Formula Sheet

~ pointcharge =
Coulomb Law E

r
0 qvsin()
m
~ pointcharge = 0 q~v
Biot-Savart Law B
=
Faradays Law  = d
4 r 2
4
dt
r2
~onq = q(E
~ + ~v B)
~
Iinduced =
in the direction of Lenzs Law Lorentz force law F
Ch 20
q
Ts
x
W
Length v =
Velocity = v = f Speakers =
= 5.5rad
vair = 343 m
in20 deg c = 3 108 m
I = Pa m
2

2rad
s
s
q
1
r
40 r 2


R

v
Open-Open m = 2L
Open-Close fm = m 4L
= mf1
m
Ch 21
D(x,y) = A(x)cost Amplitude A(x)=2asinkx m =

2L
m

fm =

v
m

v
2L
m

v
v
= m 2L
fundamental f= 2L
perfect

1
2
+ 0 = (m + 12 ) 2rad fbeat = 2fmod = 2 mod
= 2 12 (

) = f1 f2
destructive interference = 2 x

2
2
2
Ch 22
2L
L
Single slit = w = a Two closely spaced slit = y = d Small angle approximation = m+1 m = (m+1)
m
=
d
d
2.44L

Circular
aperture
w
=

Diffraction
grating
dsin
=
m
m
d
D
Ch 23
1
1
2
Critical angle c = sin1 ( n
) Thin lense 1s + s0
= f1
Snells law n1 sin1 = n2 sin2 l= sin
n1
1
Ch 25
C
Mass proton 1.67 1027 kg Mass electron 9.11 1031 kg Charge proton/electron 1.60 1019 C 0 = 8.85 1012 m
2
q
N
~
~
q = (Np Ne )e Electric Field E =
Fe = q E
2r

40 r

Ch 26
~ = 2~p 3 Infinite Line Charge 2 , perp to line Inf plane charge E
~ =
Charge Dnst  = Q
Elec Dipl p
~ = qsE
A
40 r
20
40 r
0

Parallel plate 
0
Ch 27
Q
~ = 0 I Charge Density = =
Flux = = E A = EA cos() = normal Ecapacitor =
Magnetic Field B
2r
V olume
Q
N
0 Aplates C

Gauss =

Qin
0

Ch 28
Elec Pot Energy Uelec = U0 + qEs (s from negative plate) =

Kq1 q2
r

q1 q2
40 r

~ Ptcn energy
U dipole = pEcos = ~
pE
U

U = qV Ptcn parallel plate capacitor V = Es s distance - electrde. Ptcn point charge V = q0+q
= 4q r
q0
0
Ch 29
Q
0 A
1
C = V Parallel-Plate Capacitor has C= d Energy stored capacitor uc = 2 C(Vc )2
c
Ch 30
Electron current ie = rate Ne = ie t Conventional Current I=rate charge flow, e ie Q = It Current density J = I/A
Drift Speed = vd = e
E ( (mean time between collisions)) ie = ne Avd Resistivity = f rac1 Resistors, electric field
m
inside wire Ewire =
Ch 32

Vwire
L

Size of the current is I = Vwire /R, where R= L

A

Ch 34
H
s = 0 0 de = 0 0 A dE For instance 2rB = 0 0 (r2 ) dE B = 0 0 rdE Idisplacement =
~ d~
Ampere-Maxwell Law = B
dt
dt
dt
2dt
I =

dQ
dT

c
= C dV
=
dT

0 AdVc
ddt

I =

P
A

2
cB0
20
(2.0)T sin[2(10Hz)t] dB
dt

W
P
4r 2 m2

E(2r) = r2 dB
Should B be 10.0T +
dt

I =

c0 2
E0
2

F =

P
c

m
s

= N B0 =

E0
c

V
m
m
s

= (2.0T )[2(10Hz)cos[2(10Hz)t]]

