Handbook of Engineering Mathematics

A.
Class
'^
Ahl
Book
CoKii^ht^?.
CflBauGwr BEPOsm
.^
Handbook
of
Engineering Mathematics
BY
WALTER
E.
WYNNE,
B. E.
AND
WILLIAM SPRARAGEN,
lis
B. E.
ILLUSTRATIONS
NEW YORK
D.
VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY

25
Park Place
1916
Copyright,
BY
D.
1916,
VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY
JAN -2 1917
Stanbopc jprcss
F.
H.
GILSON COMPANY
BOSTON,
U.S.A.
CI,A453449
AUTHORS' NOTE
The
authors have to express their thanks to Profes-
Church, G. A. Goodenough, and William
sors Irving P.
A. Granville,
who have
kindly given permission for the
use of special material, tables, and constants from their
whom
works, and to
Thanks
is
given where such
John D. Ball,
the Consulting Engineering Department of the Gen-
material appears.
of
proper credit
eral Electric
Company,
are also due to
for coefficients of hysteresis
loss in iron.
The authors
are especially indebted to Professors
Berg and John N. Vedder of Union College,

and to Professor William D. Ennis of the Brooklyn
Ernst
J.
Polytechnic Institute, for a critical reading of the
manuscript and for valuable suggestions; also to Professors Charles F. F. Garis
Union College
and Walter L. Upson
of
for advice in connection with certain
sections.
August, 1916.
Ill
INTRODUCTION
BY
ERNST
J.
BERG,
Sc.
D.
Professor of Electrical Engineering in Union College,
Consulting Engineer of the General Electric
Company, Schenectady, N. Y,
In publishing this book the authors have endeavored

to supply a handy means of reference to theoretical and
apphed mathematics used in engineering, and while the
first aim has been to make this a mathematical handbook, the book is of greater value because it includes
the imderlying engineering data and applications as well
as the mathematical formulae.
It
is
schools
intended primarily for students in engineering
and
reminder of
likely to
and should serve as a convenient

things which are easily forgotten but are
colleges,
be needed in their
In including
later
work.
differential equations, the authors
have
gone as far as seems necessary for students and engineers
who have taken
the ordinary undergraduate
college course.
The
increasing need of mathematics in engineering
should assure this book a broad
field of usefulness,
not
only to students in technical schools and colleges but

also to practising engineers.
E.
J.
B.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Algebra
Exponents
Binomial theorem
Progressions
Logarithms
Series
Complex imaginary
quantities
Geometry
10
Plane figures
10
Solids
12
Plane Trigonometry
13
Niunerical values
14
Trigonometric formulae
14
Plane triangles
16
Spherical Trigonometry
16
Formulae
16
Application to navigation
17
Plane Analytic Geometry
19
Straight line
19
Rectangular and polar coordinates
20
Circle
21
Parabola
22
Ellipse
23
Hyperbola
24
Cycloid
25
Epicycloid
26
Hypocycloid
Catenary
26
27
Solid Analytic Geometry
27
Direction cosines
27
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VIU
Page
Plane
29
Straight line
30
Calculus
30
Application of differential calculus
30
Formulae of differential calculus
33
Maxima and minima

Curve tracing
34
36
40
Methods
41
Application of integral calculus
Table
of integration
46
of integrals
Hyperbolic Functions
HyperboUc transformations
54
54
Hyperbolic formulae
55
Inverse hyperbolic functions
56
Differentials of
hyperboHc functions
57
Differential Equations
58
Equations of the
first
Equations of the
first order,
order,
and
first
degree
higher than the
first
Linear equations with constant coefficients
Homogeneous
Exact
degree
59
62
63
68
linear equations
differential equations
69
Equations of the second order and
first
degree
Theoretical Mechanics
70
72
Center of gravity
72
Moment
75
Motion
of inertia
of a
body
78
80
Falling bodies
80
Projectiles
Impact
86
.'
Forces
87
Friction
88
Inclined plane.
89
Mechanics of Materials
Direct stress
Strength of materials
91
,
92
93
Torsion
94
Flexure of beams
95
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IX
Page
Shear
Beam
97
loadings
98
Columns
106
Center of gravity
iii
Moment
115
of inertia of solids
Properties of standard sections
116
Hydraulics
Head and pressure
119
Center of pressure
119
Flow through apertures

Flow of water in pipes
121
Losses in pipes
122
Flow through open channels

Flow over weirs
Stresses in pipes and cylinders
127
Flow or Fluids
119
120
129
130
131
Flow through apertures

Flow through pipes
Electricity
131
132
134
Resistivity
134
Temperature coefficient
Copper wire tables
Motors and generators
Induced voltage
135
136
139
142
Inductance
143
Capacity
145
Alternating currents
147
Magnetism
154
Measurement
158
English weights and measures
English and metric conversion factors
Heat,
electric,
and mechanical equivalents
158
160
164
Pressure equivalents
165
Pressure and volimie corrections
166
Physical and Chemical Constants

Atomic weights
Weight and density of various substances
168
168
169
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Melting and boiling points
172
Specific heats
173
Coefficients of linear expansion of solids
176
Properties of saturated steam
177
Tables
185
Circumferences and areas of
circles
185
Powers, roots, and reciprocals
187
Common
192
logarithms
Natural logarithms
194
Trigonometric functions
197
Hyperbolic sines and cosines
213
Engineering Mathematics
ALGEBRA
Quadratic Equations
ax^+
+c
bx
The term
b^
4:
ac, called
mines the nature of the
ac,
the roots are
and
^
2 a.
the discriminant, deterIf 6^ is greater
roots.
If W' is less
real.
And
are imaginary.
6^
if
= 4
than 4
ac,
ac,
than
the roots
the roots are real
equal.
Exponents
a^ =
a~^
{cry
a'^ri
Special and Indeterminate

a
^0=
a-
-4:
Forms
a>
cx),
- =
00
a>\
0,
=
00
a =00
00
00, 77,
'
0^
oo'
,
1^, 00^,
- =
0000
are indeterminate.
For the evaluation of indeterminate forms,

page 38.
see
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Binomial Theorem
/yt
{x
yY =
x^
+ nx^'-^y H
nin
+ -^
.
(\+xY=\+nx-{-
fyyt
V)
(n
2)
'
- x^'-'^y^
^-y^
x'^-^y^
+
,
3!~^
x^+
"*"
'
'
*
Arithmetical Progression
An
arithmetical progression
increase or decrease
by a common
a, a-\- dj a-\-
the last
the
term
sum
L =
is
terms
of the
S =
'^{a
difference,
2d, a-\r ^
a-{- {n
one whose terms
is
d,
1)
is
+ L)
='^[2a+ in-
\) d]
= first term
=
n
number of terms
d = common difference
a
Geometrical Progression
Quantities
each term
is
are
in
geometrical progression when
equal to the preceding term multipUed by
a constant,
a, ar, ar^, ar^,
the last
the
term
sum
of the
L =
is
terms
ar""'^
is
(f^ 1) _
r 1
(1
1
= first term
r = constant ratio
n = number of terms
a
r^) _ rL a
r
r 1
ALGEBRA
The sum
progression
number of
an infinite
of
3
terms in geometrical
is
^
S= l-r
in
which the
ratio r
must be
less
than
1 if
the series
is
to be convergent (see Infinite Series)
Logarithms
any number to a given base is the
power to which the base must be raised in order to
produce the given number, thus:
The logarithm
x"^
if
of
m=
then
y,
m is the logarithm
logxy,
y to the base x.
The following relations hold for any base:
that
is,
log ab
log a
+ log b
log a
log
log a^
log-
The base
of
of the
log b
= n log a
= -
loga
common system
of logarithms
is
10.
The base
called
of the natural
system
of logarithms (also
Naperian or hyperboHc logarithms)
is
....
A logarithm may
2.7182818284
be transformed from any given

base to any other desired base by the relation:
logaA^
logaft
To
transform a logarithm from base 10 to base e,
multiply by 2.302585
logarithm of 10 to the base

logea
To
divide
(where 2.302585
the
is
e):
= 2.302585
logio^
transform a logarithm from base e to base lo,
by 2.302585:
logioa
=
^
3Q2535
^^S^^
= 0.434294 logefl
Special forms :
log
loga a
log
=0
(to
= I
= QO
any base)
logê
log 00
=
=
00
Cubic and Higher Degree Equations
The approximate
values of the real roots of an alge-
braic equation containing only one variable
may
be
found graphically.
For instance,
let it
be required to solve the equation
=
+ Ax B = 0, This may be written
Ax+ Bj or as two simultaneous equations y =
The graph of each of these
and y = Ax + B,
sls
0(?
o(?
o(?
equations being plotted, the abscissas of their points
The
of intersection give the real roots of the cubic.
curve y = o(^ should be plotted on cross-section paper

by the aid of a table of cubes. The curve y = Ax
B is the equation of a straight line, and is therefore
determined by plotting two points.

Algebraic equations of any degree
may
be solved by
Newton's method of approximation; see page 39.
Transcendental Equations
The graphic method

Degree Equations
is
given under Cubic and Higher
also applicable to
many
trans-
ALGEBRA
Thus, the equation
cendental equations.
Ax
sin
:^
may
be solved by plotting the two simultaneous

equations y = Ax and y = sin x. The curve y = sinx
is
readily plotted with the aid of a table of sines, while
the other curve y
through the
= Ax
a straight Une passing
is
origin.
Infinite Series
An
infinite series
number
one containing an unlimited
is
convergent if the
quantity. It is divergent
Such a
of terms.
series is
sum of its terms is a finite

when the sum of its terms does not approach a
finite
limit.
Comparison Test.
term
in it
series is
equal to or
is
less
term of a known converging

Converging
a-\- ar
-\-
ar^
+1
1-2
l
'
series for
2-3
-{
ar^
converging
than the corresponding
series.
-\-ar^''^-\-
1+...+ w(+
+ 3.4
'
if
[^<1^
'
'
'
+ ^ + f,+ +;^+
1)
each term in
[/!]
it is
greater than the corresponding term of a
verging
each
comparison:
series is diverging
if
equal to or
known
di-
series.
Diverging
series for
comparison:
a+ ar + ar^ + ar^+
+ ar"""^
1+1+1 + 1 + 1+
1
l + - + i + i+ +-+...
Ill
-|-
[r
= 1]
Ratio Test.
number
as the
If,
of terms approaches
infinity as its Umit, the ratio of the (n
l)th term to
the nth term approaches some finite limit (a), the series
is
convergent
greater than
(a)
if
1,
(a) is less
than
divergent
if
(a) is
it
1.
Oscillating Series.
numerically
less
whose terms are
series
nately positive and negative

is
1,
and indeterminate by this method
is
convergent
if
alter-
each term
than the preceding term.
Standard Series
/yO
/y^
e^
/y4
+ . + ^, + | + |;+...
/yi
/yO
/yft
e-=l-^ + 2j-3j + jj
/y^
1+1+1+1+
=
2.7182818
/yiO
/y
/yO
/yO
ly
/yl
/yiV)
[lSiC>-l]
/yi.
-x-|-|-J/y^
/y4
+ x)=x-| + J-|-+
log(l-x) =
limit
/yi
log(l
/yi
/%/yO
... [1>S-1]
ALGEBRA
X^
cosx -
X'
0(^
"*"
2!~'~4!
6!
8!
11%'
+ ^^ A.
2835
cot a;
=-
2x'
X'
945
4725
45
COS
TT
sin~^
2
tan*"^
fl>x>-l]
+ -F-
[1>X>-1]
5x^"^
= X + jj
sinhx
+ || +
X'
X'
yj'
+^+
COSh^=l+2;+4;+^+gj +
Complex Imaginary Quantities
The imaginary
unit
In representing complex
imaginary quantities, it is
usual
to
represent
real
quantities in the direction

of the
axis,
horizontal
or
X-
and imaginaries in
the direction of the vertical or
F-axis.
[x2<7r2]
Multipli-
= VY
=J
8
cation
by the imaginary
unit, j, revolves a quantity
through 90 degrees, in counter-clockwise direction.
complex number
sum
the
is
of a real
and an
imaginary, thus:
A =a+jb
is
â+V^b
a complex number.
complex number may be written
in
any
of the
following identical forms:
in
^ = a+jb =
r (cos0
=
=
r cos 6,
which
+ y sind)
re^
[6
in radians]
r sin 6.
The magnitude
of the
r
complex number, a
+ jb,
is
+ b^
= Va"
Addition and Subtraction of complex quantities:
To add two complex

parts,
quantities,
combine the
real
and then the imaginaries, thus:

(a
+jb)
{c
+jd) = {a+c)
+j {b + d)
In the same way, to subtract two complex quantities:
{a+jb)
{c
+jd) =
{a-c)+j{b-
d)
Multiplication of complex quantities:
To
two complex numbers, mulordinary algebra, remembering that
find the product of
tiply out
p = 1,
{a
as in
thus:
+jb) (c+jd) =
{ac
bd)
+j (ad + be)
Division of complex quantities:
To
divide two complex quantities, rationalize the
denominator as follows:
a+jb _ a+jb ^ c jd _
c
+ jd
+ jd
jd
(ac
+ bd) + j {bt ad)

c^ + d^
ALGEBRA
Exponential Transformations
smax =
2j
^j'ax
cos ax
^jax
the base of the hyperbolic logarithms; j equals
(e is
De
Moivre's Theorem:
+y sin Oy =
(cos
nd+jsinnd
cos
Permutations and Combinations
The number
taken
r at
Pr
permutations
of
a time
=n{n-
I)
permutations
{n-r+
alike,
of
(2) (1)
of
fill
a time
nl
{n
r)\
number
=nl
things taken
all
at
alike, ns alike, etc., is
n-z
P=
The number
at a time, the
all
permutations
of
a time, ni being
I)
is
Pn = n{n-l)
The number
different things
is
For n different things taken

of
of
...
fhl
fisl
combinations
of
things taken r at
is
_n{n
I)
(n
r+
n\
1) __
*"
r\
r\
For n things taken 1, 2,

number of combinations
C =
3,
is
2^
/^
{n^
r)\
at a time, the total
lO
GEOMETRY
Plane Figures
Right Triangle
area
=
_
Any
area
area
Vc2
1
a2
a&
Triangle
1
_
= ^bh
= Vs{s
a) {s
h) {s
c)
Parallelogram
area
Trapezoid
area
= \h{a
+ h)
Regixlar Polygon
area
J ahn
n = number
of sides
ah
GEOMETRY
Circle
= 2 Trr
= wd
= irr^
circumference
area
(P
= -4
Sector of Circle
= =
arc
area
180
= wr^
r/
Segment
irr
360
of Circle
= c = 2 V 2 ^r = | r/ | c (r
chord
area
h^
/f)
Parabola
length of arc
2.0326 logio
in
3-7
[v c
(1
(V^+ VI+"c)]
which
Ellipse
circumference
64-3 fb-_aY
Tr(a
[b-âj
+ b)
64
(close
-K^:y
approximation)
area
+c) +
irab
II
12
SoUds
<
Right Prism
lateral surface
volume
perimeter of base
area of base
Pyramid
lateral area
volume
J perimeter of base
area of base
Frustum
lateral surface
h
-=
of Pjn'amid
\l(JP
-\-
p)
P=
perimeter of lower base
perimeter of upper base
= lh[A + a-{- V Aa]

A = area of lower base
a = area of upper base
volume
^
Right Circular Cylinder

lateral surface
r
volume
2 irrh
radius of base
= irr^
Right Circular Cone

lateral surface
r
= irrl
radius of base
>
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Frustum
of Right Circular
lateral surface
tt/
(i?
Cone
+ r)
R=
radius of lower base
=
=
radius of upper base
volume
+ Rr +
iirh [R^
13
r^]
Sphere
surface
volume
=
=
^tirr^
îrr^
to
Segment
volume
of
of
Sphere
segment
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Right Triangle
sin^
cos^ =
tan^ =
sec
cot
^ =7
^ =
cosec^
=
a
sin
cos
A =
cos
IP^X
14
tan
=-
cot
cot^ = tan
sec
A =
cosec
sin
(^-a)^-
^^^(|+
cosec
A = secf^- ^j= - sec\^+ Aj
{^ A) =
tan( A)
sec
( A) =
sec
cos
( A) =
cos
taxiA
cot
{ A) =
cosec
sin
( A) =
cot
cosec
NUMERICAL VALUES
Angle
30
45
60
V2
Vs
V3
V2
Vs
sin
cos
V3
tan
cot
Vs
Vs
00
Trigonometric Formulae
tanx =
sin:;i[;
cotx
= cosx
sinx
cos:r
sec:i:
cosx
tan
90
jc
cosec X
smo;
cotx
cot:x:
tan
jc
00
i4
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
+ cos^ X =
sec^ X =
+ tan^ x
cosec^ X =
+ cot^ X
sin {x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin
cos (x + y) = cos cos y sin x sin y
tan X + tan y
tan (x + y) = z
r-^
1 tan X tan
sin^
3;
:^
^ ,
+
,
cot (^
sin (x
cos (x
3^)
3^)
tan (x
}')
sin 2
cos 2 X
=
=
2 sin
cot X cot
3;+
cot
3;
X cos x
sin^
tanx
tan^
= cot^ X
X
1
2 cotx
.
tan
+ tan X tan y
cot y
cos^
tan X
sinf
3^
3;
tan2x =
cot 2 X
= sin X cos y cos x sin y

= cos X cos + sin X sin y
y)
y)
3;
cotI X r^S:
cot
cot (x
cot X cot
cos X
.-si'-
+ cosx
cos
tan|x =
cos X
sinx
= 2 sin (x + 3;) cos | (x y)

sin X sin y = 2 cos | (x + y) sin J (x y)
cos X + cos y = 2 cos I (x + y) cos hi^-^ y)
cos X cos y = 2 sin I (x + y) sin | (x y)
sin
+ sin y
i^
i6
Any Plane Triangle
Solution of
B sin C
a^ ^b^^ c^ 2bc cos A
a-b ^ tan ^ {A - B)
sin
sin
+ b~ tanîA + B)
a sin C
tSLYiA ==
a cos
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Right Spherical Triangles
= cosa cos b
sin a = sin c sin A
sin b = sin c sin 5
cos A = cos a sin 5
cos B = cos i sin ^
cos A = tan b cot c
cos B = tan a cot c
sin & = tan a cot A
sin a = tan b cot B
= cot A cot 5
cos
cos c
(;
Oblique Spherical Triangles
sma
^
sin
sin 6
sin
smc
sin
= cos&cosc + sin6sin(;cos^
cos ^ = sin5sinCcosa cos5co^C
cot a sin 6 = cot-4 sin C+cos C cos 6 ^
s = ^{a + b + c)
cos a
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
sin
cos
(i)
\2 /
h^
/a\
^^"
VV
AiJ^
(2 j
(^
b) sin (5
c)
a)
cos S cos (5 ^)
/
= V sin ^ sin C
V
sin 5 sin (^
cos (5
it)-^'
COS
',
cos
B) cos (5
sin
=v/
'
a)
^^T^
sin
6 sine
tan
/sin ^ sin (5
(-] =
\2/
sm c
sin b
\2/
tan
sin(5-^,)sin(.- g
J
V
17
C)
^ sin C
5
COS (S
(5-^)
sin
cos h (A
cos
A)
(5- C)
n^ ^) ^ 1
1
tan^(a-&)=^.^,^^_^^^tan|c
- .
tan^(a+5)==
tan
H^ - ^)
B)
^^^,^^^^)
tan^.
= 'l^'I^^'lS c<^t I C
sm I (a + 6)
cotK
+ B)= ^^4fe|!
cos I (a + 6)
B) tSLiij (a - b)
= sinH^ +J
^T
tani (A
1
tan ^ c
sm^
;
r-j
(A
B)
Application of Spherical Trigonometry to
Navigation
To
between two points on

the earth's surface and the bearing of each from the
other, the latitude and longitude of each being given.
find the shortest distance
(From W. A.
nometry.")
Granville's
'^
Plane and Spherical Trigo-
l3
(i)
Subtract the latitude of each place algebraically
from 90, taking North latitudes as positive and South

latitudes as negative.
The
results will
be the two sides
of a spherical triangle.
(2)
Find the difference of longitude
by subtracting the
of
the two
from the
greater if both are East or both are West; but adding
the two if one is East and the other West. This gives
places
lesser longitude
the included angle of the triangle.
If the difference of
greater than 180, then subtract
it
longitude found is
from 360 and use the remainder as the included angle.
(3)
{A
Solving the triangle by the formulae for tan |

B)j tan ^ {A
B), and tan | c, the third side
gives the shortest distance between the
two points
degrees of arc, and the angles give the bearings.
number
of
in
The
minutes in the arc will be the distance
between the places in nautical miles.

Find the shortest distance along the
Illustration.
earth's surface
between Boston (latitude 4221'N.,

Nojth Pole
South Pole
longitude 71 4' W.) and Capetown (latitude 33^56'

S., longitude 18 26' E.) and the bearing of each city
from the other.

(1)
a
J
= 90- 42 21' = 47
= 90 - (-33 56') =
39'
123 56'
PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
C =
(2)
71 4'
18 26'
89 30'
19
difference in
longitude.
Solving the triangle as explained above,
(3)
=
A =
c
B=
68 14'
68.23
52 43'
town.
116 43'
= 4094
we
get
nautical miles.
bearing of Boston from Cape-
bearing
Capetown
of
from
Boston.

The
I.
Straight Line
The slope equation:

y
m
b
= MX + b
= slope = tan^
= intercept on F-axis
n. The intercept equation:
where a and b are the interand F-axes.

cepts on the
Line
III.
points (x',/)
y'
y" - y'
y
through
the
(x".y")
and {x'\y"):
X
X
x'
(x',y')
X
X
20
Y
IV. Line
point
{%',
^y
through
the
y), with slope m:

=^
m{x
x')
V. Distance from the point {x',y')
Ax + By + C =
the line
{x',
y')
Q:
= Ax'
+ 5/ + C
V^2 4. ^2
between
VI. Distance
rf
to
the
points
= V(x' - x'y +{y' - y"y
Transformation from Rectangular to Polar

Coordinates
=
=
rsind
radius vector
polar angle
cosd
tan~-
Vx^ +
= Vx^ + y^
and
The
I.
21
Circle
Circle of radius r with cen-
ter at origin:
^ + y^
y^
Circle of radius r
II.
with
center at the
its
point
(a,
b)
Tangent
III.
y2
at the point
(a, 6)
of the circle o^
^2 jg
ax-\-hy
r^
IV. Slope equation of the tangent to the circle

iX^
-f y2
^2 Jg
= mx zh
V. Polar equation of
circle of radius
a passing
through the origin, and
having
its
center
2 a cos
X-axis:
r
on the
v w^ +
22
equation of
VI. Polar
radius a passing
of
circle
through
having
the
on the
center
its
and
origin,
F-axis:
r
2 a sin
Parabola
The parabola
Definition.
is
the curve generated by
a point moving so as to remain always equidistant from

a given fixed point and a given fixed
The
fixed point
called the focus
is
line.
;
the fixed line
is
called the directrix.
Parabola
with
its
axis along the X-axis
and
I.
vertex at origin:
y^
where a
from
the
is
the
4:ax
origin
distance
the
to
focus.
II.
axis
Parabola having its

along the F-axis and
vertex at origin:
x^
4:ay
where a is the distance

from the origin to the
focus.
III.
General equation
of
a parabola with axis
parallel to the Z-axis:
= ay^+
by
+c

the vertex
is
at the point
P-4ac _
4a
General equation
IV.
y
the vertex
y^
of
_6_\
2 a)
'
a parabola with axis par-
the F-axis:
allel to
V.
23
= ax^+
bx
+c
at the point
is
b^-4:ac \
_&_
2a'
4a
Slope equation of the tangent to the parabola
= 4 ax
is
= mx H
VI. Slope equation of the tangent to the parabola

^2
= 4 ay
is
= mx
arr?
Ellipse
The
Definition.
ellipse
point moving so that the

fixed points
is
I.
Equation
with
of
center
el-
at
origin:
^^
i
_i_
3^^
sum
the curve generated

of its distances
always constant.
called the foci.
lipse
is
where a and h are onehalf the major and

minor axes.
The
by a
from two
fixed points are
><^
24
II.
-^
a^
Slope equation of the tangent to the ellipse
+ 62
7?
1 IS
Hyperbola
Definition.
The hyperbola
by a point moving
is
the curve generated
so that the difference of its distances
from two fixed points is always constant.

I. Equation of hyperbola with center at origin:
n. Equation
of
conjugate hyperbola:
x^
y^
a^
= -1

III.
-:;
asymptotes
Equations of
7^
x^
"2
the
hyperbola
are
y
IV.
of
25
= -X
-X
a
Slope equation of the tangent to the hyperbola
-^f =
1 IS
= mx dz
^c^yr^
b^
V. Slope equation of the tangent to the conjugate
hyperbola
^-^
y
= -
1 is
= mx zb V&2 a%2
Cycloid
Definition.
The cycloid
is
the curve generated
by
a point on the circumference of a circle as the circle

rolls
along a straight
a:
line.
=
=
~ sin 0)
a (1 COS0)
a
(0
ri^-V2
v z ay
a vers~"
'
where a
is
the radius of the rolling
circle.
26
Epicycloid
The epicycloid
Definition.
by a
rolls
the curve generated
is
on the circumference
externally on the circumference
fixed point
where a
is
of a circle
which
a fixed
circle.
of
7 dj
=^
{a+
b)
COS0
= {a+
b)
smd
- bsm(^^ e)
b cos
the radius of the fixed
circle,
and
b the radius
of the rolling circle.
Hypocycloid
Definition.
by a point on a
The hypocycloid
circle
which
circumference of a fixed
= (a
b)
is
rolls
the curve generated
internally along the
circle.
cosd
+ b cos
t~^)
GEOMETRY
SOLID ANALYTIC
y
where a
is
(a
b)
sind
b sin
27
6
(^'')
(
the radius of the fixed circle and b the radius
of the rolling circle.
The Catenary
The catenary
the curve which a heavy cord or
is
perfectly flexible chain of uniform density forms, due
to its
own
weight,
when
freely
suspended between two.
points.
a
2
v^''
+^
a cosh
SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

The direction cosines
of a line
in
space passing
through the origin are the cosines of the angles which
makes with the rectangular coordinate axes.

