Linhagem Archaeplastida (Plantae):

Algas Vermelhas (Rhodophyta)

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Cromoalveolados

Unicontes

Excavados
(Modificado de Baldauf, 2008)

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Foto: Fungyi Chow

(Modificado de Baldauf, 2008)

Foto: Fungyi Chow

Foto: Fungyi Chow

Foto: Fungyi Chow

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Foto: Fungyi Chow

Eucariontes atuais

Animais

Fungos

Mixomicetes

Dinoflagelados

Apicomplexa

Unicontes

Ciliados

Criptomonas

Haptfitas

Oomicetes

Diatomceas

Crisofceas

Algas pardas

Glaucofitas

Cromoalveolados

Algas vermelhas

Outras algas verdes

Outras algas verdes

Outras algas verdes

Charales (Chlorophyta)

Archaeplastida

Plantas terrestres

Foraminferos

Rhizaria

Chlorarachniophyta

Euglenofceas

Excavados

Cloroplasto com 2
membranas (simples)

Origem do cloroplasto
(endossimbiose)

Origem da
mitocndria
(endossimbiose)

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(Modificado de Palmer, 2004)

rhodon (grego) = rosa

phyton (grego) = planta

Algas vermelhas (Rhodophyta)

600 680 gneros; 5.000 6.000 espcies.

Eucariontes, unicelulares ou pluricelulares. Poucos gneros unicelulares ou

filamentosos microscpicos, a maioria so macroscpicos.
Callithamnion sp.

Cyanidium sp.
Callithamnion tetragonum

Foto: M.C. Noailles

Porphyridium sp.

Gracilaria multipartita

Maioria marinhas e bentnicas. Poucas de gua-doce.

Ampla distribuio. Abundantes em guas tropicais e quentes
(at 260 m de profundidade), mas tambm so encontradas em
regies frias.
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Pyropia sp. (= Porphyra sp.)

rhodon (grego) = rosa + phyton (grego) = planta

Pigmentos?
clorofila a

ficoeritrina (mx. abs: azul e verde)

aloficocianina, ficocianina (mx. abs: vermelho) ficobiliprotenas
- e -caroteno (carotenos)
zeaxantina, lutena, anteraxantina e violaxantina (xantofilas) carotenoides

adaptao cromtica

(Purves et al., 1998)

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Ficobiliprotenas: sempre agrupados formando os ficobilissomos

(associados aos tilacoides livres no interior dos cloroplastos simples)
ficoeritrina

aloficocianina

ficocianina

membrana do tilacoide

alga vermelha
multicelular

cianobactria

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Porphyridium sp.

 Organizao do talo (organizao vegetativa, estruturao celular)?

Unicelulares: microscpicos, poucos gneros (ex. Cyanidium,
Porphyridium).
Cyanidium

Multicelulares: filamentoso
parenquimatoso
Gigartina sp.
(filamentoso)

Porphyridium sp.

Audouinella sp.
(filamentoso)

Porphyra umbilicalis
(parenquimatoso)

Gracilaria sp.
(filamentoso)

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 Talos multicelulares (filamentoso e parenquimatoso):

a) Filamentoso: unisseriado - multisseriado
simples - ramificados

Audouinella sp.

b) Filamentoso pseudoparenquimatoso:
http://www.buildingthepride.com/faculty/
pgdavison/rhodo1.jpg

c) Parenquimatoso: foliceo

Polysiphonia stricta
Michael Guiry
Polysiphonia denudata
Ignacio Brbara

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Polysiphonia brodiei
Ignacio Brbara

 Talos multicelulares (filamentoso e parenquimatoso):

a) Filamentoso: unisseriado - multisseriado
simples - ramificados
b) Filamentoso pseudoparenquimatoso:

Ceramium rubrum
Coastal Imageworks

c) Parenquimatoso: foliceo

Ceramium leptozonum
Michael Guiry

Ceramium leptozonum
Diane Littler

Centroceras clavulatum
J.M. Huisman
Centroceras clavulatum
Ignacio Brbara

Ceramium pallidum
Ignacio Brbara

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 Talos multicelulares (filamentoso e parenquimatoso):

a) Filamentoso: unisseriado - multisseriado
simples - ramificados

Multiaxial

b) Filamentoso pseudoparenquimatoso:

c) Parenquimatoso: foliceo

Multiaxial

vrios eixos centrais;

vrias clulas apicais de crescimento

Uniaxial

Uniaxial

1 eixo central;
1 clula apical de
crescimento

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 Talos multicelulares (filamentoso e parenquimatoso):

a) Filamentoso: unisseriado - multisseriado
simples - ramificados
b) Filamentoso pseudoparenquimatoso:
pseudoparenquimatoso cilndrico
pseudoparenquimatoso achatado

