China coal

No impact to gasification plants CCS tech will specifically be

integrated to check back emissions

CSLF 3-19-14 -- international climate change initiative focused on the development

of improved cost-effective technologies for the separation and capture of carbon
dioxide (Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum, "China,"
www.cslforum.org/technologyroadmap/china.html)//SL
Hechuan Shuanghuai Power Plant Carbon Capture Hechuan, Chongqing, China. The
project plant can annually treat 50 million cubic meters (Nm3) of fuel gases,
from which 10,000 tons of CO2 with the concentration of over 99.5 percent
can be captured. The CO2 capture rate exceeds 95 percent. Operation started
January 2010. Shenhua Group CCS Demonstration Project Erdos, Inner Mongolia. Studies have shown that the
underground area near the Shenhua direct coal liquefaction plant has a
saline aquifer that can be used for CO2 geological storage with a single
well injecting more than 100,000 t/a of CO2. The CO2 emissions from the
Erdos coal gasification hydrogen production center will be captured, purified,
and transported to the storage sites by tankers and then injected into the target layer after
pressurization. The project started operation in 2011. Advanced Integrated CCS Projects GreenGen IGCC
Project Tianjin, China. The project is part of the Tianjin Lingang Industrial Zone Circular Economy Plan.

GreenGen plans to research, develop and demonstrate a coal-based

energy system, with hydrogen production, through the use of coal
gasification and electricity generation for widespread uptake of low
emissions technology in China.This project aims at capturing 2 Mt/a ofCO2
from a 400 MWe IGCC power plant whose generating efficiency is expected
to be 48.4 percent. The project intents to be implemented in three Phases, and at the completion of
Phase 3, the CO2 captured is planned to be used for EOR in possible sites
nearby. The entire project is expected to be finished in 2016.
http://www.greengen.com.cn/en/aboutgreengenproject.htm Current CCS Pilot-scale Activities China CO2
Sequestration and Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery Project Shizhuang,
Qinshui County, Shanxi Province. The objective of the project is to develop systems for CO2
sequestration and to enhance CBM recovery in un-mineable deep coal
seams. The project is based on previous cooperative projects between the
Chinese and Canadian governments (2002-2007). By May 2010, the project had met
its goal of 240 tonnes CO2 injection. Operation of the test is ongoing. Microalgae BioEnergy and Carbon Sequestration Project Dalate, Inner Mongolia. Based on successful lab
scale pilot, this project will use microalgae to absorb CO2 emitted from the flue gas
of a coal-derived methanol and coal derived dimethyl ether production
equipment and produce bio-diesel as well as feeds. The planned absorption capacity
will be 320,000 tons of CO2 annually. The project began in May 2010 and will be completed in two to three years.

Dongguan
Taiyangzhou Power Corporation is in the early phases of planning the
construction of a 800 MWe integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
plant with CCS . The project is regarded as one of the measurements to implement the Reform and
Dongguan Taiyangzhou IGCC with CCS Project - Dongguan, Guangdong Province.

Development Plan for the Pearl River Delta, which is endorsed by the State Council. During 2005 to 2010, the
Dongguan project received financial support for IGCC R&D from the government's High Technology Development

Lianyungang IGCC with CCS Project - Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province.This project

consists of a 1200 MW integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC )
Program.

power plant and 2 x 1300 MW ultra supercriticalpulverised coal power

plant. Up to 1 million tonnes per annum of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be
captured from the syngas and the ultra supercritical flue gas, with an
expectation of 21 30 million tonnes over the life time of the project .
Captured CO2 will be transported by pipeline, 201km to 250km to Binhai of Yancheng of the Jiangsu Province for

The plant is expected to be

operational by 2015 subject to government approvals. Daqing Carbon Dioxide Capture
and Storage Project - Daqing, Heilongjiang Province. Proposed capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) at one of
two new build 350 Mwe Cogeneration of Heat and Power (CHP) units, using bituminous coal as a
feedstock.Around 1 million tonnes per annum of CO2 would be captured at
the plant through oxyfuel combustion, an equivalent power output of between 101 250 MWe,
injection into deep saline formations or enhanced oil recovery.

and a total capture volume of between 21 30 million tonnes, within its life time.The CO2 would be transported by
pipeline for sequestration in a deep saline formation and used in enhanced oil recovery.Exploration and appraisal for
storage site start date are expected in 2015. Jinlong-CAS CO2 Utilization in Chemical Productions Taixing, Jiangsu
Province. Jiangsu Jinlong-CAS Chemical Co., Ltd. has built a production line to produce 22,000 tons of CO2-based
poly (propylene [ethylene] carbonate) annually. The poly (propylene [ethylene] carbonate) polyol is produced using

The CO2 is captured from ethanol plants and total amount

of CO2 utilized is about 8,000 t/a. Operational, with expansion lines planned through 2016.
CO2 as a raw material.

Dongying Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project - Dongying, Shandong Province. The project intends to build
a 1,000 MW power plant in Dongying, Shandong province, and capture 1 Mtpa of CO2 from 2020. The Dongying
project will choose one Alstom owned carbon capture process technology from oxy-firing or PCC (chilled ammonia or
advanced amine) technologies. Exploration and appraisal of storage site is expected to start in 2020. Links to CCS-

Tackling
climate change serves the common interest of the world and has a bearing
on Chinas future development and Chinese peoples well-bein g. Among the
technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS) is an emerging one that has the potential to achieve the largescale use of fossil fuels in a low-carbon manner. This is the executive summary of a larger
related Information in China Executive Summary of Assessment Report on CO2 Utilization Technology

report, produced by Chinas Ministry of Science and Technology, that assesses the potential for CCS in China.

CCS technology solves gasification emissions

Styles 1-22-14 -- Managing Director of GSW Strategy Group, LLC, an energy and
environmental strategy consulting firm ( Geoffrey, "Converting Coal to Synthetic
Natural Gas in China," The Energy Collective, theenergycollective.com/geoffreystyles/329851/converting-coal-synthetic-natural-gas-china)//SL
It might even turn out to be a reasonable call on emissions , if Chinas
planners envision carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) becoming economical
within the next decade. Its much easier to capture high-purity, sequestration-ready
CO2 from a gasifier than a pulverized coal power plant. (At one time I sold the 99%
pure CO2 from the gasifier at what was then Texacos Los Angeles refinery to companies that produced food-grade

It should also be much easier and cheaper to retrofit a gasifier for

CCS than a power plant.

dry ice.)

Chinese demand to peak and US coal hinges on natural gas -postdates all their evidence

RTCC 7-22-14 -- news and analysis website focused on providing the latest updates
and insight into global low carbon developments - See more at:
http://www.rtcc.org/about-us#sthash.ZteVph5U.dpuf ("China coal demand to peak
by 2020," Responding to Climate Change, www.rtcc.org/2014/07/22/china-coaldemand-to-peak-by-2020-standard-poor/)//SL

Chinas demand for coal is likely to peak by 2020 , according to new

analysis from ratings agency Standard & Poors. It bases the conclusions
on the countrys GDP increasing by 7.4% and 7.2% in 2014 and 2015, with coal
demand falling to single figures later this decade. This is due to the slow
shift of the economy toward consumption from capital investments; lower
GDP growth; and the Chinese governments increasing focus on tightening
emission standards and moving to more renewable energy sources, it says.
Other tangible factors include the low level of fresh water and lack of long-term quality coal resources. Shale gas
could be a game changer says the agency, but significant pipeline infrastructure needs to be installed before the

China is the worlds largest coal consumer and

biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions . In a report published on Tuesday with the
London-based Carbon Tracker NGO, Standard & Poor also warns coal producers that new green policies
aimed at addressing climate change will hit growth. As governments
globally seek to reduce their CO2 emissions, it looks increasingly likely
that King Coal will lose its crown , says the report. A significant decline in coal production and
countrys reserves can be fully exploited.

consumption globally is becoming a much more realistic concept. Coal companies in Europe are likely to be hit
hardest, with the report dismissing any short term impacts on coal mining in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Australia. It
says the future of US coal will likely hinge on domestic natural gas prices ,
boosted by President Obamas recent move to cap emissions from carbon polluting power stations 30% by 2030 on

the agency suggests some coal producers may suffer from the
carbon bubble, where shifts in international climate laws make their
reserves unburnable. It adds: The global coal market is in the doldrums, owing to excess supply and
2005 levels. And

fundamental shifts in the US energy mix toward gas and new coal mining projects. Over the long term, coal miners
may experience stranded assets as a result of carbon constraints. In a statement Standard & Poors credit analyst
Michael Wilkins says numerous factors and their timing are likely to affect the future of coal as a major energy
source. Carbon pricing through either taxation or cap and trade emission reduction schemes is among them, he

new initiatives, such as those made recently by the US and China

may flatten the growth in coal demand over the coming years. Adeline Diab, head of
says. We believe

responsible investments at Aviva Investors, says the report should alert potential fund managers over the long term
risks linked to coal. The

dynamics and change of the coal market is accelerating.

However, markets are currently not pricing these risks even though they
are material to long-term capex plans and current market values .

No impact to Indonesian imports theyre shifting to Japan and new

rules curb coal production
SNL Energy 7-30-14 -- Energy company research with intelligence on the power,
natural gas, coal and renewable sectors (Coal exporters not backing down despite
glut; could China enter the market too?," Mining, www.mining.com/web/coalexporters-not-backing-down-despite-glut-could-china-enter-the-market-too/)//SL
Another Asian coal buyer, Japan, saw its coal imports reach 13.5 million tonnes in May,
according to data from Trade Statistics of Japan. While Japan traditionally has been a massive importer of Australian

major coal exporter, Indonesia, has been betting on coal demand

growth from Japan amid collapsing Chinese demand. Indonesia exported 36.5 million

coal, another

tonnes of coal in May, up from 35.7 million tonnes shipped in April, data from Bank Indonesia showed.

Indonesian coal producers have continued to boost their output, with production
reaching 213 million tonnes of coal in the first six months of 2014, a news report said.
However, the country has introduced rules to prevent exploitation of its
coal reserves and retain the fuel for domestic purposes. Among the
measures include capping annual coal production , as well requiring

companies to register themselves with the government in order to export

coal out of the country.

Indonesia to decrease coal exports new leadership and

restrictions

Chan 7-25-14 -- APAC Managing Editor (Crystal, "Indonesia's new

government set to curb coal exports" IHS Maritime 360,
www.ihsmaritime360.com/article/13814/indonesia-s-new-government-setto-curb-coal-exports)
The election of Joko Widodo as Indonesia's new president could mean
reduced coal exports from the country, said IHS McCloskey. Formerly the
governor of Jakarta, Widodo has pledged to supply cheaper energy to
Indonesians. Coal and gas are expected to support this. The outgoing
government's 2014 plan of curbing production in view of the current
oversupply in the market is expected to continue in 2015 under the new
leadership. Should production remain stagnant, at 421M tonnes in 2015, Indonesia, the
world's largest exporter of thermal coal, could cut exports by 20M tonnes
to 25M tonnes, according to the country's Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources (MEMR). MEMR has projected an increase of 10-20mt of coal every year to support a
required additional 6,000MW of power yearly. In line with this, all Indonesian coal exporters
will need to be registered as exporters with the trade ministry , from 1
September onwards. Ahead of registering, miners need an MEMR recommendation
confirming they are a legally compliant producer. Director-General of Foreign Trade
Partogi Pangaribuan said this measure would prevent overexploitation and
ensure domestic needs are met.

Chinese renewables transition now its sensitive and on the

brink newest uniqueness evidence
ISIS 8-1-14 -- The Institute of Science in Society (ISIS) was co-founded in
1999 by scientists Mae-Wan Ho and Peter Saunders to provide critical yet
accessible and reliable information to the public and policy makers.
(Institute of Science in Society, Permaculture Resource Institute, "China is Worlds
Leading Renewable Superpower," permaculturenews.org/2014/08/01/china-worldsleading-renewable-superpower/)//SL
Overtakes US in investment For the second year, the annual Pew Charitable Trusts report, Whos winning
the clean energy race? shows China leads in clean energy investment with
$54 billion in 2013, well above total US investment of $ 36.7 bn, with Japan in third place at
28.6 bn, and UK a distant fourth at $12.4 bn [1]. But globally investment has been declining for two straight years.
Investment totalled $254 bn, a drop of 11 % from 2012, and 20 % from 2011 when investments peaked at $318 bn.

China installed 14 GW electricity generation capacity from wind and 12 GW

from solar in 2013, the US installed less than 1 GW wind power after a tax incentive for wind expired, but
installed a record 4.3 GW solar generation capacity. Another important finding is that for the first time, solar power
installations eclipsed wind farm construction globally in 2013. One-third of all solar power on the planet was

But much
more is afoot in China. Energy revolution In late 2012, the then president of
China Hu Jintao called for a revolution in energy production and
consumption . In May 2014, the countrys top economic planning agency
showed what this means in practice: a massive expansion in domestic
installed during the year, according to Phyllis Cuttino, director of Pews clean energy program.

renewable energy from wind, sun and water. In 2013 alone, China installed as
much new wind power as the rest of the world combined, and as much solar
PV as the US over the entire past decade. New targets will dwarf these
achievements in the next few years . By 2017, China plans to have doubled its wind capacity
from 78 GW to 150 GW, and more than tripled its solar PV capacity from 20 GW to 70 GW. In other words, over
the next three years, China will build 6 times the UKs entire current
capacity of wind turbines [2]. There are also signs that China is beginning to wean
itself from coal, which currently generates 3 quarters of the countrys
electricity. As of the beginning of 2014, a growing number of Chinese provinces
had introduced caps on coal use. Will it be mega projects rather than a participatory approach?
Given its past record, China may well go for more megaprojects. But there is increasing awareness that smaller