= T Faradays Law =

 20 - A 25 g string is under 20 N of tension. A pulse travels the length of the string in 50 ms. How long is the string? L = (T )2 (Ts )/(m) A wave has angular
frequency 30 rad/s and wavelength 2.0 m. What are its (a) wave number and (b) wave speed? k = (2)/() wave speed = v = (/(2)) A wave traveling y-direction
D(y,t)=(5.2cm)sin(5.5y+72t),(a) f, (b) , (c) v A = 5.2cm, k=5.5, =72, 0 = 0 f=/(2) = (2)/k, v=f Phase difference of 2 correspond to a distance of
x/=(5.5rad / (2)) x = (5.5)/(2) (v)/(f ) v is 340 m/s. Radio waves speed c. = c/f Speed of sound 343 m/s. f = (vsound )/() 21 - A standing wave on
2 f = v A sculpture suspended by a 90 cm
a 2m string that has been fixed at both ends and tightened until the wave speed is 40 m/s. F 5 nodes, 5/2 waves, 5

long, 5.0 g steel wire. Wind blows hums at its fundamental frequency of 80 Hz. Mass vwire = f = f (2L) also equal to

pT

mass M = f racv 2
where = length
wire g

What are the three longest wavelengths for standing sound waves in a 121-cm-long tube that is (a) open at both ends and (b) open at one end, closed at the other?
m = 2L
open open m = 4L
m = 1, 3, 5 open close
m
m
v

The fundamental f of an open-open tube is 1500 Hz 0C helium. What frequency 0 C air? f1H = h
1

f1air
f1h

331 (1500Hz) Two loudspeakers, x-axis, 20cm

= Hm/s

apart max, zero at 60cm. What is , when will max appear again after 60. (zero max )2 = - Max again at one +, 20 cm + 80 cm Two loudspeakers, x-axis,
1 v = 1 343 - OOP = 2 d + = 2 same
20C 686 Hz. If in phase, smallest distance perf destructive, if out of phase, contrusctive. d =
= 2
2
f
2 686

Two loudspeakers, 2m apart, 1800Hz, v = 340 m/s, is the point 4m in front of one of the speakers perp to the plane, constructive, destr. r2 =

42 + 22 r = 0.472,

v , = 2 r = 5rad = 5 (2rad) Half integer mult 2, perf destructive. Two string vibrate 200 Hz, tension increased, 3 beats second is heard,
phase d = 0, = f

2
new f. fbeat = f1 f2 - f1 is larger because increased tension increase v so is f.
3
22 - Two slits 80 mm apart are illuminated with light 600 nm. of the m = 3 bright in radians? In degrees? sin3 = slit
L
Light sodium = 589 illuminates two slits. The fringe spacing on a screen 150 cm (L) behind the slits is 4.0 mm. Spacing d = y
m
A 4.0cm diffraction grating has 2000 slits.Light 550 nm. (in degrees) of the first two diffraction orders? sin1 = grating/slits
3
m
Light illuminates a diffraction grating. The second-order maximum is at angle . How many lines d = sin
Number of lines = 1x10d m
m
A x-mm-wide slit is illuminated by light 500 nm. What is the width (in mm) of the central maximum on a screen 2.0 m behind the slit? w = 2L
a

Infrared light 2.5 mm illuminates a 0.20-mm- diameter hole. What is the angle of the first dark fringe in radians? In degrees? 1 = 1.22
D
Light from a helium-neon laser, = 633 nm, passes through a circular aperture and is observed on a screen 4.0 m behind the aperture. The width of the central
maximum is 2.5 cm. What is the diameter (in mm) of the hole? D = 2.44L
w
A 3 slit, equally spaced by distance d and illuminated by light of . Each slit alone produces intensity I1 on the viewing screen at distance L. A point on the screen,
s.t. the path difference adjacent slit is , intensity Imax = 32 I1 = 9I1 Where the path difference is
= I1 23 A ray leaves point A, reflects from the mirror, and
2
x