The direction cosines of any line in space are the
direction cosines of a line parallel to it and passing
the line
through the
origin.
28
I.
Distance from the point
= Vx^ +
{x, y, z)
to the origin;
/ + ^2
II.
(x,
The
direction cosines of the line from the point
y^z) to the origin are:
(x,y,z)
a =
cos
Vx2 +
III.
7 =
The sum
cosines of a line
cos2
Vx2
+ / + z2
V:r2
+3,2+22
squares of the direction
of the
is
/+
>^^-i-s^
_3^_
COSjS
cos
i)C
equal to
1,
+ cos2 + cos2 7=1

/3
SOLID ANALYTIC
between
IV. Distance
= V{x-
the points
+{y-
x'Y
GEOMETRY
y'Y
29
{x,
y,
+{z-
z'f
z)
and
V. Direction cosines of a line joining the points
and {x\ y\
(x, y, z)
cos
a =
/v
y-y _
d
cos
7 =
VI.
a/
V(x - xy +{y- yy +(z- zy
COSjS
z')\
y-y
V(x -
x'f
+{y- yy +
4^
Z^
(2
- zy
Z^
V{x - xy +{y- yy +(z- zy
The angle between two Unas
terms of their
in
direction cosines:
cos ^
a cos a
cos
+ cos ^ cos + cos 7 cos 7'

jS'
Vll. Intercept equation of a plane:
where
a, &,
and
are the
intercepts of the
on
the
Z,
plane
smd
axes.
VIII.
General equation of a plane
Ax + By +
Cz+D
IX. Distance from the point (x\ y,
Ax-\-By^Cz^B =
d =
z')
^\
+ By ^Cz' ^D
Va^ + 52 + C2
Ax'
to the plane
30
X. Straight line through the two points

and {x\ y\ z')
{x'\ y'^ s'O
x'
x" -x'
-y
y.
y" -y'
z'
z"--z'
XI. Straight line through the point
making the angles
a,
jS,
x'
cos
{%', y', z')
and
and 7 with the coordinate axes:
_y
y'
_z
z^
cos
cos /5
XII. General equation of a straight line
is
given
by
the equations of two intersecting planes:
Cz+ D'
A''x + B"y + C'z + D"
A'x+ B'y+
=
=Q
CALCULUS
Application of Differential Calculus
The
following
list
includes
some
of the principal
formulae necessary for the solution of geometrical
any curve y = f
physical problems, relating to
Rectangular Coordinates
and
(x).
Slope of the tangent at the point
{x,
y)
dv
-^
dx
Slope of the normal
= j-
Equation of the tangent at the point
{xo, y),
yo being the coordinates of the given point, is
dyo
Equation of the normal at
(xo,
y^
is
Xo
and
CALCULUS
31
hk
The
intercept of the tangent on the Z-axis
The
intercept of the tangent on the F-axis \sy
dx
x-~
ax
The
intercept of the normal on the Z-axis \^x-\-
The
intercept of the normal on the F-axis
Length
of the tangent
the curve to the Z-axis
from
y-^
dx
is
3;
+ ^ t-
point of contact with
its
is
M^
Length
of the tangent
the curve to the F-axis
from
its
is
V'+(D*
Length
of the
normal from
the curve to the X-axis
its
is
\/'+(i)'
Length
of the
normal from
the curve to the F-axis
its
is
V'+(|J
Length
of the sub tangent
Length
of the
subnormal
dx
y-j-
dy
J-r-
Differential length of the arc
ds
= V(dxy +
(dy)^
32
Radius of curvature
Curvature
Length
is
dySff
dx) \
h(d^
the reciprocal of radius of curvature.
of the perpendicular
tangent (to the curve)
from the
origin
on the
is
dy
Polar Coordinates
tan
\l^
r -r-,
where ^
the angle between the radius
is
vector and that part of the tangent to the curve at

{r, 6)
drawn back toward the
Length
of polar sub tangent
Length
of polar
subnormal
initial line.
^^
ir
dr
-jz
uu
Differential length of arc
Length
tangent
ds
of the perpendicular
= p =
= V(dry
r^
{dSf
from the pole on the
r^-ri also,
=1
1/^V
"^
CALCULUS
33
Formulae of Differential Calculus
= adu
d{u + v) = du-{- dv
d (uv) = vdu + udvd iau)
J /^\
_vdu udv
=
=
=
=
(x"^)
(x^)
(e^)
{a"")
(loge x)
nx"^'^
dx
yx^-^ dx
+ x^ \oge x dy
e^dx
a^ loge a
du
= -dx
X
= cos x dx
d (cos x) = sin x dx
d (tan x) = sec^ x dx
d (cot x) = cosec^ x dx
d (sec x) = sec x tan x dx
d (cosec x) = cosec x cot x dx
d
(sin x)
(sin~^ x)
(cos""^ x) ==
dx
Vl-x^
Vl-x'
dx
d (tan~^ x) =
l
(cot~^ x)
dx
+ x^
dx
=
1
d{sec~^x)
+ x^
dx
x \^x^
d (cosec"^ x)
Vr2 _
dx
34
Maxima and Minima

The maximum
tion y
=/
(x) are
minimum values of
or
a given func-
obtained as follows:
and equate
(1)
Find the
(2)
Solve the resulting equation for values of
(3)
In order to determine whether these values of
first
derivative
X make y maximum
-j-
it
to zero.
x.
minimum, obtain the second
or
derivative -7^ of the given function.
(4)
d^y
Substitute separately in the expression for ~~^
each of the values of x found above.
make
d^y
-7^ positive correspond to
,
minimum
the function, and values of x that
correspond to
(5)
maximum
Substituting
Values of x that
make
values of
d^y
-7^2
negative
values of the function.

values of x in
these
the given
function y = f {x)y we obtain the maximum or minimum
values of
y.
Illustrative
will
make
mum
or a
Example.
the function y
minimum, and
Find the values
= 6x-\-3 x^
of
x which
4:X?sl maxi-
find the corresponding values
of the function y.
(1)
The
first
derivative of
3/
is
^ = 6+6x-12x2
(2)
The
minimum
values of x which
will
make
6+ 6x
dy
~f-
12x^
=
=
Oj
0,
make y maximum
therefore
or
x^
|x =
or
CALCULUS
35
= Jzbf = +l or
Hence, the maximum or minimum values
occur when x = 1 or |.
x
solving,
of
y must
To determine whether these values are maxima

minima, we obtain the second derivative of y\ thus:
(3)
or
(4)
When
maximum
When
(5)
1,
value of
= 18, which
-j^
corresponds to
y.
= i,
-7^
value of
y,
minimum
= +18, which
corresponds to a
Substituting these values of x in the given func-
we have
when x = l, ;y = 6+3 4 = 5, a maximum
when X = |, y = 3 + f + | = |, a minimum
tion,
Taylor's
and Maclaurin's Series
Taylor's Series:
where / denotes the function, /' the
first
derivative,
the second derivative, etc.
Maclaurin's Series:
/(x)
=/(o)4-/(o)f
where /
(0)
+r (o)|J+r(o)^+
denotes the value of the function
when
is
substituted for x, j' (0) the value of the first derivative
when
is
substituted for
x, etc.
36
APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Lengths of Curves
y
From
of x:
is
dx
+[-f-]
the equation of the given curve, find y in terniL
then differentiate in order to obtain
substitute
its
value of
The lower
value in the formula.
the initial value of
x,
-r-,
ax-
and the upper
by
limit b the final
solving for x in terms of y,
dx
obtaining -^, the length of the curve
given
is
'J:mw^'
where c and d are the
Polar Coordinates
length of curve
where a and
initial
and
final values of y.
5=1
V/l
r^
b are the limiting values of
dr
r.
Or,
length of curve
and
6^^
5=1
V/ r^ ~^
\^)
are the limiting values of
6.
and
by the
formula
6^
limit
X.
Or, similarly,
where
and
CALCULUS
37
Plane Areas
The
area included between a curve, the Z-axis, and
the vertical Hnes x
a and x
=A =
area
is
ydx
tJ a
The value
of y in terms of x
equation and
value of
is
found from the given
The
substituted in the formula.
is a,
and the
final
value
initial
b.
between a curve, the Fy = c and 3/ = J is
Similarly, the area included

axis,
and the horizontal
=A =
area
and d are the

Polar Coordinates
where
The
lines
xdy
limits of y.
:
area included between a given curve
given radii
and two
is
re"
area
where B" and
B^
=A =
r^
dd
are the limiting values of
B.
Areas of Surfaces of Revolution

For revolution about the X-axis,
area
where the value

tion.
The
A.2.y^l + {fjd,
of (-1^)
initial
is
found from the given equa-
value of x
is a,
and the
final
value
b.
38
For revolution about the F-axis,
=A =
area
where
lir
and d are the
Volumes
^\
limiting values of y.
of Solids of Revolution
volume = Fx
is
^-\-\-r\ ^V
TT
y^
dx
the formula for the volume generated
The
the given curve about the X-axis.

of X are a
and
by
revolving
limiting values
b.
Similarly, the
volume generated by revolving the
plane figure about the F-axis equals
=T
Vy
where
and d are the
x^
initial
and
dy
final
values of y.
Polar Coordinates :
When
the plane figure
the volume generated

Va:
'
is
revolved about the Z-axis,
is
= 2T C
ir'^sinddddr
For revolution about the F-axis, the volume generated

is
r^
'\ff'
cos 6 do dr
INDETERMINATE FORMS
f (x)
If the fraction v. \ \ gives rise to the indeterminate
form
TT
or
when x approaches a
as a limit, the in-
CALCULUS
may
determinate form
f
L/
be replaced by a new fraction,
(x)
/
the numerator of which
is
equal to the deriva-
{x)
and the new denominator
tive of the given numerator,

is
39
equal to the derivative of the given denominator.
The value
of this
new
x approaches
fraction, as
the given fraction.
limiting value of
becomes indeterminate,
it
may
If
a, is
this
the
again
be necessary to repeat
the process several times.
Find the limiting value, when x
Example.
l,
ot
the fraction
x^
+ x-2
x^-
f(x)
t^T^
F
{x)
+ x-2
=
x^
^
fix)
x^
2x+l
2x
{x)
^,
when x =
Hence, the required limiting value
is
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Algebraic equations
method
may
of approximation.
be solved by Newton's
Thus,
solve an equation of the form
Find,
by
sought,
trial,
a number,
and letr
where his
sl
determined.
-\-
we
+ Bx^ + Cx
= D.
nearly equal to the root
r,
small quantity the value of which must be

Substituting r
all
^ for x in the given
powers of
/j
higher than the
have, approximately,
Ar^
J
It will
Ax^
be required to
h denote the exact value of the root,
equation and neglecting

first,
let it
+ Br^ + Cr - D
-3Ar^-2Br-C
be observed that the numerator of the above
ENCxINEERING MATHEMATICS
40
fraction
is
the
first
member
of the given equation after
has been transposed and x changed to
denominator
with
its
its
is
the first derivative of
The
sign reversed.
correction h added, with
proper sign, to the assumed root
approximation to the value of
x.
tion with the corrected value of
r,
tion will be obtained
and the
the numerator
r,
which
r,
gives a closer
Repeat the operaand a second correc-
will give
a nearer value
two corrections generally give
of the root;
sufficient
accuracy.
Find a root
Illustration.
The value
of
/?
is
By
trial,
we
Hence, x
= r^
-f-
r,
2 /^
-3r^-
find that x
stituting 3 for
of the equation
is
3r
4:r
On
sub-
substitute this
new
nearly equal to
/?
2 =
0.1,
2.9,
nearly.
If
r,
approximately
we
equals +0.00228.
the
the operation with
this last value of r, the value of h is then
+0.0000034.
3.
we have
new value of h
Hence x = 2.90228. If we repeat
value of
50
Hence x =
found to be
2.9022834.
CURVE TRACING
The
usual
method
of
tracing
curves consists in
assigning a series of different values to one of the

variables,
and calculating the corresponding
values of the other, thus determining a definite

of points
on the curve.
By drawing
series of
number
a curve through
CALCULUS
we obtain a
these points,
41
graphical representation of
the given equation.
The general form and
peculiarities of the curve
can be easily determined and sketched by the following

steps:
(1)
If possible, solve
one of
the equation of the given curve
y for example. If the equation

then contains only even powers of x, it is symmetrical
for
its variables,
with the F-axis.
Or if, when
of y,
(2)
by
solved for x,
it
contains only even powers
symmetrical with the X-axis.
it is
Find the points
in
which the curve cuts the axes
solving the equation of the given curve in turn with
the equations x
(3)
Find the values
infinite;
(4)
and y =
of x^
0.
if
similarly, test for infinite values of
Find the value of the
thence deduce the
first
make y
any, which
:^.
derivative ~-\
ax
maximum and minimum
and
points of
the curve.
In tracing polar curves, write the equation,

possible, in the
make r
as
= f {d)\ and
maximum
0,
we
if
give d such values
easily found, as for example, 0, i
dr
Putting 1^
form
| tt,
etc.
which
r is
tt, tt,
find the values of Q for
or minimimi.
METHODS OF INTEGRATION
(By parts, substitution,
When
etc.)
the numerator of a fraction contains a variable
an equal or a higher power than the denominator,

the fraction must be reduced to a mixed quantity (by
to
42
actually dividing the denominator into the numerator)
before
If
it
can be integrated.
an expression cannot be integrated by the formulae
given in the table of integrals, one of the following
methods may be used to obtain a
solution.
Partial Fractions
fraction
may
be resolved into partial fractions,
which can be integrated separately.
To
Example.
integrate
{x
+ a) (x + b)
dx
Let
{x
a) ix
+b)~
where we must determine
{x+a)'^ {x+b)
and B.
Clearing of fractions,
\
= A {x+
The
b)
+ B {x+ a)
coefficients of like
=^
{A
+ B) x^-
{bA
+ aB)
powers of x on both sides of the
equation are equal; therefore,
+B =
bA + aB ^\
A
A =f
whence
and
a
B =
and
(x+a){x+b)'^''~J (x+a)'^^+J (x+ft)"^^

These forms are now integrable by the table of integrals,
/I
the result being

1
7
log(x+a)H
w ,sdx = ba
{x+a){x+b)
/
where
is
Aog(x+b)+C
a b ^
the constant of integration.
CALCULUS
43
Integration by Parts
To
integrate
by
I
The method
in dealing
parts,
apply the formula
udv = uv
vdu
by parts
of integration
is
most
effective
with the integration of products, involving
and trigonometric and inverse
logarithms,
circular
functions.
Generally, the most complicated quantity which can
be integrated directly by one of the fundamental

mulae (see Table of Integrals, page 46)
with the
equated,
and the remaining part
differential, to dv,
equated to
is
for-
is
u.
To
Example.
find
X log
Let
u =
then
du
and
log X
dx
X
dx
(x)
I'
v
.
dv
i
I
xdx
xdx =
oc^
-^
Substituting in the formula
udv = uv
/-v"
\
vdu
we have
X log
(x)
dx
\og{x)
2"
""
ioc^
dx
2"
= |-log(x)-|+C
Integration by Substitution
I.
may
Differentials
containing fractional powers of x
be integrated by the substitution
2"
44
where n
the least
is
common denominator
of the frac-
tional exponents of x.
Expressions involving only fractional powers of
II.
{a
+ bx)
may
be rationalized by the substitution
+ bx)
{a
where n
the least
is
To
z^
common denominator
tional exponents of (a
III.
of the frac-
bx).
-\-
integrate expressions containing
:x:^
+ ax +
&,
use the substitution
V x^ -\-ax-\'b = z
IV. Expressions
be rationalized by
V.
(x
6) is
sl
V ^^ + ax + 6
containing
may
the substitution
v x^+ ax+ b
where
factor of
{x
( x^
6) z
+ ax +
b).
sinx and cosx can be
differential containing
transformed by means of the substitution
tan -
from which
T.
1
VI.
2 z
sm X =
cos X
2^
1-^
dx
very useful substitution
= T o
1 + r
2dz
+
;
:i
1
2^
is
VII.
Differentials involving
tionalized
by the
by
x^
may
be ra-
Va^
+ x^
may
be
a sin ^
Differentials involving
tionalized
substitution
X
VIII.
Va^
the substitution
a tan d
ra-
CALCULUS
45
IX. Diflerentials involving Vx^

tionalized
by the
may
c?
be ra-
substitution
a sec ^
Reduction Formulae
The purpose
of the following reduction formulae is to
simplify an integral of the form
x"^ (a
+ bx^ydx
{np
(m
{np
+w+
m+ l)b
C
6 J
n-\- V) a
1)
, X
-\-
,,
This formula enables us to lower the exponent of x
+ bx^).
by n, without affecting the exponent of (a

Method fails when {np + w + 1) = 0.
II.
fx-^ {a
^^ +
+ bx-y dx = ^7""'
{np + m+
^"^^^"^
+ {np
-'
By this
by
1,
m+
.
i)
x'^{a+
fails
x^
(a
when {np
+w+
+ bx'^y dx =
1)
1)
bx'^y-^
+ bx^)
formula, the exponent of {a
{m+
By
,x
without affecting the exponent of
Method
III.
-\-
I)
is
dx
lowered
x.
0.
r hrv^
l)a
{m+
exponent of x
is
increased
without affecting the exponent of {a
bx"").
this formula, the
Method
fails
when
m=
1.
by n^
46
IV.
A;- (a + bx-y dx =
+ n+ m+
(np
_ ^"^'(^+M^+'
n{p+ l)a
n{p+
1)
^.
l)a
This formula enables us to increase the exponent of

(a
+ bx"")
Method
by
without affecting the exponent of
1,
fails
1.
when ^ =
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Fundamental Forms
jLn+l
x^dx
n+l
^logx
'dx
e^
dx
(?
a"
a^ dx
\ogea
dx
l
tan~^ X
x''
dx
Vl-
sin~^
x^
dr.
Vx^
sec~^ X
1
smxdx = cosx
cos
xdx =
sin
tan
xdx =
log (sec x)
cot
xdx =
log (sin x)
x.
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
xdx =
sec
cosec
xdx =
tan X sec
f
f
f
cot
:jc
(a
7 log {a
bxY
=
~
Tk[(^
W-
dx
+ bx)
,x
2 a
bx)]
x
\
a+bx
+ bx) c?
a-\-bx
b
-
+
72 log
ax
a^
X
-\-
a-\-bx
+ bx^)
= -tan~^1
{a
log
= :^log
x^
a\og
a{a
Expressions involving (a
a^
+ bx)
x{a-\r- bx)^
dx
= cosec x
+ bx
dx
+ ^^
cot x
1^
x{a-\- bx)
a^
sec
b{a-\- bx)
dx
rfx
+ bx)
x^ {a
tan
+ bx)
dx
=^
(/x
xdx =
Expressions involving {a
f.{a +
2;)
xdx
cosec X
cosec^
+ bx)
log
xdx = tan x
sec^
{a
tan (9
log
47
+^
or (a^ zb x^)
48
or
Va+xV-b
r dx =
1
log 7^
7=
bx^
J a+
2V-ab Va-xV^
/
/dx
+ bx^^y
(a
J a+
/dx
dx
'îTaj a +
bx')
bx^
bj
~ 2a(a +
2b
bx^
.,
^f, J<0
,^rt
ifa>0,
x^
a+ bx^
Expressions involving V a + bx:
V a + bxdx = Yl ^(^ + ^^y
I
X
2a
{a-\- bx^)
2{2a- 3bx)V{a+bxY
x"va -\-bxdx =
15
jxWa -\-bxdx
^
/dx
dx
105
=
2
2 \/a -\-bx-\- a
xdx
63
X \a
+ bx
V a + bx
Va + bx
/'
b^
= 2 (8 a2 12 a&x+ 15 bH'') V(a + bxf
2 (2
bx)
Va + bx
+r^bx
-^cL
TT2
3 b^
r x^dx
2(Sa^-4abx+3b^x^) /t-t
^-Va +
=
1-7=
156^
J Va+bx
,
dx
X
Va+bx
_ J_
Va
bx
g.3
Wa +bx Vg
\Va +
bx
+ Va\
or
/dx
xVa+bx v-a
2
..
tan-i
V^
a+bx
""^
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
dx
x'^
Va
Va+bx _
__
^^
bx
-\-
Expressions involving
Va^
/dx
Va^
2 a
,/
x^
or
dx
V^
_|_ i)x
V a^ + x^:
a^ sin~^
x^
dx
X Va2 zt
Jb_
= -\x Va^ x^+
dx
x^
V a^
49
^2
_
_
~
1
<z
^+Va[^l
[1
L ^
a;
/^^.. = V^^^-
a log
[^+^^]
x?
fv{a^-x^f dx=^{5a''-2 x^) V^F^^^

o
t7
x^\/a^
x^dx
Q'
= ^V
(a^
+ d^
-^
/x =
V /^^
Va^
dx
a^
^^2
X
7^
/Va^ X^
dx
V/~o
a^
^
Va^
Va^
OCl
x^
+ a^ sin~^ -
+ ^2 sin-i a
*^
x^
a'-x
a^
V a^
rx:^
- at;
sui"^
Expressions involving
i
V x^ + a^
X''
x^
jVxâ^dx =
x^Y
/
he
o
:r2
x^
x^
sin-i + â*
o
or
[xVx2a2:a21og
V x^
(x
a^:
+ Vx^ i a^)]
50
^^
log {x
dx
Vx2
+ Va;2a2]
cos~^
a^
X
-1
rV(x2
a2)3
</x
=
I
(2 2 _t 5 ^2)
V^^î^
+ Vr;2o2)
+ ^log(A;
O
Jx
dzo;
jxWx^zLa'dx =
(2 x2
ziz
a^)
V:^2 j_ ^2
*/
:;c2
dz a^
dx
/
-^
Vx^ =b
g^
+ I0g(x + Vx2=ba2)
Expressions involving Vzbax^
-\-
bx
c:
^^
=
log (2 ax+^^+ 2 Va Vax^+te+^j
fVax^+bx+c
Va
,
*^
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
/\/ax^ -\rhx-\- cdx
Vax^
-\-hx-\- c
4a
W'-âc r
dx
Sa J V'ax^ + bx+c
/dx
_ I
V-ax^+bx+c ~ Va
/Vax^ + bx+
_^ / 2
^^^
ax
x^
dx
ax
x^
dx
x^\
V 2 ax
-
=
,
dx
(m
~\~
+ bx + c
ax^
o(?-
-\-
//V
4:a
dx
b \
V ax^+ bx+
cdx =
Formulae involving v 2 ax
Wb^ + 4 aJ
b^+4ac r
P+4:ac
"a
8^
J V-
's/lax
ax
7
a^
.X
2 X
la
1^ sin~^
/
V 2 ax
x?
,x
vers~^
'^^^
^
JVlax-x^
= V2 ax x^ + a vers"^ -^
V 2 ax - x2
V 2 ax x^
/rfx
X \/2 ax
'
dx
/Jx
V(2 ax -
ax
x2
V 2 ax x^ + a vers~^ X a
_
~ a2 \/2 ax - x^
=
<z
x2)3
/V^^^x = V(a+x)(6+x)
+
(a- &)
log
[Va + x +
vT+x]
52
I\h^
^"^
^ ^^^ -
x) (6
a;)
+ {a+b) sin-^ \/^
Expressions involving trigonometric forms:
/sin^ xdx
2
,
^
sin"^
ax
X rfx
J.
j cos^
^^t:
4''
-T^milx)
C ^
sin"*""^ x ax
J
sm^-i ^cos:^,/z
w
^
+ - sin (2 x)
/cos^ X t/x = - cos"""^ X sin X H

n
X cos X Jx
sin
sin^xcos^x Jx
sin^
= J
/ cos**"^
X ax
x
[|sin (4x) -- x]
/cos'^^^
w+
sm X cos"^ X ax =
r-r1
sin^+i X
sin^ X cos X (/x
cos*^
m+
X sin" X Jx
cos"^"^
X sin'^+^ X
m+n
cos^xsin'^xt/x
m +nj
fft
cos'^-^
sin"~^ X cos'^^^
m+n
n \
cos""'
- Jx
cos"* X
sin**
X (/x
+ m-\- n /
sin^
sin'*~2
X dx
sin^+^ X
>
(fj
,.
1) cos''~^x
,
m 2 r sin"^ x
;r"9- ^^
w 1
X
J COS'*"'^
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
X
sin'" X
'cos^
cos''+^
{m
V) sin'^"^:^
m n
m
m
m
m
dx
Q,os>x
/sm^x
{m
/dx
cos""
tan^
sec^
\) cos"*"^
J:;t:
:J[;
X J:;t:
j cosec
:;t:
/'cosec^
a; fiJx
cot x
(I
r ^^
J cos"*"^ x
i log
2) cos
[|^
-- cot
siax
:x:)
x
X cos
x^smxdx = 2xsinx
X cos
x^ cos
xdx =
cos
a:
r;t:
(x^
a;
+ ^ sin X
X cos x
(^^
2) sin
sin'"~2
\
+ I)
dx
log tan (J
(/x
:x:
sin"'~2
\J
tan x
J:v
sinxdx
log tan
^
n
cos^ x
log cos x
log sin
/sec X ^:. =
I
xdx = tan x
xdx =
cot^
X
I
{n
1) sin'^~^:\;
sin
xdx =
tan
j cot
S3
54
Transcendentals
\
\ogx dx
= xlogx
rM^"j.=4.(iog.)m+i
n-\- \
/dx
dx
{n
x([ogxY
xe'^'^dx
= ^{ax
1)
j^
/.
6^
sm
~ ~
.
m,
/.
6^^ cos (#x) J:^
m-
^F-i
^^
6^
e^
(/zx) J:r
a
/'^^
{[ogxY~^
1)
6^
^^-1 dx
n cos (wx)l
^
Yjr~2
r^ sin
(;^x)
Va cos
(fix)
;^
sin
'
(/^:;t:)~|
^-^^
.3
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Hyperbolic Transformations
^x
sinh X
where
cosh
:;!;
^ X
= i sin
(/a:)
cos [jx)
^
tanh X
coth X
--.
e
+ e~^
=
=
55
tan ijx)
cot ijx)
= cosh X + sinh x
e~^ = cosh X sinh X
sin X = j sinh {jx)
cos X = cosh ijx)
e^
Hyperbolic Formulae
= I
sech^ X + tanh^ x = I
coth^ X cosech^ x ^ I
sinh ix+ y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh sinh y
cosh (x + }') = cosh X cosh y + sinh x sinh y
sinh (x j) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh
cosh {x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
cosh^ X
sinh^
::t:
3;
tanh
::!::
+ tanh y
+ tanh X tanh y
coth X coth + 1
^-r
= -r
coth + coth X
1
coth
(:x:
+^
,
^'j
'V
3;
tanh {x
y)
tanh X
1
coth {x
sinh (2
a:)
cosh (2 x)
tanh
y)
coth
tanh v
tanh :^ tanh y
:^
coth
TT
coth y
a;
^TT
coth
= 2 sinh x cosh x
= cosh^ x + sinh^ x
2 tanh x
(2 x)
1
+ tanh^ X
1
a;
56
sum
-^
(I)
C0th2:r+
coth (2 x)
2 coth X
cosh X
v/'
..cosh^+1
cosh'">
tanhi;i-V/':5!^
(i)=N/:cosh x+ 1
.....
coth
cosh X
(0 = V coshx
sinh X
sinhrJt:
cosh
:\:
+ sinh y
sinhy
+ cosh
cosher
2 sinh
y-^
2 cosh
coshy
2 sinh
:x:)
"^
+ 4 sinh^ x
3 cosh x + 4 cosh^
3 sinh x
:;;
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
+ Vl + x?)
cosh"^ X = log {x + Va;2 1)
sinh"^ X
j-^j
cosh (3
j^j sinh
2 cosh
j^j
:x:)
cosh
^jsinhf
T-^jcosh(
3;
sinh (3
log (x
tanh-ix=ilog[[|]
57
+ v/^ )
.o.(i
sech-i X
cosech"^
-log(^+v/?-^.)
Differentials of Hyperbolic Functions
d (cosh
x)
=
=
d (tanh
x)
d (sinh x)
d{cot\ix)
d (sech
d^
x)
cosh X dx
sinh X dx
sech^ X
=
=
(cosech x)
cosech^ X dx
sech X tanh x dx
cosech X coth
:x:^x
Jx
d (sinh~^ x)
Vl + x^
dx
d (cosh~^ x)
Vx^-
d(t2Lnh-^x)
dx
1-x^
dx
(coth-i x)
rfo;
d (sech~^ x)
:^Vl-rt;2
V
(cosech""^ x )
Use
Illustrative
dx
/
of Hyperbolic Functions
Example.
Deduce an expression
for
the length of a perfectly flexible chain suspended be-
tween two supports; assume that both points of support are the same height from the ground.
58
The chain assumes

form of a cate-
the
nary
(see
page 27),
the equation of which

IS
The
a cosh
general equation for the length of the chain
L =
length
ciy
where the value of -
is
iV'+(g)',
obtained
by
differentiating the
(JL%
equation of the catenary,

I
is
a cosh -
dy
4('^"â)
dx
dx
dy
sinha
Substituting the value of -~ in the formula for the

length, Lj
we have
=f\i + sinh2^ dx
=
which
is
cosh - dx
Ty cosh2 ^ j^
a sinh
the required expression for the length of the
chain.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
differential equation
is
a relation involving deriv-
atives or differentials.
solution of a differential equation
is
a relation
between the variables which
59
the given equa-
satisfies
tion.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Equations
An
I.
Order and First Degree
of the First
equation of the form
fi(x)dx+f2{y)dy =
can be integrated immediately.
Its solution is
J/i
An
equation
may
(x)
dx
+ J/a {y) dy = C
sometimes be changed to the above
form by separation of the variables.
An
Homogeneous Equation.
homogeneous in respect to its
variables
sum
for
II.
of their exponents
is
the
same
equation
when
is
the
each term of the
equation.
Homogeneous equations are reduced to the form of

Method I, by substituting vx for y, and then separating
the variables.
Non-homogeneous Equation of First Degree

X and y. This type occurs in the form:
{ax + by + c) dx = {a!x + Vy + c') dy
III.
in
Substitute for x^
{x!
+ A),
and
for y,
(y'
+ k).
The
equation then becomes:

{ax'-^
by+ah+hk-\-c)dx' = {a'x'+Vy+a'h+b'k+c')dy
ah+ bk+
Equating
and
a'h
the original equation

(ax'
which
is
+b'k
now
+ by) dx'
c
c'
=
=^0
takes the form:
= (aV
+ by) dy
homogeneous and solvable by Method
II.
6o
In the solution thus obtained, substitute

x'
and
y'
where h and k are determined from the two equations:
ah+bk +
a'h
6'yfe
IV. Linear Equation.
and
tion (of first order
=
=
c'
Hnear differential equa-
first
degree)
is
of the general
form:
where
The
and
are functions of x alone or constants.
solution of this equation
is:
yef'''^=J/'''^Qdx
+C
V. Equations Reducible to the Linear Equation.
This type occurs in the form:
and
equation
may
be written:
where
are functions of x alone.
The given
^+(l-n)Pv = (l-n)Q
where
solvable
3;"'^+^
This equation
by Method IV.
is
linear
in
v,
and
In the solution, resubstitute
for V its value 3;-^+!.
VI. Exact Differential Equation.

the form
Mdx+ Ndy
An
equation of
is
exact
if
the derivative of
to the derivative of
then
M with regard to y
N with
regard to
The
x.
is
equal
solution
is:
jMdx+ JIn--^ fudo^dy^C

where
M dx
is
(regarding y as constant),
respect to
3;
of
M dx.
respect to x
and the term
found by subtracting from
is
M with
the integral of
the derivative in
The term L^
"~
7"
M dx\
integrated with regard to y (considering x constant).

The complete solution is then given by the formula
is
above.
VII. Integrating Factors.
tion of the
If
a differential equa-
form
Mdx + Ndy =
is
multipUed through by a certain expression called an
integrating factor, the equation will

is
then solvable by
(a)
is
When
an equation
an integrating
(b)
When
Method
become
exact.
VI.
is
homogeneous,
factor.
the condition exists that
dM _dN
d^
dx
= F
{x)
[an expression containing only x]
then e^^^^^^îs an integrating factor.
It
62
Similarly
(c)
when
dN^_dM
^ = F(y)
then e^^^^^^Hs an integrating factor.
Equations
Order but Higher than

the First Degree
of the First
In the following formulae,
An
equation of
first
will
be denoted by p.
order and of nth degree
is
of the
general form
pn _p jlpn-l J^ ^^n-2
where the
X and
coefficients
A, B,
^ Jp ^ f- =
J, K are functions of
y.
Clairaut's
I.
When an
Equation.
equation
is
of
the form
y
the solution
stant
= px+f(p)
obtained by substituting for p a con-
is
c,
= cx+f{c)
Solution by Factoring.
II.
may
The
given equation
sometimes be resolved into rational factors of the
first
degree.
and
its
Each
factor
solution found
is
equated separately to êro,
by one
of the preceding
methods,
using the same constant of integration in each case.
The complete
solution
is
then the product of the sep-
arate solutions.
Equations Containing only x and p. When

an equation is of this type, solve for p, and substitute
III.
its
value j-
The
63
resulting equation can be integrated
immediately.
IV. Equations Containing only y
for p,
and substitute
its
value -~,
and
Solve
p.
This equation
is
immediately integrable.
V. Equations Involving x, y, and p.
A solution
can be obtained by one of the following methods:
(a)
tiate in respect to y,
The
Then
Solve for x in terms of y and p.
remembering that
ay
doc
differen-
solution of this equation, together with the given
equation, constitutes the complete solution.

