better 103 (60 db) at 800/1000 Hz


better 104 (80 db) at 50/60 Hz
(Uq <104Ul)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 94

American practice
Neutralising reactor to compensate potential rise at the station
Gas tube
Relay
neutralising
reactor
Relay
potential
gradient
potential at insulating
transformer and relay
Voltage profile at the
neutralising reactor

Differential Protection Symposium

potential of the
pilot wires

Belo Horizonte November 2005

potential of the
remote earth

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 95

Optic fibre (OF) Cable

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 96

Optic fibers and connectors


Multi-mode fiber (IEC 793-2)
Type 62.5 / 125 m
for 850 and 1300 nm
Cladding

Mono-mode fiber (IEC 793-2)


Type 10/125 m
for 1300 and 1550 nm
ST connector

Core

Coating

62,5 m
125 m
250 m

Refractive index

LC connector

Differential Protection Symposium

10 m
125 m
250 m

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 97

Optic fibres: Principle of light wave propagation


r

n2
n1
rL
n

A) Graded index
fibre

AA

AE
A

EingangsInput
impulse

Output
impulse

impuls

Refractive index profile

B) Mono-mode
fibre

Geometric design

Wave propagation

n2
n1 r
L

AE

AA

n
t

t
EingangsInput impulse
impuls

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Output
impulse

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 98

Optic attenuation of a mono-mode fibre

10,0
5,0

Attenuation
(dB/km)

Infrared
absorption

1,0

Rayleigh
dispersion
0,85

0,1
0,8

1,3
1,0

1,2

1,55
1,4

1,6

1,8

Wave length (m)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 99

Optic fibre connections:


Coarse planning rules
Optic component:

Attenuation:

Mono-mode fibre at 1300 nm

OFC = 0.45 dB/km

at 1550 nm

OFC = 0.30 dB/km

at 850 nm

OFC = 2,5 to 3,5 dB/km

at 1300 nm

OFC = 0.7 to 1.0 dB/km

Gradient fibre

SPL = 0.1 dB

Per splice
Per connector

Reserve

FSMA

CON = 1.0 dB

FC

CON = 0.5 dB
RES = 0.1 to 0.4 dB/km

Total attenuation of the OF cable system:

TOT = l OFC + n SPL + 2 CON + l RES


Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 100

Optic Fibre signal transmission system:


Calculation example
Task:

Optic fibre signal transmission device 7VR500


Estimation of maximum reach

Given:

Device data:

Seached:

Maximum distance that can be bridged

Solution:

The cable length is: l=x2 km


The number of splices is: n=x-1
The admissible system attenuation: 14 (46)=32 dB
Therefore:
dB
dB
32dB = x 2km 0,45
+ ( x 1) 0,1dB + 2 0,5dB + x 2km 0,2
km
km

Sending power of laser diode: S= 14 dB


Minimum reception power: E= -46 dB
Optic wave length: 1300 nm
The optic fibre cable is shipped in sections of each 2 km.
For reserve, 0.2 dB/km have been chosen.

we get:

x=22 and l=44 km

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 101

Radio (Micro-wave) Signalling

repeater
station

terminal
station

radiolink

terminal
station

Line-of-sight path (up to about 50 km without repeater)


150 MHz to 20 GHz, n times 4 kHz channels analog and n times 64 (56) kbit/s digital (PCM)
Advantage: Independent of line short-circuit and switching disturbances
Disadvantage: Fading and reflections during bad weather conditions
Additional pilot links necessary to sending/receiver stations

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 102

Digital communication

u Wide-band communication via optic fibre or digital microwave


u n times 64 (56) kbit/s channels
u pulse code modulation (PCM)
u transmission via dedicated channels or communication network
u access through time division multiplexers
u interface standard for synchronous data transmission:
CCITT G.703 or X.21 (wired connection)
u interface standard for asynchronous data transmission:
V.24/V.28 to CCITT or RS485 to EIA (wired connection)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 103

Function sequence of message transmission


Sending side

Message
Digital coding
Segmentation into
information blocks

wide band
transmission

Error control
Parallel-to-serial
conversion

modulation
block
synchronisation

Differential Protection Symposium

coding
base band
transmission

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 104

Structure of a remote control telegram

Start

Control

Start sign

Kind of telegram

Block limit

Transmission
cause

Identification

Information

Error check

Address

User data

Checking

Origin

Measuring
values

Check bits

Destination

Telegram length

Status

etc.

Commands

End

End sign

etc.

Information field
Block length
Transmitted frame

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 105

Digital communication
Synchronous transmission mode
all bits follow a fixed time frame
synchronism between sending and receiving station. (separate
clocking line or signal codes with clock regain)
block (frame) synchronising by opening and closing flags
suitable for high data rates
used protocol: HDLC (high-level data link control)
cyclic redundancy check (CRC) or frame check sequence (FCS) by
16 or 32 added check-bits (probability of non-detected telegram block
errors: 105 (CRC-16) or 1010 (CRC-32))
used for high speed teleprotection

HDLC telegram frame


format
to ISO 3309:

Opening
Flag

Address
Field

Control
Field

01111110

8 or more bits

8 or 16 bits

Differential Protection Symposium

Information Field
any length

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Frame Check
FCS

Closing
Flag

16 or 32 bits

01111110

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 106

Multiplexing
Frequency Multiplexing
f1
f2
Coded voice tones
300 to 4000 Hz

FC +f1+f2

M
U
X

Carrier frequency,
FC e.g. 100 kHz with PLC

M
U
X

f1
f2

FC

Time Divison Multiplexing (TDM)


125 s
M
U
X

64 kbit/s channels

Clock

M
U
X

> 2 Mbit/s

Differential Protection Symposium

Clock
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 107

Communication through transmission networks

M
U
X

A
User /
Source

Modem
Network node
circuit / packet switching
trunk

Modem

Station
user terminal point

M
U
X

line
Transmission path

B
loop

Differential Protection Symposium

User /
Destination

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 108

Structure of a modern data communication network

622 Gbit/s

Networks are plesiochronous (PDH),


synchronous (SDH) or asynchronous (ATM)
Data terminal devices (e.g. relays) are
synchronised through the network
Rings guarantee redundance.
Data of different services (e.g. telephone and
protection are commonly transmitted
(time multiplexed)
Protection relays must be adapted to the given
network conditions (e.g. changing propagation
time due to path witching.

622 Gbit/s

POTS: Plain Old Telephone Services


ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
STM-n: Synchronous Transport Module level n
SMA: Synchronous Module Access
ATM: Asynchronous Transmission Mode
ISP: Internet Service Provider

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 109

Comparison of Switching Methods


Circuit Switching

Packet switching

The physically assigned channel is


established before and disconnected after
communication

Data stream is segmented to packets

POT (Plain old telephony), ISDN


Digital networks on basis of PCM with
plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
Reliable and fast transmission possible
when connection is established.
Circuit establishment requires a free
channel from A to B
Connection occupies channel also when no
data is exchanged
Deterministic data transmission (fixed data
transmission time per channel)

Differential Protection Symposium

Transmission runs connection-oriented or


connection-less
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), ATM
Backbone
Cannel not occupied during whole connection
time
Channels can be used quasi-simultaneously
Data transmission by principle time is random.
SDH and ATM can provide virtual circuitswitched channels. However, split path signal
routing may however result in unsymmetrical
signal transmission times.

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 110

SDH network: Split path routing

Node
F

Node
E

Node
D

Standby
path

Node
A
tP2
Node
B
Relay
End 1

Differential Protection Symposium

tP1

Node
C

tP1

tP2
Healthy
path

Relay
End 2

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 111

Digital Transport Systems: Bundling of channels


PCM 7680

PDH Hierarchy

PCM 1920

Plesiochronous (almost synchronous)


PCM 480
PCM 120
PCM 30

M
U
X

M
U
X

M
U
X

M
U
X

M
U
X

565 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

32 Mbit/s

8 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

64 kbit/s

SDH Hierarchy
Synchronous
SMT-1
155 Mbit/s

SMT-4
622 Mbit/s

SMT-16
2.5 Gbit/s
1
2

1
2

2
3

3
4

Differential Protection Symposium

SMT-64
10 Gbit/s
1

4
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 112

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

Multiplexing structure:
Base rate 64 kbit/s (digital equivalent of analogue telephone channel)
Equipments may generate slightly different bit rates due to independent internal clocks
Bit stuffing is used to bring individual signals up to the same rate prior to multiplexing
(Dummy bits are inserted at the sending side and removed at the receiving side)
Intermediate inserting and extracting of individual channels is not possible, but the full
multiplexing range has always to be run through.
Hierarchical level
0
1
2
3
4

Europe
64 kbit/s
2048 Mbit/s
8448 Mbit/s
34368 Mbit/s
139264 Mbit/s

Differential Protection Symposium

USA
56 kbit/s
1544 Mbit/s
6312 Mbit/s
44736 Mbit/s
139264 Mbit/s

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 113

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)


Multiplexing structure
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) first appeared in USA (1985)
ITU-T (formerly CCITT) issued B-ISDN as world wide standard (1988)
All multiplexing functions operate synchronously using clocks derived from a
common source
Designed to carry also future ATM
SDH
STM level
STM-1
STM-4
SZM-16
STM-64