2
1
= 15cm

reaches point B. How far below the top edges 10cm

10cmx1
15cm

(10cm)

mirror 2 + you2 A pendant zirconia is submerged oil. A ray

n
strikes one face of angle of incidence of 25. What is the rays angle with respect to the face of the crystal? noil sin1 = nZ sin)2 2 = sin1 ( noil sin(1 ))
You are x tall. x cm in front of you mirror. X is it from your eyes to the image of your toes? 2D =

ncladding

Optical fiber IOR 1.60. IOR cladding is 1.48. MAX angle ray with the wall of the core if it is to remain inside the fiber c = sin1 ( n
) (90 c )
core
An object is 30 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 5 cm An object is 15 cm in front of a diverging lens with a focal length of -15 cm. 7.5 front
and upright
1 = 1 1 =
1
1
1
A 2.0-cm-tall object is 15 cm in front of a diverging lens that has -20cm focal length. s0
60cm
= 20cm
s0 = 20cm Image Height
f
s
30cm
m = s0
s
Ch 25
A glass rod that has been charged to +12 nC touches a metal sphere. Afterward, the rods charge is +8.0 nC. (4.0E9C/1.60E19C) = 2.5E10
Two small plastic spheres each have a mass of 2 g and a charge of -50 nC. They are placed 2 cm apart (center to center). Magnitude and by what factor is electric
force sphere and weight. K(q1q2)/r2 , ratio E to W is F1on2 /mg
Two protons are 2.0 fm apart. Mag proton on other proton. Mag Gravity. E to W Ratio. F=K(q1q2)/r2 . Fg=G(m1m2)/r2 . Ratio=Fe/Fg A small plastic
bead has been charged to -15 nC. What are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of (a) a proton and (b) an electron that is 1.0 cm from the center of the
bead?
30 i = E(ne A)/(m)
31
bat = IR1 IR2 = I(R12 + R33 ) I = /(R12 + R33 ) = 30V /45 = 2/3A Bulbs operating at their rated voltage Vrating resistance is then 60W =
(Vrating )2 /R60 (Vrating )2 /60W P60 = I 2 R60 60 is brighter than the 100W. Power dissipated is P = I 2 r Resistor discharges Q0 /2 = Q0 et/xms
Resistance of 1500W (120V) hair dryer. Current used? I = I1 I2 60 and 100 W lightbulb are placed after other in the circuit. Five identical bulbs are glowing.
The battery is ideal. P > Q > T > R = S
32
A proton moves along the x-axis with vx = 1.0 * 107 m/s. As it passes the origin, what are the strength and direction of the magnetic field at the (x, y, z) positions
(a) (1 cm, 0 cm, 0 cm), (b)(0cm,1cm,0cm),and(c)(0cm, -2cm,0cm) . First point 0, because sin(a ) = 0 b. B = 0 qV sin/(4r 2 )
The magnetic field at the center of a 1.0-cm-diameter loop is 2.5 mT. a. What is the current in the loop? b. A long straight wire carries the same current you found
in part a. At what distance from the wire is the magnetic field 2.5 mT? a. Bloop = 0 I/2R 2RBloop /0 b. Bwire = 0 I/2d solve for d
The on-axis magnetic field strength 10 cm from a small bar magnet is 5.0 mT. Dipole moment, on-axis field str 15cm from magnet. a. B = 0 /42/z 3 =
4/0 Bz 3 /2
2cm diameter, 15cm long solenoid is tightly wound with one layer of wire. A 2.5 A current through the wire gener- ates a 3.0 mT magnetic field inside the solenoid.
What is the diameter of the wire, in mm? B.ds = 0 Ithru = 1.38E 5 = 0 (I2 + I3 ) = (4E 7)(12A + I3 )solvef orI3
The earths magnetic field, with a magnetic dipole moment of 8.0 * 1022 A m2, is generated by currents within the molten iron of the earths outer core. Suppose
we model the core current as a 3000-km-diameter current loop made from a 1000-km-diameter wire. The loop diameter is measured from the centers of this very fat
wire. a. What is the current in the current loop? b. What is the current density J in the current loop? Aloop = r 2 s - I = /Aloop - Jloop = I/A
33
~ dir size induced a. Cross E+
~ = 1  = r2 dB I =  induced OOP. CCW b. Circl E
~ = 1 same as above, induced OOP. CCW
10 cm diameter loop 3 different E,
2
dt
R
2
c. Perp Cross No induced.
~ ++ or ? Rate.  = d = A dB = IR Original field flux IP, induced OOP and CCW, and increasing.
The R of loop is R. Is B
dt
dt
A
Value R in RL give TC x. = RL L

eq

~ points downward at a 45 angle. d = t + l = Atop Bcos(45) + Alef t Bcos(45)