(b)
Solve for y in terms of x and p.
with respect to
x,
The complete
p.
value
with the original equation.
Solve for ^, and replace
From
its
solution consists of the solution of
this equation, together

(c)
Differentiate
dy
and in place of -p substitute
this equation
it
may
dy
with
it
its
value
-f^-
be possible to obtain a
solution.
Linear Differential Equations with Constant

Coefficients
linear differential equation
in the
dependent variable and
The particular
integral
is
is
of the first degree
all of its
derivatives.
the solution of the equa-
tion obtained without the introduction of constants of
integration.
The complementary function

tained by temporarily equating to
is
the solution ob-
zero
all
those terms
64
of the equation that
do not contain the dependent
vari-
able or derivatives thereof.
The complete solution
and the complementary
integral
sum
the
is
of the particular
function.
constant coefficients
linear equation with
is
of
the form:
d^v
where the
is
d^~^v
d^~^v
coefficients
a function of
P, Q,
by the symbol D,
Replacing
x.
are constants; and
the equation becomes
+ PD^-''+QD^-^+
{D^
Case
I.
+R)y = X.
Method of Solution when X = o. Write
the given integral in
Then
by D,
its
symbolic form, replacing -^
solve this equation for
as
if it
were an
ordinary algebraic quantity.
When
the roots of the equation
are real, the solution
where
ci, ^2, etc.,
(i.e.,
the values of D)
is
cxe^^''
+ cê^"^ +
are the constants of integration,
and
mi, W2, etc., are the roots of the equation.
When two
or
more
equal, the solution

^^
where
(^1
m is the
real roots of the
equation are
is
côo
+ CzX^ +
) e*^*
value of the repeated root, and
Ci, ^2, ^3,
etc., are the constants of integration (introduced in the
manner shown in the above equation) and equal

number to the number of times the root m
repeated.
in
is
When
the
equation has imaginary roots
always occur in pairs) the solution
(which
is
+ B sin {a\x)\
\C cos (^2^) + Z) sin (02^)] +
e^x^ \A cos {a\x)
+
where
65
e^"^^
C and
and 5,
are the constants of
Z>, etc.,
i V
and \m\ d= a\ V l), yjfn^

l), etc.,
02
of
the
complex
imaginary
roots
the
are
equation.
When two or more pairs of complex imaginary roots
integration,
are equal, the solution
[(^1
(^3
+ +
+ ^4^+
^2:^
V l)
where (w it a
imaginary roots.
Case
sum of
is
Method
II.
cos {ax)
sin (ax)] 6"^*
the repeated pair of complex
of solution
when X
is
not
complete solution is
the complementary function and the partic-
equal to zero.
the
is
In
this case, the
ular integral.
The complementary function

rarily equating
the method of Case
0,
is
found by tempo-
and obtaining the
solution
by
I.
The particular integral is obtained as follows.

The given equation is of the general form:
()-
in
which
+ PZ)^-i + (22^^-2+
D is
used in place of
-7-
may be
expressed
particular integral can then be written:
Tjjy:
In symboHc notation, this equation
The
\-K)y =
particular integral
66
A.
when
Method
of obtaining the particular integral
the term
the form
is of
e^^.
particular integral
which
pCix
=^_
pCiX
=^-^ =^^
found by substituting the constant a in place
is
of D.
This method for evaluating
{D
is
a) is a factor of
fails
The
{D).
when
the term
particular integral
then found by substituting the constant a for
D in all
The
terms of / {D) except in the factor {D
a).
solution is then completed by the general method given
under case
B.
(page 68).
when X
Solution for the particular integral
has the form x^.
particular integral
j^ = 77^ = [f{D)]-^x'^
To
evaluate this expression, expand [/ {D)]~^ into a

series of ascending powers of D, by use of the binomial
theorem.
It
sion to the
is
only necessary to carry out this expan-
mth power
higher powers of
symbol
In
would produce zero
stands for
quantity denotes
operation
its
integral, x'^
the
is
the operation
x'^
(since
by
Z>
by
the
on a
derivative with respect to x, the
by D^ denotes
obtaining
D, since operation on
of
its
solution
second derivative,
the
of
given
etc.).
particular
operated on separately by each term of
the expansion of [/ {D)]-^,

C. Method of obtaining the particular integral
when X has
the form sin (ax).
particular integral
=
/
{D)
sin {ax)
J (D)
In order to evaluate
a^
this integral, substitute
wherever U^ occurs
)2
67
in
gral will then be a fraction,
The
(D),
for
particular inte-
whose numerator
is
sin {ax),
and whose denominator is the value assumed by / {D)

when D^ is replaced by a^.
This method fails if / (D) becomes zero when a^
is
The
substituted for D^,
particular integral
evaluated by writing the term
6'"^ (in
which
then
is
V l)
The solution of this new integral

is obtained by method A for the evaluation of the
particular integral.
In the result, ^^''^ is replaced by
in place of sin (ax).
[cos (ax)
both
+ i sin (ax)],
producing a result containing
The
and imaginary terms.
real
lar integral is the coefl&cient of i
required particu-
(i.e.,
V l)
in this
expression.
D. Particular Integral
particular integral
is
When
this
method
cos (ax),
and
this
gral
E.
is
new
+ i sin (ax)].
used in place of sin
integral
is
written in place of
evaluated by method
this integral,
The
Particular integral
replaced
by
when X is of the form e^^Q.
=^^
D, wherever
by the
is
=^-^
evaluate the given integral, (D
J(D+a)
or
e*""^ is
required particular inte-
occurs in / (D)
treated as a constant multiplier.
for
(ax).
the real part of this result.
particular mtegral
To
is
fails, ^'''^ is
In the solution of
[cos (ax)
The
cos (ax).
obtained as in method C, with the
exception that cos (ax)
A.
when X =
'^^fWTaj
a) is substituted
and the term
The new
e"* is
integral
evaluated by one of the preceding methods,
general
method
F.
The
required particular
68
integral
tion of
F.
is
then equal to the product of
^"^
by the evalua-
TTTs^-T-
General method for finding the particular
integral.
To evaluate
jjjyr
The denominator
of
be resolved into factors
1111
The given
of the first degree.
{D
may
-a) {D-
The term
fractional
is
h)
(D -c)
the expression
{D-
{D -
d)
m)
operated on successively by each of these
operators,
operation on
integral then becomes:
beginning
by the
e""^
first
/ ^""^^
factor
X dx.
the
at
.
right.
This result
The
produces
is
operated
manner by each remaining factor (proceeding from right to left). The solution of the given
on
in a similar
particular integral
is
then:
Homogeneous Linear Equation

The homogeneous
in
which the
is
linear equation is of the
coefficients
a function of
x.
P,
...
i?
form
are constants, and
On
assuming the
relation,
69
this equation
e^,
may
be transformed by the substitutions:
x""^ = d{e-l){eI
^^^"'3 = (^- 1) (ând so
2)
2)
'
(^-
3)
where the symbol
forth;
ton terms
'
'
to
(^-
d stands for
1) terms,
The complementary function is then found as
in the
case of the linear equation with constant coefficients.

(In obtaining this solution, the term 6
same manner
exactly the
is
treated in
which the term
in
was
treated in the preceding cases.)
In order to obtain the particular integral, the term
(which involves only x)
involving
z,
by the
lar integral is
is
changed to an expression
substitution x
e^.
The
particu-
then found by one of the methods given
under the case of the linear equation with constant

coefficients.
The complete solution
is
the
sum
of the comple-
mentary function and the particular integral.

result, z is replaced by its value log x.
Exact
An
Diflferential
Equations
exact differential equation
derived directly
by
In the
one which can be
is
differentiation of
an equation of the
next lower order.

If the given
jk
where A, B,
X,
equation
we then have
is
of the form:
Q, Rj S, T,
and
are functions of
as the condition for exactness that:
70
'
j,_dS_^<PR_<PQ^ ... =0
dx
The
do(?
integral of the given equation then
first
dx^-^
dx^
"^
dx Jdx^-^
= Cxdx
may
This formula
"^
dxydx^-^
^^
is:
+C
be reapplied successively as long
as each resulting equation satisfies the condition for

exactness.
Second Order and the

First Degree
Equations
General form
of the
is
where P, Q, and
When
one solution of the equation

can be found by inspection).
I.
(or
X are functions of x,
Let
yi
equal
the
known
by
Imown
In the given
integral.
equation, substitute vyi in place of y;
is
and then,
in the
dv
transformed equation, replace
p.
This equation
can be solved by one of the preceding methods.

II.
Change
The purpose
the
first
Independent Variable.
this change and of the removal
of the
of
derivative (see III)
is
to transform a given
equation into a new equation which
be easily integrable.
The given equation
is
of
of the form:
may happen
to
By
changing the independent variable,
7
it
may
be
transformed into the following equation:
where Qi becomes equal to
1, if
1=^5
when
also
and
dh
dz
dx''^
dx
^
Q
or where Pi
may
be made equal to zero,
-f
e"*^
when
also
Q\
if
^dx
-jTr"^
dx)
Xi =
and
\dx)
III.
Removal
To remove
the form
make
the
of the First Derivative.

first
derivative from an equation of
=
+ P^+(3y
f|
^^
dx^
dx
the substitution
ve~^'^
Z
^
The given equation then becomes
where
Q,=g-lf_lp3
and
Zi
Ze*-/'^'^
72
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
Center of Gravity
The center
of gravity of a
body
is
a point so situ-
ated that the force of gravity produces no tendency in

the body to rotate about any axis passing through this
point.
Center of Gravity of the Arc of a Plane Curve
Jxds
Jx\/l + (jdx
/Vi+(|)V
where x and y are the coordinates
of the center of
gravity.
Solve for y in terms of x from the equation of the

given curve.
and substitute
Then
dv
differentiate in order to obtain
-p,
value in the formula for
its
x.
dx
Similarly, find x in terms of y, obtain
and sub-
stitute in the formula for y.
Center of Gravity of Plane Areas

I
X =
xdA
JJdA
xdxdy
ffd.dy
ydA
y =
dA
ydxdy
73
dxdy
where x and y are the coordinates of the center
of
gravity.
In evaluating the expression for

first
x or
either in respect to
method
is
more convenient.
dy
is
integrated
If
first,
x,
y,
we may
according to which
the Umits of y are expressed
in terms of x (from the given equation)
of X are its initial

Similarly,
if
dx
and
integrate
and the Umits
final values.
is first
integrated, the limits of x are
expressed in terms of y; and the limits of y are then
its
and final values.

Polar Coordinates
initial
/ Î
X= ^
r^
cos 6
dddr
rdddr
Ifr^siaddedr
rdddr
If'
Generally,
in
terms of
The Umits
is
it
with respect to
6
of 6
r.
more convenient
to integrate
In this case, the Umits of
r are
first
found
from the equation of the given curve.

are its initial and final values, expressed
in radians.
Center of Gravity of Solids of Revolution. When

a solid of uniform density is formed by the revolution
of a plane curve
about the X-axis, the center of gravity
74
on the X-axis (because of symmetry).
is
nate
Its x-coordi-
is
=
j
where the
When
figure
limits are
a solid
is
xydx dy
y dxdy
found as in the case of plane areas.
formed by the revolution
about the F-axis, the y-coordinate of
of gravity
of a plane
its
center
is
xydx dy
X dxdy
Center of Gravity of Any Section Composed of

Two or More Simple Plane Figures
In order to find the center of gravity of such figures
rails, etc., divide them up into
component rectangles or triangles. Then, obtain
the center of gravity and the area of each separate
figure.
Choose any convenient axis in the plane of the
given section and find the turning moment of each
figure about this axis.
Each turning moment is the
product of the area of the figure by the distance from
as tee-bars, channels,
their
its
center of gravity to the chosen axis.
all
these separate turning
moment of
moment by
moments
the total figure.
On
The sum
of
gives the turning
dividing this total
the total area of the figure,
we obtain
the
distance from the chosen axis to the center of gravity

of the figure.
Care must be used,
if
the chosen axis
passes through the given figure, to take distances on one
side of this axis as positive,
75
and on the other
side as
negative.
Generally, one coordinate of the center of gravity
can be determined by the symmetry of the given section.
When
the figure
necessary to take
is
unsymmetrical,
moments about two
it
may be
different axes
in order to locate the center of gravity.
Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia of
given axis
is
of
Plane Areas
a plane figure about any

equal to the integral of the product of each
elementary area of the figure by the square of
its
distance from the axis.
Moment of Inertia:
The rectangular moment of inertia of a plane figure
Rectangular
moment of inertia about any axis in

The rectangular moment of
figure.
is its
the plane of
the
inertia of
plane area about the X-axis
=
The
rectangular
the F-axis
is
//:y^ dx dy
moment
of inertia of a plane area
about
is
j x^
dxdy
In either case, the limits of the variable
integrated
first
are expressed in terms of the other variable.
The moment
of inertia of a plane figure about the
gravity axis (Ig)
is its
rectangular
moment
about any axis in the plane of the

through
its
of inertia
figure,
passing
center of gravity.
The moment
of inertia of a plane figure
axis parallel to the gravity axis and
about any
in the plane of
76
the figure
is
of the figure
two
equal to
plus the product of the area
{Ig)
by the square
of the distance
between the
axes, thus:
=Ig +
Fd?
Moment of Inertia:
The polar moment of inertia
Polar
inertia
moment
(Zp) is the
about any axis perpendicular to the plane
of
of the
given figure.
It is equal to the
inertia
sum
of the rectangular
moments
of
about two mutually perpendicular axes in the
plane of the figure, passing through the foot of the

polar axis.
In rectangular coordinates, the polar
moment
of
inertia equals
/p
/.
+ ly =//(^' + f) dxdy
In polar coordinates, the formula for the polar
moment
of inertia is
-//B?dRde
It
is
generally
more convenient
respect to R, expressing
its limits in
limits of 6 are then its initial
Moment
The moment
origin)
where
volume.
is
and
of inertia of
terms of
d.
The
final values.
of Inertia of Solids
about the X-axis

I
to integrate first with
a solid (with center at
is
(y'^+ z^)dxdydz
the density, that
is,
the mass per unit
Radius
77
of Gyration
The center of gyration is that point in a revolving

body at which, if the entire mass of the body were
concentrated, the moment of inertia about the axis of
rotation would be the same as that of the body.
The radius of gyration, k, is the distance from the
axis of rotation to the center of gyration.
For plane sections
*=v/-!
For
in
solids,
/X
k.\jL.
which k = radius of gyration,

/ = the moment of inertia about the
axis of
rotation,
A =
area of section,
M = mass
W = weight
of
body,
of
body.
Center of Percussion
The center of percussion or oscillation of a pendulum

or other body vibrating or rotating about a fixed axis
or center
is
that point at which,
if
the entire weight of
body were concentrated, the body would continue

to vibrate in the same intervals of time.
The radius of oscillation is
the
Md
iiy
78
in
which I
the
moment
body about
of inertia of
axis
of rotation,
distance from center of gravity of
body
to the axis of rotation,
distance from
center of percussion or
oscillation to the axis of rotation,
M
W
= mass of body,
= weight of body.
Motion
velocity at
a Body
of
any instant =
ds
v
di
.
dv
any mstant = ^ = 37 =
.
acceleration at
d^s
df
In rectangular coordinates,
Vx
dx
^7
dt
_ ds
=
-j: cos d =
~di
dy
ds
'
velocity in a direction parallel to
the X-axis
ds
/(dxV
*/
^.
(dyV
= d-r\[dt)+[dt)
For motion with uniform
velocity,
V
=
J
For uniformly accelerated motion,

s
s
2 as
=
=
=
^ {u
+ v)t
ut
+ ^ at^
v^
u^
u =
V
a
s
/
=
=
=
=
79
initial velocity,
final velocity,
constant acceleration,
space passed over,
time of motion.
If the
body
starts
from
rest, the initial velocity
equals 0, and these equations become:

s
1 as
=
=
=
vt
\ af
1?
Rotation of a Rigid Body

velocity at
acceleration at
any mstant = ^ =
= a =
any
^ instant
;77
-rr
dt
"tto
dt^
For motion with uniform velocity,

e
For uniformly accelerated motion,

^
=
coo =
CO =
a =
t =
d
(coo
co) /
angular space through which the body rotates,

initial
final
angular velocity,
angular velocity,
angular acceleration,
time.
8o
For a body
initially at rest, the velocity
coo is
0,
and these equations become

e
e
= ^ o)t
= âf
Falling Bodies
Equations of motion of a body falling from rest
under the action of gravity:
V
5
gt
2 gs
v^
velocity after time
/,
height through which body

(approx.) 32.16 feet/sec.^
=
The value
g
falls,
= 981
cm/sec.^
acceleration of gravity.
of g for
any latitude and any altitude is
32.0894
(1
+ 0.0052375 sin^^)
X (1- 0.0000000957 )
in
which
=
E =
6
latitude of place in degrees,
elevation above sea-level in feet.
Projectiles
Equations of a body projected vertically upward

with an
sidered)
(1)
(2)
(3)
initial
velocity
(resistance of air not con-
= u gt,
Velocity at any height = V w^ __
Height at any time = ut^ \ gf.
Velocity at any time
2 gh.
(4)
Greatest height
(5)
Time
of flight
8l
body projected with an initial

w at an angle 6 to the horizontal (resistance
Equations of a
velocity
of air not considered)
The curve
described
whose equation
is
projectile
is
the parabola
is
y
where B
by the
X tan B
lu'cosê
when the body is projected above

and negative when the body is projected
positive
the horizontal
below the horizontal.

Horizontal-component of acceleration
Vertical-component of acceleration
(1)
Velocity at any time
(2)
Velocity at any height
(3)
Height at any time
/A\
(4)
rr.'
rc\
(5)
-n
Tune
n-
t-^
of flight
Range =
\û^
"Tî
-^^
= ^
2 utg sin B +g^^^.
= Vw^ _
utsinB
2 gh,
gt^.
2wsin^
.
u^ sin (IB)
^
-.
o
If the friction of the air is
taken into account, the
curve described by the projectile
is
given by the
empirical relation:
gx^
/ 1
= 0.0000000458-
kx\
82
where
=
w =
d
diameter of projectile in inches,
weight of projectile in pounds.
Angular Measure
radian is the angle subtended at the center of any

circle by an arc equal in length to its radius.
180
radian
degrees
= 57.296+
degrees
TT
degree
The
and
relation
its
loU
=
=
=
radians
between the central angle of a
subtended arc
circle
given by the formula:
is
l
= 0.0175+
7^7: radians
= rd
length of arc,
radius of circle,
central angle in radians.
Circular Motion
body moving with uniform velocity
in a circular
path experiences a constant acceleration toward the

center of the circle.
This acceleration
is
expended in
changing the direction of motion of the body.
The equations of motion

volving body are
a
of the re-
=
r
vT =
^
=
a =
V
7rr
47rV
-f2-
constant velocity of particle in feet per second,
constant acceleration toward center in feet per

sec.^,
83
= radius of circular path in feet,

T = time of 1 revolution in seconds,
7r2 = 9.8696+.
r
If the
body moves with a variable velocity, then:

tangential acceleration
normal acceleration
-r.
Centrifugal Force
The
centrifugal force of a revolving body, in pounds,
is
47rWr
p ^Wf^ ^
g/2
gr ~
or in terms of the
number
of
revolutions, iVi, per
minute
F=
0.00034 WrNi^
W = weight of revolving body in pounds,

V
t
=
=
=
velocity of
time of
body
in feet per second,
revolution in seconds,
distance from axis of rotation to the center of
gravity of the body, in feet,
acceleration of gravity (32.16).
Flywheel
The energy
of rotation of a flywheel
K.E.
is
=^ = IttHN^
= polar moment of inertia about the axis of rotation,

CO = angular velocity in radians per second,
N = number of revolutions per second.
I
84
The energy
in speed
is
E=
stored in a rim flywheel
W
~
(S^max
by a variation
S^min) foot-pOUnds,
W = weight of flywheel
pounds,
in
= maximum rim speed in feet per second,

Sndn = minimum rim speed in feet per second
g = acceleration of gravity (32.16).
The rim speed in feet per second is 5 = IwRN,
Smax
where
is
is
the speed in revolutions per second, and
the radius of the wheel in feet, measured from the
center of gravity of the rim section.*
Hence, the energy stored
E=
of the flywheel
Substitute for
the required stored energy in foot-
Assume some convenient value
then solve for the weight

is
is
W=
speed
foot-pounds
and the weight
pounds.
is
R, in
for
in pounds.
If the
feet;
rim
too high (average about 35 feet per second for
cast iron or 150 feet per second for steel), the value of
must be reduced.
iVmax iVmin,
The
ratio of the speed variation,
to the average speed
may be
taken as
follows for different types of machines:
Hammers
0.20
Punches
0.05
Ordinary machinery
0.03
Textile
and paper machinery
Electric generators
* This value of
of
is
is
approximately correct.
the radius of gyration of the flywheel.
0.02
0.005
The
exact value
85
Simple Pendulum
The time
of oscillation in seconds from one extreme
position to the other
is
^ g
I
=
=
length of pendulum in feet,

acceleration of gravity (32.16 approx.).
The period
of the
pendulum
is
^ g
The seconds-pendulum makes one
oscillation per
second from one extreme position to the other;

length in feet
is
Work and Energy

For a uniform
force,
W
a
g
W
Ft = mv = ^v
F = ma =
FS
=\mi? =
-;y-
^ g
F =
constant applied force in pounds,
= constant acceleration in feet/sec.^,

m = mass of body,
W = weight of body in pounds,
seconds,
V = velocity acquired after
mv = momentum,
s = space passed over in feet,
g = acceleration of gravity (32.16 feet/sec.^).
a
its
86
The impulse I
time
of the constant force
equals the change of
where u
is
Ft
during the
momentum,
= mv mu
the initial velocity and v the final velocity.
If the force is variable,
then impulse equals
=x Fdt
The work done by a uniform
force
is
W = Fs = imv^
The work done by a
variable force equals
W=rFds
The
kinetic energy of a body of mass m, moving
with a velocity
v,
equals i mv^.
Direct Central Impact
two bodies of the same material,

and Wi pounds, the velocities
weighing respectively
after impact are
For the impact
of
= Wu + WiUi eWi
{u
ui)
W+Wi
= Wu + WiUi + eW
(u
ui)
'
W+Wi
u = original velocity of W in feet /second,
V = velocity of W after impact,
Vi
Ui
Vi
=
=
=
original velocity of
velocity of
Wi
Wi,
after impact,
coeflQcient of restitution.
Values of
e,
87
the coefficient of restitution, for different
materials are as follows:

glass
on
glass
ivory on ivory
cast iron
on cast iron
lead on lead
=
=
=
=
.94
0.81
0.66
0.2
The sum of the momenta of two bodies after impact

equals the sum of their momenta before impact,
Wv
WiVi
Wu
WiUi
Two
inelastic
common
velocity
bodies
in
_
"
after
impact move with a
+ W2V2
W1 + W2
WiVi
which
Wi =
W2 =
Vi =
V2 =
weight of
first
body,
weight of second body,

original velocity of first body,
original velocity of second body.
Composition and Resolution of Forces
The resultant
of the forces
Fi and F2 acting at a point

is
VFi^
which
R=
in
degrees
2 F1F2 cos
between
+ F2'
angle in
the
is
(9
two
the
forces.
The direction
of
tan a
is
determined by the relation

F2 sin d
=
Fi
+ F2Cosd
88
in which
and R.
the
is
angle
between Fi
degrees
in
The rectangular components
of a force
acting in
a given direction are
= RcosB
=
Y RsinS
in
which
the
is
horizontal
component of R, Y is the normal

component of Rj and d is the angle
in degrees between R and X,
The resultant
of several forces acting in different
directions at a point
is
R = VX^+
in
F2
which
Fi cos
Oi
+f
+FzCose,+
Y =
Fi sin
01
+ F2
+ F3sin^3+
where
Fi,
jF2,
cos
.
$2
'
sin 62
F3, etc., are the
given forces, and
^1, 62, ds, etc.,
are the angles in degrees between the given forces
and
the horizontal axis.
Friction
F =
friction in
N=
/ =
normal force in pounds,
pounds,
:^
coefficient of friction.
F = fN
Angle of
friction
</>
i| =
tan"
tan-V
Average values for /, the
motion are as follows:
89
coefficient of friction, for
Character of contact
Wood on wood
Metal on wood
Metal on metal, dry
Metal on metal, lubricated
Leather on metal, dry
Leather on metal, lubricated
0.25-0.50
0.50-0.60
0.15-0.24
0.075
0.56
0.15
Belt Friction
P and Q are the forces at the ends of the belt, P being

the greater force.
F=
N=
6
resultant force of friction,
normal reaction
angle
of pulley,
radians
in
sub-
tended by the arc of

contact,
/ =
or in
coefficient of friction.
common
logarithms
logio^
The value
of
0.434/^
the condition of
from 0.15 to 0.6 depending on

belt and pulley, but, in general, it is
varies
approximately correct to assume/
0.3.
Inclined Plane
Equations of motion of a body sliding down an

incline under the action of its own weight.
90
For a
frictionless plane:
acceleration along plane
(1)
dh
dt
seconds
(2)
velocity after
(3)
velocity at
(4)
distance traveled in
(5)
time of sliding
bottom
g [sin^
down plane
^/l gh,
seconds
-^-^
=vi
friction
acceleration along plane
tg sin 6,
of plane
For an inclined plane with

(1)
g sin0,
d^s
= 3^
fcosd],
which
in
/=
coefl&cient of friction.
Conditions for the equilibrium of a body resting on
an
incline:
W = weight of body,
F =
N=
=
/ =
6
applied force,
normal pressure on plane,

inclination of plane in degrees,
coefl&cient of friction.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
For a
frictionless plane:
When
(1)
91
the balancing force
applied parallel to
is
the inclined plane,
F=
N
(2)
When
Wsmd
= WcosS
the applied force acts horizontally,
F =
IF tan
(9,
N=^W seed.
For an inclined plane with
(1)
When
friction:
the balancing force acts parallel to the
incline,
TF
sin
(61=1= (90
cos (^0
in
which
e'
(2)
When
= tan-V
the applied force acts horizontally,
F = WtSin(dzL 6')
Stress
area
is
The
in
is
distributed force;
its
intensity per unit
generally expressed in pounds per square inch.

elastic limit of a material
pounds per square inch that
is
the
will
maximum
stress
be followed by a
complete recovery of form, after the removal of the

stress.
Permanent set is the change in form of a member

when stressed beyond its elastic limit.
The ultimate strength of a material is the least stress
in
pounds per square inch that
will
produce rupture.
92
Modulus
of elasticity
number obtained by
pounds per square inch by
is
dividing the actual stress in
the
the corresponding elongation per inch.
The factor
of safety
is
ing the ultimate strength
the factor obtained
by the actual
by
stress in
divid-
pounds
per square inch.
Tension and Compression

For direct
stress,
uniformly distributed,
p =
stress in
P =
total load in
F =
cross-sectional area in square inches.
pounds per square inch,

pounds,
F_Pl
I
E=
modulus
of elasticity in tension or compression,
=
=
X =
length of
member
in inches
elongation per inch length,

total elongation in inches.
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93
94
Angular Distortion and Shear

Shearing stress, uniformly distributed equals
Ps=p
P=
load,
F =
area.
For torsion:
E.
Es
b
=^
= modulus of elasticity in shear,

= angle of distortion in radians.
The modulus
Note.
of elasticity in shear
great as in compression or tension.
Torsion of Circular Shafts
ea
Pa = pjp
Ps
eotEs
oilpEi
^^
32
Pa='^
^^
16
Horsepower
=
a =
/ =
e =
b
lirPaN
jj^^qq^^2
helix angle of distortion in radians,

radial angle of distortion in radians,
length of shaft in inches,

radius of shaft in inches.
is
f as
p^
95
pounds per square
greatest shearing stress in
inch existing in shaft,
Eg = modulus of elasticity in shear,

Ip = polar moment of inertia of circular section
(see
table of standard sections),
P=
force in
pounds producing
torsion, that
is,
the
turning force,
lever
diameter of shaft in inches,
revolutions per minute.
arm
of force
in inches,
In deriving the above formulae, the torsion
with lever arm
the consideration of any

stresses, and, in
treated
same turning moment, Pa, as
as due to a couple of the
the single force
is
This eliminates
a.
stresses other
than shearing
applying these formulae to the case of
a single driving
force,
bending stresses and bearing
friction are neglected.
Flexure of
When
beam
is
Beams
by a
strained
vertical load, the
greatest strain will be in the extreme

fibers of the
beam.
The
can be borne by the extreme

pressed and the lower
beam
when
is
fibers is the limit of the
The upper
strength of the beam.
upper and lower
intensity of the strain that
fibers
fibers
are stretched
are
com-
when a
loaded between supports; the converse holds
it is
loaded beyond supports.
or near the center of the
beam
Somewhere along
the fibers are neither
extended nor compressed; the plane of these fibers

called the neutral surface.
The
the neutral surface with any cross-section of the

is
the neutral axis of the section.
is
line of intersection of
beam
96
If the stresses
remain within the
elastic
Umits of the
material in both tension and compression, and pro-
vided the modulus of elasticity
is
the same for both
kinds of stress, then the neutral axis of the section

passes through
The
center of gravity.
its
elastic curve
is
the curve assumed
by a beam
under load.
The bending moment for any section of a beam is

the algebraic sum of the moments of the external or
appUed forces acting on the beam on one side of the
Thus,
section.
the
for
beam shown, the bending

moment about A is
1
M = Rix- Pa
<
jA
The bending moment,
M,
of
any section
merically
moment
equal
'
'^
nuthe
Ri
R2
of resistance of
the section, which

of the
is
to
'
beam
is
the resistance which the particles
offer to distortion.
The moment
of resistance equals
PL =
e
M = bending moment
stress per unit area at the
distance of extreme element of
outermost element of
the section,
beam from neutral
axis,
rectangular
about
its
moment
of inertia of
beam
section
horizontal gravity axis.
In designing the proper cross-section for a beam, the
maximum bending moment
(given for standard cases
Beam
under
Loadings)
pi
equated to ^-.
is
may
called the section modulus,
97
The term
I
-,
be obtained from the
The value
table of standard sections of beams.
must not exceed the maximum allowable

The
unit area for the material of the beam.
of
stress per
maximum
allowable stress equals the ultimate strength divided
by the factor of
The equation
curvature
may
and
its
radius of
be found ^rom the relations:
EI
pi
^,
j^jd^y
=^=--=/^(approx.)
ilf
E=
safety.
of the elastic curve
modulus
of elasticity of material of
beam
in
tension or compression,
p
{x, y)
=
=
radius of curvature of the elastic curve,
coordinates of any point on the elastic curve.
The deflection
of a
beam
at
any point
is
obtained by
substituting, in the equation of the elastic curve, the
particular value of x in question,
and solving
for the
corresponding value of y, which equals the deflection.