Aggregate Rate
155,520 Mbit/s
622,080 Mbit/s
2488,320 Mbit/s
9953,280 Mbit/s

Differential Protection Symposium

SONET
OC level

STS level

Aggregate Rate

OC-1
OC-3
OC-12
OC-48
OC-192

STS-1
STS-3
STS-12
STS-48
STS-192

51,840 Mbit/s
155,520 Mbit/s
622,080 Mbit/s
2488,320 Mbit/s
9953,280 Mbit/s

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 114

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Broadband B-ISDN


Features of ATM:
Synchronisation individually per packet

Voice Audio

Fax

Data

Video

Packets carry each complete address of


destination so that each can be separately
delivered (Datagrams, here called Cells)
Information stream is segmented into cells
that are 53 octets long
ATM sets up a virtual switched connection
and sends data along a switched path from
source to destination

ISDN

Requirements on bandwidth, bounded delay


and delay variation can be set by the user
Single cells can be inserted or removed at the
nodes, as required
The predominant use is for net backbones

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 115

TDM over optical fiber

Hicom

FO
MUX
>2 Mbit/s
L1-L2
21,3 KA
73,6 kW

I
O

Optic fibres in the


core of earth wires

x 64 kbit/s

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 116

Bit error rate (of data channels)


Bit error rate:

p=

number of faulty bits


total number of sent bits

Typical bit error rates of public services:


Telephone circuits
ca. 10 -5
Digital data networks (Germany)
ca. 10 -6 to 10-7
Coaxial cables (LAN)
ca. 10 -9
Fiber optic communication
ca. 10 -12
Utility conditions (CIGRE SC34 Report 2001):
Fiber optic communication
ca. 10 -6
Data networks (PDH, SDH, ATM) ca. 10-6
Microwave
ca. 10 -3
Requirements acc. to CIGRE report:
Protection and control
in general:
< 10-6
Function guaranteed up to
< 10 -3 however downgraded (reduced operating speed)
Line differential protection
< 10 -6 and < 10-5 during power system faults

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 117

Error detection methods: Cyclic redundancy check


01111110
Flag

01111110
Address

Control

I(x)

Data field

Check field

Flag

I(x) + R(x)
Receiver

Sender

Division
by G(x)

R(x) = CRC

error free
data block

CRC 16: G(x) = X16 + X15 + X2 + 1


binary: 1 1000 0000 0000 0101
Reduction of the block failure rate by the factor > 10 -5 against the
bit failure rate!
(CRC 32: > 10-10)

Differential Protection Symposium

Division
by G(x)

R(x) = 0

faulty
data block

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 118

Data integrity (line differential protection 7SD52/61)

Received data

Block failure rate


P = 10-5

Error detection
e.g. CRC = 32

Residual data

Block failure rate


R = 10-15

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 119

Residual error rate

Residual error rate:

R=

number of not detected faulty telegrams (data blocks)


total number of sent telegrams (data blocks)

Practical range of protection and control systems:


Time between 2 not detected errors:

T=

R < 10 -10 to 10-15

n
vR

n= length of telegram (data block)


v= transmission speed in bit/s

Example:
Telegrams of n =200 bit are continuously transmitted at 64 kbit/s.
R

10-7

20 hours

10-10

2.3 years

10-15

230000 years

typical application
cyclic transmission (metering)

remote control and protection

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 120

Protection of a short line lines


Differential relay using direct digital relay-to-relay communication

D
7SA6

D
7SA6

Communication via direct relay-relay connection


Fibre type

optical wave
length

maximum
attenuation

permissible
distance

Multi-mode
62.5/125 m

820 nm

16 dB

ca. 3.5 km

Monomode
9/ 125 m

1300 nm

29 dB

ca. 60 km

9/ 125 m

1500 nm

29 dB

ca. 100 km

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 121

Line differential relaying using digital communication


A

D
7SD52

D
7SD52
D
7SD52

Chain topology or
redundant ring topology

typical <1.5 km
multimode fibre
62.5/ 9/ 125 m

Communication
network

X21 or
G703.1

Differential Protection Symposium

Communication
converter

X21 or
G703.1

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 122

Differential protection
with communication through data net
l Microsecond exact time keeping in the relays
Each relay has its individual time keeping
n Sent and received telegrams get microsecond accurate time stamps
n

l Special relay properties for network communication


Measurement of propagation times and automatic correction 0 - 30 ms
Detection of channel switching in the network
Unique address for each relay (1 - 65525)
to detect signal misdirection (channel cross-over of loop-back)
Measurement of channel quality (availability, error rate)

l Change of the network path -> Adaptive add-on stabilisation


Settable time difference to consider given data transmission asymmetry

l Adaptive topology recognition


Automatic recognition of connections and remote end devices
Automatic re-routing from ring to chain topology if one data connection fails
In case of multi-terminal protection, remaining relay system continues operation
if one line end is switched off and the relay is logged out for maintenance

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 123

Individual time references by synchro-phasors


Definition of a synchrosynchro-phasor:
phasor:
SynchroSynchro-phasors,
phasors, are phasors,
phasors, which are measured at different network locations by
independent devices and referred to a common time basis

Time reference
iB

iA

Ort : A

Ort : B
IM

IA

relay A

RE

IB
relay B

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 124

Phasor synchronisation between line ends

tA1
tA2

curre
n
phas t
o rs

tAR

tA5

...

tA1

tPT1

tB2

tBR

tB3

tPT2
...

tV
tB3 tA1

nt
curre
rs
ph aso

Signal transmission time:


Sampling instant:

Differential Protection Symposium

IB( tB3 )

tB1
tD

tA3
tA4

IB( tA3 )

t B3 - t A3
360
TP

tB4

t PT1 = t PT2 =

1
(t A1 - t AR - t D )
2

t B3 = t AR - tTP2
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 125

Specification of data channel for line differential protection


based on Cigre Report: Protection using Telecommunication *)

Data rate

64 kbit/s (min.)

Channel delay time:

< 5 ms

Channel delay time unsymmetry:

< 0.2 ms

Bit error rate normal:

< 10 -6

during power system fault


Availability:

< 10-5 *)
> 99.99 %

*) Report of WG34/35.11, Brochure REF. 192, Cigre Central Office, Paris, 2001,
*) It is suggested that for a BER of less than 10-6 the dependability shall not suffer a noticeable deterioration . For a
BER of 10-6 to 10-3 the teleprotection may still able to perform its function although a loss in dependability is to be
expected.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 126

Digital Protection
of
Generators and Motors
Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

Seite 116

Generator differential protection

a
a
c

S
S
A

IA/In
3
2

S
S
A

1
S
A

Connection circuit

Differential Protection Symposium

IS/In

Operating characteristic

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

Seite 117

Generator HI differential protection

a
b
c

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

Seite 118

Transverse differential protection

S
S

S
S

Differential Protection Symposium

S
A

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

Seite 119

HI earth current differential protection

L1
L2
L3

IE>

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

Seite 120

Earth current differential protection for generators

L1
L2
L3

U0>

IE>
Tripping

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

Seite 121

Motor starting current

20

IRush /IN

TRush

15

Tst
10

Ist/IN

5
0
5

50

100

150

200

250

300

tst (ms)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

Seite 122

Transformer
Differential Protection
Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 123

Transformer: Function principle and equivalent circuits


I1

w1

w2

I2

U1

X1

R1

U2
1

U1

I1

I w + I w = I w1
1 1 2 2

I << I 1, 2 '

Differential Protection Symposium

R2 '

I2'

U 2'

Equivalent electric circuit

Equivalent electromagnetic circuit

At load and short-circuit:

X 2'

RTK

U1

X TK

I1 = I 2 '

I1 w1 = I 2 w 2

U 2'

Belo Horizonte November 2005

X TK = X 1 + X 2 '
RTK = R1 + R 2 '

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 124

Typical Transformer data

kV/kV

Short-circuit
voltage
% UN

No-load magnetizing
current
% In

850

850/21

17

0.2

600

400/230

18.5

0.25

300

400/120

19

0.1

300

230/120

24

0.1

40

110/11

17

0.1

16

30/10.5

8.0

0.2

6.3

30/10.5

7.5

0.2

0.63

10/0.4

4.0

0.15

Rated power

Ratio

MVA

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 125

Transformer Inrush current

IRush

Flux

Rem

Im

Inrush-current of a single
phase transformer

U
t

Source: Sonnemann, et al.: Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 126

Inrush currents of a Y--transformer


Neutral of Y-winding earthed

IA

B
A

IB

I mC

ID

IC

I mA

Oscillogram:
IA

5
1
I A = I mA I mC
6
6

IA

IB

1
1
I B = I mA I mC
6
6

IB

IC

5
1
IC = I mC I mA
6
6

IC

Source: Sonnemann et al. : Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 127

Inrush current : Content of 2nd und 3rd harmonic


I m ( )
I m (1)

100
B

80

360O
60

I m (2)
40

I m (1)

I m (3)
20

I m (1)
90O

17,5%

180O

270O

360O Width of base B

240O

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 128

Inrush currents of a three-phase transformer


recorded with relay 7UT51

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 129

Transformer Inrush current:


Amplitude and time constant

I
Rush
I
N

12

Rated power
in MVA

time constant
in seconds

0,5....1,0

0,16....0,2

1,0

0,2 .....1,2

10

10

>10

1,2 ....720

10

50

100

500

Rated transformer power in MVA

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 130

Sympathetic Inrush
Wave form:

Transient currents:

I1

I1

I2

I2

IT
IT
I1

IT
T1

G
resistance

I2

Current circulating
between transformers

Transformer
being closed

RS

IT

Transformer
already closed
T2

Differential Protection Symposium

XS

Belo Horizonte November 2005

I1

I2
T1

T2

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 131

Transformer overfluxing

Deduction of wave form

Harmonic content
Im

B
1,5

10 4 Gau

1,0

%
100
80

I150/I50

60

I250/I50

40

I350/I50

I50/InTr

20
0

0,5

10

15 A
Im

Differential Protection Symposium

10

100

120

20 ms

% 160

140

U/Un

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 132

Vector group adaptation with matching CTs


Current distribution with external ph-ph fault
IR

I1

Ir

IS

I2

IT

I3

Is
It

3 /1
87T

Differential Protection Symposium

87T

87T

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 133

Vector group adaptation and I0-elimination with matching CTs


Current distribution with external ph-E fault
A
B

Yd1

IA

Ia

IB

Ib

IC

Ic

cp

Ic
= 3

IT=3

cn

3 /1

87T

87T

87T

Ia
= 3

Cn

Cp

A0 B0 C0

30O

cp

cn

bp
Bp

Ap

An

Bn

Differential Protection Symposium

ap

ap
an

30O
bn

an

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 134

Traditional I0-elimination with matching CTs


Current distribution in case of an external earth fault

a
A
b
B
c

87T

Differential Protection Symposium

87T

87T

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 135

Traditional I0-elimination with matching CTs


Current distribution in case of an internal earth fault

a
A
b
B

!
87T

Differential Protection Symposium

87T

87T

Sensitivity only 2/3 I F!


Non-selective fault
indication!

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 136

Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs


Current distribution with external ph-E fault

a
A
b
B

3/1

87T

Differential Protection Symposium

87T

87T

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 137

Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs


Current distribution with internal ph-E fault

a
A
b
B

3/1

87T

Differential Protection Symposium

87T

87T

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 138

Transformer differential protection, connection

L1

IA1

IB1

UA

L2

IA2

IB2

UB

(110 kV)

L3

IA3

IB3

(20 kV)

Digital protection
contains:
Adaptation to

7UT6

Ratio UA / UB
Vector group

Software replica of matching transformers

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 139

Digital transformer protection


Adaptation of currents for comparison (1)
CT 1

JR-sec
JS-sec
JT-sec

W2

W1
JR-prim

Jr-prim

JS-prim

Js-prim

JT-prim

Jt-prim

N
o
r
m

I N Transf W1 =

IR
IS
IT

IR*
I0elim. IS*
IT*

Comparison
I

SN

J R sec
I N Prim CT 1
IS =
J S sec = kCT 1
I N Transf - W1
IT
JT sec

Differential Protection Symposium

It**

Vector
group
adapt.

Ir*
Is*
It*

I0elim.

Ir
Is
It

N
o
r
m

I N Transf W2 =

3 U N -1

IR

Ir**
Is**

J R sec
J S sec
JT sec

CT 2

Jr-sec
Js-sec
Jt-sec

SN
3 U N -2

Ir
J r sec
I N Prim CT 2
Is =
J s sec = k CT 2
I N Transf -W2
It
J t sec

Belo Horizonte November 2005

J r sec
J s sec
J t sec

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 140

Digital transformer protection


Adaptation of currents for comparison (2)
CT 1

JR-sec
JS-sec
JT-sec

1
(I R + I S + I T )
3
IR * = IR I0

W2

W1
JR-prim

Jr-prim

JS-prim

Js-prim

JT-prim

Jt-prim

N
o
r
m

IR
IS
IT

IR*
I0elim. IS*
IT*

Com_
parison
I

I0 =

Ir**
Is**
It**

Vector
group
adapt.

Ir*
Is*
It*

I0elim.

Ir
Is
It

N
o
r
m

IS * = IS I0
IT * = IT I0

I T

IT *

Differential Protection Symposium

It **

Ir **
1 0
1
1
Is ** =
1 1 0
3
0
1 1
It * *

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Jr-sec
Js-sec
Jt-sec

I0 =

Example Yd5:

IR
IR *
Ir **
IS = IS * + Is **

CT 2

Ir *
Is *
It *

1
(I r + I s + I t )
3

Ir * = Ir I0
I s * = Is I 0
I t * = I t I0

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 141

Adaptation of currents for comparison


Relay input data
Input data:
n times 30O

vector group number


(only for 2nd and 3rd winding,
1st winding is reference)

Winding 1 (reference) is normally:


High voltage side

UN (kV)

Rated winding voltage

SN (MVA)

rated winding power

INW (A)

Primary rated CT current

At windings with tap


changer:

Line or BB

direction of CT neutral

UN = 2

Elimination /
Correction /
without

I0-treatment

Side XX

Assignment input for REF

INW S (A)

Primary rated current of neutral CT

Neutral CT

Earth side connection to relay: Q7 or Q8?

Differential Protection Symposium

U max U min
U max + U min

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 142

Digital transformer protection


Current adaptation, Example (1)
SN = 100 MVA
UN1= 20 kV
W2

3000/5 A

UN2= 110 kV

Yd5

W1

600/1 A
2.400 A

7621 A

1A
5A

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 143

Digital transformer protection


Current adaptation, Example (2)
110-kV-side

20-kV-side

I N Trafo W2 =

100MVA
= 2887A
3 20kV

I N Trafo W1 =

1
3 = 4,4 3 A
13200
3000
3000
3A
I Norm =
4,4 3 = 4,57
2887
J r,s, t - sek =

J R, S, T -sek =
I Norm =

4,57

I A S = I S * + I s * * = 2 4,57
I A T = IT * + I t * * =

Differential Protection Symposium

1
2400 = 4,0 A
600

600
4 = 4,57A
525

Vector group adaptation: Yd5


Ir *
2 1 1
0
4 ,57 3
1
I s * = 1 2 1 4,57 = 2 4 ,57 3
3
It *
1 1 2
0
4 ,57 3

I0-elimination:
Ir **
1 0
1
4,57 3
4,57 / 3
1
Is ** =
1 1 0 4,57 3 = 2 4,57 / 3
3
It **
0
1 1
0
4,57 / 3

IA R = IR * + I r * * =

100MVA
= 525A
3 110kV

4,57

3 4,57

3 + 2 4,57
3 4,57

=0
3=0

=0

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 144

Current adaptation (1)


Practical example for the need of matching CTs
*)

Matching CTs recommended, if


k_Wan_n > 4 or k_Wan_n < 1/4: *)

To keep the specified measuring accuracy of 7UT51. For protectio n only


necessary if 8 <k_Wan_n <1/8

345 kV, 1050 MVA

1500/5 A

2000/5 A

500 kV,
1050 MVA

1213 A
(1050
MVA)

1000/1 A
43.930 A
(1050 MVA)
4,04 A
43,43 A

13,8 kV,
30 MVA

1/0.2A
8,786

7UT513 (5A Relay)

Differential Protection Symposium

k CT _ 3* =

8,786
= 1,76 < 4!
5

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 145

Current adaptation (2)


Practical example for the need of matching CTs
I n Tr W 1 =
I

1050 103
3 500

n Tr W 1sec =

1213A
= 4,04 A
1500 / 5

4.04
kCT 1 =
= 0,809
5
I n Tr W 2 =
I

1050 103
3 345

n Tr W 2 sek =

kCT 2 =

40In= 15 Bit +sign


= 215 = 32.768
32.768

15

40In

0,122%In

32.36

351,44

= 1757 A

1757 A
= 4,39 A
2000 / 5

1050 103
3 13,8

n Tr W 3 _ sek =

kCT 3 =

Transformer
winding 3

4,39
= 0,878
5

I n Tr W 3 =
I

Transformer
winding 1

Relay

= 1213A

= 43.930 A

43.930 A
= 43,93 A
1000 / 1

43,93
= 8,786 > 4!
5

Differential Protection Symposium

0,099%

Belo Horizonte November 2005

1,072%
G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 146

7UT6
Operating characteristic

ST

F =
IF

7UT6

7
6

I DIFF >>

AB

ID

IDiff/ In

I2

I1

IDIFF = |I1+ I2|


Tripping area

IStab = |I1| + |I2|

2
e
op
Sl

Stable operation

Slope

I DIFF >
0
0

Additional stabilisation
for high Is.c.