A x by x square bent at a 90. A uniform x T B
dt
What is the magnetic energy density at the center of a 4.0-cm-diameter loop carrying a current of 1.0 A?
dV
34 A x cm parallel-plate capacitor x mm gap. X current capacitor if V is increasing x V/s? Idisp = 0 A dtc
~ amp of an EM wave with E
~ amp of x V/m? B0 = E0 Intensity wave I = c0 E 2
What B
0
c
2
Radio Antenna x Mhz x kW power. Wave I km from it. I =

P
4r 2

vecE amp at this distance. I =

c0
2

2
E0

P
C

A xW lasr light x mm into a x-mm-diameter laser beam. Force 100 absorbing target F =
35 A 0.30 mF capacitor is connected across an AC generator that produces a peak voltage of 10 V. Peak current capacitor if the emf frequency is (a) 100 Hz? (b)
100 kHz? (2(100Hz))Capacitance=1/(C), IC = Vc /Xc The peak current thru L = 10mA. Peak current if emf is doubled. emf Peak is doubled(original frequency).
IL = VL /XL = VL /(2f L) if doubled I0L = VL /(2(2f )L) = IL /2 = 5.0mA If voltage doubled, curernt will double to 20 mA. Inductor connected to 15kHz osc.

Peak current 65 mA, rms is 6.0V Value of inductance. L=VL /(2(f IL )) = 2Vrms /(2(f IL ))

A series RLC 200 kHz resonance, what is the resonance if doubled resistor, doubled capacitor? Resistor doubled 0, capacitor doubled 200/ 2kHz RLC, R=50,
L=3.3mH, C=480nF, peak osc 5V. Impedance and phase at 3,4,5 kHz.

Z=

R2 + (XL XC )2 Peak Current I=0 /Z Phase is = tan1 ((XL]X

)/(R))

RLC, R=100, Power Dissipates 80W when attached to a 120V/60Hz. Power factor. Psource = PR = Pmax cos2 where pmax = Imax 0 max possible power.
2
Pmax = 2
rms /R = (120) /100 = 144W Power factor is cos =

Pr /Pmax

A series RLC, R=25, L=0.10, C=100F. Draws 2.5 A Irms when attached to 60Hz. a)emf rms , phase angle, average power loss. Z=
voltage rms = Irms Z Power loss = PR = Irms rms cos = 2
rms /R cos
At resonance XL = XC so peak value I=0 /R Vr = IR VC = IXC = I(1/(C))

R2 + (XL XC )2 . Rms

2 = 1.14 v = orv = f
Ch 20. D(y,t)=(5.2cm)sin(5.5y+72t) f = 11.5 lambda : k = 5.5, k = 2
= 5.5