Chinese policy
makers have introduced changes designed to kickstart a widespread
deployment of decentralized solar power and let people generate their
own power. An action plan from the State Grid Corporation and new government rules mean that distributed
scale decentralized forms of generation are just as important. Over the past 2 years,

solar installations less than 6 MW could connect to the grid at no extra cost. And new targets have been set for up
to 50 % Chinas total solar power to come from small-scale projects by 2015. In addition, the Government has
established fixed payments for the energy generated and announced it would encourage low cost financing to
assist uptake. Indications are that these measures are working. An estimated 3 GW small scale solar PV was
installed in 2013, and 8 GW more expected in 2014, the equivalent of 32 million standard solar panels like those
found on hundreds of thousands of British homes. At that rate, China will soon overtake Germany for solar power. A
report Chinas Future Generation, launched at the Wilson Center 19 February produced by the World Wildlife Fund
and Energy Transition Research Institute, forecasts that China could reach 80 % renewable electricity by 2050 at far
less cost than continuing to rely on coal, provided the country opts for a high energy efficiency, high renewables
future scenario [3]. 2013 an inflection point for renewables over fossil fuels and nuclear, not so for the US

According to a detailed analysis coauthored by John Mathews at Macquarie

University Sydney and Hao Tan at University of Newcastle in Australia [4],
the year 2013 marks an important inflection point where the scales tipped
more towards electric power generated from water, wind and solar than
from fossil fuels and nuclear. China added a total of 94 GW generation
capacity in 2013, of which 55.3 GW came from renewable WWS sources (Water, Wind, Solar) and 36.5 GW
from thermal (mostly coal) sources; China also added 2.2 GW from nuclear sources .Thus
just under 60 % of Chinas newly added capacity came from renewable sources, while 40% came from non-

China is known widely as the worlds largest user

and producer of coa l, and the worlds largest emitter of greenhouse
gases. But it is also building the worlds largest renewable energy system
renewable fossil fuels or nuclear.

which by 2013 stood at over 1 trillion kilowatt-hours already nearly as big as the combined total electrical energy
produced by France and Germany. Both the US and China now have electric power systems rated at just over 1

China is now the

most electrically powered nation on the planet, while per capita power consumption

trillion watts, with China slightly ahead at 1.25 TW compared with the US at 1.16 TW.
remains four times higher in the US.

Russia DA
The aff has it backwards -- Russian expansionism is motivated
by economic need and uses political influence to sustain
growth
Gripp 7-25-14 -- M.A. in Democracy and Governance from Georgetown University
(Andrew, "What You Dont Know About Russian Expansionism"
ivn.us/2014/07/25/dont-know-russian-expansionism/?
utm_source=ivn&utm_medium=listing&utm_campaign=opt-beta-v-1-1)//SL
Putin has pursued an all-out modernization of Russias military , which will cost $750 billion by
2020. The military seeks to increase the number of active-duty personnel to 1 million by that year and plans to
augment the number of tanks, helicopters, planes, ships, submarines, and satellites by significant margins. Putin
also aims to have 70 percent of the militarys equipment and weaponry be next-generation grade by this 2020

why has Russia been so quick to use its military power , especially in
Georgia in 2008 and in Ukraine in 2014? One explanation lies in protecting
Russias economic interest s and especially its energy interests . More than
half of Russias federal budget revenue comes from petrodollars : the
country contains one-fifth of the worlds natural gas reserves, and Russia
exports as much oil as Saudi Arabia. Russia knows that it must keep its
neighbors dependent on Russian energy in order to sustain its economy and to
deadline. But

maintain the political support of its lavishly rich oligarchs and other magnates. First in 2006 and again in 2009,

Russias energy conglomerate Gazprom cut its energy supply to Ukraine

after disputes over payments, and prior to the recent crisis, Russia
demanded billions in energy payments just as Ukraine was negotiating its
entry into the European Union. Russia has used this strategy before to deter countries from
developing closer ties with Europe. In 2013, it threatened to cut energy shipments to its impoverished neighbor
Moldova while it was planning a free-trade deal: at the time, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Dmitry Rogozin
callously told Moldovans, We hope you will not freeze. Russia has taken other precautionary measures to keep

It has constructed a pipeline that bypasses

Ukrainian territory in order to guarantee its unobstructed shipment of
energy to Europe, which currently imports one-third of its natural gas
from Russia. Russia has also tried to scare off investors interested in
fracking natural gas reserves in Poland and Ukraine by claiming that it can
cause black stuff to spout from ones faucet.
other countries hooked on its oil and gas supply.