1
3

Differential Protection Symposium

10

Belo Horizonte November 2005

11

Istab / In

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 147

I0-elimination / correction: Summary

I0- elimination necessary at all windings with earthed neutral or


with grounding transformer in the protection range
Earth fault sensitivity reduced to 2/3 !
Incorrect fault type indication!
I0- correction provides full earth current sensitivity and correct
phase selective fault type indication, however requires CT in the
neutral-to-earth connection of the transformer.
As an alternative, earth differential protection can be used to
enhance earth fault sensitivity.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 148

Transformer winding to earth fault


Solid earthed neutral
IF
per unit
10
8

UR
hUR

IF

Infeed side

IF

IK

IK
0

20

40

60

80

100

Short-circuited winding part h in %

Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 149

Transformer winding to earth fault


Resistance or reactance earthed neutral

UR

%
100

hUR

Infeed side

50

IF
IK

IK

RE
0

20

40
100
60
80
Short-circuited winding part h in %

h U R
RE
U 2n
h w2
=
IF = h
IF
w1
U 1n 3

IF =

IK

IF

I Max

1 U 2n U R
I K = h2

3 U 1n R E

Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 150

Transformer winding short-circuit

100

IK

10

IF , I K
x In 80

60

IP
x In

IF
4

40

IK
20

IF
0

10

15

20

25

Short-circuited winding part h in %


Source: Protective Relays, Application Guide, GEC Alstom T&D, 1995

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 151

Restricted earth fault protection of relay 7UT6


IR
IS
IT
K0= 4
K0= 2

100

80
2

120

60

1.2

I0 *
e (I 0 * /I 0 * *)
I 0 * *40

0.8

20

1.6

K0= 1.4

140

160

0.4

K0= 1
180

Blocking

+
1
Tripping

200

I>

IN
IE

I0*

I0**

340

220

320

240

300
260

280

Polarised earth current


differential protection

3.14

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 152

Restricted earth fault protection 87N (7UT6)


Application aspects

n Increased sensitivity with earth faults near winding neutral

Preferably used in case of resistance or reactance neutral earthing


n Sensitive to turns short-circuit
n I0 / IN amplitude and angle comparison
n 2nd harmonic stabilised
n Can protect a separate shunt reactor or neutral earthing transformer in

addition to the two winding transformer differential protection


n Not applicable with autotransformers! (as only one stabilising input at transformer
terminal side, -- high impedance principle to be used in this case.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 153

Transformer HI-earth fault protection

IR

Ir

IS

Is

IT

It

ZE
IE>

Differential Protection Symposium

IN

IE>

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 154

HI differential protection of an autotransformer

Ir

IR

Is

IS

It

IT

87

Differential Protection Symposium

87

87

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 155

HI earth fault protection of an autotransformer

Ir

IR

Is

IS

It

IT

IN
I>

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 156

Transformer tank protection 64T: Principle

IE>

Insulated

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 157

Transformer protection, Relay design


7UT6 differential protection
for

Transformers
Generators
Motors
Busbars

7UT612:
7UT613:
7UT633:
7UT635:

for protection objects with 2 ends


for protection objects with 3 ends
for protection objects with 3 ends
for protection objects with 5 ends

Differential Protection Symposium

(1/3 x 19 case 7XP20)


(1/2 x 19 case 7XP20)
(1/1 x 19 case 7XP20)
(1/1 x 19 case 7XP20)

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 158

7UT6
Integrated protection functions
Function

ANSI No.

Function

ANSI No.

Differential

87T

Overfluxing V/Hz

24

Earth differential

87 N

Breaker failure

50BF

Phase overcurrent,

50/51

Temperature monitoring

38

Neutral overcurrent IN>, t

50N/51N

Ground overcurrent (IE, t)

50G/51G

Hand reset trip

86

Unbalanced current I2>, t

46

Trip circuit supervision

74TC

Thermal overload IEC 60255-8

49

Therm. OL IEC 60354 (hot spot)

49

Differential Protection Symposium

Binary inputs for tripping commands

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 159

Application range (7UT6)

I
I
Shunt Reactor

Three winding
transformer

Two winding
transformer

Generator / Motor

Differential Protection Symposium

Transformer bank
(1-1/2-LS)

Busbars

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 160

Digital transformer protection relay 7UT613:


Current inputs and integrated protective functions
YN

yn0

d5

R
S
T

>
(2)

>
(1)

Differential Protection Symposium

I>>,
I>t

ITE

IT

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 161

Operating characteristic (7UT6)

Idiff >>
I

7
Locus of
internal faults
45

6
Op
5

In

pe
o
l
S

operate

restrain

4
3
2

Idiff >

S lo p

0 0

supplementary
restraint

e1

10

12

14

16

IRes
In

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 162

7SA6: Temperature monitoring

RS485 Interface

7XV5662-(x)AD10

7XV5662-(x)AD10

Two thermo-devices can be connected to the serial service interface (RS485)


Monitoring of up to 12 measuring points (6 per thermo-device)
- each with two pick-up levels
Display of the measured temperatures
- directly at the thermo-device (which can also be used stand alone)
- at the relay
One input is reserved for hot spot monitoring (measurement of oil temperature)
Thermistors: Pt100, Ni100 or Ni120

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 163

7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (1)


Example: Natural cooling

h = O + H gr k Y

h= hot spot temperature


O= oil temperature
Hgr=hot-spot-to-oil temperature gradient
k= load factor I/In
Y= winding exponent

Aging rate:
Oil Temp.

HV
LV

V=

Aging at h
= 2( h 98)/6
Aging at 98C

98O is reference for


the aging of
Cellulose insulation

Mean value of aging during a fixed time interval:


T

2
1
L=
V dt
T2 T1 T1

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 164

7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (2)

h = o + H gr k Y 73 + 23 1.151.6 = 102C

(L)

V = 2( h 98)/6 = 2(10298)/6 1.6


108C

k,
V,
L

98C
102C
73C

h Hot spot
temp.
o oil temp.
(from thermodevice)

[C]

h
o

1.6

k (I/In)

V (relative
aging)
L (mean
value of V)

1.15

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 165

7UT6: Commissioning und service tool (1)


WEB-Technology
Access to WEB Browser
Help system in the
INTRANET / INTERNET
http://www.siprotec.com

1. Serial connection
Directy or with modem
to standard DIAL-UP
network
2. HTM L page view
at IP-address of the relay
http://141.141.255.160

Differential Protection Symposium

Relay homepage address of :


http://141.141.255.160
IP-address can be set with
program DIGSI 4 at the front or
service interface of the relay

WEB server
in relay firmware
Server sends HTML pages and
JAVA code to WEB Browser via
DIAL-UP connection

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 166

7UT6: Commissioning and service tool (2)


Display of current phasors of all terminals

Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA,


IL2S2 wrong polarity

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 167

7UT6: Commissioning and service tool (3)


Display of operating/restraint state

Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA, IL2S2 wrong polarity

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 168

Application examples

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 169

Protection of a two winding transformer

7SJ600
7UT512
50

51
W1

52

87T

Bu

W1 (OS)

49

W2 (US)
W2

52

Differential Protection Symposium

52

51

52

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 170

Protection of a three winding transformer


7SJ600
50

51

52

7UT513
W1 49-1

Bu
87T

W1
W2

W2 49-2

W3

W3

51

52

Load

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 171

Restricted earth fault protection


for a two winding transformer
7SJ600
7UT513
50

51
W1 49-1

52
Bu

W1 (OS)

87T
W2 (US)
ZE
51
87TE

52

Differential Protection Symposium

52

W2

52

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 172

Protection of an autotransformer

52

7SJ600
51BF

51N

50
51

7UT513
87
TL
Load

52

87
TH

7VH600

49
52

3Y

51
59
7RW600

50
BF

Bu

50
51
50
BF

7SJ600

7SJ600
51
N

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 173

Protection of a large transformer bank


52

52

7SA6
49

21

7UT513
87
TL

50
BF
87
TH

7VH6 (3)

49

Load

52
52

51
59N
7RW6

50
BF
7SJ6

Differential Protection Symposium

7SA6
21

51N

49

51
BF

7SJ6

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 174

Protection of a phase regulating transformers

Phase regulator

Bu
50/50N

50/50N
51/51N

Exciting
transformer

Bu

51/51N
87
TS

87
TP
51N
50N

Differential Protection Symposium

51N

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 175

Protection of a compensation reactor


No phase CTs at neutral side

3
52
49-1

50
51

87N

7UT613

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 176

Protection of a compensation reactor


with phase CTs at neutral side

7SJ600

50

3
52

51

7UT613

49

87

87N

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 177

Differential protection of generation units (1)


a)

c)

d)

e)

52

52

52

52

IT

IT

IT

IT

G
G

IG

52

IG

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

IG

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 178

Differential protection of generation units (2)

52

IT
52
*)
IT

IG
*) same ratio as generator CTs

52

Differential Protection Symposium

Auxiliaries

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 179

Dimensioning of CTs at the station service transformer

250 MVA
220 /10 kV

T1

IT
Fault F1:
High fault currents in relation to the rated current
of the station-service transformer T2 (>100xIN)
and long DC time constants (>100 ms) require
considerable over-dimensioning of CT cores
and .

IK-T

250 MVA
10 kV

IK-G

G
F1
25 MVA
10,5 / 5 kV

IT

T2

F2

Differential Protection Symposium

EB

7UT61

Fault F2:
uncritical as current is limited by short-circuit
impedance of station-service transformer T2.
CT can have normal dimensions

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 180

Digital Transformer Differential


Protection

I0-correction
+ vector group adaptation

Differential Protection Course

PTD Service
Power Training Center

Nrnberg 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 1

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD SE 2002. All rights reserved.

Transformer differential protection with I0-correction


External fault
L3

L1
L2
L2

L3

L1

Yd5

L1
L2
L3

1
3

1:3

Vector group adaptation

I0-correction

Differential Protection Course

PTD Service
Power Training Center

3
Nrnberg 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 2

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD SE 2002. All rights reserved.

Transformer differential protection with I0-correction


Internal fault
L3

L1
L2
L2

L3

L1

Yd5

L1
L2
L3

1
3

1:3

I0-correction

Differential Protection Course

Vector group adaptation

PTD Service
Power Training Center

3
Nrnberg 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 3

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD SE 2002. All rights reserved.