Hypnea flagelliformis
Hideki Haga

c) Parenquimatoso: foliceo

Hypnea spinella
Diane Littler

Scinaia interrupta
Ignacio Brbara

Chondracanthus tenellus
Hideki Haga

Scinaia interrupta
Ignacio Brbara

Chondracanthus tenellus
Hideki Haga

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Rhodymenia pseudopalmata
Michael Guiry

Gracilaria multipartita
Phil Smith

Gracilaria pacifica
Wendell Wood

Chondracanthus tenellus
Michael Guiry

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 Talos multicelulares (filamentosos e parenquimatosos):

a) Filamentoso: unisseriado - multisseriado
simples - ramificados
b) Filamentoso pseudoparenquimatoso:
pseudoparenquimatoso cilndrico
pseudoparenquimatoso achatado
c) Parenquimatoso: foliceo
crescimento difuso

Porphyra dioica
Michael Guiry

Porphyra umbilicalis
Ignacio Brbara

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 Parede celular
componente interno rgido
microfibrilas de celulose

camada externa mucilagem: polissacardeos (70%)

polmeros de galactanas sulfatadas (ex. agaranas e
carragenanas)

Algumas espcies apresentam deposio extracelular

de CaCO3 (cristais de aragonita ou calcita) - aspecto
rgido: algas coralinceas ou calcrias
Calcificao??? Funo???
auxiliar na obteno de CO2. (>calcificao fotossntese)
proteger contra hidrodinamismo, desecamento e predao.
atividade metablica prpria da parede celular.
reteno de clcio na matriz.

Pterocladiella capillacea - MET

Felix et al. (no publicado)

Ca2+ + HCO3- + OH- CaCO3 (pp) + H2O

calcificao favorecida em ambientes alcalinos / acidificao solubilidade do HCO3-

Lithophyllum racemus
Mirella Coppola di Canzano
Lithothamnion glaciale
Osborne Morton

Jania rubens var. corniculata

Mirella Coppola di Canzano

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 Conexes celulares (pit connection ou pit plug)

ligao estrutural entre clulas adjacentes
(comunicao intercelular), de composio
proteica, e auxilia no reparo celular.

MOL de pit plug.

http://www.ohio.edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/
pages/pit.html

MET de Cumagloia andersonii. W: parede celular; Co: ncleo

proteico; IC: fina camada interna do pit plug; OC: camada
externa espessa do pit plug. Fonte: 2000, C.M. Pueschel.

http://www.buildingthepride.com/faculty/pgdavison/pitcon2.jpg

MOL de Caloglossa leprieurii de Tenn. River mostrando pit

connections. Fonte: 2011, Paul G. Davison.

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 Outras caractersticas
Ausncia de flagelos nos gametas e esporos.
Reserva: amido das flordeas e outros compostos.

Lomentaria clavellosa
Ignacio Brbara
MET de Griffithsia pacifica. Citoplasma com
numerosos cloroplastos (C) e amido florideano (S). O
amido florideano o material de reserva da
fotossntese e depositado livre no citoplasma. Fonte:
2000, C.M. Pueschel.

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 Reproduo
a) Vegetativa esporos no flagelados (formados por meiose)
fragmentao
propgulos
b) Gamtica oogmica (gameta > gameta imvel)
histrico de vida com alternncia de geraes (com 2 e 3 fases)

Tetrasporngio produz 4 esporos (tetrsporos) por meiose (meiose esprica)

cruciados

tetradricos

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zonados

 Histrico de vida com alternncia de geraes com 2 fases: 2n - n

conchosporngio
(n)

esporos (n)

MEIOSE

carpsporos (2n)

ESPORFITO (2n)
TALO FILAMENTOSO
MICROSCPICO
(conchocelis)

carposporngios (2n)
gametngios masculinos (n)
espermatngios

FERTILIZAO

GAMETFITO (n)
TALO FOLIOSO
MACROSCPICO

MITOSE

ZIGOTO (2n)
espermcios (n)

Chow, F., Santos, D.Y.A.C., Ferreira, M.M.S. (2011) (Modificado de Oliveira, 2003)

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gametngios femininos (n)

carpognio

 Histrico de vida com alternncia de geraes com 2 fases: 2n - n

conchosporngio
(n)

esporos (n)

MEIOSE

carpsporos (2n)

gametngios masculinos
(espemcios)

carposporngios (2n)

ESPORFITO (2n)
ESPORFITO
(2n)
TALO
FILAMENTOSO
TALO
FILAMETOSO
MICROSCPICO
MICROSCPICO
(conchocelis)
carposporngios
carpsporos

gametngios masculinos (n)

espermatngios

FERTILIZAO

GAMETFITO (n)
TALO FOLIOSO
MACROSCPICO

MITOSE

ZIGOTO (2n)
espermcios (n)

Chow, F., Santos, D.Y.A.C., Ferreira, M.M.S. (2011) (Modificado de Oliveira, 2003)