The maximum deflection occurs at the section for
which
=
^
ax
0.
Shear
The
beam
moment
vertical shear in a
derivative of the bending
Vertical shear
where
is
the bending
is
=J =
moment
equal to the
first
in respect to x, thus
-^
ax
(expressed as a func-
tion of x).
The value
of the vertical shear for
any particular
98
section
of
is
found by substituting the corresponding value
X in the expression for -7
The
result
is
the re-
quired vertical shear.
The maximum bending moment is found by equating -7
value of
X,
0,
and then solving
This particular value of x
equation
the
resulting
for the corresponding
of
is
substituted in
ikf,
and the
maximum
bending
the bending moment,'
expression
equals
the
moment.
The horizontal shear

neutral surface (that
is,
in
a plane parallel to the
the surface in which neither
tension nor compression occurs), and at a distance z"
from
it,
equals
X
where /
y"
/
=
=
=
(in
pounds /sq. inch)
-77^
zdF
total vertical shear in pounds,
width of beam section at z" in inches,

rectangular
moment
of inertia of entire sec-
tion about the horizontal gravity axis,
Jz dF
area in square inches of that portion of the

section above 2" multiplied
tance in inches of
above the neutral
its
axis.
Beam Loadings
M = bending moment,
Mm =
maximum
bending moment,
= deflection at any point,

= maximum deflection,
P = concentrated load,
y
d
W=
uniformly distributed load.
by the
dis-
center of gravity
Cantilever
Beam
with Concentrated Load

at the Free End
M = P{l-x)
<A
Mn.=Pl
^P_ll^_
EI\2
d
m^
= PP
3 EI
shear
moment
Cantilever
M=
W{1-
Beam
with Uniform Load
xf
21
Wl
Mr
Wx^{ll^+{11-Xf\
lÊIl
d
8 EI
99
lOD
Beam
Supported at Both Ends and Loaded

with a Concentrated Load at Center
M=
-7yX
^
Px (3/2-4 x^)
48 /
shear
1
d=-
48 EI
moment
Beam
M = Wx
{I
Supported at Both Ends and

Uniformly Loaded
x)
y//////^^//////A
21
_Wl
yr
= Wx {P -2lx^ +
= 5WP
X?)
24 Ell
384 EI
moment^
Beam
lOI
Supported at Both Ends and Loaded

at Any Point
i-X-i
'
^^^
1
^bJfK^
R,l
.R2
shear
M=
x<a
Pbx
,,
= -7
M
x>a
a)
V
P{x
Pab
M,
x< a
y^zwi^'^^"-''"-'^
^ =
Pa {I
^
'v
occurring
when
x) .^ J
(2 Ix
6 Ell
x^
Pb
,,^y3{2ab
+ a^y
27 Ell
x
v3
(2 ab
+ a^)
^
2\
a^)
x> a
I02
Beam Supported at Both Ends and Loaded with

Two Concentrated Loads at Equal Distances
from Each End
1
i*- a
1
-J
1
1
'
--^
,
"
shear
Mm
moment
M =Px
M = Pa
x<a
x> a
M^ = Pa
_ Px
x< a
^ Pa (2>lx-Zx^^
6/
'^
6ElW
aA
a^)
x> a
Beam Fixed
at
One End, Supported
and with a Concentrated Load
at
103
at the Other,
Any Point
^4
X';
A4^
Ri
]R,
shear
i?i
= Pa2
R2
(3
a)
2^
P-Ri
M = P(a-x)-Ri(l-x)
M = Ri{x-l)
M.
= Ri{l-
a)
6 EI
(i?i:!c
6/
{Riofi
i?i?x2
+ 3 Pax^ - Po^)
x<
3 i?ik2
+ 3 Pa^^ - Pa?)
x> a
6 EI
occurring
x< a
x> a
when
'-'i^-î^J
I04
Beam Fixed
at
One End, Supported
at the
and Uniformly Loaded
y/}iiniiiiiii}^^niimiiK
"moment
J?l
i?2
iw
iw
M=
^ =
4:X){1-X)
Wl
8
Wx"
y = AS Ell {l-x){Sl- 2x)
d = 0.0054
occurring
when
EI
= 0.5785/
Other
Beam
105
Fixed at Both Ends and Loaded at the

Center
shear
ft
1
Mm
Mmj\^
flioment
M = |(4x-0
M = 8
48 /
<Z
192 EI
tm
io6
Beam Fixed at Both Ends and Uniformly Loaded
w
wi
12
=
24 Ell
- xy
WP
384 EI
COLUMNS
Note.
The breaking
load in Euler's and in Gordon's
formula, and the safe load in Ritter's formula are in
pounds.
In
all of
the formulae for columns, the length,
and
same units (generally
radius of gyration, k,
I,
must be expressed
inches).
Euler's Formula
(1)
Column with round

breaking load
ends,
= El'^=irÊF
(pj
in the
Column with
(2)
= 4/^ =
îrÊF
(^j
Pin-and-square column (column with one end
(3)
round and the other
flat),
breaking load
in
ends,
flat
breaking load
107
= -EI j^ = -wÊF
Ij^j
which
E =
modulus
of elasticity of material of
column
in
tension or compression,
rectangular
moment
about neutral
=
F =
k =
I
of inertia of cross-section
axis,
length of column,
area of cross-section in sq. inches,
least radius of gyration of section.
Gordon's or Rankine's Formula

(1)
Column with
flat
ends,
breaking load
1+
(2)
HI)
Colunrn with rounded ends,

breaking load
(3)
"" 2
FC
rrrg
Pin-and-square column,
breaking load
FC
rrr^
io8
in
which
F =
C =
area of cross-section in square inches,

ultimate compressive strength of material
column
=
k =
^ =
I
in
of
length of column,
least radius of gyration of section,
empirical constant.
Values of
/5
and
of C, in
Gordon's formula, are as
follows for different materials:
Material
Hard
Medium
Soft
Wrought
steel
steel
Cast
steel
iron
iron
Timber
70,000
50,000
45,000
36,000
70,000
7200
25,000
36,000
36,000
36,000
6400
3000
(lbs./
sq. in.).
Formula
Ritter's
(1)
Column with
flat ends,
safe load
FC
+ c
(2)
Column with rounded

safe load
ends,
FC
=
i
(3)
/iv
+ ^C-Y
Pin-and-square column,
safe load
FC
=
1
1.78
C /IV
47r2 \k
in
IO9
which
F = area of cross-section in square inches,

C = maximum safe compressive stress of material
column
of

= compressive stress at elastic limit in pounds per
in
square inch,
E = modulus of elasticity for tension or compression,

I = length of column,
k = least radius of gyration.
J. B.
Johnson's Formula
Breaking load in pounds;
cross-section in square
inches.
For mild steel:

(1)
Pin-ends,
breaking load
[42,000
0.97
{t)^F
7
(2)
not
> ISO
Flat ends,
^
breaking load
4-9 nnn
[42,000
I
n <S9
0.62
f^V \F
/
(e
not
190
For wrought iron:

(1)
Pin-ends,
breaking load
[34,000
0.67 (i)'\f
I
,
,not>170
no
(2)
Flat ends,
= [34,000 -
breaking load
0.43
(r)^^
(|)not>210
Notation same as in Ritter's formula.

Straight-line
Breaking load in pounds;
Formula
cross-section in square
inches.
For mild steel

(1)
Hinged ends,
breaking load
(2)
Flat ends,
= [52,000 - 179 (^'If
breaking load
For wrought iron

(1)
Hinged ends,
breaking load
(2)
= [52,000 - 220 (^\]f
[42,000
157 (~\
Flat ends,
breaking load
= [42,000 - 128 (^ F
Notation same as in Ritter's formula.
Wooden Columns
The breaking load in pounds
umns with square ends is
for solid
(700+ 15 m)FC
P=
700+l5m + m^
wooden
col-
cross-section in square inches,
ratio of the length,
mension (/,
/,
of the
column
of the cross-section
III
to the least di-
that
is,
w=
^ j,
ultimate compressive strength of material of
column
pounds per square
in
inch.
Values of C, the ultimate compressive strength, for

different kinds of timber are as follows:
White oak and Georgia yellow pine

Douglas fir and short-leaf yellow pine
5000
4500
Ib./sq. in.
fornia spruce
4000
Ib./sq. in.
White pine and cedar
3500
Ib./sq. in.
Red pine,
Ib./sq. in.
spruce, hemlock, cypress, chest-
nut, CaUfornia redwood,
The proper
from 3.5 to
and
Cali-
factor of safety for yellow pine varies
according to the amount of moisture
5,
present in the timber, being greater for larger amounts
For
of moisture.
all
other timbers, the proper factor
from 4 to
of safety varies
5.
CENTERS OF GRAVITY
Plane Figures
Triangle
The C.G.
on a median
line of
the triangle, two-thirds of its length
j^
is
from the vertex.

^
Parallelogram
The C.G.
is
at the inter-
section of the diagonals,
y-2
112
Trapezoid
y
=
3 (a
Quadrant
+ 6)
of Circle
4r
_
^
= 4 rV2
31^
_
^
Quadrant of Ellipse
_
4a
4&
^-.
= 37
Semicircle
4r
= 3^
4
Circular Sector
_
y
2 re
3a
Circular
Segment
^~
113
r sin^ d
3 2
is
(9
sin (2 Q)
in radians
Sector of a Circular Ring
-r^sind
2R^
SR'-r^ d
IZ
Parabolic Segment
3h
ir
Parabolic
Segment
= ib
h.
114
Solids
Hemisphere
Right Pjâmid or Cone
y-i
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF
M=mass
Shape
of figure
of
body=
Description
uniform
SOLIDS
Axis of rotation
(1)
through center
perpendicular
to length
thin rod
(2)
through end
per-
pendicular to
length
thin rectangular
^^
(1)
pendicular to
of
inertia
M/2
M
M
12
plate
(2)
through center
of gravity parallel to side b
thin
(1)
(2)
solid
cylinder,
radius, r
M 12
through center
perpendicular to
plane
circular
plate
r2r^
Moment
through center
of gravity per-
plate
IIS
any diameter
(1) axis of
(2)
cylinder
through center of
gravity, perpendicular to axis
of cylinder
M (î)
^2R
hollowcylinder,
(1) axis of
i?= outer
(2)
radius,
r= inner
radius
solid
sphere,
cylinder
'R2+y
through center
of gravity per-
pendicular to
.)
"(n*
^2+^
axis
through
center
M 2r^
r= radius
hollow
through
sphere,
center
jR= external radius
r= internal radius
/ J?5-y5
M 52 \R^-r^)
ii6
^H
rO
>>
1s
r>
+j
c

|vO
+
fri
f^
>^^
B ?^
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HYDRAULICS
II9
HYDRAULICS
Head and Pressure
The
is
difference in level of water
called the
between two points
head.
The pressure in pounds per square inch
at
any depth
is
p = 0.433 h
in
which
h
0.433
= head or depth in feet of water,

= weight of a column of water 1 foot
1
The
high and
inch in cross-section.
pressure on a
submerged surface
is
always
normal to the surface, and equals
P
h
(in
pounds)
0.433 hF
depth of water in feet from the surface of the

liquid to the center of gravity of the sub-
F=
merged surface,
area of submerged surface
in square inches.
Center of Pressure
The center of pressure
of a
submerged surface
point of application of the resultant of
all
is
the
the fluid
pressures on such surface.
The distance of the center of pressure of a

submerged plate below the liquid surface is
d
(in feet)
vertical
120
F =
i =
area of plate in square feet,

distance in feet from the liquid surface to the
center of gravity of the plate,
la
rectangular
moment
of inertia of plate
the line of intersection of
about
plane with the
its
surface of the liquid.
The distance of the center of pressure of a submerged plate inclined at an angle d with the surface is
d (m
z
feet)
-^-^
rz
h z
distance from the liquid surface to the center

of gravity of the plate in feet,
F =
Ig
area of plate in square feet,
= moment
of inertia of plate
about
its
gravity axis
parallel to the liquid surface.
Flow through Apertures
Due
to friction, the velocity of discharge through an
aperture in a thin plate or plank
per cent below
its
theoretical
is
reduced about 3
value.
Further,
on
leaving the orifice, the jet contracts to approximately
64 per cent
of the area of the aperture.
The theoretical velocity of

aperture, in feet per second,
discharge through a small

is
= VYgh
gravity =
= acceleration of
= head in feet.
The actual velocity

V
(j)
(l>
32.16,
of discharge in feet per second is
VJgh =
coefficient of velocity.
0.97
Vigh
HYDRAULICS
The discharge through
second
the aperture in cubic feet per
is
Q =
C =
F =
121
CF<j>\/Ygh
0.64 (approx.)
0,62
pVlJh
coeflftcient of
contraction,
area of aperture in square feet.
FLOW OF WATER
Bernoulli's
IN PIPES
Theorem
A general
pipes
that
is
is,
method for calculating the flow

given by Bernoulli's theorem*
the
sum
of the velocity
p
head - and the potential head
of flow
at
is
equal to the
any other
sum
head
z at
;r
^ S
of
water in
the pressure
any given section
of the corresponding heads
section, plus the various losses
between
the two sections considered.
=
=
p =
V
I'l
velocity in feet per second at first section,
velocity at second section,
pressure in pounds per square inch at

section,
pi
pressure at second section,
first
122
z
potential head at
first
section in feet, that
is,
the distance of the center of the section
=
=
g
7 =
Zi
above a chosen horizontal reference plane,

potential head at second section,
32.16 (approx.),
weight in pounds of a column of water
high and
1 foot
square inch in cross-section
0.433,
various losses in feet of head between the two

sections of pipe considered.
Losses in Pipes
The
following formulae for losses in pipes enable us
to find the value of the term k appearing in Bernoulli's
theorem.
the total
loss, kj is
the
Loss
The
occur in a section of pipe,
If several losses
loss of
tion of pipe
head
sum
Due
of the separate losses.
to Friction
in feet
due to
friction in
a sec-
is
where
=
I =
V =
/=
diameter of pipe in
feet,
length of pipe in feet,

velocity in feet per second,
coefficient of friction,
and on the
Values of
/,
depending on the velocity,
size of pipe.
the coefficient of friction, for water in
clean iron pipes are as follows (condensed from
Church's '^Mechanics of Engineering
"):
I.
P.
HYDRAULICS
Velocity in
feet per
second
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.0
2.0
3.0
6.0
12.0
20.0
Diam. Diam.
Diam.
in.
-21 :
= 2 in.
1
Diam.
ir-i
0.0417
0.0834
ft.
ft.
= 0.1667
0.0119
0.0113
0.0104
0.00950
0.00810
0.00734
0.00670
0.0%30 0.00614
0.00615 0.00598
Diam.
ft.
ft.
0.00870
0.00850
0.00822
0.00790
0.00731
0.00692
0.00640
0.00590
0.00579
Diam.
Diam.
Diam.
= 4 in. = 8 in. = 12 in. = 16 in. = 20 in.

