BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) CHEMICAL

CHE 465 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I

MARCET BOILING

PREPARED BY
EH2202B
HAFIZAH BINTI OSMAN (2013686936)
ILI NADIA ISMAIL (2013212084)
JAILANI BIN ZULKIFLI (2013450328)
JEALONOVIER SAYAS ANAK JEMON (2013886766)
MARLISSA BINTI AZEMI (2013815618)

PREPARED FOR
DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL
MARCET BOILING
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 1

ABSTRACT
The objectives of this experiment are; to demonstrate the relationship between pressure
and temperature of a saturated steam in equilibrium with water and to determine the pressure
vapour curve. At the beginning of the experiment, the market boiler filled with water is to be
healed first until a certain absolute pressure is reached which is 1.0-2.0 bar. Then the heater
will be turned off and will be allowed to cool down to its initial temperature. The increasing
and decreasing temperature were recorded throughout the experiment for further use and
calculation of the experiment. As a result, the graph of absolute pressure against dT/dP
(measured slope)

was slightly deviate compared to absolute

pressure

against

Tvg/hfg

(calculated slope) because of some errors of data. The percentage error calculated ranged
from 0% to 40%, proven the result of this experiment.

INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a system and
the surrounding which occurs when the system undergoes a process. It concerned about the
changes in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances such as gases and
vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.
An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressures, specific volume or
density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R. However,
real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on the ideal gas
equation of state allow its application in the properties of the real gas. When energy is added
within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules caused the increase in the
number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of
equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the
pressure, the easier the molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to
achieved the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs
at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature. The pressure where equilibrium
occurs at a given temperature is called saturated pressure.
Market Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between
the atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of the slope of the graph (dT/dP)
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 2

obtained from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined
through calculation from the steam table.

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are; to demonstrate the relationship between pressure
and temperature of a saturated steam in equilibrium with water and to determine the pressure
vapour curve.

THEORY
Thermodynamics is the study that related to the transfer of heat and work between the
system and the surrounding. The process undergoes can cause some changes to the properties
of the system. Marcet Boiler equipment has been developed to investigate the relationship
between the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam that equilibrium in water at
temperature between atmospheric pressure and 10 bars.
Ideal gas exists at high pressure and low temperature.an ideal gas can be characterised
by absolute pressure(P), volume(V) and temperature(T). Gas is said to be ideal when it obey
the ideal gas law in which it is deduced from the kinetic theory.
The ideal gas law:
PV=nRT
Where,
P=absolute pressure
V=volume
n=moles of substances
R=ideal gas constant
T=absolute temperature(K)

If the gas obeys the ideal gas law, the gas is said to be ideal gas based on volume,
pressure, moles and the temperature behaviour. The gas that does not obey the ideal gas
equation is known as the real gas which it is exist in low pressure and high temperature.
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 3

When the temperature and the pressure within the water is increase, thus it will increase
the energy within the water. This will increase the activities among the molecules thus
enables the increase number of molecules escape from the surface of the water until the
equilibrium state is reached.
The state of equilibrium mainly depends on the pressure between the water surfaces and
the steam. At lower temperature, the molecule become easier to escape from the surface of
the water due to the less energy needed required to achieve the equilibrium state (boiling
point). The temperature in which the equilibrium occurs is called saturated temperature
(TSAT).
From the experiment, the value of the pressure and temperature is recorded at the

difference of 1oc. The measured value of the slope of the graph

dP
]
dT

SAT

obtain from the

result can be compared with the values that calculated from the data in the steam tables.
Clausius-clapeyron states:

[ ]
dT
dP

=
SAT

TV fg
h fg

f V g

f hg

dT
=
dP SAT

[ ]

And,
f h fg=hg
h
fg= hg hf
h

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 4

[ ]
dT
dP

=
SAT

TV g
hfg

As
V g V f
Where,
V f =specific volume of saturated liquid
V g =specific volume of saturated vapour
h f =enthalpy of saturated liquid
h g =enthalpy of saturated vapour
h fg =latent heat of vaporisation
MATERIALS
Water

APPARATUS
Marcet boiler equipment
Figure 1: Picture of Marcet Boiler Equipment

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 5

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
General Start-up Procedure:
1
2
3
4

A quick inspection is performed to ensure that the unit is in proper operating condition.
The unit is connected to the nearest power supply.
The valves at feed port and level sight tube (V1, V2, and V3) are opened.
The boiler is filled with distilled water through the feed port and the water level must
be about the half of the boilers height. The valves, V1 and V2 at the level sight tube

are closed.
The power supply is switched on.