k
Which of the following actions make pulse travel faster, lighter string same lenght same tension. A sound wave I = 2E-3 is loud. Eardrum 6.0mm diamater,
energy? P=IA = 5.7E-8 - E=Pt = 5.7E-8 * 60secs Phase difference crest and adjancent trough - pi/2 Zack amy moving to the right, amy 10m/s f0 10m/s zack
-10m/s AmyZack
v v = 2Lf
Ch 21. Consider a 1 m long string. Two adjacent frequencies are heard - 24 Hz and 36 Hz f = 36Hz 24Hz = 12Hz = f1 Wave speed - f1 = 2L
1
A standing wave on a string vibrates as shown at the top. (2 Nodes) Suppose the tension is quadrupled while the frequency and the length of the string are
held constant. Which standing wave pattern is produced? (1 Node) What are the 3 longest wavelengths for standing sound waves in a 121 cm long tube that is
v = 71 so 3rd is f = mf 2 speakers emit 2m Sp. 2 is 1m in front
open at one end and closed at the other? The second of these has a wavelength of f1 = 4L
3
1
of sp. 1. What, if anything, must be done to cause constructive interference between the two waves? Move speaker 1 backward (to the left) 0.5 m. These two
loudspeakers are in phase. They emit equal-amplitude sound waves with a wavelength of 1.0 m. At the point indicated, is the interference maximum constructive,
perfect destructive or something in between? Maximum constructive Ch 22. The spreading of waves behind an aperture is more for long wavelengths, less for short
wavelengths. Double Slit experiment with slit separation d= 50 m, wavelength of incident light 500 nm. What is the angle of the m=2 bright fringe in degrees?
d sin = m with m =2. Light of wavelength 1 illuminates a double slit, and interference fringes are observed on a screen behind the slits. When the wavelength
is changed to 2, the fringes get closer together. How large is 2 relative to 1? 2 1. Hydrogen discharge lamp: Two main lines in a spectrum: 656 nm (red)
and 486 nm (blue) wavelengths. A grating with 500 lines/mm is illuminated and the spectrum is displayed at 1.5 m. What is the distance on the screen between
r,b

the first order lines? sinr,b = d , r,b = sin1 (sinr,b ) Yr,b = Ltanr,b , and Y = Yr Yb where r = 656x106 m White light passes through a diffraction
grating and forms rainbow patterns on a screen behind the grating. For each rainbow, the red side is farthest from the center of the screen, the violet side is closest
to the center. Ch 23. Specular Reflection by a flat smooth object. Virtual image = points from which rays appear to diverge. A narrow beam of light with
two wavelengths (violet at 400 nm and red at 700 nm) enter a piece of flint glass at an angle of 45.00 (with respect to the normal). The index of refraction for
400 nm is nv = 1.600 and for 700 nm is nr = 1.570. Note that for air assume n=1. After entering the glass, what is the angular separation of the red and blue
1
1 sin(45 deg) Violet
sin1 = n2
(0.7/1.6) = 26.23 deg same for
beams? 1 = 45 deg f or400nmnv2 = 1.6and700nr2 = 1.57. = 1b 1r sin2 = n1
2v = sin
n2
2r = 26.77 26.23 An object lies at the bottom of a swimming pool with a water depth of 4.0 m. If one is at the bottom of the pool looking towards the
d
1
surface what is the minimum distance one has to be from the object to see its reflected image sin(c = 1.33 ) tan( 2h ), dmin = 2htan(c ) Focal l of a converging
lens is the distance at which parallel light rays are focused. Ch 25. An electroscope is positively charged by touching it with a positive glass rod. The electroscope
leaves spread apart and the glass rod is removed. Then a negatively charged plastic rod is brought close to the top of the electroscope, but it doesnt touch. What
happens to the leaves? Leaves get closer. Charges A and B exert repulsive forces on each other. qA = 4qB. Which statement is true?C. FA on B = FB on A A
-12. nC charge is located at the origin. What is the electric field (in component notation) at the point (x,y) = (-5.0 cm, 5.0 cm)? E = -(9.0x109 N m2 C-2)(12x10-9
~ = +1.53x104i 1.53x104jN/C An electron is placed at the position marked by the dot. The force on the electron is to the
C)/(.0707m)2 = - 2.16 x 104 N/C E
left. Ch 26. Which of the following actions will increase the electric field strength at the position of the dot? Make the rod shorter without changing the charge.
What is the expression for the electric field magnitude for a disk of charge at far distances z R? E =

R2
40 z 2

, and Q = R2 A 2.00 mm diameter glass sphere

F = eE/m
eE
~
has a charge of +1.0 nC. What speed does an electron need to orbit the sphere 1.0 mm above the surface (at constant distance)? a = m
e = ( m )
e
e