Digital Line Differential Protection


Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 179

Line differential protection, Versions

Line differential protection with wire connection


I1

Three-wire
(control cables)
up to
about 15 km

current comparison

I2

I1

voltage comparison

I2

I2

Two-wire
(telefon pilots)
up to about 25 km

I
U2

U1
I1

7SD503

7SD502/
7SD600

Line differential protection with digital communication


I

7SD61
Other
services

I2

I
2

I1

Up to ca. 200 km
line length

PCM
MUX

Data net

PCM
MUX

PCM
MUX

dedicated optic
fibres up to ca. 35 km
OF or microwave

PCM
MUX

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

7SD61

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 180

Digital pilot wire relay 7SD600

Combines
Traditional pilot wire protection principle
with
Modern digital relay technology
Novel features:
Self-monitoring and pilot wire supervision
Saturation detector
Measurement of pilot loop resistance
Add-on functions
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 181

Relay to Relay pilot wires communication


New technology on existing (copper-) pilots
Traditional:

Composed current
measurement
Comparison of analogue values

Modern:

Phase
segregated
measurement

Digital data transmission


64 kbps bi-directional
4 value digital code (2B1Q)
Amplitude and phase modulation
Spectrum mid frequency: 80 kHz

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 182

Digital Relay to Relay Communication (Overview)

Dedicated Optic Fiber

or
E
O

Data Comms net

87L

87L
E

or
ISDN

O
E

or
O

Pilot wires
Communication according to given possibilities

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 183

Converter for digital communication via pilot wire

7SD52/61

7XV5662-0AC00

5 kV
insulated
7XR9516

OF-cable
mutli-mode fibre
max. 1,5 km

Differential Protection Symposium

Barrier
transformer
20 kV (optional)

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Wire
connection

up to ca. 8 km

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 184

Line differential protection


with converter for digital communication
7SD52/61

7XV56
Digital
data
network

OF
Multi-mode fibre
max. 1.5 km

Differential Protection Symposium

Interface to data network:


X.21 or G.703.1
(wired connection)

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 185

Relay to Relay Communication:


Two terminal configuration with hot standby connection

Commsconverter
FO 820 nm

FO 820 nm
X21 or
G703.1

Main
connection
interrupted

Hot standby
connection
Permanent
supervision.

Commsconverter

I2
Direct FOconnection.
Main
connection
512 kBit/s
for the 87L
function

Loss of main
connection

Data
Comms
network

E
X21 or
G703.1
(64 kBit/s)

I2
Hot standby
connection
active
Switchover
takes 20 ms

I1

Data
Comms
network

I1

O
Main connection
re-established

Closed ring
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 186

Relay to Relay Communication:


Ring- and Chain topology, loss of one data connection tolerated
Closed ring

Chain

side 2

side 2

I2

side 3
I3

side 3

I2

I3+ I1

I3

I2

I1+ I2
I1

I3+ I1

I3

I1

I1+ I2
side 1

side 1
Partial current sums

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 187

Line differential relay with digital communication (7SD52)


Application to 3-terminal line
C

5P20
1600:1
Cable tab 110 kV
8 km, 0.25 F/km
IC=40 A

OH-line A-B
110 kV, 60 km
8 nF/km, IC=10 A

10P10
400:1

O
E

OF: 820 nm

PCM

5P20
1600:1

Digital
communication
network

PCM

O
E

Wired interface:
X.21 or G701.1

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 188

Line differential relay with digital communication (7SD52)


Application to tapped line

87L

7SA52

7SA52

87L

Net

Net
7SA52
87L
7SA52
87L

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 189

Line differential relay with digital communication (7SD61)


Transformer-line protection

10P10, 10 VA, 200:1

20 MVA, 110 kV / 20 kV,


Yd5

10P10, 10 VA, 600:5

8 km
50/51

LWL

7SD61

87T
50/51
50 BF

Differential Protection Symposium

87T
50/51
50 BF

7SD61

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 190

7SD52/61: Bias for CT errors

I1
Error
%

i1
10%

fL

fF

Load range

Fault range
I1
ALF/ALFN IN-CT

: relay setting parameters

Differential Protection Symposium

ALF IN-CT

Example: 10P10, fL < 3%, fF = 10% at ALFIN-CT

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 191

Relays 7SD52/61: Operating characteristic

IDiff

I2

Tripping
area
Restraint
area

IDiff>

Operation

I3

I1

I3

I1
External
fault

I2

fCT

IStab
IDiff = I1 + I2 + I3

(Calculated differential current)

IStab = IDiff> + Sync.error + |I1| fCT1 +|I2| fCT2 + |I3| fCT3

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 192

7SD52/61: Impact of line charging current


I1

E1

U1

I2

IC

U2

E2

IDiff = I1 + I2 + IC (currents I1 and I2 counted positive in line direction!)


Without charge current compensation:
Pick-up value:

IDiff> > 2,5.. 4 I C

Senstive setting only for short cables or lines

With charge current compensation:


Pick-up value:

IDiff> > 0,2 IN

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 193

7SD52/61: High resistance fault sensitivity


230 kV

IL= 1000 A
1000/1 A

1000/1 A

Infeed
7SD52

IF

Load
RF

7SD52

lline = 120 km
Ic = 72 A
Channel unsymmetry: 0.2 ms = 4.32 O 5O (60 Hz)
5P type CT, i.e. 1% error in the load area, set: f CD= 2%
Relay pick-up setting about 4xIC: IDiff> = 30% In = 300 A
I Op = I A + I B = 1000 A + I F 1000 A = I F
I Re s = I Diff > + Fsync + f CTA I A + f CTB I B = I Diff > + ( I L + I F ) sin

+ I L sin
+ f CTA ( I L + I F ) + f CTB I L
2
2

I Diff > + (2 sin ( / 2 ) + f CTA + f CTB ) I L 300 A + (2 sin 5o / 2) + 0.02 + 0.02) 1000 A
IF >
=
= 457 A
o
1 (sin ( / 2 ) + f CTA )
1 (sin(5 / 2) + 0.02)
R F max . =

230 kV
230 kV
=
= 290 Ohm
3 I F min .
3 457A

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 194

7SD52/7SD61: Charge comparison protection supplement


Q2

Q1

Q3

1/4 cycle

n+4
n+3
n+2
n+1
n
n-1

speed
64 kbit/s
128 kbit/s
512 kbit/s (FO)

Calculation of the charge


n+5

t +T 4
Q=

i
i
I(t) dt ( n + n + 5 +
2
2

n+4

In ) T

QDiff =
Q1+Q2+Q3

n +1

with T= 1 ms (18O el.)

2 relays
21 ms
16 ms
14 ms

3 relays
21 ms
16 ms
14 ms

Differential Protection Symposium

6 relays
41 ms
24 ms
17 ms

Trip
Area
Restrain
Area

QDiff>>
Settable pick-up value
0

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Qrest= Q errors

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 195

Development of IED processing and communication power

Year

Memory

1986

192 kB

0.5 MIPS

16 bit

19.2 kbps

1992

768 kB

1.0 MIPS

16 bit

115.2 kbps

1998

8.5 MB

35 MIPS

32 bit

1.5 Mbps (LAN)

2004

28 MB

80 MIPS

32 bit

100 Mbps (LAN)

Processing
power

Differential Protection Symposium

Bus width

Communication

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 196

21 & 87 Relay
United full scheme distance and differential protection
21

87

Copy of well proven


features
21, 21N

85 - 21

67N

85 - 67N

68, 68T

27 WI

79

25

59

27

49

81

51/51N

50 BF

21 & 87

2 in 1

87

IRest

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 197

Universal line protection relay


87 Differential
21 Distance

line protection

67 DEF
For all kind of lines
Short to long lines

For all kind of communication:

Parallel lines

Traditional : PLC, Pilot wires, Microwave

Multi-terminal lines

Dedicated OF

Tapped lines

Digital microwave

Transformer lines

Comms networks

For all kind of operation


Single and/or three-pole ARC

Series comp. lines

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 198

Line with larger transformer taps


Release of 87 by 21 distance overreaching zone
87

87

21

21

Net

Net

87

&
21

Permissive
tripping

Differential Protection Symposium

Allows low setting of 87 pick-up!

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 199

Line differential relay with digital communication (7SD61)


Application to tapped line, Example
400/1 A

400/1 A
Net

Net
110 kV
SSC1=2000 MVA
ZS1 = 6.05

l1= 8 km
XL1=
3.2

l2= 10 km
XL2=
4.0

20 MVA
uT=12 %
XSC-T= 73
1.1 U N / 3 1.1 110/ 3 kV
ISC
=
= 957 A
X SC T
73

l3= 5 km
XL3 =
2.0

5 MVA
uK=8 %
XSC-T= 194

l4= 4 km
XL4=
1.6

110 kV
SSC2=1000 MVA
ZS2= 12.1

10 MVA
uK=10 %
XSC-T= 121

S N T

I Rush 5
= 5
3 U N

35 MVA
3 110 kV

= 918 A

u Setting pick-up value I > 1.3957 A


u or blocking I via remote signalling when tap protection operates
u or release of I by an overreaching distance zone

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 200

Fully redundant line protection


using dissimilar protection and comms principles

87

MUX

comms net

MUX

87

21

21

87

87
PLC

PLC

21

21

Fully redundant 87 and 21 teleprotection remains in operation


in each combination of relay and communication failure!