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 6

The experiment is ready to be carrying out.

Procedure:
1
2

The general start-up procedures are performed.

The valves at the level side tube (V2 & V3) are opened to check the water level if
initially the boiler is filled with water. Additional water is poured if necessary then the

valves are closed.

The temperature controller is set to 180 C which is slightly above the expected boiling

4
5
6

point of the water at 10.0 bar (abs).

Vent valve, V3 is opened and the heater is turned on.
The steam temperature rise is observed as the water boils.
The steam is allowed to come out from the valve, V3 about 30 seconds, and then the

valve is closed.
The steam temperature and pressure are recorded when the boiler is heated until the

steam pressure reaches 10.0 bar (abs).

Then, the heater is turned off and the steam temperature and pressure will begin to

drop. The boiler is allowed to cool down to room temperature.

The steam temperatures are recorded at different pressure reading when the boiler is
heated and cooled.

RESULTS
Table 1 : Tabulated Data of Pressure, Temperature and Slope

Pressure, P ( Bar )

Gauge

Absolute

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Temperature, T
Increase Decrease
( ) ( )
101.5
102.4
105.0
107.4
109.5
111.6

102.0
104.7
107.1
109.1
111.3
113.3

Measured
slope,
dT/dP

Calculated
slope,
T vg /h fg

0.180
0.250
0.220
0.220
0.200

0.2396
0.2244
0.2111
0.2168
0.1894

Average Average
T avg () T avg ( K )
101.75
103.55
106.05
108.25
110.40
112.45

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 7

374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45

0.7
1.7
113.7
115.2
114.45
387.45
0.200
0.1803
0.8
1.8
115.5
116.9
116.20
389.20
0.175
0.1755
0.9
1.9
117.2
118.7
117.95
390.95
0.175
0.1646
1.0
2.0
118.9
120.5
119.70
392.70
0.175
0.1579
1.1
2.1
120.4
122.1
121.25
394.25
0.155
0.1522
1.2
2.2
122.1
123.5
122.80
395.80
0.155
0.1462
1.3
2.3
123.6
125.0
124.30
397.30
0.150
0.1414
1.4
2.4
125.1
126.4
125.75
398.75
0.145
0.1361
1.5
2.5
126.4
127.8
127.10
400.10
0.135
0.1321
1.6
2.6
127.7
129.1
128.40
401.40
0.130
0.1278
1.7
2.7
129.9
130.4
129.70
402.70
0.130
0.1241
1.8
2.8
130.3
131.4
131.05
404.05
0.135
0.1203
1.9
2.9
131.5
132.8
132.15
405.15
0.110
0.1171
2.0
3.0
132.8
134.0
133.40
406.40
0.125
0.1138
2.5
3.5
138.2
139.4
138.80
411.80
0.108
0.1005
3.0
4.0
143.2
144.2
143.70
416.70
0.098
0.0903
3.5
4.5
147.5
148.5
148.00
421.00
0.086
0.0822
4.0
5.0
151.6
152.4
152.00
425.00
0.080
0.0756
4.5
5.5
155.2
156.1
155.65
428.65
0.073
0.0699
5.0
6.0
158.6
159.5
159.06
432.06
0.068
0.0653
5.5
6.5
161.8
162.6
162.20
435.20
0.063
0.0613
6.0
7.0
164.9
165.6
165.25
438.25
0.061
0.0579
6.5
7.5
167.6
168.5
168.05
441.05
0.056
0.0547
7.0
8.0
170.4
171.2
170.80
443.80
0.055
0.0520
7.5
8.5
172.8
173.7
173.25
446.25
0.049
0.0497
8.0
9.0
175.2
176.3
175.75
448.75
0.050
0.0475
8.5
9.5
177.6
178.6
178.10
451.10
0.047
0.0455
9.0
10.0
179.9
179.9
179.90
452.90
0.036
0.0436
Figure 2 : Graph of Temperature Average Versus Absolute Pressure

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 8

200
180
160
140
120
Temperature ()