Q
with E=k 2 with Q = 109 Candr = 3mmv = ar At the position of the dot, the electric field points Upside T shape, with + on sides and - top, UP. Ch 27.
r
Gausss law is useful for calculating electric fields that are symmetric. The Earth has a vertical electric field at the surface, pointing down, that averages 100
V/m. Note V/m is N/C. What is the excess (ie. net) charge on the surface of Earth (or in the interior)? RE = 6370 km. Qinside = 04R2 E Inner Conductor r a
Vacuum a r b - Outer Conductor b r c Vacuum r c For r a the electric field is given by E = 0 For b r a the electric field is given by: E = Q /(20r L),
for the last 2 is 0 Ch 28. The electric field strength inside a parallel plate capacitor is 10,000 N/C with a gap of 2.0 mm. A proton is released from the positive

1 m v2 v =
2Uelec /mp The positive charge is the end view
plate. What is the protons speed when it reaches the negative plate? Uelec = eEd K = 2
p
of a positively charged glass rod. A negatively charged particle moves in a circular arc around the glass rod. Is the work done on the charged particle by the rods
electric field positive, negative or zero? Zero A parallel plate capacitor consists of two 2.0 cm diameter disk-shaped plates spaced 2.0 mm apart. It is charged to a
potential of 1000. V. E = V / d = V/d How much charge is on each plate? = E0 , soQ = R2 What initial kinetic energy does it need to just reach the other
q1
q2
1
1
side? Ki = eVf What is the electric potential at the point indicated V = 4
+ 4
A very thin shell of charge has a total of 3.0 C spread evenly on its
r
r
0

1
KQ

surface at a radius of 10. cm. What is the electrical potential at these locations? r Anywhere inside E = 0. Ch 29. The electric field is always perpendicular to
an equipotential surface. Consider a parallel plate capacitor with 10. cm by 10. cm plates separated by 1.0 mm. C = 0 A/d Q = CV Filling a capacitor with a
dielectric increases the capacitance by a factor equal to the dielectric constant. A 9.0-V battery charges a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric material (=3).
The plates are 5.0 cm by 5.0 cm and the separation of the plates is 2.0 mm. What is the electric field inside the capacitor? E = Vc/d Efree = / 0 = Q/A =
CVc/A Ch 30. The electron drift speed in a typical current-carrying wire is extremely slow (104 m/s). Consider a 10 m length of copper that has a diameter of
1 mm. The resistivity of copper is 1.7 x 10-8 - m R = L / A L / (d/2)2 =0.22 If resistor attached to 12V battery I = V /R Currents order from largest to
smallest, (2r and v) largest, (1/2r and 2v) smallest Why does the light in a room come on instantly when you flip a switch several meters away? Because the wire
between the switch and the bulb is already full of electrons Ch 31. A DC (direct current) emf of 120. V attached to a lightbulb with a resistance of R = 100 P =
V2 / R or P=IV=I If it was connected to the power grid charging 0.10 kW-h, cost one hour. Work = Energy = Power * Time = 0.144 kW x 1hr = 0.144 kH-hr cost = 0.1/kW-h The equivalent resistance for a group of parallel resistors isless than any resistor in the group. What is the Charge on a capacitor at time =
1.0 ms for a capacitor (C=15 F) discharging through a 30 resistor if the initial charge is 1.5 mC? = RC - Q(t=1.0 ms) = Q0 exp (-t / ) and Initial voltage = Q0
/C Higher current brightest Ch 32. The positive charge is moving straight out of the page. What is the direction of the magnetic field at the position of the dot
Down The magnetic field at the position P points, where P is top, and I points right, B is out of the page. A very long straight wire carries 20. A of current.
~ = 0 I/(2r) For the magnetic dipole of the last example what is the magnetic field
What is the magnetic field strength a distance of 5.0 cm from the wire? B
strength at a distance of 60. cm? The B-field goes inversely as the distance cubed. (20 cm / 60 cm)3 = 1 / 27 * 7.9T What is the current direction in this loop?
And which side of the loop is the north pole? Current clockwise; north pole on bottom Large number of wires, N for width L of sheet. Each with current I. B =
0NI / (2 L) Ind of D above Ch 33 Magnet North Pole facing the loop, pulling away the magnet induces a CW current., moving towards the loop induces a CCW
current (the flux increases downward as the magnet approaches, opposing the change in flux) Ch 34. Maxwell introduced the displacement current as a correction
to Amperes law. An electromagnetic wave is propagating in the positive x-direction. At this instant of time, what is the direction of at the center of the rectangle?
In the positive z-direction An electromagnetic wave is traveling in the positive y-direction. The electric field at one instant of time is shown at one position. The
magnetic field at this position points In the positive x-direction. A 1 cm x 1cm square thin sheet absorbs from underneath light from a laser beam. What does
the (minimum) power of the laser need to be to suspend this sheet (so that it does not fall)? The mass is .020 grams. Force = Weight = mg Force from laser = A
prad = A I / c AI/c = mg AI = mgc. What happens to the required power if the sheet is perfectly reflecting instead of perfectly aborbing. 2I/c, it is halved.
The amplitude of the oscillating electric field at your cell phone is 4.0 V/m when you are 10 km east of the broadcast antenna. What is the electric field amplitude
when you are 20 km east of the antenna? 2.0 V/m