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gametngios femininos (n)

carpognio

 Histrico de vida com alternncia de geraes trifsico: 2x(2n) - n

espermcios (n)
tricogine

FERTILIZAO
clula auxiliar

espermatngio
(n)

oosfera (n)
(poro basal do
carpognio com ncleo)

ncleo do
ZIGOTO (2n)

ramo
carpogonial
CARPOSPORFITO
(2n)

tetrasporngios
(2n)

GAMETFITO
MASCULINO
(n)

MEIOSE
GAMETFITO
FEMININO
(n)

carposporngios
(2n)

pericarpo
(n)
carpsporos (2n)

tetrsporos
(n)

Chow, F., Santos, D.Y.A.C., Ferreira, M.M.S. (2011) (Modificado de Raven et al., 2007)

ESPORFITO (2n)

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 Histrico de vida com alternncia de geraes trifsico: 2x(2n) - n

espermcios (n)
tricogine

FERTILIZAO
clula auxiliar

espermatngio
(n)

oosfera (n)
(poro basal do
carpognio com ncleo)

ncleo do
ZIGOTO (2n)

ramo
carpogonial
CARPOSPORFITO
(2n)

tetrasporngios
Gelidium pacificum
(2n)
Hideki Haga

GAMETFITO
MASCULINO
(n)

MEIOSE
GAMETFITO
FEMININO
(n)

carposporngios
(2n)

pericarpo
(n)
carpsporos (2n)

tetrsporos
(n)

Chow, F., Santos, D.Y.A.C., Ferreira, M.M.S. (2011) (Modificado de Raven et al., 2007)

ESPORFITO (2n)

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Cyanophyta

Rhodophyta

Phaeophyceae

Procarionte
Unicelular, colonial,
filamento

Eucarionte
Pluricelular

Sem cloroplastos

Cloroplasto complexos
4 invlucros
Tilacoides agregados (3)

Chl a e d
Ficobiliprotenas
(ficobilissomos)
Carotenoides

Chl a e c
Carotenoides
(fucoxantina)

Parede semelhante a
bactrias gramnegativas

Celulose, c. algnico e
fucoidina

Reserva: amido das

cianobactrias

Laminarina, manitol,
fucosana
Biflagelados

-----

Haplobionte diplonte,
Diplobionte
Isogamia, anisogamia e
oogamia

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Chlorophyta

Cyanophyta

Rhodophyta

Phaeophyceae

Procarionte
Unicelular, colonial,
filamento

Eucarionte
Unicelular
Maioria pluricelular

Eucarionte
Pluricelular

Sem cloroplastos

Cloroplasto simples
2 invlucros
Tilacoides livres

Cloroplasto complexos
4 invlucros
Tilacoides agregados (3)

Chl a e d
Ficobiliprotenas
(ficobilissomos)
Carotenoides

Chl a
Ficobiliprotenas
(ficobilissomos)
Carotenoides

Chl a e c
Carotenoides
(fucoxantina)

Parede semelhante a
bactrias gramnegativas

Celulose, galactanas
sulfatadas (ex. gar e
carragenanas)

Celulose, c. algnico e
fucoidina

Reserva: amido das

cianobactrias

Amido das flordeas

Laminarina, manitol,
fucosana

Ausncia de estgios flagelados

(gametas e esporos)
-----

Diplobionte (bi e trifsico)

Oogmica

Biflagelados
Haplobionte diplonte,
Diplobionte
Isogamia, anisogamia e
oogamia

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Chlorophyta

 Importncia

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 Importncia

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 Importncia frmacos e produtos naturais

Terpenides txicos afastam herbvoros.
Asparagopsis taxiformis: substncias halogenadas, aromatizantes.
Digenia simplex: cido kanico 37, vermfugo.
Laurencia, Portieria: substncias com atividade antitumoral, inibidores da
transcriptase reversa do vrus do HIV, substncias ictiotxicas e citotoxidade
seletiva contra tumores de clulas do crebro, dos rins e do clon.

Digenea simplex
Katrin Oesterlund
Portieria hornemannii
ABC Taxa
Asparagopsis taxiformis
John Huisman

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Redes de cultivo de Porphyra

Gracilaria chilensis coletada de

reas de manejo para explorao
Cultivo de Gracilaria no
nordeste do Brasil (long-line)

Gracilaria pr-processada para venda como

matria-prima para extrao de gar

Balsas de cultivo de Kappaphycus (RJ)

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Algaebase
http://www.algaebase.org/search/images/
Tree of Life Web Project
http://tolweb.org/tree/
e-aulas (http://eaulas.usp.br/)
Biolgicas/Cincias Biolgicas
[PLC0020-1] Diversidade e Evoluo das Plantas
Algas verdes
Costo rochoso
Algas vermelhas e algas verdes
Ciclos de vida

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