100
80
60
40
20
0
0

10

12

Pressure Absolute (Bar)

Figure 3: Graph of dT/dP and Tvg/hfg Slope Versus Absolute Pressure

0.3
0.25
0.2
dT/dP and Tvg/hfg

0.15
dT/dP
Tvg/hfg

0.1
0.05
0
0

Absolute Pressure (Bar)

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 9

10

12

CALCULATIONS
Calculation for Pressure
Pressure (gauge) = Pressure (absolute) Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure (gauge) = 1.2 - 1.0
*Note: 1 bar = 100kPa and atmospheric pressure is assumed as 100kPa.
Table 2 : Tabulated Data of Pressure (Gauge and Absolute)
Pressure, P ( bar )
Gauge
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 10

Absolute
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

Calculation for Average Temperature in C and K

Tavg = (Temperature Increase + Temperature Decrease)/2
Tavg (C) = (102.4 + 104.7)/2
Tavg (C) for Pressure Bar 1.2 = 103.55 C
T (K) = T (C) + 273
Tavg (K) for Pressure Bar 1.2 = 376.55 K
Table 3 : Tabulated Data of Pressure and Temperature
Pressure, P ( bar )
Absolute

Increase (
C)

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

101.5
102.4
105.0
107.4
109.5
111.6
113.7
115.5
117.2
118.9
120.4
122.1
123.6
125.1
126.4
127.7
129.9
130.3
131.5
132.8
138.2
143.2
147.5
151.6

Temperature, T
Average
Decrease (
Tavg (
C)
C)
102.0
101.75
104.7
103.55
107.1
106.05
109.1
108.25
111.3
110.40
113.3
112.45
115.2
114.45
116.9
116.20
118.7
117.95
120.5
119.70
122.1
121.25
123.5
122.80
125.0
124.30
126.4
125.75
127.8
127.10
129.1
128.40
130.4
129.70
131.4
131.05
132.8
132.15
134.0
133.40
139.4
138.80
144.2
143.70
148.5
148.00
152.4
152.00

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 11

Average
Tavg (K)
374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45
387.45
389.20
390.95
392.70
394.25
395.80
397.30
398.75
400.10
401.40
402.70
404.05
405.15
406.40
411.80
416.70
421.00
425.00

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

155.2
158.6
161.8
164.9
167.6
170.4
172.8
175.2
177.6
179.9

156.1
159.5
162.6
165.6
168.5
171.2
173.7
176.3
178.6
179.9

155.65
159.06
162.20
165.25
168.05
170.80
173.25
175.75
178.10
179.90

428.65
432.06
435.20
438.25
441.05
443.80
446.25
448.75
451.10
452.90

Calculation for Measured Slope, dT/dP

P
( 2P 1) x

Measure slope ,

100 kPa
1

dT T 2T 1
=

dP

T is in Kelvin and P(Abs) is in bar , While dT is in (K) and dP is in kPa.

1
100 kPa

( 1.21.1 ) x
Measure slope ,

dT
376.55 K374.75 K
at Absolute Pressure1.2=

dP

Measure slope ,

dT
=0.18
dP

Table 4 : Tabulated Data of Pressure, Temperature and Slope

Pressure, P ( bar )
Absolute

Temperature, T
Average Tavg (K)

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 12

Measured slope
dT/dP
0.180
0.250
0.220
0.220
0.200

1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

387.45
389.20
390.95
392.70
394.25
395.80
397.30
398.75
400.10
401.40
402.70
404.05

0.200
0.175
0.175
0.175
0.155
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.135
0.130
0.130
0.135

2.9

405.15

0.110

3.0
3.5

406.40
411.80

0.125
0.108

4.0

416.70

0.098

4.5
5.0

421.00
425.00

0.086
0.080

5.5

428.65

0.073

6.0
6.5

432.06
435.20

0.068
0.063

7.0

438.25

0.061

7.5
8.0
8.5

441.05
443.80
446.25

0.056
0.055
0.049

9.0

448.75

0.050

9.5

451.10

0.047

10.0

452.90

0.036

Obtain from Properties of Saturated Steam Pressure in Bar

Table 5 : Data from Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure and Specific
Volume
Pressure, P ( bar )
Absolute

m
Specific Volume , Vg ( kg

1.1

1.2

1.428

1.3

1.325

1.4

1.236

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 13

1.5

1.259

1.6

1.091

1.7

1.031

1.8

0.997

1.9

0.929

2.0

0.885

2.1

0.848

2.2

0.810

2.3

0.778

2.4

0.746

2.5

0.720

2.6

0.693

2.7

0.670

2.8

0.646

2.9

0.626

3.0

0.606

3.5

0.524

4.0

0.462

4.5

0.414

5.0

0.375

5.5

0.342

6.0

0.315

6.5

0.292

7.0

0.273

7.5

0.255

8.0

0.240

8.5

0.227

9.0

0.215

9.5

0.204

10.0

0.194

Table 6 : Data from Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure and Latent

Heat of Vaporisation

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 14

Latent Heat Vaporisation,

Pressure, P ( bar )
Absolute

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 15

kJ
kg )

h fg

1.1

1.2

2244.08

1.3

2237.79

1.4

2231.86

1.5

2226.23

1.6

2220.87

1.7

2215.75

1.8

2210.84

1.9

2206.13

2.0

2201.59

2.1

2197.29

2.2

2192.98

2.3

2188.95

2.4

2184.91

2.5

2181.11

2.6

2177.30

2.7

2173.69

2.8

2170.08

2.9

2166.65

3.0

2163.22

3.5

2147.35

4.0

2132.95

4.5

2119.71

5.0

2107.42

5.5

2095.90

6.0

2085.03

6.5

2074.73

7.0

2064.92

7.5

2055.53

8.0

2046.53

8.5

2037.86

9.0

2029.49

9.5

2021.40

10.0

2013.56

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 16

Sample Calculation for Calculated Slope

Calculated slope=

Note that T is in K , Vg in

Calculated slope at P1.2=

m3
kg

T vg
h fg

and

h fg

376.55 x 1.428
2244.08

kJ
in kg

= 0.2396

Table 7 : Data of Pressure, Temperature, Specific Volume, Latent Heat of

Vaporisation and Calculated Slope

Pressure, P
( bar )
Absolute

Temperature
Average,
T avg ( K )

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

374.75
376.55
379.05
381.25
383.4
385.45
387.45
389.20
390.95
392.70
394.25
395.80
397.30
398.75
400.10
401.40
402.70
404.05
405.15
406.40

Specific
Volume , Vg (
m3

kg
1.428
1.325
1.236
1.259
1.091
1.031
0.997
0.929
0.885
0.848
0.810
0.778
0.746
0.720
0.693
0.670
0.646
0.626
0.606

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 17

Latent heat
Vapourization,
h fg

kJ
( kg )

2244.08
2237.79
2231.86
2226.23
2220.87
2215.75
2210.84
2206.13
2201.59
2197.29
2192.98
2188.95
2184.91
2181.11
2177.30
2173.69
2170.08
2166.65
2163.22

Calculated
Slope,
(

T vg
)
hfg

0.2396
0.2244
0.2111
0.2168
0.1894
0.1803
0.1755
0.1646
0.1579
0.1522
0.1462
0.1414
0.1361
0.1321
0.1278
0.1241
0.1203
0.1171
0.1138