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 201

Phase segregated 87 differential and 21 distance pilot protection:


Enhanced selectivity with multiple faults

87 differential
and
21 pilot protection

Ph a - E

Ph b - E

Phase selective fault clearance and auto-reclosing also with multiple-faults

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 202

Phase segregated 87 differential and 21 distance pilot protection:


Enhanced selectivity with multiple faults

87 differential
and
21 pilot protection

Ph a - E

Ph b - E

Phase selective fault clearance and auto-reclosing also with multiple-faults

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 203

Two-sided fault locator using 87&21 relay


communication
I1

I2

Grid 1

Grid 2
U1

U2

Digital comms

XLI1

XLI2
U2

U1
(I1+I2)RF
Distance

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 204

Conclusions

Combined distance and differential protection relays , together with


modern comms, allow to enhance line protection in a cost saving way.
The dissimilar protection principles complement each other perfectly.
Distance and differential protection can both be configured as phase
segregated teleprotection schemes allowing absolute phase selective fault
clearance and autoreclosure even with complex cross county and intercircuit faults.
Digital relay to relay comms allows to exchange data for upgraded two
sided fault locating.
Using a single relay type for distance and/or differential protection also
saves on cost in investment and operation.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 205

7SD51: Phase comparison,


Dynamic supplement based on delta-quantities
I1

I2

PCP

PCP

7SD512

7SD512

i2(t)

i1(t)

i1(t) = i1(t) -i1(t -2T)

Differential Protection Symposium

Sign.{ i2 }

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Sign.{ i1 }

i1(t) = i1(t) -i1(t -2T)

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 206

7SD51: Phase comparison


I1

I2

PVS

PVS

PVS

PVS

7SD512

7SD512

7SD512

7SD512

i1(t)

I1

i1(t)

i2(t)

no coincidence

I2

no coincidence

i2(t)
+

Full coincidence

Differential Protection Symposium

Full coincidence

Tripping

External fault

Tripping

Internal fault,

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 207

7SD51: Phase comparison: Impact of charging current

I1=IL+IC

-I2= IL
IL

IC

E1

I1

E2

KO
IC
I1

-I2

Differential Protection Symposium

-I2

undefined
range

Phase shift caused by


charging current IC

I2

Tripping
range

undefined range due to


discrete sampling :
1/2T = 1,66/2 ms= 15O

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 208

Phase comparison protection 7SD51:


Sampling of the rectangular sign wave and data transmission telegram

i(t)

Sampling interval (1,66 ms)


01

Sign.{ i(t) }

00
11

+++
START

1 1

1 0 1

CHECK

END

Telegram acc. to IEC 60870-5


Hamming distance d= 4

4 directional signs per phase = 12 binary digits

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 209

Measurement based on delta quantities, Principle


I1, I2: DELTA-quantities

Total situation after fault inception:


ZV1
E1

I2

I1

ZV2

RF

E2

E2

Load before fault inception:


ZV1
E1

Pure fault part :

I1L

I2L

ZV2

UFL

ZV1

I1=I1F

I2=I2F
RF

Differential Protection Symposium

ZV2

UFL

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 210

Digital Busbar Protection


Gerhard Ziegler

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 217

Busbar differential protection, Principle


(Analog technique)
Busbar

Iop

k I Res

IOp

Measuring
circuit

Tripping
area

Operating
characteristic

k%
Iop>
IRes

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 218

Part-digital Busbar protection 7SS6

4AM
3

100mA /IN

7SD601

7TM70

Differential Protection Symposium

1,9 mA= /IN

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 219

7SS6: Operating characteristic

IA

Internal faults (k=1)


Relay characteristic
k= 0.25 to 0.8

Id >

IS

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 220

Isolator replica, Principle, (stabilising circuit not shown)


BB 1
+

1
_

BB 2

I1
I2

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 221

Decentralised BB-protection 7SS52, Structure

Optic fibre-communication
- HDLC protocol
- 1,2 MBaud

Wired
connections

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 222

7SS50/52: Maximum configuration


1

Transfer bus

7SS50
centralised
Bays

7SS52
decentralised

32

48

BB-zones

12

couplings

16

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 223

7SS50/52: Acquisition and supervision of isolator positions

Connection to
central unit
OF

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 224

Operating characteristic of BB protection 7SS52

Internal faults (k=1)

IOp

Relay characteristic
(k =0.1 - 0.8)
k

Optional extension
for networks with limited earth
current (impedance earthing)
(release by U0>)

I >
IE >
IRes<

Differential Protection Symposium

IRes

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 225

BB-Protection 7SS52
Performance in networks with earth current limitation
110 /10 kV
40 MVA

IL =

35MVA
10kV 3

= 2 kA

I F = I E = 10/ 3kV/6 1 kA

RE= 6 Ohm (IE = 1 kA)

Restraint current:

I Res = I = (2 + 1) + 2 kA

Operating current:

I Op = I = I E = 1 kA
k=

35 MW

IOp

I Op
I Re s

1
= 0.2
5

Relay operating characteristic


(k =0.1 - 0.8)
Additional, for earth faults
(release by U0>)

I>

Iop-E= IE = 1kA

IE>= 500 A
IRes-L= 4kA

IRes

Ihres-E= 1kA

IRes<= 7kA

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 226

Check zone of busbar protection

ISS1
ISS2
ICheck
Check zone:
in the past used with HI protection on EHV level (needs separate CT cores)
in general not used with traditional low impedance busbar protection (too expensive)
However, now integrated as software function in full scheme versions 7SS51 and 7SS52

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 227

7SS52: special restraint algorithm avoids over-stabilisation

Check zone

I1

I2

IOp

I4

I3

I3 + I4

IOp
I1 +I2
I1 +I2
2(|I3| +|I4| )

I1 +I2

IRes

Normal restraint:
Sum of all current magnitudes

|I3 + I4|

Special restraint algorithm:


Positive and negative currents are added separately.
I p = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4

I Res = I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I 4 + I3 + I4

IRes

I n = I3 + I 4

Smaller value is then taken:


I Res = I n = I3 + I 4

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 228

7SS52: Special treatment of dead zone faults (1)

BB-A
BB-B

Differential Protection Symposium

Bus coupler CB aux. contacts not connected:


87-A trips bus coupler
Current inverted in 87-B after T-BF.
Subsequently 87-B trips BB-B
Coupler CB auxiliary contacts connected:
87-B trips immediately after opening of bus
coupler CB because coupler current is
removed from bus protection.
time reduction (T-BF saved)

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 229

7SS52: Special treatment of dead zone faults (2)


BB-A

A) Bus coupler CB aux. contacts not connected:


87-A overfunctions and trips unnecessarily.
87-B sees an external fault and only trips finally
through BF function (delay T-BF!)
B) Bus coupler CB aux. contacts connected:
87-A remains stable (sees no fault current)
87-B trips immediately

BB-B

Coupler CB auxiliary contacts connected to 7SS52:


Coupler current is removed from 87-A and 87-B current
comparison with open coupler CB.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 230

7SS52: Special treatment of dead zone faults (3)


Two CTs in coupling bay, overlapping protection zones
BB-A

Coupler CB auxiliary contacts


connected:
87-A sees external fault and
remains stable
67-B correctly trips BB-B

BB-B

87 A

87 B
Coupler CB auxiliary contacts connected to 7SS52:
Coupler currents are removed from 87-A and 87-B current
comparison with open coupler CB.

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 231

7SS52: Treatment of switch onto a faulted (earthed) bus

BB-A
BB-B

Differential Protection Symposium

Coupler CB close command is detected by


bus protection (change of biary input
signal):
Coupler current is immediately reincluded in the 87 current comparison
before CB contacts close.
Selective tripping of BB-B by 87-B.

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 232

7SS52 : Integral breaker fail protection

Busbar
protection7
SS52

Bay
protection

&
Fault
detection

Trip

&

T-BF

Current
reversal

I
87

Trip

With line fault and CB failure:


Trip command of bay protection hangs on at BB protection
Forced current reversal of the current of concerned bay after T-BF
Zone selective tripping only of the concerned busbar
Advantage: Reset time (overtravel time) of bay protection does not matter
Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 233

External bay dedicated BF protection


Zone selective tripping via isolator replica of 7SS52 busbar protection
Bay (feeder) protection

trip

7SS52

T-BF

&

I>

&

Isolator
replica

Selective
bus
trip

Fault
detection

BF trip command to busbar protection binary input


(for security: fault detection signal as second criterion)
Distribution of trip commands via isolator replica to breakers of concerned
busbar
zone selective tripping of concerned busbar

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 234

Fail safe design: 3-out-of-3 decision per bay

I of check zone
calculated
from all samples

I of discriminative
zones, calculated from
even samples

I of discriminative
zones, calculated from
odd samples

Trip- relay
(per bay)
L+

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 235

Adaptive measurement (Booster circuit) (7SS5)

Odd
Samples
Even
Samples

dI S
dt

dI S
dt

1 ms

Differential Protection Symposium

dI S
dt

Check zone

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 236

Digital busbar protection 7SS5, Measuring technique


External fault, symmetrical fault current
I1

I2

1
1

IOp= |I1+I2|

I1
0

10

20

I2

1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5

10

20

20

10

20

10

20

1.5

10

20

kIRes = k(|I1|+|I2|)

1
0.5

1.5

IRes=|I1|+|I2|

I = IOp - IRes

0.5
0

10

Differential Protection Symposium

20

1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 237

Digital busbar protection 7SS5, Measuring technique


Internal fault, symmetrical fault current
I1

I2
2

I1

10

20

IOp= |I1+I2|

I2

1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5

10

20

10

20

10

20

1.5

10

20

kIRes =k(|I1|+|I2|)

1
0.5

1
0.5

0.5
1
1.5

I=IOp - IRes

IRes=|I1|+|I2|
0

10

20

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

Tripping!
G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 238

7SS5/6: Admissible over-burdening - Necessary dimensioning of


CTs with regard to symmetrical fault currents
Ri

I1
IM

= e2(t ) =(Ri + RB ) i 2(t )

RB

I2

E2

max
180O

54O

90O

Im
max

180O

180O

180O

ALF'u 2N (t) dt = (Ri + R B ) ALF'i2N (t) dt = (R i + R B ) ALF'I2 sinx dt = (Ri + R B ) ALF'I2N 2


O

x
180
I

sinx dt = ALF'I 2N 2
2F sinx dt = ALF'I 2N

Differential Protection Symposium

I 2F
2
= ALF'
x
I 2N
sinx

I
I
2
k OB = 2F 2N =
x
ALF'
sinx

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 239

Required restraining factor k dependent on over-burdening


factor KOB (over-dimensioning factor KTF)
1.5
1
1

IRes= |I1|+|I2|

0.5
0

10

IOp < kIRes

Condition for stability:

sinx >

0
0

I F < k 2 I F sin x

1
2k

I
I
2
2
= 2K 2N =
=
x
n'
1 cosx
sinx
(from previous transparency)

20

2 I F sin x

IOp= |I1+I2|

IK

k>

K OB
4 K OB 1

10

20

20

or

k>

1
4 K TF K 2 TF

KOB= CT over-burdening factor


KTF= 1/KOB = CT over-dimensioning factor

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 240

Digital busbar protection 7SS5, Measuring technique


External fault, fault current with DC offset
I1

I2

2
2

I1

IOp= |I1+I2|
0

20

40

60

20

20

40

60

40

60

40

60

I2
0

20

40

60

kIRes =k(|I1|+|I2|)

IRes=|I1|+|I2|

I=IOp - IRes

20

1
0

20

40

Differential Protection Symposium

60

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 241

Digital busbar protection 7SS5, Measuring technique


Internal fault, fault current with DC offset
I1

I2
3
2
1

IOp= |I1+I2|

I1

20

40

60

40

60

1
0

I2

20

40

kIRes =k(|I1|+|I2|)
0

20

2
3

60

40

1
0

60

20

1
t

2
2
2

I=IOp - IRes

IRes=|I1|+|I2|
0

20

40

60

0.75
0.5 0

40

60

1.75
3

Differential Protection Symposium

20

Tripping!

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 242

CT dimensioning for busbar protection 7SS5, Example (1)

25 106
I N T =
= 1440A
10 103 3

110kV
SSC= 4 GVA
110/10 kV
25 MVA
uT= 14%
TT= 60 ms

1500/1

2MW

600/1
300/1

150/1

5MW

10 kV
10 MVA
Xd= 15%
TG= 100 ms

300/1

300/1

ISt= 6IN
Xd= 17%
TM= 35 ms

5MW

5MW

Differential Protection Symposium

I N G =

10 10 6
= 577A
3
10 10 3

5 10 6
I N M -HV = 2
= 577A
3
10 10 3

IFT =

1.1 1440
= 11.3 kA
0.14

IFG =

1.1 577
= 4.2 kA
0.15

I F M =

Belo Horizonte November 2005

1.1 577
= 3.7 kA
0.17

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 243

CT dimensioning for busbar protection 7SS5 and 7SS6, Example (2)


As worst case, the CT 150/1 A in bay 1 is considered.
Total fault current with a fault at the transformer HV terminals:

I F = I F T + I F G + I F M = 11,3 + 4,2 + 3,7 = 19,2 kA


Equivalent time constant:

I
T + I F G TG + I F M TM 11.3 60 + 4.2 100 + 3.7 35
TEquiv. = F T T
=
= 64 ms
I F T + I F G + I F M
11.3 + 4.2 + 3.7
We consider a CT type 5P?, 30 VA, internal burden Pi= 15% (4.5 VA):
Connected burden Pa= 1 VA
CT over-dimensioning factor for 3ms saturation free time: KTF ca. 0.45
Corresponding to an overburdening factor of kOB= 1/KTF = 2.2
Checking of the k-setting
(Stability with symmetrical fault currents):

ALF ' =

I F
I N CT

K TF =

19 .200
0 . 45 = 58
150

k>

k OB
4 kOB 1

ALF =

2,2
= 0 .5 (chosen: k=0.6)
4 (2 .2 1)

Pa + Pi
1 + 4.5
ALF ' =
58 = 9.3
PN + Pi
30 + 4.5

We finally choose: CT 5P10, 150/1, 30 VA, R2 4.5 Ohm

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 244

Transient performance of iron closed CT cores (type TPX)


Over-dimensioning factor KTF for short time to saturation

1.5

1.5

KTF

1.4

TM

1.3

KTF

1.4
1.2

1.2

5 ms

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.8

4 ms

0.7
0.5

0.5

3 ms

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

3 ms

0.4

0.3

4 ms

0.7
0.6

0.4

5 ms

0.8

0.6

TM

1.3

10

TN

TN

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 245

High impedance busbar protection

RCT

RCT

RCT

RCT

RCT: Resistance of CT secondary


winding

RL

RL

RL

RL

RL: Connection cable resistance


RRV: Relay series resistance
RRS: Relay shunt resistance

RRS

Varistor
IV

IS

RRV
I

Differential Protection Symposium

IR

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 246

HI busbar protection, calculation example


RL= 3 Ohm (max.)
IR=20 mA (fixed value)
RRV = 10 kOhm
RRS = 250 Ohm
Iv = 50 mA (at relay pick-up voltage)

Given: :n = 8 feeders
rCT = 600/1 A
UKN = 500 V
RCT = 4 Ohm
ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up voltage)

Primary pick-up current:


I F min = rCT (I R + IS + I V + n I mR
I F min =

Stability with external faults:

I F through max < rCT

600
(0.02 + 0.89 + 0.05 + 8 0.03 )
1

I F min = 666A (111%I N CT )

Differential Protection Symposium

I F through max <

RR
IR
R L + R CT

600 10.000

0.02
1
3+ 4

I F through max < 17 kA = 28 I n

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 247

Busbar protection, Composite current type (7SS600):


Performance under unfavourable system earthing conditions
Busbar

IM=2IL1 + 1IL3+ 3 IE
=2IF + 1 IF+ 33IF = +12 IF

IM=2IL1 + 1IL3 + 3 IE
=2 (IF) + 1 (IF) + 30= 3IF
IOp=| IM1 + IM2 | = 9 IF
IRes=|IM1| +|IM2| = 15 IF

k=9/15 = 0.6

IOp

Fault L2-E

k=0.5

Faults in other phases:


Fault L1-E: IOp = (3+12) IF = 15 IF,
IRes= (3+12) IF = 15 IF,

k=1

Fault L3-E: IOp = (0+12) IF = 12 IF,


IRes= (0+12) IF = 12 IF,

k=1

Differential Protection Symposium

IRes
Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 248

Busbar protection, Composite current type (7SS600):


Performance in networks with earth current limitation
IL =

110/10 kV
40 MVA

35MVA
10kV 3

= 2 kA

I F = I E = 10/ 3 kV/6 1 kA
RE= 6 Ohm (IE = 1 kA)

Worst case: Fault in phase L2


Restraint current:
Operating current:

Ph-E

I Res = 3 3 kA
I Op = 3 I KE = 3 kA
k=

35 MW

I Op
I Re s

IL1

IL3

IE

2IL1

IM-L

IL2

Differential Protection Symposium

3
3 3

= 0,57

Fault L2-E

IOp
IL3

k=0.5
|IM-L|

IRes

Load

Belo Horizonte November 2005

IRes
G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 249

Differential Protection 7UT6


Remarkable Features

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 248

The 7UT6 Family


7UT6 differential protection
for

Transformers
Generators
Motors
Busbars

7UT612:
7UT613:
7UT633:
7UT635:

for protection objects with 2 ends


for protection objects with 3 ends
for protection objects with 3 ends
for protection objects with 5 ends

Differential Protection Symposium

(1/3 x 19 case 7XP20)


(1/2 x 19 case 7XP20)
(1/1 x 19 case 7XP20)
(1/1 x 19 case 7XP20)

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 249

7UT6: Hardware options

Relay version
current inputs

(normal)
(sensitive)

voltage inputs (Uph / UE)


Binary inputs
Output contacts
Life contact
LC Display

7UT612

7UT613

7UT633

7UT635

7 (7)1)
1
--3
4
1
4 rows3)

11 (6) 1)
1 2)
3/1
5
8
1
4 rows3)

11 (6) 1)
1 2)
3/1
21
24
1
Graphic

14 (12 1)
2 2)
--29
24
1
Graphic

1)

1A, 5A, (1A, 5A, 0.1A)

2)

link selectable normal/sensitive

3)

alpha-numeric

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 250

7UT6: Scope of functions

Function

ANSI No.

Function

Differential

87T/G/M/L

Overfluxing V/Hz

24

Earth differential

87 N

Breaker failure

50BF

Phase overcurrent,

50/51

Temperature monitoring

38

Neutral overcurrent IN>, t

50N/51N

Ground overcurrent (IE, t)

50G/51G

Hand reset trip

86

Unbalanced current I2>, t

46

Trip circuit supervision

74TC

Thermal overload IEC 60255-8

49

Therm. OL IEC 60354 (hot spot)

49

Differential Protection Symposium

ANSI No.

Binary inputs for tripping commands

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 251

7UT6: Application

(1)

I
I
Shunt Reactor

Three winding
transformer

Two winding
transformer

Generator / Motor

Differential Protection Symposium

Transformer bank
(1-1/2-LS)

Busbars

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 252

7UT6: Application
Generation Unit
protection
(overall differential)

(2)

HI restricted earth fault protection

7UT6xx
7UT635

G
3~

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 253

7UT6:
selectable: I0-correction or restricted earth fault protection
YN

yn0

d5

R
S
T

49
(1)

49
(2)

50
51

ITE

IT
7UT613

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 254

7UT6: operating characteristic

Idiff >>

7
Locus of
internal faults

I Op
In

45
5

operate

e2
p
lo
restrain

*)

3
2

Idiff >

e1
p
o
l
S

0 0

supplementary
restraint

10

12

14

16

IRes

*) Slope of add on characteristic:

In

7UT6 as slope 1 (7UT5 of slope 1)

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 255

7UT6: Effect of supplementary restraint in case of CT saturation

Restrain
45

Trip

Area of
add-on
restraint

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 256

Differential protection functions IDiff> and IDiff>>


Sampled
momentary values

Measuring value
processing
i1L

iRes = |i1|+ |i2|

Side 1

i2L

iOp = i1 + i2

Side 2

Average value
IStab = iRest
Fundamental wave:
IDiff = Eff(iDiff)50Hz

Operating characteristic,
Saturation detector
IDiff
IDiff>

IStab

&

Trip
IDiff>

Trip
IDiff>>

Motor start,
DCcomonent
Harmonic Analysis:
-2nd Harmon. Blocking
-Cross Blocking

iRes IRes

IDiff

IDiff
IDiff>>

I / InO

I / InO

iDiff

ms

iDiff
2IDiff>>
ms

Fast tripping using sampled momentary values


ensures dependable operation in case of extreme CT saturation!

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 257

7SA6: Temperature monitoring

RS485 Interface

7XV5662-(x)AD10

7XV5662-(x)AD10

Two thermo-devices can be connected to the serial service interface (RS485)


Monitoring of up to 12 measuring points (6 per thermo-device)
- each with two pick-up levels
Display of the measured temperatures
- directly at the thermo-device (which can also be used stand alone)
- at the relay
One input is reserved for hot spot monitoring (measurement of oil temperature)
Thermistors: Pt100, Ni100 or Ni120

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 258

7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (1)


Example: Natural cooling
h = O + H gr k Y

h= hot spot temperature


h= oil temperature
Hgr=hot-spot-to-oil temperature gradient
k= load factor I/In
Y= winding exponent

Aging rate:
Oil Temp.

HV
LV

Aging at h
V=
= 2( h 98)/6
Aging at 98C

98O is reference for


the aging of
Cellulose insulation

Mean value of aging during a fixed time interval:


T

2
1
L=
V dt
T2 T1 T1

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 259

7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (1)


Example: Natural cooling

h = o + H gr k Y 73 + 23 1.151.6 = 102C

(L)

V = 2( h 98)/6 = 2(10298)/6 1.6


108C

k,
V,
L

98C
102C
73C

h Hot spot
temp.
o oil temp.
(from thermodevice)

[C]

h
o

1.6

k (I/In)

V (relative
aging)
L (mean
value of V)

1.15

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 260

7UT6: Commissioning und service tool

(1)

WEB-Technology
Access to WEB Browser
Help system in the
INTRANET / INTERNET
http://www.siprotec.com

Relay homepage address of :


http://141.141.255.160
IP-address can be set with
program DIGSI 4 at the front or
service interface of the relay

1. Serial connection
Directy or with modem
to standard DIAL-UP
network
2. HTM L page view
at IP-address of the relay
http://141.141.255.160

Differential Protection Symposium

WEB server
in relay firmware
Server sends HTML pages and
JAVA code to WEB Browser via
DIAL-UP connection

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 261

7UT6: Commissioning and service tool

(2)

Current phasors of all terminals can be displayed

Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA,


IL2S2 wrong polarity

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 262

7UT6: Commissioning and service tool (3)


Operating/restraint position can be displayed

Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA, IL2S2 wrong Polaritt

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 5/2005

page 263

Power Transmission and Distribution

Differential Protection (7UT)

Determination of the Transformer Vector Group

Transformer with Vector Group Yy0

7UT612

80 MVA
Yy0
2500A/1A

20 kV

110 kV
500A/1A

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 2

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYy0)


IL1,S2

Side 2:

Side 1:

2L1
1L1

IL1,S1

2L2

1L2
2L3
1L3

IL1,S2 = IL1

UL1,S1

UL1,S2

IL1,S1

UL3,S2

UL2,S2

UL3,S1

UL2,S1

0
Vector group is

Yy0
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 3

Transformer Protection

7UT612

80 MVA
Yd11
2500A/1A

20 kV

110 kV
500A/1A

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 4

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYd11)


IL1,S2

Side 2:

Side 1:

2L1

IL1,S1

2L2

1L1
1L2

2L3
1L3

IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2

IL1,S1

UL1,S1

UL1,S2

UL2,S2
UL3,S1

UL2,S1

UL3,S2

Vector group is
Y d 11

330
(n * 30)

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 5

Definitions in SIPROTEC 4 Relays

Vector definition to a node is positive


The shown vectors or phase angles are transformed in
this positive definition
The phase angle is displayed mathematics positive.
The reference phase is always phase L1 on side 1
How to see the vector group Yd11?
Original

Siprotec 4 (Browser)

Phase angles
Side 1: 0
(reference phase)
Side 2: 210
Please subtract 180,
than you get 30
(360 - 30 = 330)
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 6

Web Tool (Browser) Vector group YNd11

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 7

Vector Group Determination via Fault Record


IL1;Side 2 lags 150 or leads 210

Star point is towards the protected object

IL1;Side 1

Way 1:
IL1 Side: 150 + 180 = 330

Way 2:
IL1 Side: 210 - 180 = 30
leads 30 or lags 330

Phase shift is according the vector group definition 330 11 * 30


PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 8

Digital Transformer Differential


Protection

I0-correction
+ vector group adaptation

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 1

Transformer differential protection with I0-correction


External fault
L3

L1
L2
L2

L3

L1

Yd5

L1
L2
L3

1
3

1:3

Vector group adaptation

I0-correction

Differential Protection Symposium

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 2

Transformer differential protection with I0-correction


Internal fault
L3

L1
L2
L2

L3

L1

Yd5

L1
L2
L3

1
3

1:3

I0-correction

Differential Protection Symposium

Vector group adaptation

Belo Horizonte November 2005

G. Ziegler, 10/2005

page 3

Power Transmission and Distribution

Differential Protection (7UT)

Determination of the Transformer Vector Group

Transformer with Vector Group Yy0

7UT612

80 MVA
Yy0
2500A/1A

20 kV

110 kV
500A/1A

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 2

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYy0)


IL1,S2

Side 2:

Side 1:

2L1
1L1

IL1,S1

2L2

1L2
2L3
1L3

IL1,S2 = IL1

UL1,S1

UL1,S2

IL1,S1

UL3,S2

UL2,S2

UL3,S1

UL2,S1

0
Vector group is

Yy0
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 3

Transformer Protection

7UT612

80 MVA
Yd11
2500A/1A

20 kV

110 kV
500A/1A

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 4

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYd11)


IL1,S2

Side 2:

Side 1:

2L1

IL1,S1

2L2

1L1
1L2

2L3
1L3

IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2

IL1,S1

UL1,S1

UL1,S2

UL2,S2
UL3,S1

UL2,S1

UL3,S2

Vector group is
Y d 11

330
(n * 30)

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 5

Definitions in SIPROTEC 4 Relays

Vector definition to a node is positive


The shown vectors or phase angles are transformed in
this positive definition
The phase angle is displayed mathematics positive.
The reference phase is always phase L1 on side 1
How to see the vector group Yd11?
Original

Siprotec 4 (Browser)

Phase angles
Side 1: 0
(reference phase)
Side 2: 210
Please subtract 180,
than you get 30
(360 - 30 = 330)
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 6

Web Tool (Browser) Vector group YNd11

PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 7

Vector Group Determination via Fault Record


IL1;Side 2 lags 150 or leads 210

Star point is towards the protected object

IL1;Side 1

Way 1:
IL1 Side: 150 + 180 = 330

Way 2:
IL1 Side: 210 - 180 = 30
leads 30 or lags 330

Phase shift is according the vector group definition 330 11 * 30


PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 8

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