= 0.333 =0.667 = 1.00 = 1.333 = 1.667
ft.
0.0150
0.0137
0.0124
0.0110
0.00862
0.00753
0.00689
123
0.00763
0.00750
0.00732
0.00712
0.00678
0.00650
0.00605
0.00560
0.00549
ft.
0.00704
0.00693
0.00677
0.00659
0.00624
0.00600
0.00562
0.00522
0.00508
0.00669
0.00657
0.00642
0.00624
0.00593
0.00570
0.00534
00500
0.00485
ft.
0.00623
0.00614
0.00603
0.00588
0.00559
0.00538
00507
0.00478
ft.
0.00578
0.00567
0.00555
0.00529
0.00509
0.00482
0.00457
Loss at Entrance
The
loss of
head
reservoir into a pipe
in
which
eflScient of friction
is
dependent
equal to
is
the co-
is
on
due to entrance from a
in feet
zJyz:~Ir~~ ^
and \_
the
^" """
makes with the inner surface
= ^
~~~^ ~-
\r__rr~_~'/
angle d which the pipe
Values oi Le[
-=->
^-
"
of the reservoir.
in the
above formula are as
follows for different values of 6 (from Church)

^
Le
90
80
70
60
0.505
0.565
0.635
0.713
Thus, when the discharge
is
50
40
30
0.794 0.870 0.987
through a pipe normal to
the inner surface of the reservoir, then ^ equals 90"^
and Le is,
therefore, 0.505, the loss at entrance then being

c,2
0.505
2g
where
velocity of flow in pipe in feet per second.
124
Due
Loss
to
The loss of head

ment of a pipe is
Sudden Enlargement
in feet
due to the sudden enlarge-
.2
(^'J|g
Fi
cross-section area of
the smaller pipe in
square
F =
area
feet,
enlarged
of
section in square feet,

V
feet per
velocity in
second in the enlarged
section.
Due
Loss
The
loss of
of a pipe
head
to
Sudden Contraction
in feet
due to the sudden contraction
is
2g
in
which
V
velocity in feet per
second
in
con-
""
tracted section,
C =
coefficient of
con-
the
value of which
depends on the
traction,
ratio,
of the small section to the large
section.
Values
of
C,
the
coefficient
of
contraction,
for
HYDRAULICS
diflferent
values of
125
are given in the following table
(from Church):
F_
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
0.90
1.0
0.624 0.632 0.643 0.659 0.681 0.712 0.755 0.813 0.892 1.0
Loss
The
pipe
loss of
head
r
V
in feet
to
Bends
due to a bend
in a circular
is
[o- 131
Due
=
=
=
1.847
2g
radius of pipe in feet,

radius of bend in feet,
velocity of flow in feet per second.
Values of Lb for different values of
are as follows:
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
0.131 0.138 0.158 0.206 0.294 0.440 0.661 0.977 1.40 1.98
Flow Through Straight Cylindrical Pipes
Q =
V
I
d
Le
=
=
=
=
discharge in cubic feet per second,

velocity of discharge in feet per second,
diameter of pipe in
feet,
coefficient of loss at entrance.
In general, the
normal to the inner surface of the

For other
reservoir and then Le = 0.505.
pipe
is
cases see Loss at Entrance.
/=
coefficient of friction, obtained
on page 123.
from the table
126
(1)
Required the head
a given flow of
in
required head
/i
which
keep up
cubic feet per second in a clean iron
pipe of given length
The
in feet necessary to
(in feet)
and diameter
d.
is
+ Le + 4/^)
= |^(l
= 4Q
7rd^
(2)
Required the velocity in the pipe, having given
the head h and the length
and the diameter d
pipe; also required the discharge
of the
in cubic feet per
second.
The
velocity in feet per second
'^'
.=
l
and
after solving for
is:
+ Le+4/^
Vy
Q =
lirdh
/ depends on the unknown v as

well as the known J, we may first put / = 0.006 for
a trial approximation and solve for v; then take the
Since the value of
value of/ corresponding to this velocity and substitute

again in the given formula for
v.
One
trial is
generally
sufficient for ordinary accuracy.

(3)
Required the proper diameter d for the pipe to
discharge a given quantity
cubic feet per second,
having given the length of pipe and the head
The proper diameter
in feet
is
^'^'-"^W^c?)'
h.
HYDRAULICS
and d being solved
127
for,
Since the radical contains d,
we must
first
assume a
and taking / = 0.006, substitute in

the above formula for the diameter. Having obtained
a value for d, we solve for the velocity v. With the
approximate values of d and v thus obtained, we find
the corresponding new value of / from the table of
friction, and then substitute again in the formulae.
One or two trials generally give sufficient accuracy.
trial
value for
d,
Flow Through Very Long Pipes
When
a pipe
is
very long (1000 feet or more), the
head, velocity, or discharge,
etc.,
may
be calculated
from the formulae:

I
/f
1?
= 4/- r
dig.
(Chezy's formula)
40
Notation same as in preceding section.
FLOW THROUGH OPEN CHANNELS

Bazin's Formula
The
velocity of flow in a channel in feet per second
=
0.552
+ -^
Vr
is
28
r
= mean
hydraulic radius in feet, which
by dividing
is,
by the wetted perimeter
with the water),
slope of stream (that
is,
the difference in eleva-
between two points
tion
divided
in feet
the perimeter of the channel section
in contact
fou'nd
the area of the fluid cross-section
in square feet
(that
is
of the
water surface
by the distance between the two
points measured along the surface),
m=
coefficient of roughness, the values of
which are
given in the following table.
Character
of
channel
Value
Very smooth cement surfaces or planed boards.

Concrete, well-laid brick, unplaned boards
Ashlar, good rubble masonry, poor brickwork.
Earth beds in perfect condition
Earth beds in ordinary condition
Earth beds in bad condition covered with debris
.
of
0.06
0.16
0.46
0.85
1.30
1.75
Kutter's Formula
The
velocity of flow in a channel in feet per second
equals
0.00281
,, ^^
41.65 H
,
where
and
,s
1.811
are as in Bazin's formula.
Values for n^ the coefficient of roughness, are as

follows:
HYDRAULICS
129
Value of n
Character of channel
Planed timber, glazed or enameled surfaces.

Smooth clean cement
Unplaned timber, new well-laid brickwork.
.
Smooth stonework, ordinary brickwork,

Rough ashlar and good rubble masonry
Firm gravel
iron.
Earth in ordinary condition

Earth with stones, weeds, etc
Earth or gravel in bad condition
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.017
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
FLOW OVER WEIRS

complete when no edge of the weir is
flush with the sides or bottom of the channel.
Contraction is incomplete when one or more sides
of the weir have an interior border flush with the sides
or bottom of the channel.
Contraction
is
Francis'
The
flow over a weir in cubic feet per second

(2
in
Formula
1 [0.622
h{h-
tV nh)
is
VYgh]
which
= head in feet of water on weir,
b = width of weir in feet,
n =
n =
n =
2 for complete contraction,

I
ior
for
one end of weir flush with side of channel,
both ends
of
weir flush with sides of
channel.
Bazin's Formula for Weirs
For
overfall- weirs
with end contractions suppressed,
the flow in cubic feet per second
is
130
in
which the
coefficient
n has the value
n = 0.6075
=
b =
p =
h
0.0148
h
water on weir,
depth in feet
of
width of weir
in feet,
height in feet of the
bottom
of the
sill
of the weir
above the
channel of approach.
STRESSES IN PIPES AND CYLINDERS

Pressure in Pipes
The
tensile stress in
due to internal
pounds per square inch
in
a pipe
fluid pressure is:
For thin pipes,
P'
fp
^
For thick pipes or cylinders,
p(r+t)
=
t =
p =
r
inside radius of pipe in inches,
thickness of pipe in inches,

excess
of
internal
over
external
pressure
in
pounds per square inch.

If
is
the required factor of safety, then:
For thin pipes,
= S-^
For thick pipes or cylinders,

rp
t
in
which
P =
P- pS
and p are as above, and
ultimate tensile strength of material of pipe (see
Table of Strength of Materials).
FLOW OF FLUIDS
Collapsing of
The
pressure
collapsing
Tubes
for
Bessemer
welded tubes, for lengths greater than
p =1000 (1
-y
p = 86670 3
a
I31
- I6O0Q
steel
lap-
six diameters, is
when ^
<
0.023
>
0.023
or
when
1386
-.
(Stewart's equations)
which
in
excess
external over internal pressure
of
pounds per square
in
inch,
outside diameter of tube in inches,
thickness of tube wall in inches.
FLOW OF FLUIDS
Flow
The weight
of Air
pounds discharged per second

into the atmosphere is
of air in
from a reservoir
M=0.^3F-|L
or
Through Apertures
when
pi>2pa
Fliegner's
M = 1.06 F J tAhlJ:A
pi
reservoir pressure in
equations
when pi<2pa
pounds per square inch
absolute,
pa
atmospheric pressure (14.7 pounds per square

inch)
F =
T\ =
cross-section of aperture in square inches,
absolute temperature of reservoir (degrees Fahr.
+ 459-6).
132
Flow
of
M = 0.0165
M = ^ when
Steam Through Apertures

(Grashof's formula)
Fpi'-^'
pi> ^p2
Pp2. Iîpl-
1^
P2)
Grashof's formula applies

less
=
p2 =
F =
pi
Q=
when
the final pressure
is
steam discharged per second,

reservoir pressure in pounds per square inch,
final pressure in pounds per square inch,
cross-section of aperture in square inches.
of
Q=
of
Flow
^ 5
T_
than 58 per cent of the reservoir pressure.
M = pounds
Napier's
equations
=
=
=
=
Gas
1000
in Pipes
y^
(Molesworth)
quantity of gas in cubic feet per hour,
diameter of pipe in inches,

length of pipe in yards,
pressure in inches of water,
specific gravity of gas relative to air.
Flow
^
of Air in Pipes
114.5
y^
h
d
= head in inches of water,

= diameter of pipe in inches,
velocity in feet per second,
(Hawksley)
FLOW OF FLUIDS
133
L =
Q =
quantity in cubic feet per second.
Flow
of
Compressed Air
i.0.U61v/^'.
Q =
volume
air,
in Pipes
0.1161
in cubic feet per
v^^'
minute
of
compressed
at 62 F.,
Qi = volume before compression, at 62 F.,

r = pressure in atmospheres,
p = difference in pressures in pounds per
sq. inch,
causing the flow,
=
L =
d
diameter of pipe in inches,

length of pipe in feet.
Flow
of
Steam
in Pipes
(Babcock)
=
w =
weight of steam flowing in pounds per minute,

density in pounds per cubic foot of the steam
at the entrance to the pipe,
pi
p2
pressure
in
pounds per square inch at the
entrance,
=
L =
d
pressure at exit,
diameter in inches,
length of pipe in feet.
134
ELECTRICITY
OHMIC RESISTANCE
The
resistance of a uniform electric conductor at
0 Centigrade
is
given
by the formula:
R (in
L =
A =
p
ohms)
p-j
length of conductor in inches,

cross-section in square inches,
resistivity of
conductor at 0
C,
values of which
are given in the following table.
TABLE OF RESISTIVITIES
(Resistivity is the resistance in ohms between any two
opposite faces of a 1 inch cube of the material)*
Resistivity at
Metal
0C.
Aluminium (annealed)
Aluminium (commercial)
Aluminium bronze
Bismuth (compressed)
.
Brass
Copper (drawn)
Copper (annealed)
German
silver
Gold (annealed)
Iron (wrought)
Lead (compressed)
Magnesium
Mercury
Nickel (annealed)
Platinum (annealed)
Silver (annealed)
Tin
Tungsten
Zinc (pressed)
1.14 XlO-^
1.05 XlO-6
4.96 XlO-^
51.2
XlO-6
2.82 XlO-^
0.637x10-6
0.625x10-6
8.23 XlO-6
0.803x10-6
3.82 XlO-6
7.68 XlO-6
1.72 XlO-6
XlO-6
37.1
4.89 XlO-6
3.53 XlO-6
0.575x10-6
5.16 XlO-6
2.
X10-
2.28 XlO-6
* This definition applies to English units and to the numerical values

given in the table. In general, resistivity is the resistance of a unit cube.
ELECTRICITY
The resistance
135
a conductor at any temperature
of
IS
(1
in
ah)
which
Ri
= known
resistance at a temperature h degrees
Centigrade,
R<2,
required resistance at a temperature
h degrees
Centigrade,
a = temperature
coefficient of electrical resistance,
the value of which
is
given for different metals
in the following table.
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

Temp,
Metal
coeffi-
cient (approx.)
forlC.
Aluminium (commercial)
Copper (annealed)
German
silver
Gold (annealed)
Iron (wrought)
Mercury
Platinum
Silver
Tungsten
Zinc (pressed)
0.00435
0.00388
0.00036
0.00365
0.00463
0.00072
0.00247
0.00377
0.00570
0.00365
The temperature coefficient of a material is its increase in resistance

each degree Centigrade rise in temperature, and it is expressed as a decimal
Note.
for
fraction of the resistance at 0 C.
136
u
Qi .J
moo
o
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o trfso
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f<^<N<N
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ELECTRICITY
fsoov
oôô
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m-Tf-^t-
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cNo^r^
00
137
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138
Ohm's Law
E = IR
or
=
E=
R =
I
current in amperes,
electromotive force in volts,

resistance in ohms.
The proper
size of
current circuit on
copper conductors
wire in circular mils for any direct
a two-wire system
if
the resistance
of
is
cm. =
or
consisting
10.8
X 2dXl
-g
required,
is
2dXl
where
=
E =
/ =
d =
cm. =
r
resistance per foot of wire in
ohms,
volts drop in line,

total line current in amperes,
distance from source to load in feet,

cross-section of conductor in circular mils.
Resistance of Circuits
The
resultant of several resistances in series equals
R=
where
The
ri, ^2, ^3, etc.,
ri
+ + r3+
r2
is
given
are the separate resistances.
resultant of several
multiple
by the
resistances in parallel or
relation:
1+1+1+..
n
r2
Tz
ELECTRICITY
R is
139
the total or combined resistance; and
ri, ^2, rs,
etc.,
are the separate resistances.
Power and Energy

The power
in watts
in Direct Current Circuits
expended
a resistance
in
is
P = EI = PR
E =
=
R =
current in amperes,
resistance in ohms.
The energy transformed
into heat in a time
seconds
is
when the
current, /,
= EIt= PRt
is
constant;
or, if
the current
is
variable, energy equals
!>i^Rdt
h
where
the instantaneous value of the current,
is
expressed as a function of
The power
in
any two-wire
P (in
where
cuit
is
and /
t.
direct current circuit is
watts)
= EI
the volts between the terminals of the

is
cir-
the current in amperes.
MOTORS AND GENERATORS

The frequency
in cycles per
second
is
given
relation:
_ R.P.M.
" 60
^2
R.P.M. = speed in revolutions per minute,

P = number of poles.
by the
I40
Equations of Direct Current Motor
The armature current
of a motor, during starting, is
Ra
H~
Rx
which
in
E =
=
Ra =
Rx
e
impressed voltage,
counter-electromotive force,
armature resistance in ohms,

resistance of grid or rheostat in series with
armature.
At
full
speed,
^""
e
E- e
Ra
K(j>f
E =IaJla+e=IaRa+K<t>f
E - K(j>f
Ra
IgRa
K<t>
f = frequency
</)
in cycles per second,*
total field flux in
magnetic
lines,
cutting arma-
ture conductors,
constant for any given machine.
4/
77^>
where
t is
the
number
of
Its value is
armature turns
in series.
*
Frequency, in the case of a direct current machine, refers to
the frequency of alternation in the armature windings, not, of

course, in the external circuit*
ELECTRICITY
141
Equations of Direct Current Generator
E = e=
E=
la =
Ra =
e
R =
laRa
generated voltage,
terminal voltage,
armature current
in
amperes,
armature resistance in ohms.
resistance of load in ohms.
E^RIa
e=E+IaJla=Ia(R+Ra)
Torque
The torque
of a
dynamo
in foot-pounds equals
T=
KI
where
<^
total field flux in
magnetic
lines, cutting
arma-
ture conductors,
=
=
armature current in amperes,

constant term for any given dynamo.
is
2.348
'
tP,
Its value
being the number of arma-
ture turns in series,
and
the total
number
of poles.
The torque
of a
motor
in terms of the
^^ 33,000 H.P.
or solving for horsepower,
H.P.
lirTn
IwRFn
33,000
33,000
horsepower
is
142
n = number
of revolutions per
T =
torque in foot-pounds,
R=
F =
radius of pulley in feet,
minute,
turning force in pounds.
Induced Voltage
'
^WTt
^^^^'
= number
If
the turns cut across a uniform
of turns.
to the lines of force, then
cut per second.

of
dci>
^ in
The
efifective
equals the
-j-
Otherwise,
respect to
t,
(j>
field,
is
the
at right angles
number
first
of lines
derivative
being expressed as a function of
/.
voltage induced in the windings of a
generator, motor, or transformer,
etc., is
given by
the relation:
^ = V2Tfn(t>
4.44/^0
-I^=--li-
This formula
is
generally quite accurate, being derived
on the assumption
/ = frequency
=
n =
(l>
,,
volts
of
uniform flux distribution.
in cycles per second,
number of lines of magnetic force,

effective number of turns.
If all the turns are
grouped in one coil, then n equals the total
number of turns. Otherwise, if the winding
total
is
distributed over k electrical degrees (as in
the armature of a motor or generator), then
the effective number of turns isn
N being
the total
number
of turns.
ELECTRICITY
143
i
The average induced voltage
4^
Ewhere n
is
the
number
of
of
dynamo
is
volts
armature turns in
series.
Inductance
Inductance, L,
is
the
number
of interHnkages of flux
with turns, per unit current,
L
in
(henrys)
j^
which
= number of turns,
/ = current in amperes,
= number of Hues of magnetic
force interhnking
(j>
with the turns.
The
The
theoretical unit of inductance

practical unit of inductance
is
is
the centimeter.
the henry, which
equals 10^ centimeters.
The counter-electromotive force
in
an inductive
circuit is
^ di
provided the inductance, L,
The
total voltage
is
constant.
consumed by an inductive
circuit
E.ir+L%
the inductance, L, being constant.
r is the resistance of the circuit in
first
derivative of
with respect to
expressed as a function of
t.
^,
ohms, and
di
-r-
is
the current
the
being
144
The inductance
in henrys of
an air-core circular
coil is
0.366
L =
Viooo/
F'
106+ 12c + 2Jg

106+ 10c+ lAR
F" =
0.51ogio( 100
XF'F"
UR
+ 2 & + 3 c/
length of conductor in feet.
- -T
f
1-
t
1
All other dimensions are in inches
and
as indicated in
the diagram.
The inductance,
per 1000 feet
L -
105
L, of a concentric cable in henrys
is
X
4.6
J?o^
j^+4.61og.o^+^^^,_^,^,
^0
3Ro^-
R^
l
where
=
R =
r
radius of inner metallic conductor,
distance from center of cable to the inner surface of the outer metallic conductor,
Ro=
distance from center of cable to the outer surface of the outer metallic conductor.
ELECTRICITY
The values
of
r,
145
R, and Rq must be expressed in the same
units.
The
two- wire transmis-
total inductance, L, of a
sion circuit in henry s per 1000 feet
3.048
(^^
is
D-r
where
/zi
IX
= permeabihty of the metal

Ml = 1,
= permeability of medium
air,
D=
jjL=
conductor; for copper,
separating wires;
for
ly
distance between the two lines, measured from
center to center,
r
radius of conductor, in
same unit as D.
Capacity
The unit
is
of capacity
is
the farad.
very large, the microfarad, which
a farad,
is
is
being equal to
The charge
is
the centimeter, 9
one-millionth of
The theoretical
used as the practical unit.
unit of capacity
Since the farad
10^^ centimeters
farad.
of a condenser, Q,
seconds or coulombs, and
may
measured in amperebe calculated by the
is
formula:
Q = CE
from which
^=1
and
where
C =
E=
capacity in farads,
potential across the terminals of the condenser
m volts.
146
The capacity
of a plate
C =
22AS
d X
condenser
KA
is
microfarads
where
A =
total area in square inches of all the dielectric
sheets separating the condenser plates,
average thickness in inches of one sheet of the

dielectric,
inductivity of the dielectric, average values of
which are given
in the following table for
different materials.
Induc-
Materials
tivity
Air (at standard pressure).

Manilla paper
Paraffin, solid
Ebonite
India rubber
SheUac
Oil
Glass
Mica
Condensers in
densers are connected
C, equals the
sum
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.10
6.00
When two
Parallel.
or
more con-
in parallel, the resultant capacity,

of
the separate capacities, thus
C=Ci+C2 + C3+ ....

Condensers in Series.
When two
or
more con-
densers of capacities Ci, C2, C3, etc., are connected in

series,
the resultant capacity
is
C =
-^
+ ^- + ^ +
ELECTRICITY
The
147
capacity, C, of a concentric cable per 1000 feet
in microfarads
is
7.37
C =
lOOOlogioP
in
which
p
Po
=
=
radius of inner metallic conductor,
distance from center of cable to the inner surface of the outer metallic conductor, in the
same unit
The
as p.
capacity, C, of a two-wire transmission line
per 1000 feet in microfarads
is
given approximately by
the formula:
3.68
C=
lOOOlogio^
r
if
the lines are not close to the ground.
D=
distance between the two wires of the trans-
mission
r
The
radius of
measured from center to center,

conductor, in same unit as D.
line,
differential equations of a
dg
idt
charge
dq
cde
condenser are
j idt
de
Alternating Current Circuits
The shape
of the voltage or current
by an alternator
curve.
is,
wave produced
in general, nearly that of a sine
Alternating current calculations are, therefore,
usually worked out on this assumption.
148
The number
is
of cycles or complete
the frequency of the current, and the time required
for
the
current
complete one
is
waves per second
to
cycle
a period.
The average
value
of the current
voltage
is
the
average of
all
the
or
ordinates of the curve of one half- wave.
The
value of an alternating current or voltage

root of the
sum
of
is
effective
the square
the squares of the instantaneous
values of a half-wave.
If
E is
the
maximum voltage of
a half-cycle of a sine
wave,
average voltage
2
=-
= 0.636^
TT
eflfective
Similarly,
if
the
voltage
= rzE =
maximum
average current =
current
0.707
is /,
-/ = 0.636/
TT
effective current
When the voltage reaches
= 77^/ = 0.707/
a definite value in the cycle
sooner than the current reaches
its
corresponding value,
the voltage and current are out of phase with each

other; the voltage
to be lagging.
is
said to be leading,
Phase difference
is
and the current
always expressed in
degrees; a complete cycle equals 360 degrees.
ELECTRICITY
149
Alternating Voltage and Current
E = IZ
or
=
=
Z =
current in amperes,
impedance
ohms.
in
Impedance and Reactance
=
=
=
X
z
The
relation
pedance
a right
is
ohms
reactance in ohms
impedance in ohms
resistance in
between resistance, reactance, and im-
the same as that between the three sides of
triangle.
= z cos a
X = zsina
r
a =
tan ^r
VrM^
Inductive Circuits
The inductive reactance

Xl
where
/ = frequency
L =
ohms
is
27r/L
inductance in henrys.
The impedance
z
in
in
ohms
is
VrM^ = V/'2+47r2/2L2
150
Circuits having Capacity
The capacity reactance
in
ohms
is
ItJC
/ = frequency
where
C =
capacity in farads.
The impedance
ohms
in
is
Circuits having Inductance
The reactance
X
in
xl
The impedance
z
ohms
and Capacity
is
+ xc=
2 tt/L
j^
ohms equals
in
= Vr^+{xL + xcY
Waves
Vector Representation of Sine
A sine wave of voltage

by a
vector, the
or current
may
magnitude or length
of
be represented
which
to the effective value of the sine wave.
times more convenient to
equal the
vector
is
maximum
It is
value of the sine wave.
by
it is
it;
equal
some-
the length of the vector
let
generally denoted
dot directly beneath
is
The
a capital letter, with a
expressed in terms of
its
rectangular components, which determine the magni-
tude of the vector and

coordinate axes.
its
direction relative to the
Thus, the vector
is
written
E = e + je'
in
which
where
denotes the horizontal or real component of the
ELECTRICITY
and
vector,
e'
The imaginary
151
the vertical or imaginary component.

unit, 7, in the
above equation, merely
denotes the direction of measurement of e\
The magnitude
and the angle
horizontal axis
is
E is
E=
of
e'2
which the vector
The
Ve^
tan-i
makes with the
angle in degrees between two vectors
is
the
phase difference between the two sine waves which the

vectors represent.
In vector notation, the
impedance
Z
and
=^
is
-\-
]x
magnitude
is
Z = Vr2 +
x^
its
The admittance
is
Z
where
-|
-{-
jx
= conductance,
susceptance.
152
The current
r
equals
E=
~
EY =
and the voltage
E=
Power
+ ji'
{e+je')
is
IZ = (i+ji')
+jx) =
{r
+jV
in Alternating Current Circuits
If the effective voltage
and current are represented
by the vectors
E = e+jV
E
/A
y^6
^^
e'
the real
power
"T
is
IF
the wattless
= a + eV = EI cose
power
is
Wi = e'i-
ei'
= EI sinff
the volt-amperes equals EI,
The power-factor
is
the cosine of the angle between
the voltage and current vectors,
power-factor
cos ^
ELECTRICITY
153
Balanced Three-phase Circuits
E=
=
/ =
i =
e
volts
between
lines
volts per phase
current in each line
current in each phase

Line
Phase
connection
For Y-connections,
E = e Vs
7=
V3
and
=i
Line
;Phase
^-
connection
For A-connections,
^;
= i V3;
and
tz^
V3
In either case, for non-inductive load, the power in

watts
is
W = V3EI
154
then the power
If the load is inductive,
W
where cos
= V3 EI
is
cosd
6 is the power-factor of the phase.
MAGNETISM
Equations of Magnetic Circuits
F =
mmf =
attractive or repellent force in dynes,
magnetomotive force
in
ampere turns,
= number of turns,
/ = current in amperes,
jS = density in magnetic
lines
per square centi-
meter,
=
=
A
<j>
total
number
of lines of flux,
cross-section
of
magnetic path
in
square
centimeters,
fjL
H
I
m
r
=
=
=
=
=
=
permeability,
intensity of field,
length of magnetic circuit in centimeters,

reluctance,
pole strength,
distance between poles.
QAttNT
V
P
4>
0.4 ttNIhA
I
A
0.4 tNIh
I
mmf =
M
0.4 irNI
MAGNETISM
ISS
Magnets and Magnetic Fields
mH
mm
F =
^
(f)
The
pole
Arirm
attractive force in pounds exerted
magnet
is
P =y
^^^
where 5
by a two
is
area of both pole faces in square inches, and
the total
is
the
density in magnetic lines per square inch.
The ampere-turns
sity of
lines
required to maintain a flux den-
per square inch in an air gap
0.313 Blj in which
is
IN =
the length of the gap in inches.
is
Hysteresis Loss
The power
in watts lost in hysteresis is
W
/ = frequency
V = volume of
B =
k
fVB'-'
107
iron in cubic inches,
magnetic density in
lines
per square inch,
empirical constant, values of which are given

in the following table.
Value
Character of iron
Silicon steel
Cast steel.
Cast iron
0006
0.0008
0.010
0.013
(J.
Annealed sheet
.
iron.
to
to
to
to
of k
0.00075
0.0011
0.012
0.017
156
Eddy Current Loss

The power
in watts lost
or steel laminations
/ = frequency
is
due to eddy currents
in iron
approximately
= average thickness of lamination in inches,

B = magnetic density in lines per square inch,
V = volume of iron in cubic inches.
I
This formula holds for ordinary temperatures, and

the thickness of the lamination
In
0.025 inch.
silicon steel, the
is
if
not greater than
eddy current
loss is
approximately \ of that given above.
STANDARD SATURATION CURVES

B =
A T/in. =
density in lines per square inch
ampere-turns per inch
Values of ampere-turns per inch for densities not included

in the following tables may be determined approximately
by interpolation. Thus, the AT/in. for silicon steel for
B/sq.in.
65,500
AT/in,
is
4.5
^^
(6.4
- 4.5) = 5.5
(approx.)
MAGNETISM
Silicon Steel
Annealed Sheet Iron
Saturation curve
Saturation curve
AT /in.
B
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
120,000
130,000
135,000
140,000
145,000
150,000
155,000
2.1
2.7
3.4
4.5
6.4
10
23
35
100
225
AT /in.
B
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
4
4.4
5
9
12
20
33
60
520
1000
2200
3770
5330
6900
Cast Steel
Cast Iron
Saturation curve
Saturation curve
157
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
105,000
AT/in.
11
15
20
29.5
50
105
165
B
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
AT/in.
8
12
17
23
30
43
60
85
110
145
190
158
MEASUREMENT
English Weights and Measures
Length
1000 mils
12 inches
3 feet
5280
feet
4 inches
9 inches
2 J feet
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
inch
foot
yard
mile
hand
span
pace
16| feet or 5^ yards

1
rod
knot or nautical mile
6080.26 feet
I league
7.92 inches
25 links
=
=
link
rod
100 links or 66 feet or 4 rods

10 chains
8 furlongs
=
=
furlong
mile
chain
Surface
144 square inches
9 square feet
30i square yards

160 square rods
640 acres
625 square links
16 square rods
10 square chains
640 acres
36 square miles
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
square foot
1
1
square yard
square rod
acre
square mile
square rod
square chain
acre
square mile
township
Volume
1728 cubic inches
27 cubic feet
128 cubic feet
24f cubic feet
=
=
=
=
cubic foot
cubic yard
cord
perch
MEASUREMENT
159
Troy Weight
24 grains
=
=
=
(gr.)
20 pennyweights
12 ounces
pennyweight (dwt.)