PHSX 212 Fall 2013

EQUATION SHEET

v=f
= 2f
k=2/
f= f0 / (1 vs/v) or = f0 (1 vo/v)
F = kQ1Q2 / r2 = (1 / 40) Q1Q2 / r2
E=F/q
PE = q Vba
V=Ed
V=kQ/r
Q=CV
C = K0A / d (parallel plate capac.)

m(milli)
(micro)
n (nano)
p(pico)
k(kilo)
M(mega)
G(giga)
f(femto)

10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
103
106
109
10-15

Stored ener. = Q V / 2 = C V2 / 2 = Q2/ 2C

E dA = q

R=L/A
R (series) = R1 + R2 + ....+ Rn
V = I R (or VR = I R) P = I V 2 = 1 / LC

B ds = I

Z = R + (XL - XC) tan = (XL - XC)/R

Irms = I0 / sqrt(2) Vrms = V0 / sqrt(2)
i = I cos(t - )
1 / R (parallel) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +...+ 1/Rn
C (parallel) = C1 + C2 + .... + Cn
1 / C (series) = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 +.... + 1 / Cn
= - L dI / dt
= - N d / dt
Vab = - Ir
= RC
=L/R
V = (1 - e t / ) or VC0 e - t /
B = 0 I / (2 r) B = 0 n I ( n =N/ l )
F = I l B sin
F = q v B sin
= sin
= BA
U = L I2 / 2
= -N A B sin(t)
c = 1 / sqrt(0 0)
v=f
v=c/n
n1 sin1 = n2 sin2
sinc = n2 / n1
v2 = T/
I=P/a
=2r/ + 0
sin = m / d
sin = (m + 1/2) / d
sin = / D
sin = 1.22 / D

inside

0 through

area = r2 = 4 r2
vol = 4 r3 / 3 = r2 L

=2 r L
= L3

Physical Constants and other stuff:

e = 1.602 x 10 -19 C
me = 9.11 x 10 -31 kg = 511.0 keV/c2=0.0005486u
k = 8.988 x 10 9 N m2 / C2
0 = 8.85 x 10 -12 C2 / N m2
0 = 1.2566 x 10 -6 T m / A = 4 x 10 -7 T m / A
c = 2.998 x 108 m / s
g = 9.80 m / s2
h = 6.63 x 10-34 J s
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 yr = 3.1558 x 107 s
1 lb = 4.448 N
G = 6.673 x 10 -11 N m2 / kg2
v (sound/air) = 343 m / s 20 deg C
1 amu = 1u = 1.6605 x 10 -27 kg =931.5 MeV/ c2
mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg