Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
perbedaan pola pergerakan antara fase gerak dan fase diam untuk
memisahkan komponen (berupa molekul) yang berada pada
larutan.[1] Molekul yang terlarut dalam fase gerak, akan melewati
kolom yang merupakan fase diam.[1] Molekul yang memiliki ikatan
yang kuat dengan kolom akan cenderung bergerak lebih lambat
dibanding molekul yang berikatan lemah.[2] Dengan ini, berbagai
macam tipe molekul dapat dipisahkan berdasarkan pergerakan
pada kolom.[2]
Setelah komponen terelusi dari kolom, komponen tersebut dapat
Pengisian Kolom
Fase diam
Pasir
Kapas / glass
wool
HPLC?
Awalnya dikenal sebagai High-Pressure
Liquid Chromatography
HPLC PRINCIPLE
Stationary Phases
Polar (Normal Phase):
Silica, alumina
Components of HPLC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Solvent Reservoir
Pumps
Sample Injection System
Columns
Detectors
Data Processing
Waste
Solvent Reservoir
Mobile phase
isocratic elution - single solvent separation teachnique
gradient elution - 2 or more solvents, varied during separation
To carry sample into the column
Pumps
Untuk menghasilkan tekanan yang
Syringe :
manual
Autoinjector
A fixed-volume loop of between 1
Columns
straight, 15 to 150 cm in length; 2 to 3
mm i.d.
packing - silica gel, alumina, Celite
HPLC Detectors
UV/Vis
Refractive index
Fluorescence
Evaporative light scattering (ELSD)
MS
Diode Array Detector (DAD)
Data Processing
menggunakan software khusus yang
29
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Pumps
Detector
Solvents
Waste
30
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
31
arations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
32
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
33
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
34
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
35
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
36
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
37
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
38
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
39
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
40
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
41
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
42
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
43
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
44
Separations
Injector
Mixer
Chromatogram
mAU
Pumps
Start Injection
Column
Detector
Solvents
time
45
The Chromatogram
to - elution time of unretained peak
tR- retention time - determines sample identity
tR
tR
mAU
to
Injection
time
HPLC Chromatograms
Approximation
of peak area by
Absorbance
triangulation
Peak A
Peak B
height
Time (minutes)
Rt = 3.0 min. Rt = 5.2 min.
faster moving slower moving
less retained more retained
7
base
Area =
base x height
2
Performace coloumn
Kolom merupakan jantung kromatografi. Keberhasilan
atau kegagalan analisis tergantung pada pemilihan kolom
dan kondisi kerja yang tepat.
Tujuan utama kromatografi adalah memisahkan senyawa
campuran dalam waktu yang relatif cepat dan wajar,
menjadi puncak atau pita, ketika senyawa bergerak
melalui kolom.
Ukuran kinerja kolom dapat dilihat dari kemampuan kolom
dalam memisahkan senyawa.
Kolom yang efisien mencegah pelebaran puncak atau
menghasilkan puncak yang sangat sempit.
t R 2 t R1
2t
Rs
1 / 2w1 w2 w1 w2
Efisiensi kolom
Secara matematis : N = L / H
Kelemahan teori :
tidak mampu mengidentifikasi variabel-variabel yang
mempengaruhi pelebaran pita kromatogram
57
Mobile Phases
Flow Rate
Composition
Injection Volume
Column
Oven Temperature
Wavelength
Time Constant
Fig.7. Membrane
filtration device.
Fig. 8. filter
assembly.
Injektor Automatik
Application of HPLC
1. Pharmaceuticals industry
Application of HPLC
4. Clinical test
- Monitoring of hepatic chirosis patient
through aquaporin 2 in the urine.
5. Food and essence manufacture
- sweetener analysis in the fruit juice
- preservative analysis in sausage.
advantages
1. Needs a small sample with a high
Disadvantages
Need a skill to run the instruments
Solvents consuming
HPLC CHROMATOGRAM
Retention Time
The retention time of a solute is taken as the elapsed
HPLC Detectors
suatu campuran dari sejumlah komponen dapat
dipisahkan dengan KCKT , bagaimana mengetahuinya?
Diperlukan detektor KCKT yang bersifat :
Sensitif (signalnya tinggi, noise rendah)
Tidak dipengaruhi oleh fase geraknya
Harus mampu bekerja dilingkungan fase cair
Detector HPLC
possible
UV-Visible Detector
Most common detection method along with mass
spectrometry
Detects solute analytes by their absorbance of
light at various wavelengths
More sensitive than refractive index, depends on
specific analyte and wavelength
Less sensitive than mass spec, compound must
absorb in the UV-Vis, mobile phase cutoff
Formaldehyde UV-Vis
Possible Transitions for Formaldehyde
* at 182 nm
n * at 290 nm
But do we see sharp peaks at those wavelengths?
Why are electronic transitions broad?
Answer: Vibrational transitions combined with
condensed phase and solvent effects broaden
UV-Vis peaks
Absorption Intensities
* at 182 nm ( = 10,000 L M-1 cm-1)
n * at 290 nm ( = 12 L M-1 cm-1)
After Absorption
Stokes Shift
Aromatic Rings
Benzene rings absorb nominally at about 254 nm but
* transitions
Extended conjugation (NO2, C=O) which create n * transitions
at longer wavelengths
Auxochromes
H
OH
NH2
Halogens
Halogens redshift UV-Vis spectra in the order
1: 10 Br
2: 9 Br
3: 8 Br
4: 7 Br
5: 6 Br
6: 5 Br
7: 4 Br
8: Sunlight
Wavelength Selection
For HPLC-UV, want to observe a chromatogram at the
Wavelength Selection
O
Acetone
MAX = 190 nm
DNPH-Acetone
MAX = 360 nm
NO2
H
N
N
O2N
Solvent Cutoffs
Acetonitrile
Methanol
Water
Chloroform
THF
Ethyl acetate
Toluene
Acetone
Pyridine
190 nm
205 nm
200 nm
245 nm
215 nm
254 nm
284 nm
330 nm
330 nm
Chromatograms
Top = 220 nm
Bottom = 280 nm
OH
CBN
O
OH
CBD
HO
Chromatograms
= 245 nm
HPLC-UV-Vis
Generally, UV-Vis HPLC detector not too different
HPLC-UV-Vis
Variable wavelength detector - monochromator
PMT
HPLC-UV-Vis
Diode array detector - polychromator
HPLC-UV-Vis
Variable Wavelength detector
More sensitive due to photomultiplier tube or
amplification circuitry
Requires more method development
Diode array detector
Less sensitive due to photodiodes only
Very easy to develop a method
Fluorescence
Example: Highlighter Pens absorb
Fluorescence Detectors
Fluorescence Detectors
Greater sensitivity and selectivity over
Fluorescence Detectors
Need to select an excitation and an emission
wavelength
Chromatogram
Top: UV-Vis
Bottom: Fluorescence
Kesimpulan
Refractive Index Detector
Legacy detector, insensitive, no gradients in mobile phase
possible
UV-Vis Detector
Detects absorption of chromophoric analytes based on molecular
structure
Variable wavelength vs. Diode array detector
Fluorescence Detector
Most sensitive and selective detector
Kurva kalibrasi
Nilai sebenarnya
Area
(ng/mL)
0,00
20,50
51,19
102,39
204,98
511,94
1023,89
2559,72
0,0000
0,0249
0,0704
0,1498
0,3021
0,7713
1,5683
3,9766
Nilai
terukur
(ng/mL)
0,00
23,03
51,52
101,11
196,34
489,54
987,68
2492,86
0,00
20,50
51,19
102,39
204,98
511,94
1023,89
2559,72
0,0000
0,0249
0,0704
0,1498
0,3021
0,7713
1,5683
3,9766
Nilai terukur
Nilai
sebenarnya
(ng/mL)
20,50
10,25
AREA
0,0241
0,0232
0,0253
0,0254
0,0258
0,0157
0,0159
0,0104
0,0300
0,0000
Nilai terukur
(ng/mL)
22,57
21,97
23,28
23,39
23,61
17,31
17,46
13,98
26,26
7,50
% diff = akurasi
% CV = presisi
Rata-rata
terukur
(ng/mL)
SD
CV
(%)
22,96
0,68
2,95
16,50
6,78
41,12
% Diff
10,13
7,19
13,59
14,11
15,17
-15,55
-14,84
-31,81
28,09
-63,41