3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

411.80
416.70
421.00
425.00
428.65
432.06
435.20
438.25

0.524
0.462
0.414
0.375
0.342
0.315
0.292
0.273

2147.35
2132.95
2119.71
2107.42
2095.90
2085.03
2074.73
2064.92

0.1005
0.0903
0.0822
0.0756
0.0699
0.0653
0.0613
0.0579

7.5

441.05

0.255

2055.53

0.0547

8.0

443.80

0.240

2046.53

0.0520

8.5

446.25

0.227

2037.86

0.0497

9.0

448.75

0.215

2029.49

0.0475

9.5

451.10

0.204

2021.40

0.0455

10.0

452.90

0.194

2013.56

0.0436

Error Calculation
Error % =

measured slopecalculated slope

measured slope

For P = 1.3 bar

=|

0.22440.25
0.2244

| x 100

= 11.41%

For P = 1.4 bar

=|

0.21110.22
0.2111

| x 100

= 4.21%

For P = 1.5 bar

=|

0.21640.22
0.2164

| x 100

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 18

= 1.66%

DISCUSSIONS
In the experiment, the pressure and temperature obtains are tabulated. The reading of
increase and decrease in temperature are being calculated to find temperature at average.
Average temperature at first reading is 101.75 C and increase until 179.90 C with 34
readings. There is only a small difference between the value for pressure and temperature.
During a phase-change process, pressure and temperature are dependent properties and there
is a definite relation between them. A graph of T versus P is called a liquid-vapour saturation
curve. Based on the graphs, the curve of pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium are directly proportional as the temperature increases with pressure. Thus, it
shows that a substance at higher pressure boils at higher temperature. The graph of
absolute pressure against dT/dP (measured slope) was slightly deviate compared to absolute
pressure against Tvg/hfg (calculated slope). Theoretically, the values measured should
be almost the same with the predicted values. However, at certain points, the values are not
the same. This happen maybe because of a few errors when conducting the experiment.
Sources of error are measurements or reading accuracy, room temperature and pressure, the
stability of materials and also the calculations where the decimal places were not being
constant when calculating every data. The percentage of error obtained is ranged from 0% to
40% because there is a small difference between the actual and ideal values that we get.
During the experiment, it is very important to remove the air first from the boiler as this
could affect the accuracy of the experimental results especially the pressure readings. When
there was air trapped inside the boiler, the correct equilibrium measurements between the
steam and boiling water will not be obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air, a lower water
temperature will be required to raise the pressure. Distilled water is used in this experiment
because it prevents corrosion in the vessel and impurities in other water increase the boiling
CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 19

point. When the liquid absorbs enough heat energy, it will change to vapour form. It takes a
large amount of energy to vaporize a liquid. The amount of energy absorbed during
vaporization is called the latent heat of vaporization and is equivalent to the energy released
during condensation. The magnitudes of the latent heats depend on the temperature or
pressure at which the phase change occurs. At 1.2 absolute pressure and 103.55 C, the latent
heat of vaporization is 2244.08 kJ / kg. At 10.0 absolute pressure and 179.90 C, the latent
heat of vaporization is 2013.56 kJ / kg. This shows that the latent heat of vaporization
decreases as the temperature and pressure increases. As the steam is not allowed to exit, it
will cause an increase in pressure and thus causing the temperature to increase. Saturated
steam can however, be increased in temperature without further increasing pressure and
become 'Superheated steam'. Applications of Marcet Boiler include water boiler, gasifier
system, power plant and cooking utilities.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The pressure increases as the temperature increases. This was proved from the graph of
average temperature against the absolute pressure that shows the relationship between
temperature and pressure is directly proportional. The graph of absolute pressure against
dT/dP (measured slope) was slightly deviate compared to absolute pressure against Tvg/hfg
(calculated slope) because of some errors of data. The percentage of error range from 0% to
40% which can prove the result of this experiment.
On the other hand, there are few recommendations that can take into account regarding
this experiment to get better results; always check and rectify any leaks and do no not touch
the hot components of the unit. When handling the liquid at high temperature, be extremely
extra careful so that you dont burn yourself. Besides that, always make sure that the boiler
vessel is filled with sufficient water to cover the heater element which is half of the boilers
height. Furthermore, do not open the valves on the level sight tube when the vessel is in
operation because the sight tube is not design to withstand high pressure and temperature.
Besides, steam is released as to remove the air from the boiler as the accuracy of the
experimental results will be significantly affected when air is present. Lastly, never open the
valve when the boiler is heated as pressurized steam can cause severe injury.

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 20

REFERENCES
i) Skoog, West, Holler & Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8 th Ed,
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.
ii) Chemical Engineering Laboratory Manual (CHE 465); Marcet Boiler Experiment,
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam., 2014
iii) Cengel, Y.A., and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics (An Engineering Approach), Seventh
Ed. in SI Units, McGrawHill
iv) Marcet Boiler Experiment, http://www.scribd.com/doc/93324504/Marcet-Boiler,
accessed on 8th May 2014.
v) Lab 3 Marcet Boiler, http://www.studymode.com/essays/Lab-3-Marcet-Boiler1855756.html, accessed on 10th May 2014.
vi) Marcet Boiler, http://www.slideshare.net/ShwanSarwan/marcet-boiler, accessed on 10th
May 2014.

CHE 465-DR. ABDUL HADI ZAINAL Page 21