ounce (oz.)
pound
(lb.)
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams
=
=
=
=
(dr.)
16 ounces
25 pounds
4 quarters
ounce
(oz.)
pound
(lb.)
quarter (qr.)
hundred weight (cwt.)
20 hundred weight (2000 pounds)
ton (T.)
Apothecaries' Weight
20 grains
=
=
=
=
(gr.)
3 scruples
8 drams
12 ounces
scruple
dram
ounce
pound
(sc.
or
9)
(dr.
or 3)
(oz.
or )
(lb)
Dry Measure
2 pints (pt.)
8 quarts
4 pecks
36 bushels
=
=
=
=
quart
peck
bushel (bu.)
chaldron (ch.)
(qt.)
(pk.)
Liquid Measure
gills (gi.)
2 pints
4 quarts
31i gallons
63 gallons
=
=
=
=
=
pint (pt.)
quart
gallon (gal.)
(qt.)
barrel (bar.)
hogshead (hhd.)
Measure
Apothecaries' Fluid
60 minims
8 fluid-drachms
16 fluid-ounces
8 pints
=
=
=
=
60 minutes
30 degrees
(")
=
=
=
fluid-drachm
fluid-ounce
pint
gallon
Measure
Circular
60 seconds
minute
degree
sign
12 signs, or 360 degrees
(')
()
(s)
1 circle (cir.)
i6o
English and Metric Conversion Factors

Length
1
millimeter
centimeter
inch
1 foot
yard
meter
kilometer
mile
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
39.37 mils
0.03937 inch
0.3937 inch
0.0328 foot
2.54 centimeters
0.083 foot
30.48 centimeters
0.305 meter
91.44 centimeters
0.914 meter
39.37 inches
3.28 feet
1.094 yards
3280.8 feet
1093.6 yards
0.6214 mile
5280 feet
1609.3 meters
1.609 kilometer
Surface
1 circular
mil
square mil
1 sq.
millimeter
1 sq.
centimeter
1 sq.
inch
1 sq. foot
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.7854 square mil
0.0005067 square millimeter

1.273 circular mils
0.000645 square miUimeter

0.000001 square inch
1973 circular mils
1550 sq. mils

0.00155 sq. inch
197,300 circular mils
0.155 sq. inch
1,273,240 circular mils
6.4516 sq. centimeters

929.03 sq. centimeters
144 sq. inches
MEASUREMENT
1 sq.
yard
i6i
1296 sq. inches

9 sq. feet
0.00836 are
0.000207 acre
1 sq.
meter
1550
sq. inches
10.76 sq. feet

1.196 sq. yards
1
1076 sq. feet
are
100 sq. meters

43,560 sq. feet
1 acre
4840
sq.
yards
4047
sq.
meters
0.4047 hectare
0.001562 sq. mile

1
hectare
107,600 sq. feet
100 ares
2.471 acres
1 sq.
kilometer
10,764,111 sq. feet
247 acres
0.3861 sq. mile
1 sq.
mile
27,878,400 sq. feet
640 acres
2.59 sq. kilometers
Volume
1 cu. centimeter
1 cu. inch
quart (liquid)
quart (dry)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.061 cu. inch
0.0021 pint (liquid)
0.0018 pint (dry)

16.39 cu. centimeters
0.0173 quart (hquid)
0.01488 quart (dry)

0.0164
liter
or cu. decimeter
0.004329 gaUon
0.0005787 cu. foot

2 pints (liquid)
946.36 cu. centimeters

57.75 cu. inches
0.94636
liter
2 pints (dry)
or cu. decimeter
l62
1
quart (dry)
1 liter
Note.
gallon
Pints, quarts,
and
= 1101 cu. centimeters

= 67.20 cu. inches
= 0.03889 cu. foot
= 61.023 cu. inches
= 1.0567 quarts (dry)
= 0.2642 gallon
= 231 cu. inches
= 3.785 liters
= 0.1337 cu. foot
gallons in this table refer to
Weight
1
milligram
grain
gram
ounce
poimd
kilogram
ton (short)
ton (metric)
(av.)
(av.)
= 0.01543 grain
= 0.001 gram
= 64.80 milligrams
- 0.002286 ounce (av.)
= 15.43 grains
= 0.03527 ounce (av.)
= 0.002205 pound (av.)
= 437.5 grains
= 28.35 grams
= 0.0625 pound (av.)
= 7000 grains
= 453.6 grams
= 16 ounces
= 0.4536 kilogram
= 35.27 ounces
= 2.205 pounds
= 2000 pounds (av.)
= 907.2 kilograms
= 0.8928 ton (long)
= 0.9072 ton (metric)
= 2205 pounds
= 1000 kilograms
= 1.102 ton (short)
= 0.9842 ton (long)
U.S. measures.
MEASUREMENT
1
ton (long)
=
=
=
163
2240 pounds
1.12 ton (short)
1.016 ton (metric)
Force
=
=
=
=
=
1 gram
=
=
1 poimdal
=
=
=
1 pound
=
1 kilogram =
=
1
dyne
0.01574 grain
0.00102
gram
0.00007233 poundal
0.000002248 pound (av.)

980.6 dynes
0.07093 poundal
13,825 dynes
0.03108 pound
0.01410 kilogram
444,800 dynes
32.17 poundals
980600 dynes
70.93 poundals
Storage of Water
1 acre-foot
1 gallon
1 cu. foot
1 cu. yard
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
325,800 gallons
43,560 cu. feet
1613 cu. yards

1233 cu. meters
0.000003069 acre-foot
0.00002298 acre-foot
0.00062 acre-foot
Temperature
1
degree Centigrade
degree Fahrenheit
temperature Fahr.
temperature Cent.
=
=
=
=
| (=
f
//
^c
1.8)
degree Fahrenheit
= 0.556) degree
= | /c + 32
= I (^/ 32)
Centigrade
164
Heat, Electric, and Mechanical Equivalents

Energy
1
erg
gram-centimeter
joule
foot-pound
kilogram-meter
1 B.t.u.
watt-hour
kilogram-calorie
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
dyne-cm.
0.0000001 joule
0.00000007376 foot-pound
980.6 ergs
0.00009806 joule
0.00007233 foot-pound
10,000,000 ergs
0.7376 foot-pound
0.2389 gram-calorie
0.102 kilogram-meter
0.0009480 B.t.u.
0.0002778 watt-hour
13,560,000 ergs
1.356 joules
0.3239 gram-calorie
0.1383 kilogram-meter
0.001285 B.t.u.
0.0003766 watt-hour
0.0000005051 horsepower-hour
9.806 joules
7.233 foot-pounds
0.009296 B.t.u.
0.002724 watt-hour
1055 joules
778.1 foot-pounds
252 gram-calories
107.6 kilogram-meters
0.2930 watt-hour
3600 joules
2655.4 foot-pounds
860 gram-calories
3.413 B.t.u.
4186 joules
3088 foot-pounds
MEASUREMENT
1
kilogram-calorie
horsepower-hour
=
=
=
=
=
165
426.9 kilogram-meters
1.163 watt-hours
2,684,000 joules
1,980,000 foot-pounds
745.6 watt-hours
Power
1
erg per second
gram-centimeter per second
foot-pound per minute
watt
horsepower
horsepower (metric)
kilowatt
= 1 dyne-centimeter per second

= 0.0000001 watt
= 0.00009806 watt
= 0.02260 watt
= 0.00003072 horsepower (metric)
= 0.00003030 horsepower
= 44.26 foot-pounds per minute
= 6.1 19 kilogram-meters per minute
= 33,000 foot-pounds per minute
= 745.6 watts
= 550 foot-pounds per second
= 1.01387 horsepowei (metric)
= 32,550 foot-pounds per minute
= 735.5 watts
= 75 kilogram-meters per second
= 0.9863 horsepower
= 44,256.7 foot-pounds per minute
= 1.3597 horsepower (metric)
= 1.341 horsepower
Electric Units
abvolt
abampere
abohm
=
=
=
10-8 volt
10 amperes
10-
ohm
Pressure Eqiiivalents
atmosphere (standard)
=
=
=
=
=
29.92 12 inches of mercury at 32 F.
760 miUime ters of mercury at 32 F.

33.901 feet of water at 39.1 F.
14.6969 pounds per sq. inch
2116.35 pounds per sq. foot
l66
1
inch of mercury at 32 F.
1 foot of
water at 39.1 F.
pound on the
sq. foot
pound on the
sq. inch
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.491187 pound per sq. inch

0.8826 inch of mercury at 32 F.

0.4335 pound per sq. inch

0.0295 atmosphere
0.016018 foot of water at 39.1 F.

PRESSURE AND VOLUME CORRECTION, ETC.

Reduction of Barometer Readings to
corrected height
Ho = H\l
(/5
(i
H
/
=
=
j8
o""
a)
C,
t]
+m
observed height of barometer,
observed temperature of barometer in degrees

Centigrade,
0.0001818, the coefficient of cubical expansion

of mercury,
a =
coefl&cient of linear
expansion of the material of
the scale (0.0000085 for glass, 0.0000184 for

brass).
Reduction of Gaseous Volumes to o C, and

I Atmosphere Pressure
corrected volume
=
/ =
p =
V
Vo
-k + 0.00367/760
observed volume,
observed temperature in degrees Centigrade,
pressure in millimeters of mercury.
MEASUREMENT
167
Determination of Altitudes by the Barometer

For heights not exceeding 2000
feet, relative altitude
given by the approximate formula:
is
Z (in feet) =
=
T =
Ti =
H=
52,500
vertical distance
(r
Ti)]
1000
between the two
H-Hi
H + Hi
stations,
Centigrade temperature at lower station,

Centigrade temperature at upper station,
height of barometer at lower station reduced to
0 C,
Hi = height
of
barometer at upper station reduced
to 0 C.
For any
altitude,
Z = 60,346ll+0.00256cos(2^) Jl + ^^^^Wgio^
in
which
latitude in degrees.
i68
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS

ATOMIC WEIGHTS
Element
Aluminium
Antimony.
Argon
Bromine.
Ir
193.1
Fe
55.84
82.9
139.0
207.10
6.94
174.0
24.32
54.93
200.6
96.0
Bi
Boron
.
Cadmium.
Br
Cd
Caesium ....
Calcium.
Cs
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine.
Ca
Ce
.
CI
Chromium.
Cr
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium.
Co
Erbium
.
Dy
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Fluorine
Gadolinium.
Gallium
Ge
Germanium.
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Indium
Au
He
In
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Kr
La
Pb
Krypton
Lanthanum.
Lead
Lithium
Lutecium.
Cu
Er
Europium.
Li
Lu
Magnesium.
Manganese.
Mercury
27.1
120.2
39.88
74.96
137.37
9.1
208.0
11.0
79.92
112.40
132.81
40.07
12.00
140.25
35.46
52.0
58.97
63.57
162.5
167.7
152.0
19.0
157.3
69.9
72.5
197.2
3.99
1.008
114.8
126.92
As
Ba
Be
weight
Sb
Barium
Bismuth.
Atomic
bol
Al
.
Arsenic
Beryllium.
Sym-
Mg
Mn
Hg
Molybdenum Mo
Element
Neodymium.
Neon
Nickel
Sym-
Atomic
bol
weight
Nd
144.3
20.2
58.68
93.5
14.01
190.9
16.00
106.7
31.04
195.2
Ne
.
Ni
Nb
Niobium
Nitrogen
Osmium
Os
Oxygen
Palladium ....
Phosphorous.
Platinum
Potassium.
Pd
P
Pt
Praseodymium Pr
Radium
Rhodium
Rubidium ....
Ruthenium.
Samarium.
Scandium
.
Ra
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sa
Selenium
Sc
Se
Silicon
Silver
Ag
Si
Na
Sodium
Strontium.
Sulphur
Ta
Te
Tb
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium.
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Sr
Tl
.....
Uranium
Vanadium.
Xenon
Ytterbium.
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium.
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
U
.
V
Xe
Yb
Zn
.
Zr
39.10
140.6
226.4
102.9
85.45
101.7
150.4
44.1
79.2
28.3
107.88
23.00
87.63
32.07
181.5
127.5
159.2
204.0
232.4
168.5
119.0
48.1
184.0
238.5
51.06
130.2
172.0
89.0
65.37
90.6
169
WEIGHT AND DENSITY OF VARIOUS

SUBSTANCES
._
Values are for ordinary temperatures unless otherwise

stated.
Density
Weight in pounds
Metals
relative to
water
per cu. in.
Aluminium
Antimony
Bismuth
Brass (ordinary)
Bronze
Calcium
Copper (pure)
Copper (cast) 39 F..
Copper (rolled) 39 F
Gold
Iron (pure)
Iron (cast) 39 F
Iron (wrought) 39
Lead
Magnesium
Mercury 32 F
Nickel
Platinum
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Steel (hard) 39 F..
Steel (soft) 39 F
Tin
Tungsten
Zinc
0.096
0.244
0.354
0.308
0.319
0.057
0.322
0.314
0.321
0.698
0.284
0.260
0.281
0.411
0.064
0.491
0.318
0.775
0.031
0.379
0.035
0.286
0.283
0.264
0.624
0.253
per cu.
ft.
166.5
422.0
612.0
532.0
552.0
98.5
565.0
541.5
554.0
1205.0
490.0
449.0
485.0
709.7
109.0
848.0
549.0
1340.0
53.9
655.0
60.5
494.0
488.0
455.0
1080.0
437.0
2.67
6.76
9.82
8.55
8.85
1.58
8.93
8.70
8.88
19.32
7.86
7.21
7.78
11.38
1.75
13.60
8.80
21.50
0.87
10.50
0.97
7.92
7.83
7.30
17.30
7.00
170

SUBSTANCES
(Continued)
Density
Weight in pounds
Liquids
relative to
water
Acid, hydrochloric
Acid, nitric
Acid, sulphuric
Alcohol
Carbon disulphide
Glycerine
Naphtha.
linseed
Oil, lubricating
Oil,,
Petroleum
Turpentine.
Water, pure, at
...
32 F. (freezing point)
39.1 F. (max. density)...
62 F. (standard temp.).
212 F. (boiling point)...
Water, Sea, 62 F
.
per cu. in.
per cu.
0.0433
0.0440
0.0675
0.0286
0.0455
0.0455
0.0307
0.0332
0.0328
0.0307
0.0314
74.8
76.0
116.5
49.5
78.5
78.5
53.0
57.4
56.6
53.0
54.1
0.036121
0.036125
0.036085
0.034549
0.037023
ft.
62.417
62.425
62.355
59.700
63.976
20
1.22
1.84
0.79
1.26
1.26
85
0.92
0.91
0.85
87
1.0010
1.0011
1.0000
0.9574
1.0260
Values for gases given below are for 32 F. and

a pressure of i atmosphere.
Weight in
pounds
Gases
per cu.
Acetylene, C2H2
Air
Ammonia, NH3
Carbon monoxide, CO.
Carbon dioxide, CO2.
.
Ethylene, C2H4
Hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Hydrogen, H2
Hydrogen
sulphide,
H2S
Methane, CH4
Nitrous oxide, N2O.
Nitrogen, N2
Oxygen, O2
Sulphur dioxide, SO2.
Nitric oxide,
NO
Water vapor, H2O
Density
relative to
ft.
0.0725
0.0807
0.0475
0.0781
0.1227
0.0781
0.1023
0.00562
0.0949
0.0446
0.1235
0.0831
0.0783
0.0892
0.1786
0.0502
0.898
1.000
0.589
0.967
1.520
0.967
1.268
0.0695
1.175
0.553
1.530
1.030
0.970
1.105
2.210
0.622
^
171

SUBSTANCES
Woods
Ash
Beech
Cedar
Cork
{Continued)
Weight in
in pounds
per cu. ft.
45
46
39
38
37
Fir
Lignum-litae
Mahogany.
Maple
62
51
42
47
38
28
Oak
Pine, YellowPine, White.
'Poplar
30
28
36
Spruce
Walnut
Other materials
Weight
pounds
in
percu.
Asphaltum
Brick,
common.
87
112
Cement, average..
Clay
Coal, anthracite.
Coal, bituminous.
Concrete, average
Earth, loose
Earth, packed.
Glass, average.
Glass, flint
Granite
Gravel, average.
Ice
Limestone
Marble
Quartz
Sand, average
Slate
90
135
95
84
135
75
100
164
188
165
110
56
165
170
165
100
175
water
0.72
0.73
0.62
0.24
0.61
0.59
1.00
0.81
0.68
0.75
0.61
0.45
0.48
0.45
0.58
15
Elm
Density
relative to
ft.
Density
relative to
water
1.39
1.79
1.45
2.15
1.50
1.35
2.20
1.20
.60
.60
.02
,65
1.75
0.90
2.65
2.73
2.65
1.60
2.80
172
MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ELEMENTS

Boiling point at
atmospheric
Melting point
pressure
Element
Degrees C.
Aluminium
Antimony
Areon
Arsenic
Barium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
1214
1166
1800
1440
3272
2624
-188
-306
-186
-303
850
269
2000
-7.3
516
3630
Chlorine
-102
-151.5
Fluorine
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrogen
2310
4190
-370
-187
-305
1062
1944
2530
4586
3992
below -2 70 below 454 -268.6 -452

-434
-252.7 -423
-259
-38.8
-37.8
1452
2648
184.4
364
4442
2450
2776
1525
2552
1400
2052
1120
3452
1900
674
356.7
4226
2330
-347
-195.7 -320
235
2742
621
367
1172
2205
3990
Oxvsên
-235
-391
Sodium
-33^6 -28.5
-223
2200
Silicon
Silver
2590
subl imes \
6330 I
\3500
63
145.5
778
1432
2200
Osmium
Palladium
Phosphorous
Platinum
Potassium
Selenium
1420
2712
2714
1982
-210.5
1549
44.1
1710
62.5
217
1420
960
97.0
1489
1490
1083
113
1505
327
186
633
1207
1562
Calcium
Carbon
Cobalt
Copper
subl imes
842
\450
/
(volatilizes")
18.8
610
1436
7230
Chromium
Degrees
657
630
321
780
4000
Cadmium
Degrees
Degrees F.
2820
111.5
3110
144.5
423
2588
1760
206.6
-182*9 -297
2540
287
2450
758
690
3500
1955
877
4600
549
4440
1397
1274
6330
3551
1612
^
1 73
MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ELEMENTS

{Continued)
Boiling point at
Melting point
atmospheric
pressure
Element
Degrees C.
Strontium
Sulphur (rhombic)
Tantalum
900
115
2910
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
232
2500
3083
418
1300
Zinc
Zirconium
Degrees F.
1650
239
5270
449.6
4530
5582
784
2372
Degrees
Degrees
C.
'445'
'833'
2270'
4122
3700"
6700
1683
918
SPECIFIC HEATS
The
values of specific heat, unless otherwise stated, are average

values, and hold approximately over ordinary ranges of temperatures.
Solids
Aluminium
Antimony
Bismuth
Brass
Copper
Gold
Iodine
Iron (wrought)
Iron (cast)
.
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese.
Nickel
Phosphorous.
Platinum
Silicon
Silver
Steel
Sulphur
Tin
Tungsten
Zinc
Specific heat
0.219
0.051
0.0304
0.094
0.095
0.032
0.054
0.114
0.130
0.031
0.246
0.122
0.109
0.189
0.033
0.183
0.057
0.117
0.203
0.056
0.034
0.096
174
SPECIFIC HEATS
(Continued)
Liquids
Specific heat
Alcohol, methyl
Bismuth (melted)
Brine (density 1.2) 32 F.
Lead (melted)
Mercury 68 F
0.600
0.0363
0.710
0.0402
0.0333
0.47
0.94
0.234
0.064
0.47
1.0083
0.9992
Oil, olive
Sea- water
Sulphur (melted)
Tin (melted)
Turpentine
Water 32 F
Water 68 F
Water 212 F
1.0051
Specific heat at
constant pressure
Gases
Air
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
.
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Specific heat at
constant volume
0.2375
0.508
0.2479
0.217
0.404
3.409
0.2438
0.2175
0.1685
0.299
0.1758
0.171
0.332
2.412
0.1727
0.1550
Other materials
Specific heat
0.241
0.16
0.12
0.19
0.504
0.40
0.21
0.20
0.69
0.255
0.18
Charcoal.
Glass, crown.
.
Glass, flint.
Granite
Ice
India rubber.
Marble
Masonry
Paraffin wax.
Porcelain.
.
Quartz
Note. The specific heat of a material
Units necessary' to raise the temperature
is
of
the
1
number
pound
of
of British
the material
Thermal
1
F.
75
Coefficients of Linear Expansion of Solids
The
lo{l
length of a soUd at any temperature

at),
temperature,
and a the
known
being the
lo
t
is
It
length at some given
the variation of temperature in degrees,
coefl&cient of linear
expansion of the material.
This formula holds approximately when the temperature interval
is
not large.
expansion equals 2 a; the

pansion equals 3 a.
The
coefficient of
coefl&cient of
surface
cubical ex-
COEFFICIENTS OF LINEAR EXPANSION

Forr
Metals
Aluminium
Aluminium bronze
Antimony
Bismuth
Brass
Bronze
Carbon, graphite
Copper
German
silver (120 F.).
Gold
Gun metal
Iron (cast)
Iron (wrought)
Lead
Nickel
Platinum
Silver
Solder
Steel
Tin
Type metal
Zinc
(275 F.)
C.
0.0000222
0.000017
0.0000113
0.0000176
0.0000189
0.0000177
0.0000079
0.0000160
0.0000184
0.0000142
0.0000181
0.0000100
0.0000117
0.0000283
0.0000125
0.00000863
0.0000194
0.0000250
0.0000114
0.0000209
0.0000190
0.0000253
(a)
ForTF.
0.0000123
0.0000095
0.00000627
0.00000975
0.0000105
0.00000985
0.0000044
00000887
0.0000102
00000786
0000101
00000556
00000648
0000157
00000695
0.00000479
0000108
0.0000139
00000636
0.0000116
0.0000106
0.0000141
176
COEFFICIENTS OF LINEAR EXPANSION
(a)
{Continued)
For
Other materials
Brick
Concrete
Ebonite
Glass, soft
Glass, hard
Glass, flint
Granite
Ice
Marble
Masonry (average)
Porcelain
Silica
(0to212F0
Slate
C.
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0.00000550
0.0000143
0.0000770
0.00000850
0.00000714
0.00000812
0.00000789
0.0000507
0.0000040
0.0000060
0.0000036
0.00000050
0.0000104
00000305
00000795
0.0000428
0.00000470
0.00000397
0.00000451
00000438
0.0000282
0.0000022
0.0000033
0.0000020
0.00000028
0.00000577
0.0000030
0.0000050
0.0000017
0.0000028
0.0000600
0.0000400
0.0000340
0.0000330
0.0000220
0.0000190
Woods, along grain

beech, mahogany
oak, pine
Woods, across grain
beech
mahogany
pine
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900
950
HEAT CONTENT,
100O
B.T.U.
1050
MOLLIER
Reproduced with permission from G. A. Goodenoug'

Messrs. Joh(
1450.
13S0
1200
1250
1300
1390
2.10
1400
AM CHART
"Properties of Steam and
iley
&
Sons.
1.30
1450
Ammonia," published by
TABLES
I8S
TABLES
CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES
'
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
3.1416
6 2832
9.4248
12.5664
15.7080
18.850
21.991
25.133
28.274
31.416
34.558
37.699
40.841
43.982
47.124
50.265
53.407
56.549
59.690
62.832
65.973
69.115
72.257
75.398
78.540
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Area
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
0.7854
3.1416
7.0686
12.5664
19.635
28.274
38.485
50.266
63.617
78.540
95.033
113.10
132.73
153.94
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
176.71
201.06
226.98
254.47
283.53
314.16
346.36
380.13
415.48
452.39
490.87
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
81.681
84.823
87.965
91.106
94.248
97.389
100.53
103.67
106.81
109.96
113.10
116.24
119.38
122.52
125.66
128.81
131.95
135.09
138.23
141.37
144.51
147.65
150.80
153.94
157.08
Area
530.93
572.56
615.75
660.52
706.86
754.77
804.25
855.30
907.92
962.11
1017.88
1075.21
1134.11
1194.59
1256.64
1320.25
1385.44
1452.20
1520.53
1590.43
1661 .90
1734.94
1809.56
1885.74
1963.50
Note.
The surface of a sphere of given diameter may be found directly
from the above table, since it is equal to the area of a circle of twice the diameter of the sphere.
i86
CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES

Continued)
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
51
52
53
160.22
163.36
166.50
169.65
172.79
175.93
179.07
182.21
185.35
188.50
191.64
194.78
197.92
201.06
204.20
207.34
210.49
213.63
216.77
219.91
223.05
226.19
229.34
232.48
235.62
54
55
56
5.7
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Area
2042.82
2123.72
2206.18
2290.22
2375.83
2463.01
2551.76
2642.08
2733.97
2827.43
2922.47
'3019.07
3117.25
3216.99
3318.31
3421.19
3525.65
3631.68
3739.28
3848.45
3959 19
4071.50
4185.39
4300.84
4417.86
.
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
238.76
241.90
245.04
248 19
251.33
254.47
257.61
260.75
263.89
267 .04
270.18
273.32
276.46
279.60
282.74
285.88
289.03
292.17
295.31
298.45
301.59
304.73
307.88
311.02
314.16
.
Area
4536.46
4656.63
4778.36
4901.67
5026.55
5153.00
5281 .02
5410.61
5541.77
5674.50
5808.80
5944.68
6082.12
6221.14
6361.73
6503.88
6647.61
6792.91
6939.78
7088.22
7238.23
7389.81
7542.96
7697.69
7853.98
TABLES
187
POWERS, ROOTS, AND RECIPROCALS

Number
Square
Cube
Square root
Cube
1.000000 1.0000000
1.259921 .5000000
1.442250 .3333333
1.587401 .2500000
1.709976 .2000000
root
Reciprocal
4
9
8
27
16
25
125
1.000000
1.414214
1.732051
2.000000
2.236068
216
343
512
729
1000
2.449490
2.645751
2.828427
3.000000
3.162278
1.817121
1.912931
2.000000
2.080084
2 154435
144
169
196
225
1331
1728
2197
2744
3375
3.316625
3.464102
3.605551
3.741657
3.872983
2.223980
2.289429
2.351335
2.410142
2.466212
.0769231
.0714286
.0666667
256
289
324
361
400
4096
4913
5832
6859
8000
4.000000
4.123106
4.242641
4.358899
4.472136
2.519842
2.571282
2.620741
2.668402
2.714418
.0625000
.0588235
.0555556
.0526316
.0500000
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
36
49
64
81
100
121
64
.1666667
.1428571
1250000
.1111111
.1000000
.
.0909091
m33333
441
9261
24
25
484
529
576
625
10,648
12,167
13,824
15,625
4.582576
4.690416
4.795832
4.898980
5.000000
2.758924
2.802039
2.843867
2.884499
2.924018
.0476190
.0454545
.0434783
.0416667
.0400000
26
27
28
29
30
676
729
784
841
900
17,576
19,683
21,952
24,389
27,000
5.099020
5.196152
5.291503
5.385165
5.477226
2.962496
3.000000
3.036589
3.072317
3.107233
.0370370
.0357143
.0344828
.0333333
31
32
33
34
35
961
1024
1089
1156
1225
29,791
32,768
35,937
39,304
42,875
5.567764
5.656854
5.744563
5.830952
5.916080
3.141381
3.174802
3.207534
3.239612
3.271066
.0322581
.0312500
.0303030
.0294118
.0285714
36
37
1296
1369
46,656
50,653
6.000000
6.082763
3.301927
3.332222
.0277778
.0270270
.0384615,
i88
POWERS, ROOTS, AND RECIPROCALS

{Continued)
Number
Cube
Square root
Cube
root
Reciprocal
38
39
40
1444
1521
1600
54,872
59,319
64,000
6.164414
6.244998
6.324555
3.361975
3.391211
3.419952
.0263158
.0256410
.0250000
41
42
43
1681
1764
1849
1936
2025
68,921
74,088
79,507
85,184
91,125
6.403124
6.480741
6.557439
6.633250
6.708204
3.448217
3.476027
3.503398
3.530348
3.556893
.0243902
.0238095
.0232558
.0227273
.0222222
2116
2209
2304
2401
2500
97,336
103,823
110,592
117,649
125,000
6.782330
6.855655
6.928203
7.000000
7.071068
3.583048
3.608826
3.634241
3.659306
3.684031
.0217391
.0212766
.0208333
.0204082
.0200000
55
2601
2704
2809
2916
3025
132,651
140,608
148,877
157,464
166,375
7.141428
7.211103
7.280110
7.348469
7.416199
3.708430
3.732511
3.756286
3.779763
3.802953
.0196078
.0192308
.0188679
.0185185
.0181818
56
57
58
59
60
3136
3249
3364
3481
3600
175,616
185,193
195,112
205,379
216,000
7.483315
7.549834
7.615773
7.681146
7.745967
3.825862
3.848501
3.870877
3.892997
3.914868
.0178571
.0175439
.0172414
.0169492
.0166667
61
62
63
64
65
3721
3844
3969
4096
4225
226,981
238,328
250,047
262,144
274,625
7.810250
7.874008
7.937254
8.000000
8.062258
3.936497
3.957892
3.979057
4.000000
4.020726
.0163934
.0161290
.0158730
.0156250
.0153846
66
67
68
69
70
4356
4489
4624
4761
4900
287,496
300,763
314,432
328,509
343,000
8.124038
8.185353
8.246211
8.306624
8.366600
4.041240
4.061548
4.081655
4.101566
4.121285
.0151515
.0149254
.0147059
.0144928
.0142857
71
72
73
5041
5184
5329
357,911
373,248
389,017
8.426150
8.485281
8.544004
4.140818
4.160168
4.179339
.0140845
.0138889
.0136986
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Square
TABLES
POWERS, ROOTS,
Number
AND RECIPROCALS
Cube
Square
189
Square root
Cube
(Continued)
Reciprocal
root
75
5476
5625
405.224
421,875
8.602325
8.660254
4 198336
4.217163
.0135135
.0133333
76
77
78
79
80
5776
5929
6084
6241
6400
438,976
456,533
474,552
493,039
512,000
8.717798
8.774964
8.831761
8.888194
8.944272
4.235824
4.254321
4.272659
4.290840
4.308870
.0131579
.0129870
.0128205
.0126582
.0125000
81
82
83
6561
6724
6889
7056
7225
531,441
551,368
571,787
592,704
614,125
9.000000
9.055385
9.110434
9.165151
9.219545
4.326749
4.344482
4.362071
4.379519
4.396830
.0123457
.0121951
.0120482
.0119048
.0117647
7396
7569
7744
7921
8100
636,056
658,503
681,472
704,969
729,000
9.273619
9.327379
9.380832
9.433981
9.486833
4.414005
4.431048
4.447960
4.464745
4.481405
.0116279
.0114943
.0113636
.0112360
.0111111
8281
8464
8649
8836
9025
753,571
778,688
804,357
830,584
857,375
9.539392
9.591663
9.643651
9.695360
9.746794
4.497941
4.514357
4.530655
4.546836
4.562903
.0109890
.0107527
.0106383
.0105263
884,736 9.797959
912,673 9.848858
941,192
9.899495
970,299 9.949874
1,000,000 10.000000
4.578857
4.594701
4.610436
4.626065
4.641589
.0104167
.0103093
.0102041
.0101010
.0100000
74
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
9216
9409
9604
9801
10,000
0108696
Logarithmic Cross- section Paper

Cross-section paper the rulings of which are pro-
portional to the logarithms of the scale
rithmic cross-section paper.
is
This paper
called loga-
is
most con-
venient for plotting equations with constant exponents

since they are straight lines on logarithmic paper while
190
'they are curves
plotted on ordinary graph paper, in
if
which case they must be plotted point by point.
The
chief use of logarithmic cross-section
paper
is
for
plotting equations of the form:
y
If
two pairs
ax^
x and y are known, the correbe plotted on logarithmic paper
of values of
sponding points
may
and joined by a
straight line.
cient a
is
The value
of the coeffi-
equal to the intercept of this Une on the F-axis,
and the value

the line (that
exponent n
of the
is,
is
equal to the slope of
the tangent of the angle which the line
makes with the X-axis). The reason for this is that

plotting on logarithmic paper is equivalent to taking
logarithms, in which case we would obtain:
log y
which
is
intercept
= loga
+ n log x
the equation of a straight
and n the
line,
log a being the
slope.
In case the values of a and n are known, that
and the slope, we may plot the

obtain any pair of values of x and y.
intercept
it
Use
of
line,
is,
the
and from
Logarithm Tables
Every logarithm consists of two parts: a positive or

negative whole number called the characteristic, and a
positive fraction, called the mantissa.
is
always expressed as a decimal, and
is
given in the tables.
To find
If the
the
The mantissa
the part which
common logarithm of a given number:
number
of the logarithm
ures on the
is
is
left of
is
greater than
one unit
less
1,
the characteristic
than the number of
the decimal point.
fig-
TABLES
number
If the
logarithm
number
than
1,
the characteristic of the
and one unit more than the

zeros between the decimal point and the first
is
of
is less
191
negative,
significant figure of the given nimiber.
Thus,
log 20.6
log 2.06
log 0.206
log 0.0206
To
find the
common
If
=
=
=
=
(base 10)
1.3139
0.3139
0.3139
0.3139
=
=
9.3139
8.3139
number corresponding
logarithm
10
10
to a given
the characteristic of
a given logarithm
is
posi-
number of figures in the integral part of the

corresponding number is one more than the number of
tive, the
units in the characteristic.

If the characteristic is negative, the
between the decimal point and the

figure of the corresponding
number
number
is
of units in the characteristic.
number
first
one
of zeros
significant
less
than the
192
COMMON LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS

(Base 10)
0000
0414
0792
0043
0453
0828
0086
0492
0864
0128
0170
0569
0934
0212
0607
0969
0253
0645
0294
0682
0334
0719
1139
1173
1492
1206
1523
1239
1553
1271
1303
1614
1004
1335
1644
1038
1367
1673
1072
1399
1703
0374
0755
1106
1430
1732
1818
2095
2355
1931
1959
2833
1847
2122
2380
2625
2856
2148
2405
2648
2878
2201
2304
2553
2788
1790
2068
2330
2577
2810
2227
2480
2718
2945
1987
2253
2504
2742
2967
2014
2279
2529
2765
2989
3032
3243
3444
3636
3820
3054
3263
3464
3655
3838
3075
3284
3483
3674
3856
3096
3304
3502
3692
3874
3181
3201
22
23
24
3010
3222
3424
3617
3802
3385
3579
3766
3945
3404
3598
3784
3962
25
26
27
28
29
3979
4150
4314
4472
4624
3997
4166
4330
4487
4639
4014
4183
4346
4502
4654
4031
4200
4362
4518
4669
30
4771
31
4914
32
33
34
5051
4786
4928
5065
5198
5328
4800
4942
5079
5465
5587
5705
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1461
1761
2041
5185
5315
35
5441
36
37
38
39
5563
5682
5798
5911
5453
5575
5694
5809
5922
40
6021
6031
41
6128
6232
6335
6435
6138
6243
6345
6444
6532
6628
6721
6542
6637
6730
6812
6902
6821
6911
6990
7076
7160
7243
7324
6998
7084
7168
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
7251
7332
2601
0531
0899
1584
1875
1903
2175
2430
2672
2900
2455
2695
2923
3118
3324
3522
3139
3345
3711
3892
3729
3909
3160
3365
3560
3747
3927
4048
4216
4378
4533
4683
4065
4232
4393
4548
4698
4082
4249
4409
4564
4713
4099
4265
4425
4579
4728
4116
4440
4594
4742
4133
4298
4456
4609
4757
4814
4955
5092
5224
5353
4829
4969
5105
5237
5366
4843
4983
5119
5250
5378
4857
4997
5132
5263
4871
5011
5391
5145
5276
5403
4886
5024
5159
5289
5416
4900
5038
5172
5302
5428
5490
5933
5478
5599
5717
5832
5944
5729
5843
5955
5502
5623
5740
5855
5966
5514
5635
5752
5866
5977
5527
5647
5763
5877
5988
5539
5658
5775
5888
5999
5670
5786
5899
6010
6042
6149
6253
6355
6454
6053
6160
6263
6365
6464
6064
6170
6274
6375
6474
6075
6180
6284
6385
6484
6085
6096
6191
6201
6294
6395
6493
6304
6405
6503
6107
6212
6314
6415
6513
6117
6???
6325
6425
6522
5211
5340
5821
5611
3541
4281
5551
6551
6561
6571
6646
6739
6830
6920
6656
6749
6839
6928
6665
6758
6848
6937
6580
6675
6767
6857
6946
6590
6684
6776
6866
6955
6599
6693
6785
6875
6964
6609
6702
6794
6884
6972
6618
6712
6803
6893
7007
7093
7177
7259
7340
7016
7024
7110
7193
7275
7356
7033
7118
7202
7284
7364
7042
7126
7210
7292
7372
7050
7135
7218
7300
7380
7059
7143
7226
7308
7388
7067
7152
7235
7316
7396
7101
7185
7267
7348
6981
TABLES
193
COMMON LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS

(Continued)
7435
7513
7589
7664
7738
7443
7520
7597
7672
7745
7451
7818
7889
7959
8028
8096
7774
7825
7896
7966
8035
8102
7832
7903
7973
7839
7910
7980
8048
8116
7846
7917
7987
8055
8122
8169
8235
8299
8363
8426
8176
8414
8162
8228
8293
8357
8420
8182
8248
8312
8376
8439
8189
8254
8319
8382
8445
8476
8537
8597
8657
8716
8482
8543
8603
8663
8722
8488
8549
8609
8669
8727
8494
8555
8615
8675
8733
8500
8506
8567
8627
8686
8745
7412
7490
7566
7642
7716
7419
7497
7574
7649
7723
7427
7505
7582
7657
60
7782
7853
7924
7993
8062
7789
7860
7796
7868
7938
8007
8075
7803
7875
7945
8014
8082
7810
7882
7952
8149
8215
8280
8344
8407
8156
8222
8287
62
63
64
7931
8000
8069
7466
7543
7619
7694
7767
7404
7482
7559
7634
7709
61
7459
7536
7612
7686
7760
55
56
57
58
59
7731
8021
8089
7528
7604
7679
7752
8041
8109
7474
7551
7627
7701
65
66
67
68
69
8129
8195
8325
8388
8331
8142
8209
8274
8338
8395
8401
70
8451
8513
8573
8633
8692
8457
8519
8579
8639
8698
8463
8525
8585
8645
8704
8470
71
8756
8814
8762
8820
8876
8932
8987
8768
8825
8882
8938
8993
8774
8779
8837
8893
8949
9004
8785
8842
8899
8954
9009
8791
8887
8943
8998
8848
8904
8960
9015
8797
8854
8910
8965
9020
8802
8859
8915
9042
9096
9149
9047
9243
9036
9090
9143
9196
9248
9253
9154
9206
9258
9053
9106
9159
9212
9263
9058
9112
9165
9217
9269
9063
9117
9170
9222
9274
9069
9122
9175
9227
9279
9074
9128
9180
9232
9284
9079
9133
9186
9238
9289
85
86
87
88
89
9294
9345
9395
9445
9494
9299
9350
9400
9450
9499
9304
9355
9405
9455
9504
9309
9360
9410
9460
9509
9315
9365
9415
9465
9513
9320
9370
9420
9469
9518
9325
9375
9425
9474
9523
9330
9380
9430
9479
9528
9335
9385
9435
9484
9533
9340
9390
9440
9489
9538
90
9542
9599
9638
9685
9547
9595
9643
9689
9736
9552
9600
9647
9694
9557
9605
9652
9699
9745
9562
9609
9657
9703
9750
9566
9614
9571
9576
9624
9581
9708
9754
9619
9666
9713
9759
9586
9633
9680
9727
9773
9782
9827
9872
9917
9786
9832
9877
9791
9795
9836
9841
9881
9921
9961
9965
9926
9969
9886
9930
9974
9800
9845
9890
9934
9978
9805
9850
9894
9939
9983
72
73
74
8261
75
76
77
78
79
8751
80
9031
81
9085
9138
82
83
84
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
8808
8865
8921
8976
9191
9731
9777
9823
9868
9912
9956
8136
8202
8267
8871
8927
8982
9201
9741
8531
8591
8651
8710
9101
8351
8831
9661
8241
8306
8370
8432
9671
9717
9763
9809
9854
9899
9943
9987
8561
8621
8681
8739
9628
9675
9722
9768
9814
9859
9903
9948
9991
8971
9025
9818
9863
9908
9952
9996
194
NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS FROM

1
TO
10 (Base e)
0.0392 0.0488 0.0583

0.1310 0.1398 0.1484
0.0000
0.0953
0.1823
0.2624
0.3365
0.0099
0.1044
0.1906
0.2700
0.3436
0.0198
0.1133
0.1989
0.2776
0.3507
0.0296
0.1222
0.2070
0.2852
0.3577
0.2151 0.2231 0.2311

0.2927 0.3001 0.3075
0.3646 0.3716 0.3784
0.0677
0.1570
0.2390
0.3148
0.3853
0.4055
0.4700
0.5306
0.5878
0.6419
0.4121
0.4762
0.5365
0.5933
0.6471
0.4187
0.4824
0.5423
0.5988
0.6523
0.4253
0.4886
0.5481
0.6043
0.6575
0.4318
0.4947
0.5539
0.6098
0.6627
0.4383
0.5008
0.5596
0.6152
0.6678
0.4447
0.5068
0.5653
0.6206
0.6729
0.5128
0.5710
0.6258
0.6780
0.6932
0.7419
0.7885
0.8329
0.8755
0.6981 0.7031 0.7080 0.7130 0.7178 0.7227

0.7467 0.7514 0.7561 0.7608 0.7655 0.7701
0.7950 0.7975 0.8020 0.8065 0.8109 0.8154
0.8373 0.8416 0.8459 0.8502 0.8544 0.8587
0.8796 0.8838 0.8879 0.8920 0.8961 0.9001
0.9163
0.9555
0.9933
1.0296
1.0647
0.9203
0.9594
0.9970
1.0332
0.9243
0.9632
1.0006
1.0367
1.0681 1.0716
0.9282
0.9670
1.0043
0403
1.0750
0.9322
0.9708
1.0080
1.0438
1.0784
1.0986
1.1314
1.1632
1.1939
1.2238
1.1019
1.1346
1.1663
1.1970
1.2267
1.1053
1.1378
1694
1.2000
1.2296
1.1086
1.1410
1.1725
1.2030
1.2326
1.1119
1.1442
1.1756
1.2060
1.2355
1.1474
1.1787
1.2090
1.2384
1.1506
1.1817
1.2119
1.2413
1.2528
1.2809
1.3083
1.3350
1.3610
1.2556
1.2837
1.3110
1.3376
1.3635
1.2585
1.2865
1.3137
1.3403
1.3661
1.2613
2892
1.3164
1.3429
1.3686
1.2920
1.3191
1.3455
1.3712
1.2641 1.2670
1.2947
1.3218
1.3481
1.3737
1.2698
1.2975
1.3244
1.3507
1.3762
1.3863
1.4110
1.4351
1.4586
1.4816
1.3888
1.4134
4375
1.4609
1.4839
1.3913
1.4159
1.4398
1.4633
1.4861
1.3938
1.4183
1.4422
1.4656
1.4884
1.3962
1.4207
1.4446
1.4679
1.4907
5129
5347
1.5476 1.5497 1.5518 1.5539
55^0
1.5686 1.5707 1.5728 1.5749
5769
1.5892 1.5913 1.5933 1.5953 1.5974
1.5041 1.5063 1.5085 1.5107

1.5261 1.5282 1.5304 1.5326
1
1
1.6094
1.6292
1.6487
1.6677
1.6864
1.6114
1.6312
1.6506
1.6696
1.6883
1.6134
1.6332
1.6525
1.6715
1.6154 1.6174
1.6351 1.6371
1.6545 1.6563
1.6734 1.6753
1.6901 1.6919 1.6938
0.0770
0.1655
0.2469
0.3221
0.3920
0.0862
0.1740
0.2546
0.3293
0.3988
0.4574
0.5188
0.5766
0.6313
0.6831
0.4637
0.5247
0.5822
0.6366
0.7276
0.7747
0.8198
0.8629
0.9042
0.7324
0.7793
0.8242
0.8671
0.9083
0.7372
0.7839
0.8286
0.8713
0.9123
0.9361 0.9400
0.9746 0.9783
1.0116 1.0152
1.0473 1.0508
1.0818 1.0852
0.9439
0.9820
1.0189
1.0543
1.0886
0.9478
0.9858
1.0225
1.0578
1.0919
0.9517
0.9895
1.0260
1.0613
1.0953
1.1151 1.1184
1.1217
1.1537
1.1848
1.2149
1.2442
1.1249
1.1569
1.1878
1-2179
1.2470
1.1282
1
1600
1.1909
1.2208
1.2499
1.2726
1.3002
1.3533
1.3788
1.2754
1.3029
1.3297
1.3558
1.3813
1.2782
1.3056
1.3324
1.3584
1.3838
1.3987 1.4012
1.4231 1.4255
1.4469 1.4493
1.4702 1.4725
1.4929 1.4951
1.4036
1.4279
1.4516
1.4748
1.4974
1.4061
1.4303
1.4540
1.4770
1.4996
1.4085
1.4327
1.4563
1.4793
1.5019
1.5173
1.5390
1.5603
1.5810
1.5994 1.6014
1.5195
1.5412
1.5624
1.6034
1.5217
1.5433
1.5644
1.5852
1.6054
1.5239
1.5454
1.5665
1.5872
1.6074
1.6214
1.6409
1.6601
1.6790
1.6975
1.6233
1.6429
1.6620
1.6808
1.6993
1.6253
1.6448
1.6639
1.6827
1.7011
1.6273
1.6467
1.6658
1.6846
1.7029
1.5151
1.5369
1.5581
1.5790
1.6194
1.6390
1.6582
1.6771
1.6956
0.4511
1.3271
1.5831
0.6881
TABLES
195
NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS

{Continued)
1.7138 1.7156
1.7317 1.7334
1.7491 1.7509
1.7664 1.7682
1.7834 1.7851
1.7174
1.7352
1.7527
1.7699
1.7868
1.7192
1.7370
1.7544
1.7716
1.7884
1.7210
1.7387
1.8034
1.8197
1.8358
1.8516
1.8672
1.8050
1.8213
1.8374
1.8532
1.8687
1.8067
1.8229
1.8390
1.8547
1.8703
1.9110
1.9257
1.9402
1.8825
1.8976
1.9125
1.9272
1.9416
1.8840
1.8991
1.9140
1.9286
1.8856
1.9006
1.9155
1.9431
1.9301
1.9445
1.9516
1.9657
1.9796
1.9933
2.0069
1.9530 1.9545
1.9671 1.9685
1.9810 1.9824
1.9947 1.9961
2.0082 2.0096
1.9559
1.9699
1.9838
1.9974
2.0109
1.9573
1.9713
1.9851
1.9988
2.0122
1.9587
1.9727
1.9865
2.0001
2.0136
2.0149 2.0162 2.0176 2.0189

2.0282 2.0295 2.0308 2.0321
2.0412 2.0425 2.0438 2.0451
2.0541 2.0554 2.0567 2.0580
2.0669 2.0681 2.0694 2.0707
2.0202
2.0334
2.0464
2.0592
2.0719
2.0216
2.0347
2.0477
2.0605
2.0732
2.0229
2.0360
2.0490
2.0618
2.0744
2.0242
2.0373
2.0503
2.0631
2.0757
2.0255
2.0386
2.0516
2.0643
2.0769
2.0268
2.0399
2.0528
2.0656
2.0782
2.0832
2.0956
2.1078
2.1199
2.1318
2.0844 2.0857 2.0869

2.0968 2.0980 2.0992
2.1090 2.1102 2.1114
2.1211 2.1223 2.1235
2.1330 2.1342 2.1354
2.0882
2.1005
2.1126
2.1247
2.1365
2.0894
2.1017
2.1138
2.1259
2.1377
2.0906
2.1029
8.2
8.3
8.4
2.0794 2.0807 2.0819

2.0919 2.0931 2.0943
2.1041 2.1054 2.1066
2.1163 2.1175 2.1187
2.1282 2.1294 2.1306
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
2.1401
2.1518
2.1633
2.1748
2.1861
2.1412
2.1529
2.1645
2.1759
2.1872
2.1424
2.1541
2.1656
2.1770
2.1883
2.1436
2.1552
2.1668
2.1782
2.1894
2.1448
2.1564
2.1679
2.1793
2.1905
2.1459
2.1576
2.1691
2.1804
2.1917
2.1587
2.1702
2.1816
2.1928
2.1483
2.1599
2.1713
2.1827
2.1939
2.1494
2.1610
2.1725
2.1838
2.1950
2.1506
2.1622
2.1736
2.1849
9.0
9.3
9.4
2.1972
2.2083
2.2192
2.2300
2.2407
2.1983
2.2094
2.2203
2.2311
2.2418
2.1994
2.2105
2.2214
2.2322
2.2428
2.2006
2.2116
2.2225
2.2332
2.2439
2.2017
2.2127
2.2235
2.2343
2.2450
2.2028
2.2138
2.2246
2.2354
2.2460
2.2039
2.2149
2.2257
2.2365
2.2471
2.2050
2.2159
2.2268
2.2375
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
2.2513 2.2523 2.2534

2.2618 2.2628 2.2638
2.2721 2.2732 2.2742
2.2824 2.2834 2.2844
2.2925 2.2935 2.2946
2.2544
2.2649
2.2752
2.2854
2.2956
2.2555
2.2659
2.2762
2.2865
2.2966
2.2565
2.2570
2.2773
2.2875
2.2976
2.2576
2.2680
2.2783
2.2885
2.2986
2.2586
2.2690
2.2793
2.2895
2.2996
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
1.7048
1.7228
1.7405
1.7579
1.7750
1.7066
1.7246
1.7422
1.7596
1.7767
1.7084
1.7263
1.7440
1.7613
1.7783
6.0
6.2
6.3
6.4
1.7918
1.8033
1.8246
1.8406
1.8563
1.7934
1.8099
1.8262
1.8421
1.8579
1.8116
1.8278
1.8437
1.8594
1.7951 1.7968 1.7984 1.8001

1.8132 1.8148 1.8165
1.8294 1.8310 1.8326
1.8453 1.8469 1.8485
1.8610 1.8625 1.8641
1.8017
1.8181
1.8342
1.8500
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
1.8718
1.8871
1.9021
1.9169
1.9315
1.8733
1.8886
1.9036
1.9184
1.9330
1.8749
1.8901
1.9051
1.9199
1.9344
1.8764
1.8916
1.9066
1.9213
1.9359
1.8779
1.8931
1.9081
1.9228
1.9373
1.8795
1.8946
1.9095
1.9243
1.9387
1.8810
7.0
7.2
7.3
7.4
1.9459 1.9473
1.9601 1.9615
1.9741 1.9755
1.9879 1.9892
2.0015 2.0028
1.9488
1.9629
1.9769
1.9906
2.0042
1.9502
1.9643
1.9782
1.9920
2.0055
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
6.1
7.1
8.1
9.1
9 2
1.7102 1.7120
1.7281 1.7299
1.7457 1.7475
1.7630 1.7647
1.7800 1.7817
1.8656
1.8961
2.1471
2.2481
1.7561
1.7733
1.7901
2.1151
2.1270
2.1389
2.1961
2.2061
2.2072
2.2170
2.2279
2.2386
2.2492
2.2181
2.2289
2.2397
2.2502
2.2597
2.2607
2.2701
2.2803
2.2905
2.3006
2.2711
2.2814
2.2915
2.3016
196
NATURAL LOGARITHMS (EACH INCREASED

BY 10) OF NUMBERS FROM 0.00 TO 0.99
No.
0.0
0.1
7.697
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
8.796
9.084
9.307
9.489
9.643
9.777
9.895
8.391
5.395
7.793
8.439
8.829
9.108
9.327
9.506
9.658
9.789
9.906
6.088
7.880
8.486
6.493
7.960
8.530
6.781
8.861
8.891
8.921
9.132
9.346
9.522
9.156
9.365
9.538
9.685
9.814
9.927
9.179
9.384
9.554
9.699
9.826
9.938
7.004
8.103
8.614
8.950
9.201
9.402
9.569
9.712
9.837
9.949
7.187
8.167
8.653
8.978
9.223
9.420
9.584
9.726
9.849
9.959
9.671
9.802
9.917
8.034
8.573
7.341
7.474
8.285
8.727
9.032
9.266
9.455
9.614
9.752
9.872
9.980
8.228
8.691
9.006
9.245
9.438
9.600
9.739
9.861
9.970
7.592
8.339
8.762
9.058
9.287
9.472
9.629
9.764
9.883
9.990
NATURAL LOGARITHMS OF WHOLE NUMBERS

FROM 10 TO 209
2
2.398
3.045
3.434
3.714
3.932
2.485
3.091
3.466
3.738
2.565
3.136
3.497
2.773
3.258
3.584
3.829
4.025
2.890
3.332
3.638
3.970
2.708
3.219
3.555
3.807
4.007
2.833
3.296
3.951
2.639
3.178
3.526
3.784
3.989
4.111
4.143
4.511
4.615
4.419
4.533
4.635
4.543
4.644
4.174
4.318
4.443
4.554
4.654
4.190
4.291
4.159
4.304
10
4.094
4.249
4.382
4.500
4.605
4.127
4.277
4.407
4.522
4.625
11
4.701
12
13
14
15
4.788
4.868
4.942
4.710
4.796
4.875
4.949
5.017
4.719
4.804
4.883
4.956
5.024
4.727
4.812
4.890
4.963
5.030
4.736
4.820
4.898
4.970
5.037
16
5.075
5.136
5.193
5.247
5.298
5.081
5.088
5.148
5.204
5.258
5.308
5.094
5.153
5.210
5.263
5.313
5.100
5.159
5.215
5.268
5.318
No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
17
18
19
20
2.303
2.996
3.401
3.689
3.912
5.011
4.263
4.394
5.142
5.199
5.252
5.303
3.761
4.431
3.850
4.043
3.871
4.060
2.944
3.367
3.664
3.892
4.078
4.454
4.564
4.663
4.205
4.344
4.466
4.575
4.673
4.220
4.357
4.477
4.585
4.682
4.234
4.369
4.489
4.595
4.691
4.745
4.828
4.905
4.977
5.043
4.754
4.836
4.913
4.984
5.050
4.762
4.844
4.920
4.990
5.056
4.771
4.852
4.927
4.997
5.063
4.779
4.860
4.935
5.004
5.069
5.106
5.165
5.220
5.273
5.323
5.226
5.278
5.328
5.124
5.182
5.236
5.288
5.338
5.130
5.187
5.242
5.293
5.342
4.331
5.112
5.171
3.611
5.118
5.176
5.231
5 283
5.333
TABLES
LOGARITHMIC
197
SINES, COSINES,
TANGENTS,
AND COTANGENTS
COS
tan
7.4637
7.7648
7.9409
8.0658
8.1627
2.5363
2.2352
2.0591
1.9342
1.8373
90
89
89
89
89
89
00'
7.4637
7.7648
7.9408
8.0658
8.1627
10.0000
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9998
9.9998
8.2419.
120'
130'
140'
150'
8.2419
8.3088
8.3668
8.4179
8.4637
8.5050
8.3089
8.3669
8.4181
8.4638
8.5053
1.7581
1.6911
1.6331
1.5819
1.5362
1.4947
89
88
88
88
88
88
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
2
2
2
2
2
2
00'
8.5428
8.5776
8.6097
8.6397
8.6677
8.6940
9.9997
9.9997
9.9996
9.9996
9.9995
9.9995
8.5431
8.5779
8.6101
8.6401
8.6682
8.6945
1.4569
1.4221
1.3899
1.3599
1.3318
1.3055
88
87
87
87
87
87
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
3
3
3
3
3
3
00'
8.7188
8.7423
8.7645
8.7857
8.8059
8.8251
9.9994
9.9993
9.9993
9.9992
9.9991
9.9990
8.7194
8.7429
8.7652
8.7865
8.8067
8.8261
1.2806
1.2571
1.2348
1.2135
1 1933
1.1739
87
86
86
86
86
86
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
8.8436
8.8613
8.8783
8.8946
8.9104
8.9256
9.9989
9.9989
9.9988
9.9987
9.9986
9.9985
8.8446
8.8624
8.8795
8.8960
8.9118
8.9272
1.1554
1.1376
1.1205
1.1040
1.0882
1.0728
86
85
85
85
85
85
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
8.9403
8.9545
8.9682
8.9816
9.9983
9.9982
9.9981
9.9980
8.9420
8.9563
8.9701
8.9836
1.0580
1.0437
1.0299
1.0164
85
84
84
84
00'
50'
40'
30'
Degrees
sin
000'
00
0 10'
020'
0 30'
040'
050'
r 00'
1 10'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
4
4
4
4
4
4
00'
5
5
5
5
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
cos
sin
00
cot
cot
+ 00
tan
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
198
LOGARITHMIC wSINES, COSINES, TANGENTS,

AND COTANGENTS {Continued)
Degrees
sin
COS
tan
cot
5 40'
5 50'
8.9945
9.0070
9.9979
9.9977
8.9966
9.0093
1.0034
0.9907
84 20'
84 10'
6
6
6
6
6
6
00'
9.0192
9.0311
9.0426
9.0539
9.0648
9.0755
9.9976
9.9975
9.9973
9.9972
9.9971
9.9969
9.0216
9.0336
9.0453
9.0567
9.0678
9.0786
0.9784
0.9664
0.9547
0.9433
0.9322
0.9214
84
83
83
83
83
83
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
7
7
7
7
7
7
00'
9.0859
9.0961
9.1060
9.1157
9.1252
9.1345
9.9968
9.9966
9.9964
9.9963
9.9961
9.9959
9.0891
9.0995
9.1096
9.1194
9.1291
9.1385
0.9109
0.9005
0.8904
0.8806
0.8709
0.8615
83
82
82
82
82
82
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.1436
9.1525
9.1612
9.9958
9.9956
9.9954
9.9952
9.9950
9.9948
9.1478
9.1569
9.1658
9.1745
9.1831
9.1915
0.8522
0.8431
0.8342
0.8255
0.8169
0.8085
82
81
81
81
81
81
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
10'
8
8
8
8
8
8
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.1781
9.1863
9
9
9
9
9
9
00'
9 1943
10'
9.2022
9.2100
9.2176
9.2251
9.2324
9.9946
9.9944
9.9942
9.9940
9.9938
9.9936
9.1997
9.2078
9.2158
9.2236
9.2313
9.2389
0.8003
0.7922
0.7842
0.7764
0.7687
0.7611
81
80
80
80
80
80
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10
10
10
10
10
10
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.2397
9.2468
9.2538
9.2606
9.2674
9.2740
9.9934
9.9931
9.9929
9.9927
9.9924
9.9922
9.2463
9.2536
9.2609
9.2680
9.2750
9.2819
0.7537
0.7464
0.7391
0.7320
0.7250
0.7181
80
79
79
79
79
79
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
11 00'
11 10'
9.2806
9.2870
9.9919
9.9917
9.2887
9.2953
0.7113
0.7047
79 00'
78 50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
9 1697
.
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
199
LOGARITHMIC SINES, COSINES, TANGENTS,

AND COTANGENTS (Continued)
Degrees
sin
COS
tan
cot
11
11
11
11
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.2934
9.2997
9.3058
9.3119
9.9914
9.9912
9.9909
9.9907
9.3020
9.3085
9.3149
9.3212
0.6980
0.6915
0.6851
0.6788
78
78
78
78
40'
30'
20'
12
12
12
12
12
12
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.3179
9.3238
9.3296
9.3353
9.3410
9.3466
9.9904
9.9901
9.9899
9.9896
9.9893
9.9890
9.3275
9.3336
9.3397
9.3458
9.3517
9.3576
0.6725
0.6664
0.6603
0.6542
0.6483
0.6424
78
77
77
77
77
77
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
13
13
13
13
13
13
00'
9.3521'
10'
9.3575
9.3629
9.3682
9.3734
9.3786
9.9887
9.9884
9.9881
9.9878
9.9875
9.9872
9.3634
9.3691
9.3748
9.3804
9.3859
9.3914
0.6366
0.6309
0.6252
0.6196
0.6141
0.6086
77
76
76
76
76
76
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.3837
9.3887
9.3937
9.3986
9.4035
9.4083
9.9869
9.9866
9.9863
9.9859
9.9856
9.9853
9.3968
9.4021
9.4074
9.4127
9.4178
9.4230
0.6032
0.5979
0.5926
0.5873
0.5822
0.5770
76
75
75
75
75
75
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.9849
9.9846
9.9843
9.9839
9.9836
9.9832
9.4281
9.4331
9.4381
9.4430
9.4479
9.4527
0.5719
0.5669
0.5619
0.5570
0.5521
0.5473
75
74
74
74
74
74
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.9828
9.9825
9.9821
9.9817
9.9814
9.9810
9.4575
9.4622
9.4669
9.4716
9.4762
9.4808
0.5425
0.5378
0.5331
0.5284
0.5238
0.5192
74
73
73
73
73
73
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
14
14
14
14
14
14
00'
15
15
15
15
15
15
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.4130
9.4177
9.4223
9.4269
9.4314
9.4359
16
16
16
16
16
16
00'
9.4403
10'
9 .4447
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.4491
9.4533
9.4576
9.4618
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
200

AND COTANGENTS {Continued)
Degrees
17
17
17
17
17
17
00'
18
18
18
18
18
18
00'
19
19
19
19
19
19
00'
sin
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
tan
COS
cot
9.4659
9.4700
9.4741
9.4781
9.4821
9.4861
9.9806
9.9802
9.9798
9.9794
9.9790
9.9786
9.4853
9.4898
9.4943
9.4987
9.5031
9.5075
0.5147
0.5102
0.5057
0.5013
0.4969
0.4925
73
72
72
72
72
72
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.4900
9.4939
9.4977
9.5015
9.5052
9.5090
9.9782
9.9778
9.9774
9.9770
9.9765
9.9761
9.5118
9.5161
9.5203
9.5245
9.5287
9.5329
0.4882
0.4839
0.4797
0.4755
0.4713
0.4671
72
71
71
71
71
71
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.5126
9.5163
9.5199
9.5235
9.5270
9.5306
9.9757
9.9752
9.9748
9.9743
9.9739
9.9734
9.5370
9.5411
9.5451
9.5491
9.5531
9.5571
0.4630
0.4589
0.4549
0.4509
0.4469
0.4429
71
70
70
70
70
70
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
10'
10'
20
20
20
20
20
20
00'
21
21
21
21
21
21
00'
22
22
22
22
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
9.5341
9.5375
9.5409
9.5443
9.5477
9.5510
9.9730
9.9725
9.9721
9.9716
9.9711
9.9706
9.5611
9.5650
9.5689
9.5727
9.5766
9.5804
0.4389
0.4350
0.4311
0.4273
0.4234
0.4196
70
69
69
69
69
69
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.5543
9.5576
9.5609
9.5641
9.5673
9.5704
9.9702
9.9697
9.9692
9.9687
9.9682
9.9677
9.5842
9.5879
9.5917
9.5954
9.5991
9.6028
0.4158
0.4121
0.4083
0.4046
0.4009
0.3972
69
68
68
68
68
68
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.5736
9.5767
9.5798
9.5828
9.9672
9.9667
9.9661
9.9656
9.6064
9.6100
9.6136
9.6172
0.3936
0.3900
0.3864
0.3828
68
67
67
67
00'
50'
40'
30'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
LOGARITHMIC
SINES, COSINES,
AND COTANGENTS
Degrees
sin
201
COS
tan
TANGENTS,
{Continued)
cot
22 40'
22 50'
9.5859
9.5889
9.9651
9.9646
9.6208
9.6243
0.3792
0.3757
67 20'
67 10'
23
23
23
23
23
23
00'
9.5919
9.5948
9.5978
9.6007
9.6036
9.6065
9.9640
9.9635
9.9629
9.9624
9.9618
9.9613
9.6279
9.6314
9.6348
9.6383
9.6417
9.6452
0.3721
0.3686
0.3652
0.3617
0.3583
0.3548
67
66
66
66
66
66
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
24
24
24
24
24
24
00'
9.6093
9.6121
9.6149
9.6177
9.6205
9.6232
9.9607
9.9602
9.9596
9.9590
9.9584
9.9579
9.6486
9.6520
9.6553
9.6587
9.6620
9.6654
0.3514
0.3480
0.3447
0.3413
0.3380
0.3346
66
65
65
65
65
65
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
25
25
25
25
25
25
00'
9.6259
9.6286
9.6313
9.6340
9.6366
9.6392
9.9573
9.9567
9.9561
9.9555
9.9549
9.9543
9.6687
9.6720
9.6752
9.6785
9.6817
9.6850
0.3313
0.3280
0.3248
0.3215
0.3183
0.3150
65
64
64
64
64
64
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
26
26
26
26
26
26
00'
9.6418
9.6444
9.6470
9.6495
9.6521
9.6546
9.9537
9.9530
9.9524
9.9518
9.9512
9.9505
9.6882
9.6914
9.6946
9.6977
9.7009
9.7040
0.3118
0.3086
0.3054
0.3023
0.2991
0.2960
64
63
63
63
63
63
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
27
27
27
27
27
27
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.6570
9.6595
9.6620
9.6644
9.6668
9.6692
9.9499
9.9492
9.9486
9.9479
9.9473
9.9466
9.7072
9.7103
9.7134
9.7165
9.7196
9.7226
0.2928
0.2897
0.2866
0.2835
0.2804
0.2774
63
62
62
62
62
62
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
28 00'
28 10'
9.6716
9.6740
9.9459
9.9453
9.7257
9.7287
0.2743
0.2713
62 00'
61 50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
202

AND COTANGENTS {:Continued)
Degrees
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
30
30
30
30
30
30
00'
31
31
31
31
31
31
00'
32
32
32
32
32
32
00'
33
33
33
33
33
33
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
sin
COS
tan
cot
9.6763
9.6787
9.6810
9.6833
9.9446
9.9439
9.9432
9.9425
9.7317
9.7348
9.7378
9.7408
0.2683
0.2652
0.2622
0.2592
61
61
61
61
40'
30'
20'
9.6856
9.6878
9.6901
9.6923
9.6946
9.6968
9.9418
9.9411
9.9404
9.9397
9.9390
9.9383
9.7438
9.7467
9.7497
9.7526
9.7556
9.7585
0.2562
0.2533
0.2503
0.2474
0.2444
0.2415
61
60
60
60
60
60
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.6990
9.7012
9.7033
9.7055
9.7076
9.7097
9.9375
9.9368
9.9361
9.9353
9.9346
9.9338
9.7614
9.7644
9.7673
9.7701
9.7730
9.7759
0.2386
0.2356
0.2327
0.2299
0.2270
0.2241
60
59
59
59
59
59
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7118
9.7139
9.7160
9.7181
9.7201
9.7222
9.9331
9.9323
9.9315
9.9308
9.9300
9.9292
9.7788
9.7816
9.7845
9.7873
9.7902
9.7930
0.2212
0.2184
0.2155
0.2127
0.2098
0.2070
59
58
58
58
58
58
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7242
9.7262
9.7282
9.7302
9.7322
9.7342
9.9284
9.9276
9.9268
9.9260
9.9252
9.9244
9.7958
9.7986
9.8014
9.8042
9.8070
9.8097
0.2042
0.2014
0.1986
0.1958
0.1930
0.1903
58
57
57
57
57
57
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7361
9.7380
9.7400
9.7419
9.7438
9.7457
9.9236
9.9228
9.9219
9.9211
9.9203
9.9194
9.8125
9.8153
9.8180
9.8208
9.8235
9.8263
0.1875
0.1847
0.1820
0.1792
0.1765
0.1737
57
56
56
56
56
56
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
203

Degrees
34
34
34
34
34
34
00'
35
35
35
35
35
35
00'
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
sin
cot
9.9186
9.9177
9.9169
9.9160
9.9151
9.9142
9.8290
9.8317
9.8344
9.8371
9.8398
9.8425
0.1710
0.1683
0.1656
0.1629
0.1602
0.1575
56
55
55
55
55
55
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7586
9.7604
9.7622
9.7640
9.7657
9.7675
9.9134
9.9125
9.9116
9.9107
9.9098
9.9089
9.8452
9.8479
9.8506
9.8533
9.8559
9.8586
0.1548
0.1521
0.1494
0.1467
0.1441
0.1414
55
54
54
54
54
54
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7692
9.7710
9.7727
9.7744
9.7761
9.7778
9.9080
9.9070
9.9061
9.9052
9.9042
9.9033
9.8613
9.8639
9.8666
9.8692
9.8718
9.8745
0.1387
0.1361
0.1334
0.1308
0.1282
0.1255
54
53
53
53
53
53
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7795
9.7811
9.7828
9.7844
9.7861
9.7877
9.9023
9.9014
9.9004
9.8995
9.8985
9.8975
9.8771
9.8797
9.8824
9.8850
9.8876
9.8902
0.1229
0.1203
0.1176
0.1150
0.1124
0.1098
53
52
52
52
52
52
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8965
9.8955
9.8945
9.8935
9.8925
9.8915
9.8928
9.8954
9.8980
9.9006
9.9032
9.9058
0.1072
0.1046
0.1020
0.0994
0.0968
0.0942
52
51
51
51
51
51
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8905
9.8895
9.8884
9.8874
9.8864
9.8853
9.9084
9.9110
9.9135
9.9161
9.9187
9.9212
0.0916
0.0890
0.0865
0.0839
0.0813
0.0788
51
50
50
50
50
50
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.7893
9.7910
9.7926
9.7941
9.7957
9.7973
39
39
39
39
39
39
00'
10'
20'
30^
40'
50'
9.7989
9.8004
9.8020
9.8035
9.8050
9.8066
10'
tan
9.7476
9.7494
9.7513
9.7531
9.7550
9.7568
38
38
38
38
38
38
00'
COS
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
204

Degrees
40
40
40
40
40
40
00'
41
41
41
41
41
41
00'
42
42
42
42
42
42
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
43
43
43
43
43
43
00'
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
sin
COS
tan
cot
9.8081
9.8096
9.8111
9.8125
9.8140
9.8155
9.8843
9.8832
9.8821
9.8810
9.8800
9.8789
9.9238
9.9264
9.9289
9.9315
9.9341
9.9366
0.0762
0.0736
0.0711
0.0685
0.0659
0.0634
50
49
49
49
49
49
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8169
9.8184
9.8198
9.8213
9.8227
9.8241
9.8778
9.8767
9.8756
9.8745
9.8733
9.8722
9.9392
9.9417
9.9443
9.9468
9.9494
9.9519
0.0608
0.0583
0.0557
0.0532
0.0506
0.0481
49
48
48
48
48
48
00'
9.8255
9.8269
9.8283
9.8297
9.8311
9.8324
9.8711
9.8699
9.8688
9.8676
9.8665
9.8653
9.9544
9.9570
9.9595
9.9621
9.9646
9.9671
0.0456
0.0430
0.0405
0.0379
0.0354
0.0329
48
47
47
47
47
47
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8338
9.8351
9.8365
9.8378
9.8391
9.8405
9.8641
9.8629
9.8618
9.8606
9.8594
9.8582
9.9697
9.9722
9.9747
9.9772
9.9798
9.9823
0.0303
0.0278
0.0253
0.0228
0.0202
0.0177
47
46
46
46
46
46
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8418
9.8431
9.8444
9.8457
9.8469
9.8482
9.8495
9.8569
9.8557
9.8545
9.8532
9.8520
9.8507
9.8495
9.9848
9.9874
9.9899
9.9924
9.9949
9.9975
0.0000
0.0152
0.0126
0.0101
0.0076
0.0051
0.0025
0.0000
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
10'
10'
10'
00'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
205
TANGENTS, AND
COTANGENTS
Degrees
sin
000'
010'
020'
030'
040'
050'
.0000
.0029
.0058
.0087
.0116
.0145
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
100'
COS
tan
cot
.9999
.9999
.0000
.0029
.0058
.0087
.0116
.0145
343.77
171.89
114.59
85.940
68.750
90
89
89
89
89
89
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
120'
130'
140'
150'
.0175
.0204
.0233
.0262
.0291
.0320
.9998
.9998
.9997
.9997
.9996
.9995
.0175
.0204
.0233
.0262
.0291
.0320
57.290
49.104
42.964
38.188
34.368
31.242
89
88
88
88
88
88
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
2
2
2
2
2
2
00'
.0349
.0378
.0407
.0436
.0465
.0494
.9994
.9993
.9992
.9990
.9989
.9988
.0349
.0378
.0407
.0437
.0466
.0495
28.636
26.432
24.542
21.470
20.206
88
87
87
87
87
87
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
3
3
3
3
3
3
00'
.0523
.0552
.0581
.0610
.0640
.0669
.9986
.9985
.9983
.9981
.9980
.9978
.0524
.0553
.0582
.0612
.0641
.0670
19.081
18.075
17.169
16.350
15.605
14.924
87
86
86
86
86
86
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
4
4
4
4
4
4
00'
.0698
.0727
.0756
.0785
.0814
.0843
.9976
.9974
.9971
.9969
.9967
.9964
.0699
.0729
.0758
.0787
.0816
.0846
14.301
13.727
13.197
12.706
12.251
11.826
86
85
85
85
85
85
00'
5
5
5
5
00'
.0872
.0901
.0929
.0958
.9962
.9959
.9957
.9954
.0875
.0904
.0934
.0963
11.430
11.059
10.712
10.385
85
84
84
84
00'
cos
sin
cot
1 10'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
00
22 .904
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
50'
40'
30'
Degrees
2o6
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
Degrees
sin
COS
tan
cot
5 40'
5 50'
.0987
.1016
.9951
.9948
.0992
.1022
10.078
9.7882
6
6
6
6
6
6
00'
.1045
.1074
.1103
.1132
.1161
.1190
.9945
.9942
.9939
.9936
.9932
.9929
.1051
.1080
.1110
.1139
.1169
.1198
9.5144
9.2553
9.0098
8.7769
8.5555
8.3450
84
83
83
83
83
83
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
7
7
7
7
7
7
00'
.1219
.1248
.1276
.1305
.1334
.1363
.9925
.9922
.9918
.9914
.9911
.9907
.1228
.1257
.1287
.1317
.1346
.1376
8.1443
7.9530
7.7704
7.5958
7.4287
7.2687
83
82
82
82
82
82
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
8
8
8
8
8
8
00'
.1392
.1421
.1449
.1478
.1507
.1536
.9903
.9899
.9894
.9890
.9886
.9881
.1405
.1435
.1465
.1495
.1524
.1554
7.1154
6.9682
6.8269
6.6912
6.5606
6.4348
82 00'
81
81
81
81
40'
30'
20'
9
9
9
9
9
9
00'
.1564
.1593
.1622
.1650
.1679
.1708
.9877
.9872
.9868
.9863
.9858
.9853
.1584
.1614
.1644
.1673
.1703
.1733
6.3138
6.1970
6.0844
5.9758
5.8708
5.7694
81
80
80
80
80
80
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10
10
10
10
10
10
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
.1736
.1765
.1794
.1822
.1851
.1880
.9848
.9843
.9838
.9833
.9827
.9822
.1763
.1793
.1823
.1853
.1883
.1914
5.6713
5.5764
5.4845
5.3955
5.3093
5.2257
80
79
79
79
79
79
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
11 00'
11 10'
.1908
.1937
.9816
.9811
.1944
.1974
5.1446
5.0658
79 00'
78 50'
cos
sin
cot
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
tan
84 20'
84 10'
10'
10'
81^50'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
Degrees
207
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
cot
11
11
11
11
20'
30'
40'
50'
.1965
.1994
.2022
.2051
.9805
.9799
.9793
.9787
.2004
.2035
.2065
.2095
4.9894
4.9152
4.8430
4.7729
78
78
78
78
40'
30'
20'
12
12
12
12
12
12
00'
.2079
.2108
.2136
.2164
.2193
.2221
.9781
.9775
.9769
.9763
.9757
.9750
.2126
.2156
.2186
.2217
.2247
.2278
4.7046
4.6382
4.5736
4.5107
4.4494
4.3897
78
77
77
77
77
77
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
13
13
13
13
13
13
00'
.2250
.2278
.2306
.2334
.2363
.2391
.9744
.9737
.9730
.9724
.9717
.9710
.2309
.2339
.2370
.2401
.2432
.2462
4.3315
4.2747
4.2193
4.1653
4.1126
4.0611
77
76
76
76
76
76
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
14
14
14
14
14
14
00'
.2419
.2447
.2476
.2504
.2532
.2560
.9703
.9696
.9689
.9681
.9674
.9667
.2493
.2524
.2555
.2586
.2617
.2648
4.0108
3.9617
3.9136
3.8667
3.8208
3.7760
76
75
75
75
75
75
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
15
15
15
15
15
00'
.2588
.2616
.2644
.2672
.2700
.2728
.9659
.9652
.9644
.9636
.9628
.9621
.2679
.2711
.2742
.2773
.2805
75
74
74
74
74
74
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.2836
3.7321
3.6891
3.6470
3.6059
3.5656
3.5261
.2756
.2784
.2812
.2840
.2868
.2896
.9613
.9605
.9596
.9588
.9580
.9572
.2867
.2899
.2931
,2962
.2994
.3026
3.4874
3.4495
3.4124
3.3759
3.3402
3.3052
74
73
73
73
73
73
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
cot
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
15 50'
16
16
16
16
16
16
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
208
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
TANGENTS, AND
(Continued)
sin
COS
tan
.2924
.2952
.2979
.3007
.3035
.3062
.9563
.9555
.9546
.9537
.9528
.9520
.3057
.3089
.3121
.3153
.3185
.3217
3.2709
3.2371
3.2041
3.1716
3 1397
3.1084
73
72
72
72
72
72
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.3090
.3118
.3145
.3173
.3201
.3228
.9511
.9502
.9492
.9483
.9474
.9465
.3249
.3281
.3314
.3346
.3378
.3411
3.0777
3.0475
3.0178
2.9887
2.9600
2.9319
72
71
71
71
71
71
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.3256
.3283
.3311
.3338
.3365
.3393
.9455
.9446
.9436
.9426
.9417
.9407
.3443
.3476
.3508
.3541
.3574
.3607
2.9042
2.8770
2.8502
2.8239
2.7980
2.7725
71
70
70
70
70
70
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.3420
.3448
.3475
.3502
.3529
.3557
.9397
.9387
.9377
.9367
.9356
.9346
.3640
.3673
.3706
.3739
.3772
.3805
2.7475
2.7228
2.6985
2.6746
2.6511
2.6279
70
69
69
69
69
69
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
20'
30'
40'
50'
.3584
.3611
.3638
.3665
.3692
.3719
.9336
.9325
.9315
.9304
.9293
.9283
.3839
.3872
.3906
.3939
.3973
.4006
2.6051
2.5826
2.5605
2.5386
2.5172
2.4960
69
68
68
68
68
68
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
22 00'
22 10'
22 20'
22 30'
.3746
.3773
.3800
.3827
.9272
.9261
.9250
.9239
.4040
.4074
.4108
.4142
2.4751
2.4545
2.4342
2.4142
68
67
67
67
00'
50'
40'
30'
cos
sin
cot
Degrees
17
17
17
17
17
17
00'
18
18
18
18
18
18
00'
19
19
19
19
19
19
00'
20
20
20
20
20
20
00'
21
21
21
21
21
21
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
209
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
22 40'
22 50'
.3854
.3881
.9228
.9216
.4176
.4210
2.3945
2.3750
67 20'
67 10'
23
23
23
23
23
23
.3907
.3934
.3961
.3987
.4014
.4041
.9205
.9194
.9182
.9171
.9159
.9147
.4245
.4279
.4314
.4348
.4383
.4417
2.3559
2.3369
2.3183
2.2998
2.2817
2.2637
67
66
66
66
66
66
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.4067
.4094
.4120
.4147
.4173
.4200
.9135
.9124
.9112
.9100
.9088
.9075
.4452
.4487
.4522
.4557
.4592
.4628
2.2460
2.2286
2.2113
2.1943
2.1775
2.1609
66
65
65
65
65
65
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.4226
.4253
.4279
.4305
.4331
.4358
.9063
.9051
.9038
.9026
.9013
.9001
.4663
.4699
.4734
.4770
.4806
.4841
2.1445
2.1123
2.0965
2.0809
2.0655
65
64
64
64
64
64
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.4384
.4410
.4436
.4462
.4488
.4514
.8988
.8975
.8962
.8949
.8936
.8923
.4877
.4913
.4950
.4986
.5022
.5059
2.0503
2.0353
2.0204
2.0057
1.9912
1.9768
64
63
63
63
63
63
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
20'
30'
40'
50'
.4540
.4566
.4592
.4617
.4643
.4669
.8910
.8897
.8884
.8870
.8857
.8843
.5095
.5132
.5169
.5206
.5243
.5280
1.9626
1.9486
1.9347
1.9210
1.9074
1.8940
63
62
62
62
62
62
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
28 00'
28 10'
.4695
.4720
.8829
.8816
.5317
.5354
1.8807
1.8676
62 00'
61 50'
cos
sin
cot
Degrees
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
cot
2 1283
.
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
2IO
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
Degrees
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
cot
28
28
28
28
20'
30'
40'
50'
.4746
.4772
.4797
.4823
.8802
.8788
.8774
.8760
.5392
.5430
.5467
.5505
1.8546
1.8418
1.8291
1.8165
61
61
61
61
40'
30'
20'
29
29
29
29
29
29
00'
.4848
.4874
.4899
.4924
.4950
.4975
.8746
.8732
.8718
.8704
.8689
.8675
.5543
.5581
.5619
.5658
.5696
.5735
1.8040
1.7917
1.7796
1.7675
1.7556
1.7437
61
60
60
60
60
60
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5000
.5025
.5050
.5075
.5100
.5125
.8660
.8646
.8631
.8616
.8601
.8587
.5774
.5812
.5851
.5890
.5930
.5969
1.7321
1.7205
1.7090
1.6977
1.6864
1.6753
60
59
59
59
59
59
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5150
.5175
.5200
.5225
.5250
.5275
.8572
.8557
.8542
.8526
8511
.8496
.6009
.6048
.6088
.6128
.6168
.6208
1.6643
1.6534
1.6426
1.6319
1.6212
1.6107
59
58
58
58
58
58
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
.5299
.5324
.5348
.5373
.5398
.5422
.8480
.8465
.8450
.8434
.8418
.8403
.6249
.6289
.6330
.6371
.6412
.6453
1.6003
1.5900
1.5798
1.5697
1.5597
1.5497
58
57
57
57
57
57
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5446
.5471
.5495
.5519
.5544
.5568
.8387
.8371
.8355
.8339
.8323
.8307
.6494
.6536
.6577
.6619
.6661
.6703
1.5399
1.5301
1.5204
1.5108
1.5013
1.4919
57
56
56
56
56
56
00'
cos
sin
cot
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
33
33
33
33
33
33
10'.
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
Degrees
211
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
.5592
.5616
.5640
.5664
.5688
.5712
.8290
.8274
.8258
.8241
.8225
.8208
.6745
.6787
.6830
.6873
.6916
.6959
1.4826
1.4733
1.4641
1.4550
1.4460
1.4370
56
55
55
55
55
55
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5736
.5760
.5783
.5807
.5831
.5854
.8192
.8175
.8158
.8141
.8124
.8107
.7002
.7046
.7089
.7133
.7177
.7221
1.4281
1.4106
1.4019
1.3934
1.3848
55
54
54
54
54
54
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5878
.5901
.5925
.5948
.5972
.5995
.8090
.8073
.8056
.8039
.8021
.8004
.7265
.7310
.7355
.7400
.7445
.7490
1.3764
1.3680
1.3597
1.3514
1.3432
1.3351
54
53
53
53
53
53
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.6018
.6041
.6065
.6088
.6111
.6134
.7986
.7969
.7951
.7934
.7916
.7898
.7536
.7581
.7627
.7673
.7720
.7766
1.3270
1.3190
1.3111
1.3032
1.2954
1.2876
53
52
52
52
52
52
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
38 40'
38 50'
.6157
.6180
.6202
.6225
.6248
.6271
.7880
.7862
.7844
.7826
.7808
.7790
.7813
.7860
.7907
.7954
.8002
.8050
1.2799
1.2723
1.2647
1.2572
1.2497
1.2423
52
51
51
51
51
51
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
39
39
39
39
.6293
.6316
.6338
.6361
.7771
.7753
.7735
.7716
.8098
.8146
.8195
.8243
1.2349
1.2276
1.2203
1.2131
51
50
50
50
00'
50'
40'
30'
cos
sin
cot
34
34
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
38 00'
38 10'
38 20'
?>%''
30'
00'
10'
20'
30'
cot
.4193
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
212
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
39 40'
39 50'
.6383
.6406
.7698
.7679
.8292
.8342
1.2059
1 1988
50 20'
50 10'
40
40
40
40
40
40
.6428
.6450
.6472
.6494
.6517
.6539
.7660
.7642
.7623
.7604
.7585
.7566
.8391
.8441
.8491
.8541
.8591
.8642
1.1918
1.1847
1.1778
1.1708
1 1640
1.1571
50
49
49
49
49
49
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
49
48
48
48
48
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
Degrees
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
cot
10'
^
41 00'
41
41
41
41
41
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
42
42
42
42
42
42
00'
43
43
43
43
43
43
00'
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
.6561
.6583
.6604
.6626
.6648
.6670
.7547
.7528
.7509
.7490
.7470
.7451
.8693
.8744
.8796
.8847
.8899
.8952
1.1504
1.1436
1.1369
1.1303
1.1237
1.1171
.6691
.6713
.6734
.6756
.6777
.6799
.7431
.7412
.7392
.7373
.7353
.7333
.9004
.9057
.9110
.9163
.9217
.9271
1.1106
1.1041
1.0977
1.0913
1.0850
1.0786
48
47
47
47
47
47
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.6820
.6841
.6862
.6884
.6905
.6926
.7314
.7294
.7274
.7254
.7234
.7214
.9325
.9380
.9435
.9490
.9545
.9601
1.0724
1.0661
1.0599
1.0538
1.0477
1.0416
47
46
46
46
46
46
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.6947
.6967
.6988
.7009
.7030
.7050
.7071
.7193
.7173
.7153
.7133
.7112
.7092
.7071
.9657
.9713
.9770
.9827
.9884
.9942
1.0355
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
1.0000
cot
.0295
1.0235
1.0176
1.0117
1.0058
1.0000
tan
^48 10'
10'
10'
10'
00'
Degrees
TABLES
213
HYPERBOLIC SINES AND COSINES

cosh n
sinh n
cosh n
sinh n
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
1.0000
1.0013
1.0050
1.0112
1.0201
1.0314
0.0000
0.0500
0.1002
0.1506
0.2013
0.2526
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
3.9484
4.1443
4.3507
4.5679
4.7966
5.0372
3.8196
4.0219
4.2342
4.4571
4.6912
4.9369
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1.0453
1.0619
1.0811
1 1030
1.1276
0.3045
0.3572
0.4108
0.4653
0.5211
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
5.2905
5.5569
5.8373
6.1323
6.4426
5.4662
5.7510
6.0502
6.3645
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
1.1551
1855
1.2188
1.2552
1.2947
0.5782
0.6367
0.6967
0.7586
0.8223
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
6.7690
7.1123
7.4735
7.8533
8.2527
6.6947
7.0417
7.4063
7.7894
8.1919
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.3374
1.3835
1.4331
1.4862
1.5431
0.8881
0.9561
1.0265
1.0995
1.1752
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
8.6728
9.1146
9.5791
10.0677
10.5814
8.6150
9.0596
9.5268
10.0179
10.5340
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.6038
1.6685
1.7374
1.8107
1.8884
1.2539
1.3356
1.4208
1.5097
1.6019
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
11.1215
11.6895
12.2866
12.9146
13.5748
11.0765
11.6466
12.2459
12.8758
13.5379
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.9709
2.0583
2.1509
2.2488
2.3524
1.6984
1.7991
1.9043
2.0143
2.1293
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
14.2689
14.9987
15.7661
16.5728
17.4210
14.2338
14.9654
15.7343
16.5426
17.3923
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
2.4619
2.5775
2.6995
2.8283
2.9642
2.2496
2.3757
2.5075
2.6456
2.7904
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
18.3128
19.2503
20.2360
21.2723
22.3618
18.2855
19.2243
20.2113
21.2488
22.3394
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
3.1075
3.2583
3.4177
3.5855
3.7622
2.9422
3.1013
3.2682
3.4432
3.6269
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
23.5072
24.7113
25.9773
27.3082
23.4859
24.6911
25.9581
27.2899
5 1952
.
214
Numerical Constants
TT
logioir
1
K
t"
VV
e
logio e
loge
10
logiologioe
logeTT
loge 2
logio
=
=
3.141 592 654
0.318 309 886
=
=
=
=
=
9.869 604 401
=
=
=
=
0.497 149 873
1.772 453 851
2.718
281828
0.434 294 482

2.302 585 093
9.637 784 311

1.144 729 886
0.693 147 181
0.301 029 996
INDEX
Acceleration, 78, 79, 80.
Admittance,
theorem,
121-122.
Bernoulli's
electric, 151.
Binomial theorem,
Air:
flow through apertures, 131.

flow through pipes, 132, 133.
173.
British thermal unit, 164, 174.
Calculus, 30-54.
Calorie, 164.
165.
Analytic geometry, 19-30.

Angle between two lines, 29.
Angular distortion, 94.
Angular measure, 82.
Cantilever beam, 99.

Capacity:
electric,
145-147, 150.
measures of, 159, 163.

Catenary, 27.
Center of gravity:
composite sections, 74, 75.
Apertures, flow through:

air and steam, 131-132.
water, 120-12 1.
Apothecaries' measure, 159.
Arc, length
2.
Boiling points of elements, 172-
Algebra, 1-9.
Alternating currents, 147-154.
Altitude, determination of, 167.
Ampere,
hydraulics,
formulae
for,
72-74.
standard sections, table
of, 31, 32, 36.
Areas:
iii-
of,
113.
Center of gyration, 77.

Center of percussion, 77.
Center of pressure, 119, 120.
Centigrade thermometer, 163.
integral formulae for, 37, 38.

of circles, table of, 185-186.
Arithmetical progression, 2.
Asymptotes of hyperbola, 25.
Atmosphere, standard, 165.
Atomic weights, 168.
Avoirdupois weight, 159.
Centrifugal force, 83.
Channel beam, 117.

Channels, flow of water
in,
127-
129.
Barometer:
reduction of readings to 0
C,
Chord
166.
determination of altitudes by,

167.
Bazin's formulae for flow of water:

in channels, 127-128.
over weirs, 129-130.
Beam loadings, 98-106.
Beams:
of circle, 11.
Circle:
circumference and area

chord of, II.
equations of, 21, 22.
moment
sector
Circles,
of, 11.
to, 21.
table
and areas
of
circumferences
of, 185, 186.
Circular measure, 159.
Circumferences of
Belt friction, 89.

of a
of, 11.
of inertia of, 116.
and segment
tangent
cantilever, 99.
deflection of, 97.
flexure of, 95-97.
Bending moment
Characteristic of a logarithm, 190.

Chezy's formula, flow of water, 127.
beam, 96.
185, 186.
215
circles,
table of,
INDEX
2l6
Coefl5cients
expansion,
linear
of
Differential equations
cont.
order and higher degree.
175. 176.
Collapsing of tubes, 131.
first
Columns, formulae for, 1 06-1 11.

Combinations and permutations,
linear equations, 63-69.
62, 63.
second order and
Common
base
of
degree,
Direction cosines of a line, 27, 28, 29.

Discriminant of quadratic equa-
logarithms:
of, 3.
numbers, table
192, 193.
quantities, 7.
forces, 87, 88.
strength of materials, 93.

stress
due
Condensers,
to, 92.
94.
Diverging series, 5,
Dry measure, 159.
electric, 146, 147.
Conductance, electric, 151.

Cone, right circular:
center of gravity
frustum
Dyne,
Convergent
Conversion
series, 5.
12.
Sietric,
160-163.
factors,
base of natural logarithms, 3, 6.

current loss, 156
Elastic curve of a beam, 96, 97.
electric, 139.
Cycloid, 25.
Cylinder, right circular:
lateral surface and volume, 12.
kinetic, 85, 86.
of flywheel, 83, 84.
EngUsh
and
metric
conversion
factors, 160-163.
of inertia of, 115.

in,
of, 11.
definition of, 23.
Energy:
32.
tracing, 40, 41.
Cylinders, stresses
circumference and area
equation of, 23.

tangent to, 24.
4, 39, 40.
of,
of, 92, 93, 94.
Ellipse:
187-189.
Curvature, radius
modulus
Elastic limit, 91, 93.

Electricity, 134-157.
Coulomb, 145.
Cubes and cube roots of numbers,
Cubic equations,
Eddy
Elasticity,
English and
Ccipper wire tables, 136, 137.
moment
163.
e,
and volume,
Constants, numerical, 214.
of,
6.
of, 114.
of, 13.
lateral surface
table
Distance:
between two points, 20, 28; 29

from point to line, 20.
from point to plane, 29.
Distortion, angular, stress due to,
8.
Composition of
Compression:
tion, I.
of,
Complex imaginary
Curve
first
70, 71.
9.
English
130.
weights
and measures,
158, 159.
Deflection of beams, 97.
Epicycloid, 26.
De
Moivre's theorem, 9.
Density of various substances,
169-171.
Equations:
cubic and higher,
Differential calculus:
transcendental,
Equivalents:
application
to
geometry
and
physics, 30-32.
formulae, 33.
Differential equations, 58-71.
exact equations, 69, 70.

first order and first degree, 5962.
quadratic,
4, 39, 40.
i.
heat, electric,
4, 5.
and mechanical,
164-166.
pressure, 165, 166
Erg, 164.
Euler's formula for columns, 106,
107.
INDEX
Exponential transformations,
Exponents, i.
9.
217
Hyperbolic logarithms, 3, 194-196.

Hyperbolic sines and cosines,
table
Factors of safety, table of, 93.

Fahrenheit thermometer, 163.
213.
of,
Hypocycloid,
Hysteresis
26, 27.
loss, 155.
Falling bodies, 80.
I-beam, 118.
Farad, 145.
Flexure of beams, 95-97.
of air, 131, 132, 133.
Imaginary quantities, 7, 8.
Impact, 86, 87.
Impedance, electric, 149, 150.
of steam, 132, 133.
Impulse, 86.
of water, 120-130.
Flywheel, 83, 84.
Inclined plane, 89-91.

Indeterminate forms, i, 38, 39.
Induced voltage, 142, 143.
Force, 85, 86.
Inductance, 143-145, 149, 150.
Force, centrifugal, 83.

Forces:
Infinite series, 5, 6, 7.
Fliegner'sequations,flowofair,i3i.
Flow
Flow
Flow
Fluids, flow of, 131-133.
composition
resolution
Francis'
Inductivities, table of, 146.
Integral calculus:
of, 87, 88.
areas, 37, 38.

length of curves, 36.
of, 88.
formula, flow of water,
volumes, 38.
129.
Frequency, electric dynamos, 139,
Integration,
Friction, 88, 89.
Frustum
Frustum
methods
of:
partial fractions, 42.
148.
of
parts, 43.
pyramid,
reduction formulae, 45, 46.

substitution, 43-45.
table of integrals, 46-54.
12.
of right circular cone, 13.
g, acceleration of gravity, 80.
J.
Geometrical progression, 2, 3.
Geometry, 10-13.
Gordon's formula for columns,
Joule, 164.
107, 108.
Grashof's formula, flow of steam,

Gravity, acceleration
Gyration, radius
Kinetic energy, 85, 86.

Kutter's formula for flow of water,
of, 80.
Length, measures
of, 77.
Length
Head
Heat,
of water, 119.
electric,
for
128, 129.
132.
,
B.
Johnson's formula
columns, 109, no.
Generators, electric, 139, 141.
and
lae,
mechanical
equivalents, 164-166.
Henry, 143.
Higher degree equations,
Horsepower, i6r5.
4, 39, 40.
Hydraulics,
1 19-13 1.
Hyperbola:
asymptotes, 25.
definition of, 24.
equations of, 24.

Hyperbolic functions, 54-58.
of, 158,
of curves, integral
160.
formu-
36.
Linear expansion, coefficients
of,
175, 176.
Liquid measures, 159, 163.

Loadings of beams, 98-106.
Logarithmic cross-section paper,
189-190.
Logarithms, 3,
4.
Logarithms
numbers, tables
of
of,
192-196.
Logarithms
of trigonometric func-
tions, tables of, 197-204.
INDEX
2l8
Logarithm tables, use of, 190, 191.

Losses due to flow of water in
pipes, 122-125.
Maclaurin's
flow of water
127-129.
Oscillation, radius of, 77, 78.
series, 35.
Magnetism, 154-157.
Magnets, attractive force, 155.
Materials, mechanics of, 91-118.
Materials, strength
of, table, 93.
Maxima and minima,
Parabola:
arc
and area
English
factors, 160-163.
Modulus
of,
113.
equations of, 22, 23.

tangent to, 23.
Parallelogram, 10.
Pendulum,
173.
and
of, 11.
definition of, 22.
Mechanics, theoretical, 72-91.

Melting points of elements, 172,
Metric
in,
Overfall- weirs, 129, 130.
center of gravity
34, 35.
Measurement, tables, 158-167.

Mechanics of materials, 91-118.
conversion
85.
Percussion, center
of, 77.
Permeability, 154.
of elasticity, 92, 93, 94.
Mollier chart for steam, after 184.
Moment
Ohm, 165.
Ohm's law, 138.
Open channels,
of inertia:
Permutations and combinations, 9.

Phase, alternating currents, 148,
151-
plane areas, formulae, 75, 76.

solids, formula, 76.
Physical and chemical constants,

168-184.
sohds, table
Pipes:
of,
115.
standard sections, table
of,
116-
Moment
of resistance of
a beam,
in, 1
Momentum,
circular, 82, 83.
of, 20.
of a body, 78, 79.

electric, 139, 140.
Naperian logarithms, 3, 194-196.

Napier's equations, flow of steam,
Polygon, 10.
Poundal, 163.
Power, electric, 139, 152, 153, 154.
Powers of numbers, table of, 187189.
Pressure:
132.
Natural logarithms:
barometer readings, 166.
of, 3.
numbers, tables of, 194-196.

Natural trigonometric functions,
of
205-212.
Navigation, 17-19.
Neutral axis of beams, 95, 96.
Neutral surface of beams, 95.

Newton's method, solution
equations by, 39, 40.
Normal
of, 29.
Plane trigonometry, 13-16.

Polar coordinates, transformation
85.
Motion:
Motors,
21-127.
Plane analytic geometry, 19-27.

Plane, equations
96.
base
flow of water
stresses in, 130.
118.
center of, 119, 120.

equivalents, 165, 166.
pipes, 130.
water, 119.
Prism, right, 12.
Progression:
arithmetical,
of
to curve, slope of, 30.
Numerical constants, 214.
Pyramid:
center of gravity
frustum
Oblique spherical triangles,
2.
geometrical, 2, 3.
Projectiles, 80-82.
16, 17.
of,
114.
of, 12.
lateral area
and volume
of,
12.
INDEX
Quadratic equations,
Segment of circle:
ar^ and chord of,
i.
Radian, 82.
center of gravity
Radius of curvature:
formula for, 32.
of beams, 97.
Radius of gyration:
formula for, 77.
of
Segment
Maclaurin's, 35.
standard, 6, 7.
Rankine's formula for columns,
Taylor's, 35.
Shafts, torsion of, 94, 95.
Shear, 94, 97, 98.
Simple pendulum, 85.
107-108.
Ratio test for infinite series, 6.

Reactance, electric, 149, 150.
Reciprocals of numbers, table
Sine
wave
of voltage or current,
147, 150, 151.

of,
187-189.
Rectangular coordinates, transformation of, 20.

Reduction formulae, integration
Slope of tangent to curve, 30.

Solid analytic geometry, 27-30.
Solids of revolution, s^.
Solution of equations, 4,
5,
39, 40.
Specific heats, 173, 174.
Sphere:
by, 45, 46.
moment
10.
of, 13.
Spherical triangles, 16, 17.

Spherical trigonometry, 16-19.
formulae, 134, 135, 138, 139.

Resistivity table, electric, 134.
Squares and square roots of num-
Resolution of forces, 88.
bers, table of, 187-189.
Right circular cone, 12.

Right circular cylinder:
lateral surface and volume,
Steam
chart, MoUier, after 184.
Steam:
12.
of inertia of, 115.
Right prism, 12.

Right spherical triangles,
Right triangle:
of inertia of, 115.
segment of, 13.

surface and volume
Reluctance, 154.
Resistance, electric:
copper wire tables, 136, 137.
moment
113.
of sphere, 13.
infinite, 5, 6, 7.
of oscillation, 77, 78.
Regular polygon,
11.
of,
Series:
standard sections, 116-118.
Radius
219
flow through apertures, 132.

flow through pipes, 133.
Steam
tables, 177-184.
Straight
16.
line,
equations
of, 19,
20,
30.
Straight line formula for columns,
area, 10.
trigonometric formulae, 13.

Ritter's formula for columns, 108,
109.
Rootsof numbers, table of, 187-189.

Rotation of a body, 79. 80, 82, S3.
no.
Strength of materials, table
Stress, mechanical, 91, 92.
Stresses
in
pipes and
of, 93.
cylinders.
130, 131-
Surface, measures of, 158, 160, 161.
Saturated steam, tables, 177-184.

Saturation curves, magnetic, 156,
Surfaces of revolution, 37, 38.

Susceptance, electric, 151.
157.
Seconds-pendulum, 85.
Section modulus of standard
tions, 116-118.
Sector of circle:
arc and area of, 11
center of gravity of, 112.
Tables, mathematical, 185-214.

sec-
Tangent:
to circle, 21.
to ellipse, 24.
to hyperbola, 25.
to parabola, 23.
INDEX
220
Tangent to curve, slope
Taylor's
Troy weight,
of, 30.
Temperature
159.
Tubes, collapsing
series, 35.
of,
131.
coefficients of elec-
trical resistance, table of, 135.
Tension, 92.
Thermometers,
Ultimate strength, 91, 93.

Units:
conversion
of
Three-phase circuits, 153, 154.

Torque of motor, 141, 142.
Torsion of shafts, 94, 95.
Tracing curves, 40, 41.
Transcendental equations, 4, 5.
Transformation of coordinates, 20.
Transformations, exponential- 9.
Trapezoid:
area of, 10.
center of gravity
Triangle:
conversion factors, 160-163.

heat,
scales, 163.
electric,
weights and measures, 158, 159.

Velocity, 78, 79Volt, 165.
Voltage, induced, 142, 143.
Volume, measures
Volumes:
reduction
of, 112.
and mechanical
equivalents, 164-166.
of, 158, 161, 162.
standard
to
condi-
tions, 166.
surfaces of revolution, 37, 38.
area, 10.
center of gravity of, iii.

solution of, 16.
Trigonometric formulae, 13-17.

Trigonometric functions, tables of,
197-212.
Trigonometry, plane, 13-16.
Trigonometry, spherical, 16-19.
Water, density
Watt, 165.
Weight
of, 170.
of various substances,
169-
171.
Weights and measures, 158, 159.

Weirs, 129, 130.
Work,
85, 86.
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A.

VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY

VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY

authors have to express their thanks to Profes-

Church, G. A. Goodenough, and William

kindly given permission for the

use of special material, tables, and constants from their

given where such

are also due to

for coefficients of hysteresis

are especially indebted to Professors

Berg and John N. Vedder of Union College,

Polytechnic Institute, for a critical reading of the

manuscript and for valuable suggestions; also to Professors Charles F. F. Garis

and Walter L. Upson

for advice in connection with certain

Professor of Electrical Engineering in Union College,

Consulting Engineer of the General Electric

In publishing this book the authors have endeavored

intended primarily for students in engineering

and should serve as a convenient

differential equations, the authors

gone as far as seems necessary for students and engineers

who have taken

the ordinary undergraduate

increasing need of mathematics in engineering

should assure this book a broad

only to students in technical schools and colleges but

Plane Analytic Geometry

Rectangular and polar coordinates

Solid Analytic Geometry

Application of differential calculus

Formulae of differential calculus

Maxima and minima

Application of integral calculus

Inverse hyperbolic functions

higher than the

Linear equations with constant coefficients

Equations of the second order and

Properties of standard sections

Flow through apertures

Flow through open channels

Flow through apertures

English weights and measures

English and metric conversion factors

and mechanical equivalents

Pressure and volimie corrections

Physical and Chemical Constants

Melting and boiling points

Coefficients of linear expansion of solids

Properties of saturated steam

Circumferences and areas of

Powers, roots, and reciprocals

Hyperbolic sines and cosines

mines the nature of the

the roots are

the discriminant, deterIf 6^ is greater

the roots are real

Special and Indeterminate

For the evaluation of indeterminate forms,

one whose terms

geometrical progression when

equal to the preceding term multipUed by

to be convergent (see Infinite Series)